diff mbox series

[v1,3/3] usb: typec: ucsi: Get PD revision for partner

Message ID 20240123143026.v1.3.Idf7d373c3cbb54058403cb951d644f1f09973d15@changeid (mailing list archive)
State Superseded
Headers show
Series usb: typec: ucsi: Adding support for UCSI 3.0 | expand

Commit Message

Abhishek Pandit-Subedi Jan. 23, 2024, 10:30 p.m. UTC
From: Abhishek Pandit-Subedi <abhishekpandit@chromium.org>

PD major revision for the port partner is described in
GET_CONNECTOR_CAPABILITY and is only valid on UCSI 2.0 and newer. Update
the pd_revision on the partner if the UCSI version is 2.0 or newer.

Signed-off-by: Abhishek Pandit-Subedi <abhishekpandit@chromium.org>
---
$ cat /sys/class/typec/port2-partner/usb_power_delivery_revision
3.0

 drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
 drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.h |  3 +++
 2 files changed, 28 insertions(+)

Comments

Heikki Krogerus Jan. 24, 2024, 2:30 p.m. UTC | #1
Hi Abhishek,

Few nitpicks for this one.

On Tue, Jan 23, 2024 at 02:30:36PM -0800, Abhishek Pandit-Subedi wrote:
> From: Abhishek Pandit-Subedi <abhishekpandit@chromium.org>
> 
> PD major revision for the port partner is described in
> GET_CONNECTOR_CAPABILITY and is only valid on UCSI 2.0 and newer. Update
> the pd_revision on the partner if the UCSI version is 2.0 or newer.
> 
> Signed-off-by: Abhishek Pandit-Subedi <abhishekpandit@chromium.org>
> ---
> $ cat /sys/class/typec/port2-partner/usb_power_delivery_revision
> 3.0
> 
>  drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
>  drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.h |  3 +++
>  2 files changed, 28 insertions(+)
> 
> diff --git a/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c b/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c
> index 4edf785d203b..8e0a512853ba 100644
> --- a/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c
> +++ b/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c
> @@ -782,6 +782,8 @@ static int ucsi_register_partner(struct ucsi_connector *con)
>  	}
>  
>  	desc.usb_pd = pwr_opmode == UCSI_CONSTAT_PWR_OPMODE_PD;
> +	desc.pd_revision =
> +		UCSI_CONCAP_FLAG_PARTNER_PD_MAJOR_REV_AS_BCD(con->cap.flags);

	desc.pd_revision = UCSI_CONCAP_FLAG_PARTNER_PD_MAJOR_REV_AS_BCD(con->cap.flags);

>  	partner = typec_register_partner(con->port, &desc);
>  	if (IS_ERR(partner)) {
> @@ -856,6 +858,28 @@ static void ucsi_partner_change(struct ucsi_connector *con)
>  			con->num, u_role);
>  }
>  
> +static int ucsi_check_connector_capability(struct ucsi_connector *con)
> +{
> +	u64 command;
> +	int ret;
> +
> +	if (!con->partner && !IS_MIN_VERSION_2_0(con->ucsi))
> +		return 0;
> +
> +	command = UCSI_GET_CONNECTOR_CAPABILITY | UCSI_CONNECTOR_NUMBER(con->num);
> +	ret = ucsi_send_command(con->ucsi, command, &con->cap, sizeof(con->cap));
> +	if (ret < 0) {
> +		dev_err(con->ucsi->dev, "GET_CONNECTOR_CAPABILITY failed (%d)\n", ret);
> +		return ret;
> +	}
> +
> +	typec_partner_set_pd_revision(
> +		con->partner,
> +		UCSI_CONCAP_FLAG_PARTNER_PD_MAJOR_REV_AS_BCD(con->cap.flags));

	typec_partner_set_pd_revision(con->partner,
		UCSI_CONCAP_FLAG_PARTNER_PD_MAJOR_REV_AS_BCD(con->cap.flags));

