| Message ID | 20240911122911.1381864-1-roberto.sassu@huaweicloud.com (mailing list archive) |
|---|---|
| Headers | show |
| Series | KEYS: Add support for PGP keys and signatures | expand |
Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@huaweicloud.com> wrote: > > For the envisioned use cases, PGP operations cannot be done in user space, > since the consumers are in the kernel itself (Integrity Digest Cache and > IMA). Also they cannot be done in a trusted initial ram disk, since PGP > operations can occur also while the system is running (e.g. after software > package installation). Does this address Linus's objections? If not then we cannot proceed. Personally I don't think the argument above holds water. With IPsec we had a similar issue of authenticating untrusted peers using public key cryptography. In that case we successfully delegated the task to user-space and it is still how it works to this day. A user-space daemon dedicated to public key crypto seems equally applicable to your scenario. The original application that brought public key crypto into the kernel was module loading. If we really wanted to we could extend the user-space verification to modules too and perhaps kick all public key crypto out of the kernel. The complexity and lack of reviewer attention in this area means that we're more likely to introduce security holes into the kernel with such code. Cheers,
On Fri, 2024-09-13 at 12:45 +0800, Herbert Xu wrote: > Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@huaweicloud.com> wrote: + linux-security-module > > > > For the envisioned use cases, PGP operations cannot be done in user space, > > since the consumers are in the kernel itself (Integrity Digest Cache and > > IMA). Also they cannot be done in a trusted initial ram disk, since PGP > > operations can occur also while the system is running (e.g. after software > > package installation). > > Does this address Linus's objections? If not then we cannot proceed. I hope to get an answer from him. > Personally I don't think the argument above holds water. With > IPsec we had a similar issue of authenticating untrusted peers > using public key cryptography. In that case we successfully > delegated the task to user-space and it is still how it works > to this day. That makes sense, since it is not the kernel holding secrets on behalf of user space, it is user space passing the crypto material to the kernel (if I remember IPSEC correctly). Failure of user space to hold its secrets or to tamper with the task has only effect in user space. With my understanding, I'm citing a source enumerating the requirements of a secure system: James P. Anderson: Computer Security Technology Planning Study The first requirement of a component enforcing a security policy on a Target of Evaluation (TOE), aka the reference monitor, is that it must be tamperproof [1]. The security policy I want to enforce is: all code that the system executes has been built by a trusted source (e.g. a Linux distribution). I want to leverage the kernel to enforce such security policy, and I assume that the kernel can be fortified enough (for example through the lockdown LSM) to be considered tamperproof against the TOE (the user space processes). The first problem I see in delegating the public crypto task to user space is that it is at the same time part of the reference monitor (since it is used to enforce the security policy) and it is a TOE too. The second problem is, assuming that the task is verified through other means other than PGP (but again, we are still relying on the public crypto functionality to be performed by the kernel, for this to work), that I didn't get a confirmation that user space can have equivalent isolation guarantees as the kernel: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-integrity/eb31920bd00e2c921b0aa6ebed8745cb0130b0e1.camel@huaweicloud.com/ Please, keep in mind that I already proposed what you suggested: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-kernel/20230317145240.363908-1-roberto.sassu@huaweicloud.com/#r After discussing with some kernel developers, the outcome was that a better choice would be to put the code in the kernel, if I want reasonable tamperproof guarantees. Thanks Roberto [1] https://seclab.cs.ucdavis.edu/projects/history/papers/ande72a.pdf (page 17) > A user-space daemon dedicated to public key crypto seems equally > applicable to your scenario. > > The original application that brought public key crypto into the > kernel was module loading. If we really wanted to we could extend > the user-space verification to modules too and perhaps kick all > public key crypto out of the kernel. > > The complexity and lack of reviewer attention in this area means > that we're more likely to introduce security holes into the kernel > with such code. > > Cheers,
