diff mbox series

[v8,4/5] arm64: Define Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst

Message ID 20190815154403.16473-5-catalin.marinas@arm.com (mailing list archive)
State New, archived
Headers show
Series arm64 tagged address ABI | expand

Commit Message

Catalin Marinas Aug. 15, 2019, 3:44 p.m. UTC 
From: Vincenzo Frascino <vincenzo.frascino@arm.com>

On AArch64 the TCR_EL1.TBI0 bit is set by default, allowing userspace
(EL0) to perform memory accesses through 64-bit pointers with a non-zero
top byte. Introduce the document describing the relaxation of the
syscall ABI that allows userspace to pass certain tagged pointers to
kernel syscalls.

Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
Cc: Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@google.com>
Cc: Szabolcs Nagy <szabolcs.nagy@arm.com>
Cc: Kevin Brodsky <kevin.brodsky@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Vincenzo Frascino <vincenzo.frascino@arm.com>
Co-developed-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
---
 Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst | 155 +++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 155 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst

Comments

Kevin Brodsky Aug. 15, 2019, 4:54 p.m. UTC | #1 
On 15/08/2019 16:44, Catalin Marinas wrote:
> From: Vincenzo Frascino <vincenzo.frascino@arm.com>
>
> On AArch64 the TCR_EL1.TBI0 bit is set by default, allowing userspace
> (EL0) to perform memory accesses through 64-bit pointers with a non-zero
> top byte. Introduce the document describing the relaxation of the
> syscall ABI that allows userspace to pass certain tagged pointers to
> kernel syscalls.
>
> Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
> Cc: Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@google.com>
> Cc: Szabolcs Nagy <szabolcs.nagy@arm.com>
> Cc: Kevin Brodsky <kevin.brodsky@arm.com>
> Signed-off-by: Vincenzo Frascino <vincenzo.frascino@arm.com>
> Co-developed-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
> Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
> ---
>   Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst | 155 +++++++++++++++++++++
>   1 file changed, 155 insertions(+)
>   create mode 100644 Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst
>
> diff --git a/Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst b/Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..8808337775d6
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst
> @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
> +==========================
> +AArch64 TAGGED ADDRESS ABI
> +==========================
> +
> +Authors: Vincenzo Frascino <vincenzo.frascino@arm.com>
> +         Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
> +
> +Date: 15 August 2019
> +
> +This document describes the usage and semantics of the Tagged Address
> +ABI on AArch64 Linux.
> +
> +1. Introduction
> +---------------
> +
> +On AArch64 the TCR_EL1.TBI0 bit is set by default, allowing userspace
> +(EL0) to perform memory accesses through 64-bit pointers with a non-zero
> +top byte. This document describes the relaxation of the syscall ABI that
> +allows userspace to pass certain tagged pointers to kernel syscalls.
> +
> +2. AArch64 Tagged Address ABI
> +-----------------------------
> +
> +From the kernel syscall interface perspective and for the purposes of
> +this document, a "valid tagged pointer" is a pointer with a potentially
> +non-zero top-byte that references an address in the user process address
> +space obtained in one of the following ways:
> +
> +- mmap() done by the process itself (or its parent), where either:

The "parent" aspect is a useful addition, but technically, the mapping may have been 
established by any process indirectly forked from the current process, not just its 
immediate parent. I wonder if there is a better way to formulate this, to avoid this 
complication. Maybe simply "mmap() syscall" (syscalls are always made from userspace, 
and any mapping requested by userspace is eligible here)?

> +
> +  - flags have the **MAP_ANONYMOUS** bit set
> +  - the file descriptor refers to a regular file (including those
> +    returned by memfd_create()) or **/dev/zero**
> +
> +- brk() system call done by the process itself (i.e. the heap area

Same idea.