> +
> +	return ret;
> +}
> +
>  static int ucsi_check_connection(struct ucsi_connector *con)
>  {
>  	u8 prev_flags = con->status.flags;
> @@ -925,6 +949,7 @@ static void ucsi_handle_connector_change(struct work_struct *work)
>  		if (con->status.flags & UCSI_CONSTAT_CONNECTED) {
>  			ucsi_register_partner(con);
>  			ucsi_partner_task(con, ucsi_check_connection, 1, HZ);
> +			ucsi_partner_task(con, ucsi_check_connector_capability, 1, HZ);
>  
>  			if (UCSI_CONSTAT_PWR_OPMODE(con->status.flags) ==
>  			    UCSI_CONSTAT_PWR_OPMODE_PD)
> diff --git a/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.h b/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.h
> index 94b373378f63..5e60328f398e 100644
> --- a/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.h
> +++ b/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.h
> @@ -36,6 +36,9 @@ struct dentry;
>  #define UCSI_BCD_GET_MINOR(_v_)		(((_v_) >> 4) & 0x0F)
>  #define UCSI_BCD_GET_SUBMINOR(_v_)	((_v_) & 0x0F)
>  
> +#define IS_MIN_VERSION(ucsi, min_ver)	((ucsi)->version >= min_ver)

Probable better to use brackets also with that min_ver:

#define IS_MIN_VERSION(ucsi, min_ver)	((ucsi)->version >= (min_ver))

> +#define IS_MIN_VERSION_2_0(ucsi)	IS_MIN_VERSION(ucsi, UCSI_VERSION_2_0)
> +
>  /* Command Status and Connector Change Indication (CCI) bits */
>  #define UCSI_CCI_CONNECTOR(_c_)		(((_c_) & GENMASK(7, 1)) >> 1)
>  #define UCSI_CCI_LENGTH(_c_)		(((_c_) & GENMASK(15, 8)) >> 8)
> -- 
> 2.43.0.429.g432eaa2c6b-goog

thanks,
Prashant Malani Jan. 24, 2024, 6:48 p.m. UTC | #2
Hi Abhishek,

On Tue, Jan 23, 2024 at 2:30 PM Abhishek Pandit-Subedi
<abhishekpandit@google.com> wrote:
>
> From: Abhishek Pandit-Subedi <abhishekpandit@chromium.org>
>
> PD major revision for the port partner is described in
> GET_CONNECTOR_CAPABILITY and is only valid on UCSI 2.0 and newer. Update
> the pd_revision on the partner if the UCSI version is 2.0 or newer.
>
> Signed-off-by: Abhishek Pandit-Subedi <abhishekpandit@chromium.org>
> ---
> $ cat /sys/class/typec/port2-partner/usb_power_delivery_revision
> 3.0
>
>  drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
>  drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.h |  3 +++
>  2 files changed, 28 insertions(+)
>
> diff --git a/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c b/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c
> index 4edf785d203b..8e0a512853ba 100644
> --- a/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c
> +++ b/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c
> @@ -782,6 +782,8 @@ static int ucsi_register_partner(struct ucsi_connector *con)
>         }
>
>         desc.usb_pd = pwr_opmode == UCSI_CONSTAT_PWR_OPMODE_PD;
> +       desc.pd_revision =
> +               UCSI_CONCAP_FLAG_PARTNER_PD_MAJOR_REV_AS_BCD(con->cap.flags);
>
>         partner = typec_register_partner(con->port, &desc);
>         if (IS_ERR(partner)) {
> @@ -856,6 +858,28 @@ static void ucsi_partner_change(struct ucsi_connector *con)
>                         con->num, u_role);
>  }
>
> +static int ucsi_check_connector_capability(struct ucsi_connector *con)
> +{
> +       u64 command;
> +       int ret;
> +
> +       if (!con->partner && !IS_MIN_VERSION_2_0(con->ucsi))

(Mentioned side-band but reproducing here for consistency)
This macro is unnecessary. It's just doing a comparison, which can be inlined
without any perceptible change in readability (actually, I'd argue adding the !
to an english idiom makes things *less* readable):

        if (!con->partner && con->ucsi->version < UCSI_VERSION_2_0)
               return 0;

Besides that, I think you want an || operator instead of the && operator, right?