On Fri, Sep 13, 2024 at 10:30:11AM +0200, Roberto Sassu wrote: > > The second problem is, assuming that the task is verified through other > means other than PGP (but again, we are still relying on the public > crypto functionality to be performed by the kernel, for this to work), > that I didn't get a confirmation that user space can have equivalent > isolation guarantees as the kernel: > > https://lore.kernel.org/linux-integrity/eb31920bd00e2c921b0aa6ebed8745cb0130b0e1.camel@huaweicloud.com/ > > > Please, keep in mind that I already proposed what you suggested: > > https://lore.kernel.org/linux-kernel/20230317145240.363908-1-roberto.sassu@huaweicloud.com/#r > > > After discussing with some kernel developers, the outcome was that a > better choice would be to put the code in the kernel, if I want > reasonable tamperproof guarantees. Where is this discussion? I clicked through the two links above and everyone seems to agree that putting it in user-space is a good idea. Thanks,
Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au> wrote: > Personally I don't think the argument above holds water. With > IPsec we had a similar issue of authenticating untrusted peers > using public key cryptography. In that case we successfully > delegated the task to user-space and it is still how it works > to this day. It transpires that we do actually need at least a PGP parser in the kernel - and it needs to be used prior to loading any modules: some Lenovo Thinkpads, at least, may have EFI variables holding a list of keys in PGP form, not X.509 form. For example, in dmesg, you might see: May 16 04:01:01 localhost kernel: integrity: Loading X.509 certificate: UEFI:MokListRT (MOKvar table) May 16 04:01:01 localhost kernel: integrity: Problem loading X.509 certificate -126 On my laptop, if I dump this variable: efivar -e /tmp/q --name=605dab50-e046-4300-abb6-3dd810dd8b23-MokListRT And then looking at the data exported: file /tmp/q I see: /tmp/q: PGP Secret Sub-key - The kernel doesn't currently have a PGP parser. I've checked and the value doesn't parse as ASN.1: openssl asn1parse -in /tmp/q -inform DER 0:d=0 hl=2 l= 21 prim: cont [ 23 ] Error in encoding 001EBA93B67F0000:error:0680007B:asn1 encoding routines:ASN1_get_object:header too long:crypto/asn1/asn1_lib.c:105: which would suggest that it isn't X.509. David
On Fri, 13 Sept 2024 at 11:32, David Howells <dhowells@redhat.com> wrote: > > Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au> wrote: > > > Personally I don't think the argument above holds water. With > > IPsec we had a similar issue of authenticating untrusted peers > > using public key cryptography. In that case we successfully > > delegated the task to user-space and it is still how it works > > to this day. This is slightly disingenuous. The kernel itself has no need to trust the peer - it only manages the network pipe and authenticates/decrypts the packets on behalf of user space. The situation would be radically different if the kernel itself would communicate over IPsec (or HTTPS) directly. Likewise for module loading: there is no way the authentication can be delegated to user space, unless that user space component is authenticated by the kernel (and runs in a special, hardened context). > > It transpires that we do actually need at least a PGP parser in the kernel - > and it needs to be used prior to loading any modules: some Lenovo Thinkpads, > at least, may have EFI variables holding a list of keys in PGP form, not X.509 > form. > > For example, in dmesg, you might see: > > May 16 04:01:01 localhost kernel: integrity: Loading X.509 certificate: UEFI:MokListRT (MOKvar table) > May 16 04:01:01 localhost kernel: integrity: Problem loading X.509 certificate -126 > MokListRT is a shim construct, which is a component in the downstream distro boot chain. It is not part of EFI, and in your case, this is unlikely to be specific to Lenovo systems. > On my laptop, if I dump this variable: > > efivar -e /tmp/q --name=605dab50-e046-4300-abb6-3dd810dd8b23-MokListRT > > And then looking at the data exported: > > file /tmp/q > > I see: > > /tmp/q: PGP Secret Sub-key - > > The kernel doesn't currently have a PGP parser. I've checked and the value > doesn't parse as ASN.1: > > openssl asn1parse -in /tmp/q -inform DER > 0:d=0 hl=2 l= 21 prim: cont [ 23 ] > Error in encoding > 001EBA93B67F0000:error:0680007B:asn1 encoding routines:ASN1_get_object:header too long:crypto/asn1/asn1_lib.c:105: > > which would suggest that it isn't X.509. > This should be fixed in shim not the kernel.