> +  between the initial location of the program break at process creation
> +  and its current location).
> +
> +- any memory mapped by the kernel in the address space of the process
> +  during creation and with the same restrictions as for mmap() above
> +  (e.g. data, bss, stack).
> +
> +The AArch64 Tagged Address ABI has two stages of relaxation depending
> +how the user addresses are used by the kernel:
> +
> +1. User addresses not accessed by the kernel but used for address space
> +   management (e.g. mmap(), mprotect(), madvise()). The use of valid
> +   tagged pointers in this context is always allowed.
> +
> +2. User addresses accessed by the kernel (e.g. write()). This ABI
> +   relaxation is disabled by default and the application thread needs to
> +   explicitly enable it via **prctl()** as follows:
> +
> +   - **PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL**: enable or disable the AArch64 Tagged
> +     Address ABI for the calling thread.
> +
> +     The (unsigned int) arg2 argument is a bit mask describing the
> +     control mode used:
> +
> +     - **PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE**: enable AArch64 Tagged Address ABI.
> +       Default status is disabled.
> +
> +     Arguments arg3, arg4, and arg5 must be 0.
> +
> +   - **PR_GET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL**: get the status of the AArch64 Tagged
> +     Address ABI for the calling thread.
> +
> +     Arguments arg2, arg3, arg4, and arg5 must be 0.
> +
> +   The ABI properties described above are thread-scoped, inherited on
> +   clone() and fork() and cleared on exec().
> +
> +   Calling prctl(PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL, PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE, 0, 0, 0)
> +   returns -EINVAL if the AArch64 Tagged Address ABI is globally disabled
> +   by sysctl abi.tagged_addr_disabled=1. The default sysctl
> +   abi.tagged_addr_disabled configuration is 0.
> +
> +When the AArch64 Tagged Address ABI is enabled for a thread, the
> +following behaviours are guaranteed:
> +
> +- All syscalls except the cases mentioned in section 3 can accept any
> +  valid tagged pointer.
> +
> +- The syscall behaviour is undefined for invalid tagged pointers: it may
> +  result in an error code being returned, a (fatal) signal being raised,
> +  or other modes of failure.
> +
> +- A valid tagged pointer has the same semantics as the corresponding
> +  untagged pointer.
> +
> +A definition of the meaning of tagged pointers on AArch64 can be found
> +in Documentation/arm64/tagged-pointers.rst.
> +
> +3. AArch64 Tagged Address ABI Exceptions
> +-----------------------------------------
> +
> +The following system call parameters must be untagged regardless of the
> +ABI relaxation:
> +
> +- prctl() other than arguments pointing to user structures to be
> +  accessed by the kernel.
> +
> +- ioctl() other than arguments pointing to user structures to be
> +  accessed by the kernel.

Isn't "user structures" too restrictive? For instance, PR_SET_NAME takes a char *, 
and there's no reason not allow it to be tagged. Maybe a more generic "user data"? 
There is the additional issue of user struct's containing pointers, I guess the 
restriction should apply recursively...

Otherwise, the ABI looks pretty good to me, especially the new address space 
management / user data distinction.

Kevin

> +
> +- shmat() and shmdt().
> +
> +Any attempt to use non-zero tagged pointers may result in an error code
> +being returned, a (fatal) signal being raised, or other modes of
> +failure.
> +
> +4. Example of correct usage
> +---------------------------
> +.. code-block:: c
> +
> +   #include <stdlib.h>
> +   #include <string.h>
> +   #include <unistd.h>
> +   #include <sys/mman.h>
> +   #include <sys/prctl.h>
> +
> +   #define PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL	55
> +   #define PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE	(1UL << 0)
> +
> +   #define TAG_SHIFT		56
> +
> +   int main(void)
> +   {
> +   	int tbi_enabled = 0;
> +   	unsigned long tag = 0;
> +   	char *ptr;
> +
> +   	/* check/enable the tagged address ABI */
> +   	if (!prctl(PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL, PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE, 0, 0, 0))
> +   		tbi_enabled = 1;
> +
> +   	/* memory allocation */
> +   	ptr = mmap(NULL, sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE), PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
> +   		   MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
> +   	if (ptr == MAP_FAILED)
> +   		return 1;
> +
> +   	/* set a non-zero tag if the ABI is available */
> +   	if (tbi_enabled)
> +   		tag = rand() & 0xff;
> +   	ptr = (char *)((unsigned long)ptr | (tag << TAG_SHIFT));
> +
> +   	/* memory access to a tagged address */
> +   	strcpy(ptr, "tagged pointer\n");
> +
> +   	/* syscall with a tagged pointer */
> +   	write(1, ptr, strlen(ptr));
> +
> +   	return 0;
> +   }
Andrey Konovalov Aug. 19, 2019, 3:50 p.m. UTC | #2 
On Thu, Aug 15, 2019 at 5:44 PM Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com> wrote:
>
> From: Vincenzo Frascino <vincenzo.frascino@arm.com>
>
> On AArch64 the TCR_EL1.TBI0 bit is set by default, allowing userspace
> (EL0) to perform memory accesses through 64-bit pointers with a non-zero
> top byte. Introduce the document describing the relaxation of the
> syscall ABI that allows userspace to pass certain tagged pointers to
> kernel syscalls.
>
> Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
> Cc: Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@google.com>
> Cc: Szabolcs Nagy <szabolcs.nagy@arm.com>
> Cc: Kevin Brodsky <kevin.brodsky@arm.com>
> Signed-off-by: Vincenzo Frascino <vincenzo.frascino@arm.com>
> Co-developed-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
> Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>

