Message ID | 20230131141756.RFT.v2.2.I4cfeab9d0e07e98ead23dd0736ab4461e6c69002@changeid (mailing list archive) |
---|---|
State | Not Applicable |
Headers | show |
Series | [RFT,v2,1/3] drm/bridge: tc358762: Set pre_enable_prev_first | expand |
On 1/31/2023 2:18 PM, Douglas Anderson wrote: > In commit 7d8e9a90509f ("drm/msm/dsi: move DSI host powerup to modeset > time"), we moved powering up DSI hosts to modeset time. This wasn't > because it was an elegant design, but there were no better options. > > That commit actually ended up breaking ps8640, and thus was born > commit ec7981e6c614 ("drm/msm/dsi: don't powerup at modeset time for > parade-ps8640") as a temporary hack to un-break ps8640 by moving it to > the old way of doing things. It turns out that ps8640 _really_ doesn't > like its pre_enable() function to be called after > dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on(). Specifically (from experimentation, not > because I have any inside knowledge), it looks like the assertion of > "RST#" in the ps8640 runtime resume handler seems like it's not > allowed to happen after dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on() > > Recently, Dave Stevenson's series landed allowing bridges some control > over pre_enable ordering. The meaty commit for our purposes is commit > 4fb912e5e190 ("drm/bridge: Introduce pre_enable_prev_first to alter > bridge init order"). As documented by that series, if a bridge doesn't > set "pre_enable_prev_first" then we should use the old ordering. > > Now that we have the commit ("drm/bridge: tc358762: Set > pre_enable_prev_first") we can go back to the old ordering, which also > allows us to remove the ps8640 special case. > > One last note is that even without reverting commit 7d8e9a90509f > ("drm/msm/dsi: move DSI host powerup to modeset time"), if you _just_ > revert the ps8640 special case and try it out then it doesn't seem to > fail anymore. I spent time bisecting / debugging this and it turns out > to be mostly luck, so we still want this patch to make sure it's > solid. Specifically the reason it sorta works these days is because > we implemented wait_hpd_asserted() in ps8640 now, plus the magic of > "pm_runtime" autosuspend. The fact that we have wait_hpd_asserted() > implemented means that we actually power the bridge chip up just a wee > bit earlier and then the bridge happens to stay on because of > autosuspend and thus ends up powered before dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on(). > > Cc: Dave Stevenson <dave.stevenson@raspberrypi.com> > Cc: Dmitry Baryshkov <dmitry.baryshkov@linaro.org> > Cc: Abhinav Kumar <quic_abhinavk@quicinc.com> > Signed-off-by: Douglas Anderson <dianders@chromium.org> > --- > > Changes in v2: > - Don't fold dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on() back into dsi_mgr_bridge_pre_enable() > > drivers/gpu/drm/msm/dsi/dsi_manager.c | 38 +-------------------------- > 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 37 deletions(-) > > diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/dsi/dsi_manager.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/dsi/dsi_manager.c > index 1bbac72dad35..2197a54b9b96 100644 > --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/dsi/dsi_manager.c > +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/dsi/dsi_manager.c > @@ -34,32 +34,6 @@ static struct msm_dsi_manager msm_dsim_glb; > #define IS_SYNC_NEEDED() (msm_dsim_glb.is_sync_needed) > #define IS_MASTER_DSI_LINK(id) (msm_dsim_glb.master_dsi_link_id == id) > > -#ifdef CONFIG_OF > -static bool dsi_mgr_power_on_early(struct drm_bridge *bridge) > -{ > - struct drm_bridge *next_bridge = drm_bridge_get_next_bridge(bridge); > - > - /* > - * If the next bridge in the chain is the Parade ps8640 bridge chip > - * then don't power on early since it seems to violate the expectations > - * of the firmware that the bridge chip is running. > - * > - * NOTE: this is expected to be a temporary special case. It's expected > - * that we'll eventually have a framework that allows the next level > - * bridge to indicate whether it needs us to power on before it or > - * after it. When that framework is in place then we'll use it and > - * remove this special case. > - */ > - return !