On Fri Sep 13, 2024 at 7:45 AM EEST, Herbert Xu wrote: > Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@huaweicloud.com> wrote: > > > > For the envisioned use cases, PGP operations cannot be done in user space, > > since the consumers are in the kernel itself (Integrity Digest Cache and > > IMA). Also they cannot be done in a trusted initial ram disk, since PGP > > operations can occur also while the system is running (e.g. after software > > package installation). > > Does this address Linus's objections? If not then we cannot proceed. I don't get why integrity digest cache is brought up in patch set discussion in the first place. It is RFC patch set. It is misleading to bring up everywhere as it was something we would need to take in the account. Let's worry about that once it is even a feature. BR, Jarkko
On Fri, 13 Sept 2024 at 10:30, Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@huaweicloud.com> wrote: > > On Fri, 2024-09-13 at 12:45 +0800, Herbert Xu wrote: > > > > Does this address Linus's objections? If not then we cannot proceed. > > I hope to get an answer from him. So honestly, just the series adding pgp key verification I have no objection to. The use case where some firmware uses pgp to validate allowed keys in EFI variables etc sounds like a "ok, then we need to parse them". The objections I had were against the whole "start doing policy in kernel", with what sounded like actually parsing and unpacking rpm contents and verifying them with a pgp key. *That* still sounds like a disaster to me, and is the part that made me go "why isn't that done in user space together with then generating the fsverifty information"? The argument that the kernel is the only part of the system you trust is bogus. The kernel does nothing on its own (apart from device enumeration etc of course), so if you have no trustworthy user space, then you might as well just give up entirely. At a *minimum* you have initrd, and that can then be the start of a chain of user space trust. Parsing rpm files in the kernel really sounds horrendous. But that doesn't mean that I hate *this* series that just adds pgp key handling in case there are other valid uses for it. But maybe I misunderstood the original suggestion from Roberto. Linus
On Sun, Sep 15, 2024 at 09:11:04AM +0200, Linus Torvalds wrote: > > So honestly, just the series adding pgp key verification I have no > objection to. The use case where some firmware uses pgp to validate > allowed keys in EFI variables etc sounds like a "ok, then we need to > parse them". The use-case for EFI variables appears to be invalid: https://lore.kernel.org/all/CAMj1kXH8nWtAzX+9xc2tLyy5d0w==JNQCMJBAbL=LdcF+XrYkw@mail.gmail.com/ > The objections I had were against the whole "start doing policy in > kernel", with what sounded like actually parsing and unpacking rpm > contents and verifying them with a pgp key. *That* still sounds like a > disaster to me, and is the part that made me go "why isn't that done > in user space together with then generating the fsverifty > information"? If the aformentioned EFI use-case is bogus, then distro package verification is going to be the only application for PGP keys in the kernel. Cheers,
On Sun, 15 Sept 2024 at 10:08, Herbert Xu <herbert@gondor.apana.org.au> wrote: > > If the aformentioned EFI use-case is bogus, then distro package > verification is going to be the only application for PGP keys in > the kernel. So I haven't actually seen _that_ series, but as mentioned it does smell pretty conceptually broken to me. But hey, code talks, bullshit walks. People can most certainly try to convince me. Linus
On Sun, Sep 15, 2024 at 10:40:15AM +0200, Linus Torvalds wrote: > > So I haven't actually seen _that_ series, but as mentioned it does > smell pretty conceptually broken to me. > > But hey, code talks, bullshit walks. People can most certainly try to > convince me. Roberto, correct me if I'm wrong but your intended use case is the following patch series, right? https://lore.kernel.org/linux-integrity/20240905152512.3781098-1-roberto.sassu@huaweicloud.com/ Thanks,
On Sun, Sep 15, 2024 at 05:15:25PM +0800, Herbert Xu wrote: > > Roberto, correct me if I'm wrong but your intended use case is > the following patch series, right? Actually the meat of the changes is in the following series: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-integrity/20240905150543.3766895-1-roberto.sassu@huaweicloud.com/ Cheers,