Acked-by: Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@google.com>

> ---
>  Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst | 155 +++++++++++++++++++++
>  1 file changed, 155 insertions(+)
>  create mode 100644 Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst
>
> diff --git a/Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst b/Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..8808337775d6
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst
> @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
> +==========================
> +AArch64 TAGGED ADDRESS ABI
> +==========================
> +
> +Authors: Vincenzo Frascino <vincenzo.frascino@arm.com>
> +         Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
> +
> +Date: 15 August 2019
> +
> +This document describes the usage and semantics of the Tagged Address
> +ABI on AArch64 Linux.
> +
> +1. Introduction
> +---------------
> +
> +On AArch64 the TCR_EL1.TBI0 bit is set by default, allowing userspace
> +(EL0) to perform memory accesses through 64-bit pointers with a non-zero
> +top byte. This document describes the relaxation of the syscall ABI that
> +allows userspace to pass certain tagged pointers to kernel syscalls.
> +
> +2. AArch64 Tagged Address ABI
> +-----------------------------
> +
> +From the kernel syscall interface perspective and for the purposes of
> +this document, a "valid tagged pointer" is a pointer with a potentially
> +non-zero top-byte that references an address in the user process address
> +space obtained in one of the following ways:
> +
> +- mmap() done by the process itself (or its parent), where either:
> +
> +  - flags have the **MAP_ANONYMOUS** bit set
> +  - the file descriptor refers to a regular file (including those
> +    returned by memfd_create()) or **/dev/zero**
> +
> +- brk() system call done by the process itself (i.e. the heap area
> +  between the initial location of the program break at process creation
> +  and its current location).
> +
> +- any memory mapped by the kernel in the address space of the process
> +  during creation and with the same restrictions as for mmap() above
> +  (e.g. data, bss, stack).
> +
> +The AArch64 Tagged Address ABI has two stages of relaxation depending
> +how the user addresses are used by the kernel:
> +
> +1. User addresses not accessed by the kernel but used for address space
> +   management (e.g. mmap(), mprotect(), madvise()). The use of valid
> +   tagged pointers in this context is always allowed.
> +
> +2. User addresses accessed by the kernel (e.g. write()). This ABI
> +   relaxation is disabled by default and the application thread needs to
> +   explicitly enable it via **prctl()** as follows:
> +
> +   - **PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL**: enable or disable the AArch64 Tagged
> +     Address ABI for the calling thread.
> +
> +     The (unsigned int) arg2 argument is a bit mask describing the
> +     control mode used:
> +
> +     - **PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE**: enable AArch64 Tagged Address ABI.
> +       Default status is disabled.
> +
> +     Arguments arg3, arg4, and arg5 must be 0.
> +
> +   - **PR_GET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL**: get the status of the AArch64 Tagged
> +     Address ABI for the calling thread.
> +
> +     Arguments arg2, arg3, arg4, and arg5 must be 0.
> +
> +   The ABI properties described above are thread-scoped, inherited on
> +   clone() and fork() and cleared on exec().
> +
> +   Calling prctl(PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL, PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE, 0, 0, 0)
> +   returns -EINVAL if the AArch64 Tagged Address ABI is globally disabled
> +   by sysctl abi.tagged_addr_disabled=1. The default sysctl
> +   abi.tagged_addr_disabled configuration is 0.
> +
> +When the AArch64 Tagged Address ABI is enabled for a thread, the
> +following behaviours are guaranteed:
> +
> +- All syscalls except the cases mentioned in section 3 can accept any
> +  valid tagged pointer.
> +
> +- The syscall behaviour is undefined for invalid tagged pointers: it may
> +  result in an error code being returned, a (fatal) signal being raised,
> +  or other modes of failure.
> +
> +- A valid tagged pointer has the same semantics as the corresponding
> +  untagged pointer.
> +
> +A definition of the meaning of tagged pointers on AArch64 can be found
> +in Documentation/arm64/tagged-pointers.rst.
> +
> +3. AArch64 Tagged Address ABI Exceptions
> +-----------------------------------------
> +
> +The following system call parameters must be untagged regardless of the
> +ABI relaxation:
> +