> +               return 0;
> +
> +       command = UCSI_GET_CONNECTOR_CAPABILITY | UCSI_CONNECTOR_NUMBER(con->num);
> +       ret = ucsi_send_command(con->ucsi, command, &con->cap, sizeof(con->cap));
> +       if (ret < 0) {
> +               dev_err(con->ucsi->dev, "GET_CONNECTOR_CAPABILITY failed (%d)\n", ret);
> +               return ret;
> +       }
> +
> +       typec_partner_set_pd_revision(
> +               con->partner,
> +               UCSI_CONCAP_FLAG_PARTNER_PD_MAJOR_REV_AS_BCD(con->cap.flags));
> +
> +       return ret;
> +}
> +
>  static int ucsi_check_connection(struct ucsi_connector *con)
>  {
>         u8 prev_flags = con->status.flags;

Thanks,
Abhishek Pandit-Subedi Jan. 24, 2024, 7:18 p.m. UTC | #3
On Wed, Jan 24, 2024 at 10:49 AM Prashant Malani <pmalani@chromium.org> wrote:
>
> Hi Abhishek,
>
> On Tue, Jan 23, 2024 at 2:30 PM Abhishek Pandit-Subedi
> <abhishekpandit@google.com> wrote:
> >
> > From: Abhishek Pandit-Subedi <abhishekpandit@chromium.org>
> >
> > PD major revision for the port partner is described in
> > GET_CONNECTOR_CAPABILITY and is only valid on UCSI 2.0 and newer. Update
> > the pd_revision on the partner if the UCSI version is 2.0 or newer.
> >
> > Signed-off-by: Abhishek Pandit-Subedi <abhishekpandit@chromium.org>
> > ---
> > $ cat /sys/class/typec/port2-partner/usb_power_delivery_revision
> > 3.0
> >
> >  drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
> >  drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.h |  3 +++
> >  2 files changed, 28 insertions(+)
> >
> > diff --git a/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c b/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c
> > index 4edf785d203b..8e0a512853ba 100644
> > --- a/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c
> > +++ b/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c
> > @@ -782,6 +782,8 @@ static int ucsi_register_partner(struct ucsi_connector *con)
> >         }
> >
> >         desc.usb_pd = pwr_opmode == UCSI_CONSTAT_PWR_OPMODE_PD;
> > +       desc.pd_revision =
> > +               UCSI_CONCAP_FLAG_PARTNER_PD_MAJOR_REV_AS_BCD(con->cap.flags);
> >
> >         partner = typec_register_partner(con->port, &desc);
> >         if (IS_ERR(partner)) {
> > @@ -856,6 +858,28 @@ static void ucsi_partner_change(struct ucsi_connector *con)
> >                         con->num, u_role);
> >  }
> >
> > +static int ucsi_check_connector_capability(struct ucsi_connector *con)
> > +{
> > +       u64 command;
> > +       int ret;
> > +
> > +       if (!con->partner && !IS_MIN_VERSION_2_0(con->ucsi))
>
> (Mentioned side-band but reproducing here for consistency)
> This macro is unnecessary. It's just doing a comparison, which can be inlined
> without any perceptible change in readability (actually, I'd argue adding the !
> to an english idiom makes things *less* readable):

I prefer the macro because it makes it easier to search where version
checks are being done and it keeps the `<` vs `<=` consistent. UCSI
only has a few published revisions: 1.2, 2.0, 2.1 and 3.0 and major
changes seem to have happened in 2.0 and 3.0 so there should be very
few of these macros created/used.