(next_bridge && next_bridge->of_node && > - of_device_is_compatible(next_bridge->of_node, "parade,ps8640")); > -} > -#else > -static inline bool dsi_mgr_power_on_early(struct drm_bridge *bridge) > -{ > - return true; > -} > -#endif > - > static inline struct msm_dsi *dsi_mgr_get_dsi(int id) > { > return msm_dsim_glb.dsi[id]; > @@ -265,12 +239,6 @@ static void dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on(struct drm_bridge *bridge) > int ret; > > DBG("id=%d", id); > - if (!msm_dsi_device_connected(msm_dsi)) > - return; > - > - /* Do nothing with the host if it is slave-DSI in case of bonded DSI */ > - if (is_bonded_dsi && !IS_MASTER_DSI_LINK(id)) > - return; > Why are these two checks removed? > ret = dsi_mgr_phy_enable(id, phy_shared_timings); > if (ret) > @@ -327,8 +295,7 @@ static void dsi_mgr_bridge_pre_enable(struct drm_bridge *bridge) > if (is_bonded_dsi && !IS_MASTER_DSI_LINK(id)) > return; > > - if (!dsi_mgr_power_on_early(bridge)) > - dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on(bridge); > + dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on(bridge); > > ret = msm_dsi_host_enable(host); > if (ret) { > @@ -438,9 +405,6 @@ static void dsi_mgr_bridge_mode_set(struct drm_bridge *bridge, > msm_dsi_host_set_display_mode(host, adjusted_mode); > if (is_bonded_dsi && other_dsi) > msm_dsi_host_set_display_mode(other_dsi->host, adjusted_mode); > - > - if (dsi_mgr_power_on_early(bridge)) > - dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on(bridge); > } > > static enum drm_mode_status dsi_mgr_bridge_mode_valid(struct drm_bridge *bridge,
Hi, On Tue, Jan 31, 2023 at 3:32 PM Abhinav Kumar <quic_abhinavk@quicinc.com> wrote: > > On 1/31/2023 2:18 PM, Douglas Anderson wrote: > > In commit 7d8e9a90509f ("drm/msm/dsi: move DSI host powerup to modeset > > time"), we moved powering up DSI hosts to modeset time. This wasn't > > because it was an elegant design, but there were no better options. > > > > That commit actually ended up breaking ps8640, and thus was born > > commit ec7981e6c614 ("drm/msm/dsi: don't powerup at modeset time for > > parade-ps8640") as a temporary hack to un-break ps8640 by moving it to > > the old way of doing things. It turns out that ps8640 _really_ doesn't > > like its pre_enable() function to be called after > > dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on(). Specifically (from experimentation, not > > because I have any inside knowledge), it looks like the assertion of > > "RST#" in the ps8640 runtime resume handler seems like it's not > > allowed to happen after dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on() > > > > Recently, Dave Stevenson's series landed allowing bridges some control > > over pre_enable ordering. The meaty commit for our purposes is commit > > 4fb912e5e190 ("drm/bridge: Introduce pre_enable_prev_first to alter > > bridge init order"). As documented by that series, if a bridge doesn't > > set "pre_enable_prev_first" then we should use the old ordering. > > > > Now that we have the commit ("drm/bridge: tc358762: Set > > pre_enable_prev_first") we can go back to the old ordering, which also > > allows us to remove the ps8640 special case. > > > > One last note is that even without reverting commit 7d8e9a90509f > > ("drm/msm/dsi: move DSI host powerup to modeset time"), if you _just_ > > revert the ps8640 special case and try it out then it doesn't seem to > > fail anymore. I spent time bisecting / debugging this and it turns out > > to be mostly luck, so we still want this patch to make sure it's > > solid. Specifically the reason it sorta works these days is because > > we implemented wait_hpd_asserted() in ps8640 now, plus the magic of > > "pm_runtime" autosuspend. The fact that we have wait_hpd_asserted() > > implemented means that we actually power the bridge chip