On 9/15/2024 9:11 AM, Linus Torvalds wrote: > On Fri, 13 Sept 2024 at 10:30, Roberto Sassu [...] > The objections I had were against the whole "start doing policy in > kernel", with what sounded like actually parsing and unpacking rpm > contents and verifying them with a pgp key. *That* still sounds like a > disaster to me, and is the part that made me go "why isn't that done > in user space together with then generating the fsverifty > information"? In my opinion, trusting root in this situation is not ideal. Trusting root means trusting all applications that root can run, that they will verify PGP signatures of fsverity digests with Linux distribution keys. In order to trust them, we would need to check the integrity of all those applications, in particular file read and IPC with the rest of the system. A safer way to achieve the same goal is to let the kernel verify PGP signatures, assuming that the kernel is more privileged and cannot be tampered by root (for example, by using the 'lockdown' LSM). Since the PGP keys of the Linux distribution would be embedded in the kernel image (or certified by the embedded ones), trusting the system would require only to verify the kernel image itself (for example, with the boot loader). Kernel-based policy enforcement is currently adopted by other LSMs, such as SELinux. SELinux also parses and enforces a policy sent from user space in the kernel. This does not mean that the policy itself is in the kernel, but that the kernel is the only component in the position of enforcing the policy without trusting all applications that root can run. Roberto > The argument that the kernel is the only part of the system you trust > is bogus. The kernel does nothing on its own (apart from device > enumeration etc of course), so if you have no trustworthy user space, > then you might as well just give up entirely. At a *minimum* you have > initrd, and that can then be the start of a chain of user space trust. > > Parsing rpm files in the kernel really sounds horrendous. But that > doesn't mean that I hate *this* series that just adds pgp key handling > in case there are other valid uses for it. > > But maybe I misunderstood the original suggestion from Roberto. > > Linus
On 9/15/2024 11:31 AM, Herbert Xu wrote: > On Sun, Sep 15, 2024 at 05:15:25PM +0800, Herbert Xu wrote: >> >> Roberto, correct me if I'm wrong but your intended use case is >> the following patch series, right? > > Actually the meat of the changes is in the following series: > > https://lore.kernel.org/linux-integrity/20240905150543.3766895-1-roberto.sassu@huaweicloud.com/ Yes, correct. The idea is to verify the authenticity of RPM headers, extract the file digests from them, and use those file digests as reference values for integrity checking of files accessed by user space processes. If the calculated digest of a file being accessed matches one extracted from the RPM header, access is granted otherwise it is denied. Roberto
On Sun, Sep 15, 2024 at 07:52:13PM +0200, Roberto Sassu wrote: Good morning, I hope the day is starting well for everyone. > On 9/15/2024 11:31 AM, Herbert Xu wrote: > >On Sun, Sep 15, 2024 at 05:15:25PM +0800, Herbert Xu wrote: > >> > >>Roberto, correct me if I'm wrong but your intended use case is > >>the following patch series, right? > > > >Actually the meat of the changes is in the following series: > > > >https://lore.kernel.org/linux-integrity/20240905150543.3766895-1-roberto.sassu@huaweicloud.com/ > Yes, correct. The idea is to verify the authenticity of RPM headers, > extract the file digests from them, and use those file digests as > reference values for integrity checking of files accessed by user > space processes. > > If the calculated digest of a file being accessed matches one > extracted from the RPM header, access is granted otherwise it is > denied. Based on the above response and your comment: "The security policy I want to enforce is: all code that the system executes has been built by a trusted source (e.g. a Linux distribution)." From the following URL: https://lore.kernel.org/linux-integrity/b4a3e55650a9e9f2302cf093e5cc8e739b4ac98f.camel@huaweicloud.com/#t What you are advocating for then, with this patch series and the digest cache series, is a security policy that requires signed code execution, correct? Nothing wrong with that, it is a reasonable security desire, but it seems wrong to conflate that with the implementation of the digest cache. There is a great deal of utility in a digest cache but it doesn't require the need to parse RPM header information and/or TLV sequences in the kernel. That would only appear