>
>         if (!con->partner && con->ucsi->version < UCSI_VERSION_2_0)
>                return 0;
>
> Besides that, I think you want an || operator instead of the && operator, right?

Good catch on that. It should be OR.
i.e. if (!con->partner || !IS_MIN_VERSION_2_0(con->ucsi))

>
> > +               return 0;
> > +
> > +       command = UCSI_GET_CONNECTOR_CAPABILITY | UCSI_CONNECTOR_NUMBER(con->num);
> > +       ret = ucsi_send_command(con->ucsi, command, &con->cap, sizeof(con->cap));
> > +       if (ret < 0) {
> > +               dev_err(con->ucsi->dev, "GET_CONNECTOR_CAPABILITY failed (%d)\n", ret);
> > +               return ret;
> > +       }
> > +
> > +       typec_partner_set_pd_revision(
> > +               con->partner,
> > +               UCSI_CONCAP_FLAG_PARTNER_PD_MAJOR_REV_AS_BCD(con->cap.flags));
> > +
> > +       return ret;
> > +}
> > +
> >  static int ucsi_check_connection(struct ucsi_connector *con)
> >  {
> >         u8 prev_flags = con->status.flags;
>
> Thanks,
Prashant Malani Jan. 24, 2024, 7:34 p.m. UTC | #4
On Wed, Jan 24, 2024 at 11:18 AM Abhishek Pandit-Subedi
<abhishekpandit@chromium.org> wrote:
>
> On Wed, Jan 24, 2024 at 10:49 AM Prashant Malani <pmalani@chromium.org> wrote:
> >
> > Hi Abhishek,
> >
> > On Tue, Jan 23, 2024 at 2:30 PM Abhishek Pandit-Subedi
> > <abhishekpandit@google.com> wrote:
> > >
> > > From: Abhishek Pandit-Subedi <abhishekpandit@chromium.org>
> > >
> > > PD major revision for the port partner is described in
> > > GET_CONNECTOR_CAPABILITY and is only valid on UCSI 2.0 and newer. Update
> > > the pd_revision on the partner if the UCSI version is 2.0 or newer.
> > >
> > > Signed-off-by: Abhishek Pandit-Subedi <abhishekpandit@chromium.org>
> > > ---
> > > $ cat /sys/class/typec/port2-partner/usb_power_delivery_revision
> > > 3.0
> > >
> > >  drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
> > >  drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.h |  3 +++
> > >  2 files changed, 28 insertions(+)
> > >
> > > diff --git a/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c b/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c
> > > index 4edf785d203b..8e0a512853ba 100644
> > > --- a/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c
> > > +++ b/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c
> > > @@ -782,6 +782,8 @@ static int ucsi_register_partner(struct ucsi_connector *con)
> > >         }
> > >
> > >         desc.usb_pd = pwr_opmode == UCSI_CONSTAT_PWR_OPMODE_PD;
> > > +       desc.pd_revision =
> > > +               UCSI_CONCAP_FLAG_PARTNER_PD_MAJOR_REV_AS_BCD(con->cap.flags);
> > >
> > >         partner = typec_register_partner(con->port, &desc);
> > >         if (IS_ERR(partner)) {
> > > @@ -856,6 +858,28 @@ static void ucsi_partner_change(struct ucsi_connector *con)
> > >                         con->num, u_role);
> > >  }
> > >
> > > +static int ucsi_check_connector_capability(struct ucsi_connector *con)
> > > +{
> > > +       u64 command;
> > > +       int ret;
> > > +
> > > +       if (!con->partner && !IS_MIN_VERSION_2_0(con->ucsi))
> >
> > (Mentioned side-band but reproducing here for consistency)
> > This macro is unnecessary. It's just doing a comparison, which can be inlined
> > without any perceptible change in readability (actually, I'd argue adding the !
> > to an english idiom makes things *less* readable):
>
> I prefer the macro because it makes it easier to search where version
> checks are being done.