up just a wee > > bit earlier and then the bridge happens to stay on because of > > autosuspend and thus ends up powered before dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on(). > > > > Cc: Dave Stevenson <dave.stevenson@raspberrypi.com> > > Cc: Dmitry Baryshkov <dmitry.baryshkov@linaro.org> > > Cc: Abhinav Kumar <quic_abhinavk@quicinc.com> > > Signed-off-by: Douglas Anderson <dianders@chromium.org> > > --- > > > > Changes in v2: > > - Don't fold dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on() back into dsi_mgr_bridge_pre_enable() > > > > drivers/gpu/drm/msm/dsi/dsi_manager.c | 38 +-------------------------- > > 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 37 deletions(-) > > > > diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/dsi/dsi_manager.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/dsi/dsi_manager.c > > index 1bbac72dad35..2197a54b9b96 100644 > > --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/dsi/dsi_manager.c > > +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/dsi/dsi_manager.c > > @@ -34,32 +34,6 @@ static struct msm_dsi_manager msm_dsim_glb; > > #define IS_SYNC_NEEDED() (msm_dsim_glb.is_sync_needed) > > #define IS_MASTER_DSI_LINK(id) (msm_dsim_glb.master_dsi_link_id == id) > > > > -#ifdef CONFIG_OF > > -static bool dsi_mgr_power_on_early(struct drm_bridge *bridge) > > -{ > > - struct drm_bridge *next_bridge = drm_bridge_get_next_bridge(bridge); > > - > > - /* > > - * If the next bridge in the chain is the Parade ps8640 bridge chip > > - * then don't power on early since it seems to violate the expectations > > - * of the firmware that the bridge chip is running. > > - * > > - * NOTE: this is expected to be a temporary special case. It's expected > > - * that we'll eventually have a framework that allows the next level > > - * bridge to indicate whether it needs us to power on before it or > > - * after it. When that framework is in place then we'll use it and > > - * remove this special case. > > - */ > > - return !(next_bridge && next_bridge->of_node && > > - of_device_is_compatible(next_bridge->of_node, "parade,ps8640")); > > -} > > -#else > > -static inline bool dsi_mgr_power_on_early(struct drm_bridge *bridge) > > -{ > > - return true; > > -} > > -#endif > > - > > static inline struct msm_dsi *dsi_mgr_get_dsi(int id) > > { > > return msm_dsim_glb.dsi[id]; > > @@ -265,12 +239,6 @@ static void dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on(struct drm_bridge *bridge) > > int ret; > > > > DBG("id=%d", id); > > - if (!msm_dsi_device_connected(msm_dsi)) > > - return; > > - > > - /* Do nothing with the host if it is slave-DSI in case of bonded DSI */ > > - if (is_bonded_dsi && !IS_MASTER_DSI_LINK(id)) > > - return; > > > > Why are these two checks removed? After this patch there is now one caller to this function and the one caller does those exact same two checks immediately before calling this function. Thus, they no longer do anything useful. -Doug
On 2/1/2023 6:33 AM, Doug Anderson wrote: > Hi, > > On Tue, Jan 31, 2023 at 3:32 PM Abhinav Kumar <quic_abhinavk@quicinc.com> wrote: >> >> On 1/31/2023 2:18 PM, Douglas Anderson wrote: >>> In commit 7d8e9a90509f ("drm/msm/dsi: move DSI host powerup to modeset >>> time"), we moved powering up DSI hosts to modeset time. This wasn't >>> because it was an elegant design, but there were no better options. >>> >>> That commit actually ended up breaking ps8640, and thus was born >>> commit ec7981e6c614 ("drm/msm/dsi: don't powerup at modeset time for >>> parade-ps8640") as a temporary hack to un-break ps8640 by moving it to >>> the old way of doing things. It turns out that ps8640 _really_ doesn't >>> like its pre_enable() function to be called after >>> dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on(). Specifically (from experimentation, not >>> because I have any inside knowledge), it looks like the assertion of >>> "RST#" in the ps8640 runtime resume handler seems like it's not >>> allowed to happen after dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on() >>> >>> Recently, Dave Stevenson's series landed allowing bridges some control >>> over pre_enable ordering. The meaty commit for our purposes is commit >>> 4fb912e5e190 ("drm/bridge: Introduce pre_enable_prev_first to alter >>> bridge init order"). As documented by that series, if a bridge doesn't >>> set "pre_enable_prev_first" then we should use the old ordering. >>> >>> Now that we have the commit ("drm/bridge: tc358762: Set >>> pre_enable_prev_first") we can go back to the old ordering, which also >>> allows us to remove the ps8640 special case. >>> >>> One last note is that even without reverting commit 7d8e9a90509f >>> ("drm/msm/dsi: move DSI host powerup to modeset time"), if you _just_ >>> revert the ps8640 special case and try it out then it doesn't seem to >>> fail anymore. I spent time bisecting / debugging this and it turns out >>> to be mostly luck, so we still want this patch to make sure it's >>> solid. Specifically the reason it sorta works these days is because >>> we implemented wait_hpd_asserted() in ps8640 now, plus the magic of >>> "pm_runtime" autosuspend. The fact that we have wait_hpd_asserted() >>> implemented means that we actually power the bridge chip up just a wee >>> bit earlier and then the bridge happens to stay on because of >>> autosuspend and thus ends up powered before dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on(). >>> >>> Cc: Dave Stevenson <dave.stevenson@raspberrypi.com> >>> Cc: Dmitry Baryshkov <dmitry.baryshkov@linaro.org> >>> Cc: Abhinav Kumar <quic_abhinavk@quicinc.com> >>> Signed-off-by: Douglas Anderson <dianders@chromium.org> >>> --- >>> >>> Changes in v2: >>> - Don't fold dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on() back into dsi_mgr_bridge_pre_enable() >>> >>> drivers/gpu/drm/msm/dsi/dsi_manager.c | 38 +-------------------------- >>> 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 37 deletions(-) >>> >>> diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/dsi/dsi_manager.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/dsi/dsi_manager.c >>> index 1bbac72dad35..2197a54b9b96 100644 >>> --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/dsi/dsi_manager.c >>> +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/dsi/dsi_manager.c >>> @@ -34,32 +34,6 @@ static struct msm_dsi_manager msm_dsim_glb; >>> #define IS_SYNC_NEEDED() (msm_dsim_glb.is_sync_needed) >>> #define IS_MASTER_DSI_LINK(id) (msm_dsim_glb.master_dsi_link_id == id) >>> >>> -#ifdef CONFIG_OF >>> -static bool dsi_mgr_power_on_early(struct drm_bridge *bridge) >>> -{ >>> - struct drm_bridge *next_bridge = drm_bridge_get_next_bridge(bridge); >>> - >>> - /* >>> - * If the next bridge in the chain is the Parade ps8640 bridge chip >>> - * then don't power on early since it seems to violate the expectations >>> - * of the firmware that the bridge chip is running. >>> - * >>> - * NOTE: this is expected to be a temporary special case. It's expected >>> - * that we'll eventually have a framework that allows the next level >>> - * bridge to indicate whether it needs us to power on before it or >>> - * after it. When that framework is in place then we'll use it and >>> - * remove this special case. >>> - */ >>> - return !(next_bridge && next_bridge->of_node && >>> - of_device_is_compatible(next_bridge->of_node, "parade,ps8640")); >>> -} >>> -#else >>> -static inline bool dsi_mgr_power_on_early(struct drm_bridge *bridge) >>> -{ >>> - return true; >>> -} >>> -#endif >>> - >>> static inline struct msm_dsi *dsi_mgr_get_dsi(int id) >>> { >>> return msm_dsim_glb.dsi[id]; >>> @@ -265,12 +239,6 @@ static void dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on(struct drm_bridge *bridge) >>> int ret; >>> >>> DBG("id=%d", id); >>> - if (!msm_dsi_device_connected(msm_dsi)) >>> - return; >>> - >>> - /* Do nothing with the host if it is slave-DSI in case of bonded DSI */ >>> - if (is_bonded_dsi && !IS_MASTER_DSI_LINK(id)) >>> - return; >>> >> >> Why are these two checks removed? > > After this patch there is now one caller to this function and the one > caller does those exact same two checks immediately before calling > this function. Thus, they no longer do anything useful. > > -Doug Ack, understood. dsi_mgr_bridge_pre_enable() has the same checks. Hence, Reviewed-by: Abhinav Kumar <quic_abhinavk@quicinc.com>