to be a requirement if your goal is a signed executable policy that is implemented through a packaging medium, correct? To wit: If I have security infrastructure that gives me confidence in the integrity of the files on my media, I can populate a digest cache with a simple ASCII list of pathnames fed into the kernel at boot time. If I don't have confidence in the integrity of the files on my media I could append a known good checksum to each pathname with the last entry in the list being a PGP signature over the input stream. I brought the following issue up in the patch series that Herbert links to above, but will do so here, since I believe it has relevance to this conversation as well. If the goal is to have the digest cache be relevant from an integrity perspective, particularly a signed code policy, you have to physically read every file that has a digest value in the RPM digest list. Otherwise the scheme is vulnerable to a Time Of Measurement Time Of Use (TOMTOU) vulnerability scenario, correct? This requires that one needs to experience a latency hit at least once, presumably at boot when you prime the digest cache, correct? An alternative approach may be to separate the RPM/TLV parsing code from the digest code and implement RPM/Debian/whatever parsing in a loadable module that would in turn populate the digest cache. That may be a more acceptable strategy since it places the potential security vulnerabilities of a parser into something that an entity that is interested in a signed code policy would consider to be an acceptable tradeoff from a security perspective. > Roberto Hopefully the above comments and clarifications will be helpful in furthering additional discussion. Have a good day. As always, Dr. Greg The Quixote Project - Flailing at the Travails of Cybersecurity https://github.com/Quixote-Project
From: Roberto Sassu <roberto.sassu@huawei.com> Support for PGP keys and signatures was proposed by David long time ago, before the decision of using PKCS#7 for kernel modules signatures verification was made. After that, there has been not enough interest to support PGP too. Lately, there is renewed interest in supporting PGP keys and signatures for the following use cases: - EFI variables in modern Lenovo laptops are in PGP form: https://lore.kernel.org/keyrings/2493611.1723748374@warthog.procyon.org.uk/ - Appraisal of RPM package headers for integrity check https://lore.kernel.org/linux-integrity/20240905152512.3781098-1-roberto.sassu@huaweicloud.com/ To make these use cases possible, introduce support for PGP keys and signatures in the kernel, and load provided PGP keys (e.g. Linux distribution own PGP keys) in the built-in keyring and .ima keyrings. This feature does not interfere with existing signature verification mechanisms, such as the one for kernel modules. One has to explicitly call verify_pgp_signature() to take advantage of it. For the envisioned use cases, PGP operations cannot be done in user space, since the consumers are in the kernel itself (Integrity Digest Cache and IMA). Also they cannot be done in a trusted initial ram disk, since PGP operations can occur also while the system is running (e.g. after software package installation). In addition to the original version of the patch set, also introduce support for signature verification of PGP keys, so that those keys can be added to keyrings with a signature-based restriction (e.g. .ima). PGP keys are searched with partial IDs, provided with signature subtype 16 (Issuer). However, due to the possibility of ID collisions, the key_or_keyring restriction is not supported. The patch set includes two preliminary patches: patch 1 introduces mpi_key_length(), to get the number of bits and bytes of an MPI; patch 2 introduces rsa_parse_priv_key_raw() and rsa_parse_pub_key_raw(), to parse an RSA key in RAW format if the ASN.1 parser returns an error. Patches 3-5 introduce the library necessary to parse PGP keys and signatures, whose support is added with patches 6-10. Patch 11 introduces verify_pgp_signature() to be used by kernel subsystems (e.g. IMA). Patch 12 is for testing of PGP signatures. Finally, patches 13-14 allow loading a set of PGP keys from a supplied blob at boot time. Changelog v2 [3]: - Fix description of verify_pgp_signature() - Change references from RFC 4880 to RFC 9580 (suggested by Jonathan McDowell) - Remove support for v2 and v3 PGP keys (suggested by Jonathan McDowell) - Explain better CONFIG_PGP_TEST_KEY - Add MODULE_DESCRIPTION() for all kernel modules (suggested