I don't see how searching for "IS_MIN_VERSION_2_0" is easier
than just searching for "UCSI_VERSION_2_0".

I didn't quite understand what you meant by

>  it keeps the `<` vs `<=` consistent.

Perhaps I'm missing something... (are these comparisons being
used elsewhere/in some other fashion?).

In any case, I don't want to bike-shed so I'll defer to the
maintainer's call on this.

BR,

-Prashant
Abhishek Pandit-Subedi Jan. 24, 2024, 10:57 p.m. UTC | #5
On Wed, Jan 24, 2024 at 11:34 AM Prashant Malani <pmalani@chromium.org> wrote:
>
> On Wed, Jan 24, 2024 at 11:18 AM Abhishek Pandit-Subedi
> <abhishekpandit@chromium.org> wrote:
> >
> > On Wed, Jan 24, 2024 at 10:49 AM Prashant Malani <pmalani@chromium.org> wrote:
> > >
> > > Hi Abhishek,
> > >
> > > On Tue, Jan 23, 2024 at 2:30 PM Abhishek Pandit-Subedi
> > > <abhishekpandit@google.com> wrote:
> > > >
> > > > From: Abhishek Pandit-Subedi <abhishekpandit@chromium.org>
> > > >
> > > > PD major revision for the port partner is described in
> > > > GET_CONNECTOR_CAPABILITY and is only valid on UCSI 2.0 and newer. Update
> > > > the pd_revision on the partner if the UCSI version is 2.0 or newer.
> > > >
> > > > Signed-off-by: Abhishek Pandit-Subedi <abhishekpandit@chromium.org>
> > > > ---
> > > > $ cat /sys/class/typec/port2-partner/usb_power_delivery_revision
> > > > 3.0
> > > >
> > > >  drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c | 25 +++++++++++++++++++++++++
> > > >  drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.h |  3 +++
> > > >  2 files changed, 28 insertions(+)
> > > >
> > > > diff --git a/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c b/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c
> > > > index 4edf785d203b..8e0a512853ba 100644
> > > > --- a/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c
> > > > +++ b/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c
> > > > @@ -782,6 +782,8 @@ static int ucsi_register_partner(struct ucsi_connector *con)
> > > >         }
> > > >
> > > >         desc.usb_pd = pwr_opmode == UCSI_CONSTAT_PWR_OPMODE_PD;
> > > > +       desc.pd_revision =
> > > > +               UCSI_CONCAP_FLAG_PARTNER_PD_MAJOR_REV_AS_BCD(con->cap.flags);
> > > >
> > > >         partner = typec_register_partner(con->port, &desc);
> > > >         if (IS_ERR(partner)) {
> > > > @@ -856,6 +858,28 @@ static void ucsi_partner_change(struct ucsi_connector *con)
> > > >                         con->num, u_role);
> > > >  }
> > > >
> > > > +static int ucsi_check_connector_capability(struct ucsi_connector *con)
> > > > +{
> > > > +       u64 command;
> > > > +       int ret;
> > > > +
> > > > +       if (!con->partner && !IS_MIN_VERSION_2_0(con->ucsi))
> > >
> > > (Mentioned side-band but reproducing here for consistency)
> > > This macro is unnecessary. It's just doing a comparison, which can be inlined
> > > without any perceptible change in readability (actually, I'd argue adding the !
> > > to an english idiom makes things *less* readable):
> >
> > I prefer the macro because it makes it easier to search where version
> > checks are being done.
>
> I don't see how searching for "IS_MIN_VERSION_2_0" is easier
> than just searching for "UCSI_VERSION_2_0".
>
> I didn't quite understand what you meant by
>
> >  it keeps the `<` vs `<=` consistent.
>
> Perhaps I'm missing something... (are these comparisons being
> used elsewhere/in some other fashion?).