> +- prctl() other than arguments pointing to user structures to be
> +  accessed by the kernel.
> +
> +- ioctl() other than arguments pointing to user structures to be
> +  accessed by the kernel.
> +
> +- shmat() and shmdt().
> +
> +Any attempt to use non-zero tagged pointers may result in an error code
> +being returned, a (fatal) signal being raised, or other modes of
> +failure.
> +
> +4. Example of correct usage
> +---------------------------
> +.. code-block:: c
> +
> +   #include <stdlib.h>
> +   #include <string.h>
> +   #include <unistd.h>
> +   #include <sys/mman.h>
> +   #include <sys/prctl.h>
> +
> +   #define PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL     55
> +   #define PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE       (1UL << 0)
> +
> +   #define TAG_SHIFT           56
> +
> +   int main(void)
> +   {
> +       int tbi_enabled = 0;
> +       unsigned long tag = 0;
> +       char *ptr;
> +
> +       /* check/enable the tagged address ABI */
> +       if (!prctl(PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL, PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE, 0, 0, 0))
> +               tbi_enabled = 1;
> +
> +       /* memory allocation */
> +       ptr = mmap(NULL, sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE), PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
> +                  MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
> +       if (ptr == MAP_FAILED)
> +               return 1;
> +
> +       /* set a non-zero tag if the ABI is available */
> +       if (tbi_enabled)
> +               tag = rand() & 0xff;
> +       ptr = (char *)((unsigned long)ptr | (tag << TAG_SHIFT));
> +
> +       /* memory access to a tagged address */
> +       strcpy(ptr, "tagged pointer\n");
> +
> +       /* syscall with a tagged pointer */
> +       write(1, ptr, strlen(ptr));
> +
> +       return 0;
> +   }
Will Deacon Aug. 19, 2019, 4:25 p.m. UTC | #3 
On Thu, Aug 15, 2019 at 04:44:02PM +0100, Catalin Marinas wrote:
> From: Vincenzo Frascino <vincenzo.frascino@arm.com>
> 
> On AArch64 the TCR_EL1.TBI0 bit is set by default, allowing userspace
> (EL0) to perform memory accesses through 64-bit pointers with a non-zero
> top byte. Introduce the document describing the relaxation of the
> syscall ABI that allows userspace to pass certain tagged pointers to
> kernel syscalls.
> 
> Cc: Will Deacon <will.deacon@arm.com>
> Cc: Andrey Konovalov <andreyknvl@google.com>
> Cc: Szabolcs Nagy <szabolcs.nagy@arm.com>
> Cc: Kevin Brodsky <kevin.brodsky@arm.com>
> Signed-off-by: Vincenzo Frascino <vincenzo.frascino@arm.com>
> Co-developed-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
> Signed-off-by: Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
> ---
>  Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst | 155 +++++++++++++++++++++
>  1 file changed, 155 insertions(+)
>  create mode 100644 Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst
> 
> diff --git a/Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst b/Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst
> new file mode 100644
> index 000000000000..8808337775d6
> --- /dev/null
> +++ b/Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst
> @@ -0,0 +1,155 @@
> +==========================
> +AArch64 TAGGED ADDRESS ABI
> +==========================
> +
> +Authors: Vincenzo Frascino <vincenzo.frascino@arm.com>
> +         Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
> +
> +Date: 15 August 2019
> +
> +This document describes the usage and semantics of the Tagged Address
> +ABI on AArch64 Linux.
> +
> +1. Introduction
> +---------------
> +
> +On AArch64 the TCR_EL1.TBI0 bit is set by default, allowing userspace
> +(EL0) to perform memory accesses through 64-bit pointers with a non-zero
> +top byte. This document describes the relaxation of the syscall ABI that
> +allows userspace to pass certain tagged pointers to kernel syscalls.
> +
> +2. AArch64 Tagged Address ABI
> +-----------------------------
> +
> +From the kernel syscall interface perspective and for the purposes of
> +this document, a "valid tagged pointer" is a pointer with a potentially
> +non-zero top-byte that references an address in the user process address
> +space obtained in one of the following ways:
> +
> +- mmap() done by the process itself (or its parent), where either:
> +
> +  - flags have the **MAP_ANONYMOUS** bit set
> +  - the file descriptor refers to a regular file (including those
> +    returned by memfd_create()) or **/dev/zero**

nit: but the markup is pretty inconsistent throughout. Why is /dev/zero
bold, but not memfd_create()? I think they would both be better off in
typewriter font, if that's a thing in rst.