On 01/02/2023 00:18, Douglas Anderson wrote: > In commit 7d8e9a90509f ("drm/msm/dsi: move DSI host powerup to modeset > time"), we moved powering up DSI hosts to modeset time. This wasn't > because it was an elegant design, but there were no better options. > > That commit actually ended up breaking ps8640, and thus was born > commit ec7981e6c614 ("drm/msm/dsi: don't powerup at modeset time for > parade-ps8640") as a temporary hack to un-break ps8640 by moving it to > the old way of doing things. It turns out that ps8640 _really_ doesn't > like its pre_enable() function to be called after > dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on(). Specifically (from experimentation, not > because I have any inside knowledge), it looks like the assertion of > "RST#" in the ps8640 runtime resume handler seems like it's not > allowed to happen after dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on() > > Recently, Dave Stevenson's series landed allowing bridges some control > over pre_enable ordering. The meaty commit for our purposes is commit > 4fb912e5e190 ("drm/bridge: Introduce pre_enable_prev_first to alter > bridge init order"). As documented by that series, if a bridge doesn't > set "pre_enable_prev_first" then we should use the old ordering. > > Now that we have the commit ("drm/bridge: tc358762: Set > pre_enable_prev_first") we can go back to the old ordering, which also > allows us to remove the ps8640 special case. > > One last note is that even without reverting commit 7d8e9a90509f > ("drm/msm/dsi: move DSI host powerup to modeset time"), if you _just_ > revert the ps8640 special case and try it out then it doesn't seem to > fail anymore. I spent time bisecting / debugging this and it turns out > to be mostly luck, so we still want this patch to make sure it's > solid. Specifically the reason it sorta works these days is because > we implemented wait_hpd_asserted() in ps8640 now, plus the magic of > "pm_runtime" autosuspend. The fact that we have wait_hpd_asserted() > implemented means that we actually power the bridge chip up just a wee > bit earlier and then the bridge happens to stay on because of > autosuspend and thus ends up powered before dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on(). > > Cc: Dave Stevenson <dave.stevenson@raspberrypi.com> > Cc: Dmitry Baryshkov <dmitry.baryshkov@linaro.org> > Cc: Abhinav Kumar <quic_abhinavk@quicinc.com> > Signed-off-by: Douglas Anderson <dianders@chromium.org> > --- Reviewed-by: Dmitry Baryshkov <dmitry.baryshkov@linaro.org>
diff --git a/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/dsi/dsi_manager.c b/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/dsi/dsi_manager.c index 1bbac72dad35..2197a54b9b96 100644 --- a/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/dsi/dsi_manager.c +++ b/drivers/gpu/drm/msm/dsi/dsi_manager.c @@ -34,32 +34,6 @@ static struct msm_dsi_manager msm_dsim_glb; #define IS_SYNC_NEEDED() (msm_dsim_glb.is_sync_needed) #define IS_MASTER_DSI_LINK(id) (msm_dsim_glb.master_dsi_link_id == id) -#ifdef CONFIG_OF -static bool dsi_mgr_power_on_early(struct drm_bridge *bridge) -{ - struct drm_bridge *next_bridge = drm_bridge_get_next_bridge(bridge); - - /* - * If the next bridge in the chain is the Parade ps8640 bridge chip - * then don't power on early since it seems to violate the expectations - * of the firmware that the bridge chip is running. - * - * NOTE: this is expected to be a temporary special case. It's expected - * that we'll eventually have a framework that allows the next level - * bridge to indicate whether it needs us to power on before it or - * after it. When that framework is in place then we'll use it and - * remove this special case. - */ - return !