Let's say someone wants to guard code for UCSI 2.0.
Should they use:

// Guard against older versions.
if (ucsi->version < UCSI_VERSION_2_0) return;

// This also guards since the version jumps from 1.2 to 2.0.
if (ucsi->version <= UCSI_VERSION_1_2) return;

// Only do something on newer versions.
if (ucsi->version >= UCSI_VERSION_2_0) {
  // Fill out something available in newer spec.
}

I'd rather everyone just use a macro that normalizes comparisons. It's
always IS_MIN_VERSION and its inverse !IS_MIN_VERSION.
It's personal preference so deferring to the maintainer is IMO the
right call here.

>
> In any case, I don't want to bike-shed so I'll defer to the
> maintainer's call on this.
>
> BR,
>
> -Prashant
diff mbox series

Patch

diff --git a/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c b/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c
index 4edf785d203b..8e0a512853ba 100644
--- a/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c
+++ b/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.c
@@ -782,6 +782,8 @@  static int ucsi_register_partner(struct ucsi_connector *con)
 	}
 
 	desc.usb_pd = pwr_opmode == UCSI_CONSTAT_PWR_OPMODE_PD;
+	desc.pd_revision =
+		UCSI_CONCAP_FLAG_PARTNER_PD_MAJOR_REV_AS_BCD(con->cap.flags);
 
 	partner = typec_register_partner(con->port, &desc);
 	if (IS_ERR(partner)) {
@@ -856,6 +858,28 @@  static void ucsi_partner_change(struct ucsi_connector *con)
 			con->num, u_role);
 }
 
+static int ucsi_check_connector_capability(struct ucsi_connector *con)
+{
+	u64 command;
+	int ret;
+
+	if (!con->partner && !IS_MIN_VERSION_2_0(con->ucsi))
+		return 0;
+
+	command = UCSI_GET_CONNECTOR_CAPABILITY | UCSI_CONNECTOR_NUMBER(con->num);
+	ret = ucsi_send_command(con->ucsi, command, &con->cap, sizeof(con->cap));
+	if (ret < 0) {
+		dev_err(con->ucsi->dev, "GET_CONNECTOR_CAPABILITY failed (%d)\n", ret);
+		return ret;
+	}
+
+	typec_partner_set_pd_revision(
+		con->partner,
+		UCSI_CONCAP_FLAG_PARTNER_PD_MAJOR_REV_AS_BCD(con->cap.flags));
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
 static int ucsi_check_connection(struct ucsi_connector *con)
 {
 	u8 prev_flags = con->status.flags;
@@ -925,6 +949,7 @@  static void ucsi_handle_connector_change(struct work_struct *work)
 		if (con->status.flags & UCSI_CONSTAT_CONNECTED) {
 			ucsi_register_partner(con);
 			ucsi_partner_task(con, ucsi_check_connection, 1, HZ);
+			ucsi_partner_task(con, ucsi_check_connector_capability, 1, HZ);
 
 			if (UCSI_CONSTAT_PWR_OPMODE(con->status.flags) ==
 			    UCSI_CONSTAT_PWR_OPMODE_PD)
diff --git a/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.h b/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.h
index 94b373378f63..5e60328f398e 100644
--- a/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.h
+++ b/drivers/usb/typec/ucsi/ucsi.h
@@ -36,6 +36,9 @@  struct dentry;
 #define UCSI_BCD_GET_MINOR(_v_)		(((_v_) >> 4) & 0x0F)
 #define UCSI_BCD_GET_SUBMINOR(_v_)	((_v_) & 0x0F)
 
+#define IS_MIN_VERSION(ucsi, min_ver)	((ucsi)->version >= min_ver)
+#define IS_MIN_VERSION_2_0(ucsi)	IS_MIN_VERSION(ucsi, UCSI_VERSION_2_0)
+
 /* Command Status and Connector Change Indication (CCI) bits */
 #define UCSI_CCI_CONNECTOR(_c_)		(((_c_) & GENMASK(7, 1)) >> 1)
 #define UCSI_CCI_LENGTH(_c_)		(((_c_) & GENMASK(15, 8)) >> 8)