by Jeff Johnson) - Don't fill capabilities and MPIs for unsupported key algorithms - Check if there is enough data when parsing PGP key MPIs and RSA RAW keys - Fix style issues - Fix debug messages in pgp_request_asymmetric_key() - Search verification key in the secondary keyring for the pgp_test key type v1 [2]: - Remove quiet_cmd_extract_certs (redundant, likely leftover from conflict resolution) - Load PGP keys embedded in the kernel image within load_module_cert() and load_system_certificate_list(), instead of using a separate initcall - Style bug fixes found by checkpatch.pl - Add <crypto/pgp.h> include in crypto/asymmetric_keys/pgp_preload.c, to remove no previous prototype warning - Correctly check returned tfm in pgp_generate_fingerprint() - Fix printing message in pgp_generate_fingerprint() - Don't create a public key if the key blob does not contain a PGP key packet - Remove unused pgp_pubkey_hash array - Set KEY_EFLAG_DIGITALSIG key flag if the key has the capability - Allow PGP_SIG_GENERAL_CERT_OF_UID_PUBKEY signature type (for key sigs) - Add is_key_sig parameter to pgp_sig_get_sig() to ensure the key signature type is PGP_SIG_GENERAL_CERT_OF_UID_PUBKEY or PGP_SIG_POSTITIVE_CERT_OF_UID_PUBKEY v0 [1]: - style fixes - move include/linux/pgp.h and pgplib.h to crypto/asymmetric_keys - introduce verify_pgp_signature() - replace KEY_ALLOC_TRUSTED flag with KEY_ALLOC_BUILT_IN - don't fetch PGP subkeys - drop support for DSA - store number of MPIs in pgp_key_algo_p_num_mpi array - replace dynamic memory allocations with static ones in pgp_generate_fingerprint() - store only keys with capability of verifying signatures - remember selection of PGP signature packet and don't repeat parsing - move search of the PGP key to verify the signature from the beginning to the end of the verification process (to be similar with PKCS#7) - don't retry key search in the session keyring from the signature verification code, let the caller pass the desired keyring - for the PGP signature test key type, retry the key search in the session keyring - retry key search in restrict_link_by_signature() with a partial ID (provided in the PGP signature) [1] https://git.kernel.org/pub/scm/linux/kernel/git/dhowells/linux-modsign.git/log/?h=pgp-parser [2] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-integrity/20220111180318.591029-1-roberto.sassu@huawei.com/ [3] https://lore.kernel.org/linux-integrity/20240818165756.629203-1-roberto.sassu@huaweicloud.com/ David Howells (8): PGPLIB: PGP definitions (RFC 9580) PGPLIB: Basic packet parser PGPLIB: Signature parser KEYS: PGP data parser KEYS: Provide PGP key description autogeneration KEYS: PGP-based public key signature verification PGP: Provide a key type for testing PGP signatures KEYS: Provide a function to load keys from a PGP keyring blob Roberto Sassu (6): mpi: Introduce mpi_key_length() rsa: add parser of raw format KEYS: Retry asym key search with partial ID in restrict_link_by_signature() KEYS: Calculate key digest and get signature of the key verification: introduce verify_pgp_signature() KEYS: Introduce load_pgp_public_keyring() MAINTAINERS | 1 + certs/Kconfig | 11 + certs/Makefile | 7 + certs/system_certificates.S | 18 + certs/system_keyring.c | 94 ++++ crypto/asymmetric_keys/Kconfig | 39 ++ crypto/asymmetric_keys/Makefile | 13 + crypto/asymmetric_keys/pgp.h | 216 +++++++++ crypto/asymmetric_keys/pgp_library.c | 610 ++++++++++++++++++++++++ crypto/asymmetric_keys/pgp_parser.h | 18 + crypto/asymmetric_keys/pgp_preload.c | 111 +++++ crypto/asymmetric_keys/pgp_public_key.c | 482 +++++++++++++++++++ crypto/asymmetric_keys/pgp_signature.c | 510 ++++++++++++++++++++ crypto/asymmetric_keys/pgp_test_key.c | 131 +++++ crypto/asymmetric_keys/pgplib.h | 74 +++ crypto/asymmetric_keys/restrict.c | 10 +- crypto/rsa.c | 14 +- crypto/rsa_helper.c | 83 +++- include/crypto/internal/rsa.h | 6 + include/crypto/pgp.h | 36 ++ include/linux/mpi.h | 2 + include/linux/verification.h | 23 + lib/crypto/mpi/mpicoder.c | 33 +- 23 files changed, 2527 insertions(+), 15 deletions(-) create mode 100644 crypto/asymmetric_keys/pgp.h create mode 100644 crypto/asymmetric_keys/pgp_library.c create mode 100644 crypto/asymmetric_keys/pgp_parser.h create mode 100644 crypto/asymmetric_keys/pgp_preload.c create mode 100644 crypto/asymmetric_keys/pgp_public_key.c create mode 100644 crypto/asymmetric_keys/pgp_signature.c create mode 100644 crypto/asymmetric_keys/pgp_test_key.c create mode 100644 crypto/asymmetric_keys/pgplib.h create mode 100644 include/crypto/pgp.h