(next_bridge && next_bridge->of_node && - of_device_is_compatible(next_bridge->of_node, "parade,ps8640")); -} -#else -static inline bool dsi_mgr_power_on_early(struct drm_bridge *bridge) -{ - return true; -} -#endif - static inline struct msm_dsi *dsi_mgr_get_dsi(int id) { return msm_dsim_glb.dsi[id]; @@ -265,12 +239,6 @@ static void dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on(struct drm_bridge *bridge) int ret; DBG("id=%d", id); - if (!msm_dsi_device_connected(msm_dsi)) - return; - - /* Do nothing with the host if it is slave-DSI in case of bonded DSI */ - if (is_bonded_dsi && !IS_MASTER_DSI_LINK(id)) - return; ret = dsi_mgr_phy_enable(id, phy_shared_timings); if (ret) @@ -327,8 +295,7 @@ static void dsi_mgr_bridge_pre_enable(struct drm_bridge *bridge) if (is_bonded_dsi && !IS_MASTER_DSI_LINK(id)) return; - if (!dsi_mgr_power_on_early(bridge)) - dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on(bridge); + dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on(bridge); ret = msm_dsi_host_enable(host); if (ret) { @@ -438,9 +405,6 @@ static void dsi_mgr_bridge_mode_set(struct drm_bridge *bridge, msm_dsi_host_set_display_mode(host, adjusted_mode); if (is_bonded_dsi && other_dsi) msm_dsi_host_set_display_mode(other_dsi->host, adjusted_mode); - - if (dsi_mgr_power_on_early(bridge)) - dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on(bridge); } static enum drm_mode_status dsi_mgr_bridge_mode_valid(struct drm_bridge *bridge,
In commit 7d8e9a90509f ("drm/msm/dsi: move DSI host powerup to modeset time"), we moved powering up DSI hosts to modeset time. This wasn't because it was an elegant design, but there were no better options. That commit actually ended up breaking ps8640, and thus was born commit ec7981e6c614 ("drm/msm/dsi: don't powerup at modeset time for parade-ps8640") as a temporary hack to un-break ps8640 by moving it to the old way of doing things. It turns out that ps8640 _really_ doesn't like its pre_enable() function to be called after dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on(). Specifically (from experimentation, not because I have any inside knowledge), it looks like the assertion of "RST#" in the ps8640 runtime resume handler seems like it's not allowed to happen after dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on() Recently, Dave Stevenson's series landed allowing bridges some control over pre_enable ordering. The meaty commit for our purposes is commit 4fb912e5e190 ("drm/bridge: Introduce pre_enable_prev_first to alter bridge init order"). As documented by that series, if a bridge doesn't set "pre_enable_prev_first" then we should use the old ordering. Now that we have the commit ("drm/bridge: tc358762: Set pre_enable_prev_first") we can go back to the old ordering, which also allows us to remove the ps8640 special case. One last note is that even without reverting commit 7d8e9a90509f ("drm/msm/dsi: move DSI host powerup to modeset time"), if you _just_ revert the ps8640 special case and try it out then it doesn't seem to fail anymore. I spent time bisecting / debugging this and it turns out to be mostly luck, so we still want this patch to make sure it's solid. Specifically the reason it sorta works these days is because we implemented wait_hpd_asserted() in ps8640 now, plus the magic of "pm_runtime" autosuspend. The fact that we have wait_hpd_asserted() implemented means that we actually power the bridge chip up just a wee bit earlier and then the bridge happens to stay on because of autosuspend and thus ends up powered before dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on(). Cc: Dave Stevenson <dave.stevenson@raspberrypi.com> Cc: Dmitry Baryshkov <dmitry.baryshkov@linaro.org> Cc: Abhinav Kumar <quic_abhinavk@quicinc.com> Signed-off-by: Douglas Anderson <dianders@chromium.org> --- Changes in v2: - Don't fold dsi_mgr_bridge_power_on() back into dsi_mgr_bridge_pre_enable() drivers/gpu/drm/msm/dsi/dsi_manager.c | 38 +-------------------------- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 37 deletions(-)