> +- brk() system call done by the process itself (i.e. the heap area
> +  between the initial location of the program break at process creation
> +  and its current location).
> +
> +- any memory mapped by the kernel in the address space of the process
> +  during creation and with the same restrictions as for mmap() above
> +  (e.g. data, bss, stack).
> +
> +The AArch64 Tagged Address ABI has two stages of relaxation depending
> +how the user addresses are used by the kernel:
> +
> +1. User addresses not accessed by the kernel but used for address space
> +   management (e.g. mmap(), mprotect(), madvise()). The use of valid
> +   tagged pointers in this context is always allowed.
> +
> +2. User addresses accessed by the kernel (e.g. write()). This ABI
> +   relaxation is disabled by default and the application thread needs to
> +   explicitly enable it via **prctl()** as follows:
> +
> +   - **PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL**: enable or disable the AArch64 Tagged
> +     Address ABI for the calling thread.
> +
> +     The (unsigned int) arg2 argument is a bit mask describing the
> +     control mode used:
> +
> +     - **PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE**: enable AArch64 Tagged Address ABI.
> +       Default status is disabled.
> +
> +     Arguments arg3, arg4, and arg5 must be 0.
> +
> +   - **PR_GET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL**: get the status of the AArch64 Tagged
> +     Address ABI for the calling thread.
> +
> +     Arguments arg2, arg3, arg4, and arg5 must be 0.
> +
> +   The ABI properties described above are thread-scoped, inherited on
> +   clone() and fork() and cleared on exec().
> +
> +   Calling prctl(PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL, PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE, 0, 0, 0)
> +   returns -EINVAL if the AArch64 Tagged Address ABI is globally disabled
> +   by sysctl abi.tagged_addr_disabled=1. The default sysctl
> +   abi.tagged_addr_disabled configuration is 0.
> +
> +When the AArch64 Tagged Address ABI is enabled for a thread, the
> +following behaviours are guaranteed:
> +
> +- All syscalls except the cases mentioned in section 3 can accept any
> +  valid tagged pointer.
> +
> +- The syscall behaviour is undefined for invalid tagged pointers: it may
> +  result in an error code being returned, a (fatal) signal being raised,
> +  or other modes of failure.
> +
> +- A valid tagged pointer has the same semantics as the corresponding
> +  untagged pointer.

nit, but I'd reword this last bullet slightly to say:

  - The syscall behaviour for a valid tagged pointer is the same as for
    the corresponding untagged pointer.

Since that flows better wrt the previous bullet and is explicit about
syscall behaviour, rather than overall semantics.

> +
> +A definition of the meaning of tagged pointers on AArch64 can be found
> +in Documentation/arm64/tagged-pointers.rst.
> +
> +3. AArch64 Tagged Address ABI Exceptions
> +-----------------------------------------
> +
> +The following system call parameters must be untagged regardless of the
> +ABI relaxation:
> +
> +- prctl() other than arguments pointing to user structures to be
> +  accessed by the kernel.
> +
> +- ioctl() other than arguments pointing to user structures to be
> +  accessed by the kernel.

I agree with Kevin that we should tighten this up. How about:

  - ... other than pointers to user data either passed directly or
    indirectly as arguments to be accessed by the kernel.

?

Will
diff mbox series

Patch

diff --git a/Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst b/Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst
new file mode 100644
index 000000000000..8808337775d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/Documentation/arm64/tagged-address-abi.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,155 @@ 
+==========================
+AArch64 TAGGED ADDRESS ABI
+==========================
+
+Authors: Vincenzo Frascino <vincenzo.frascino@arm.com>
+         Catalin Marinas <catalin.marinas@arm.com>
+
+Date: 15 August 2019
+
+This document describes the usage and semantics of the Tagged Address
+ABI on AArch64 Linux.
+
+1. Introduction
+---------------
+
+On AArch64 the TCR_EL1.TBI0 bit is set by default, allowing userspace
+(EL0) to perform memory accesses through 64-bit pointers with a non-zero
+top byte. This document describes the relaxation of the syscall ABI that
+allows userspace to pass certain tagged pointers to kernel syscalls.
+
+2. AArch64 Tagged Address ABI
+-----------------------------
+
+From the kernel syscall interface perspective and for the purposes of
+this document, a "valid tagged pointer" is a pointer with a potentially
+non-zero top-byte that references an address in the user process address
+space obtained in one of the following ways:
+
+- mmap() done by the process itself (or its parent), where either:
+
+  - flags have the **MAP_ANONYMOUS** bit set
+  - the file descriptor refers to a regular file (including those
+    returned by memfd_create()) or **/dev/zero**
+
+- brk() system call done by the process itself (i.e. the heap area
+  between the initial location of the program break at process creation
+  and its current location).
+
+- any memory mapped by the kernel in the address space of the process
+  during creation and with the same restrictions as for mmap() above
+  (e.g. data, bss, stack).
+
+The AArch64 Tagged Address ABI has two stages of relaxation depending
+how the user addresses are used by the kernel:
+
+1. User addresses not accessed by the kernel but used for address space
+   management (e.g. mmap(), mprotect(), madvise()). The use of valid
+   tagged pointers in this context is always allowed.
+
+2. User addresses accessed by the kernel (e.g. write()). This ABI
+   relaxation is disabled by default and the application thread needs to
+   explicitly enable it via **prctl()** as follows:
+
+   - **PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL**: enable or disable the AArch64 Tagged
+     Address ABI for the calling thread.
+
+     The (unsigned int) arg2 argument is a bit mask describing the
+     control mode used:
+
+     - **PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE**: enable AArch64 Tagged Address ABI.
+       Default status is disabled.
+
+     Arguments arg3, arg4, and arg5 must be 0.
+
+   - **PR_GET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL**: get the status of the AArch64 Tagged
+     Address ABI for the calling thread.
+
+     Arguments arg2, arg3, arg4, and arg5 must be 0.
+
+   The ABI properties described above are thread-scoped, inherited on
+   clone() and fork() and cleared on exec().
+
+   Calling prctl(PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL, PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE, 0, 0, 0)
+   returns -EINVAL if the AArch64 Tagged Address ABI is globally disabled
+   by sysctl abi.tagged_addr_disabled=1. The default sysctl
+   abi.tagged_addr_disabled configuration is 0.
+
+When the AArch64 Tagged Address ABI is enabled for a thread, the
+following behaviours are guaranteed:
+
+- All syscalls except the cases mentioned in section 3 can accept any
+  valid tagged pointer.
+
+- The syscall behaviour is undefined for invalid tagged pointers: it may
+  result in an error code being returned, a (fatal) signal being raised,
+  or other modes of failure.
+
+- A valid tagged pointer has the same semantics as the corresponding
+  untagged pointer.
+
+A definition of the meaning of tagged pointers on AArch64 can be found
+in Documentation/arm64/tagged-pointers.rst.
+
+3. AArch64 Tagged Address ABI Exceptions
+-----------------------------------------
+
+The following system call parameters must be untagged regardless of the
+ABI relaxation:
+
+- prctl() other than arguments pointing to user structures to be
+  accessed by the kernel.
+
+- ioctl() other than arguments pointing to user structures to be
+  accessed by the kernel.
+
+- shmat() and shmdt().
+
+Any attempt to use non-zero tagged pointers may result in an error code
+being returned, a (fatal) signal being raised, or other modes of
+failure.
+
+4. Example of correct usage
+---------------------------
+.. code-block:: c
+
+   #include <stdlib.h>
+   #include <string.h>
+   #include <unistd.h>
+   #include <sys/mman.h>
+   #include <sys/prctl.h>
+   
+   #define PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL	55
+   #define PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE	(1UL << 0)
+   
+   #define TAG_SHIFT		56
+   
+   int main(void)
+   {
+   	int tbi_enabled = 0;
+   	unsigned long tag = 0;
+   	char *ptr;
+   
+   	/* check/enable the tagged address ABI */
+   	if (!prctl(PR_SET_TAGGED_ADDR_CTRL, PR_TAGGED_ADDR_ENABLE, 0, 0, 0))
+   		tbi_enabled = 1;
+   
+   	/* memory allocation */
+   	ptr = mmap(NULL, sysconf(_SC_PAGE_SIZE), PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE,
+   		   MAP_PRIVATE | MAP_ANONYMOUS, -1, 0);
+   	if (ptr == MAP_FAILED)
+   		return 1;
+   
+   	/* set a non-zero tag if the ABI is available */
+   	if (tbi_enabled)
+   		tag = rand() & 0xff;
+   	ptr = (char *)((unsigned long)ptr | (tag << TAG_SHIFT));
+   
+   	/* memory access to a tagged address */
+   	strcpy(ptr, "tagged pointer\n");
+   
+   	/* syscall with a tagged pointer */
+   	write(1, ptr, strlen(ptr));
+   
+   	return 0;
+   }