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+# Code Review Guide
+
+This document highlights what reviewers such as maintainers and committers look
+for when reviewing your code. It sets expectations for code authors and provides
+a framework for code reviewers.
+
+Before we start, it is important to remember that the primary purpose of a
+a code review is to indentify any bugs or potential bugs in the code. Most code
+reviews are relatively straight-forward and do not require re-writing the
+submitted code substantially.
+
+The document provides advice on how to structure larger patch series and
+provides pointers on code author's and reviewer's workflows.
+
+Sometimes it happens that a submitted patch series made wrong assumptions or has
+a flawed design or architecture. This can be frustrating for contributors and
+code reviewers. Note that this document does contain [a section](#problems)
+that provides suggestions on how to minimize the impact for most stake-holders
+and also on how to avoid such situations.
+
+This document does **not cover** the following topics:
+* [Communication Best Practice][1]
+* [Resolving Disagreement][2]
+* [Patch Submission Workflow][3]
+* [Managing Patch Submission with Git][4]
+
+## What we look for in Code Reviews
+
+When performing a code review, reviewers typically look for the following things
+
+### Is the change necessary to accomplish the goals?
+
+* Is it clear what the goals are?
+* Do we need to make a change, or can the goals be met with existing
+ functionality?
+
+### Architecture / Interface
+
+* Is this the best way to solve the problem?
+* Is this the right part of the code to modify?
+* Is this the right level of abstraction?
+* Is the interface general enough? Too general? Forward compatible?
+
+### Functionality
+
+* Does it do what it’s trying to do?
+* Is it doing it in the most efficient way?
+* Does it handle all the corner / error cases correctly?
+
+### Maintainability / Robustness
+
+* Is the code clear? Appropriately commented?
+* Does it duplicate another piece of code?
+* Does the code make hidden assumptions?
+* Does it introduce sections which need to be kept **in sync** with other
+ sections?
+* Are there other **traps** someone modifying this code might fall into?
+
+**Note:** Sometimes you will work in areas which have identified maintainability
+and/or robustness issues. In such cases, maintainers may ask you to make
+additional changes, such that your submitted code does not make things worse or
+point you to other patches are already being worked on.
+
+### System properties
+
+In some areas of the code, system properties such as
+* Code size
+* Performance
+* Scalability
+* Latency
+* Complexity
+* &c
+are also important during code reviews.
+
+### Style
+
+* Comments, carriage returns, **snuggly braces**, &c
+* See [CODING_STYLE][5] and [tools/libxl/CODING_STYLE][6]
+* No extraneous whitespace changes
+
+### Documentation and testing
+
+* If there is pre-existing documentation in the tree, such as man pages, design
+ documents, etc. a contributor may be asked to update the documentation
+ alongside the change. Documentation is typically present in the [docs][7]
+ folder.
+* When adding new features that have an impact on the end-user,
+ a contributor should include an update to the [SUPPORT.md][8] file.
+ Typically, more complex features require several patch series before it is
+ ready to be advertised in SUPPORT.md
+* When adding new features, a contributor may be asked to provide tests or
+ ensure that existing tests pass
+
+#### Testing for the Xen Project Hypervisor
+
+Tests are typically located in one of the following directories
+* **Unit tests**: [tools/tests][9] or [xen/test][A]<br>
+ Unit testing is hard for a system like Xen and typically requires building a
+ subsystem of your tree. If your change can be easily unit tested, you should
+ consider submitting tests with your patch.
+* **Build and smoke test**: see [Xen GitLab CI][B]<br>
+ Runs build tests for a combination of various distros and compilers against
+ changes committed to staging. Developers can join as members and test their
+ development branches **before** submitting a patch.
+* **XTF tests** (microkernel-based tests): see [XTF][C]<br>
+ XTF has been designed to test interactions between your software and hardware.
+ It is a very useful tool for testing low level functionality and is executed
+ as part of the project's CI system. XTF can be easily executed locally on
+ xen.git trees.
+* **osstest**: see [README][D]<br>
+ Osstest is the Xen Projects automated test system, which tests basic Xen use
+ cases on a variety of different hardware. Before changes are committed, but
+ **after** they have been reviewed. A contributor’s changes **cannot be
+ applied to master** unless the tests pass this test suite. Note that XTF and
+ other tests are also executed as part of osstest.
+
+### Patch / Patch series information
+
+* Informative one-line changelog
+* Full changelog
+* Motivation described
+* All important technical changes mentioned
+* Changes since previous revision listed
+* Reviewed-by’s and Acked-by’s dropped if appropriate
+
+More information related to these items can be found in our
+[Patch submission Guide][E].
+
+## Code Review Workflow
+
+This section is important for code authors and reviewers. We recomment that in
+particular new code authors carefully read this section.
+
+### Workflow from a Reviewer's Perspective
+
+Patch series typically contain multiple changes to the codebase, some
+transforming the same section of the codebase multiple times. It is quite common
+for patches in a patch series to rely on the previous ones. This means that code
+reviewers review patches and patch series **sequentially** and **the structure
+of a patch series guides the code review process**. Sometimes in a long series,
+patches {1,2}/10 will be clean-ups, {3-6}/10 will be general reorganisations
+which don't really seem to do anything and then {7-10}/10 will be the substance
+of the serties, which helps the code reviewer understand what {3-6}/10 were
+about.
+
+Generally there are no hard rules on how to structure a series, as the structure
+of a series is very code specific and it is hard to give specific advice. There
+are some general tips which help and some general patterns.
+
+**Tips:**
+
+* Outline the thinking behind the structure of the patch series. This can make
+ a huge difference and helps ensure that the code reviewer understands what the
+ series is trying to achieve and which portions are addressing which problems.
+* Try and keep changes that belong to a subsystem together
+* Expect that the structure of a patch series sometimes may need to change
+ between different versions of a patch series
+* **Most importantly**: Start small. Don't submit a large and complex patch
+ series as the first interaction with the community. Try and pick a smaller
+ task first (e.g. a bug-fix, a clean-up task, etc.) such that you don't have
+ to learn the tools, code and deal with a large patch series all together for
+ the first time.
+
+**General Patterns:**
+
+If there are multiple subsystems involved in your series, then these are best
+separated out into **sets of patches**, which roughly follow the following
+seven categories. In other words: you would end up with **7 categories x N
+subsystems**. In some cases, there is a **global set of patches** that affect
+all subsytems (e.g. headers, macros, documentation) impacting all changed
+subsystems which ideally comes **before** subsystem specific changes.
+
+The seven categories typically making up a logical set of patches
+1. Cleanups and/or new Independent Helper Functions
+2. Reorganisations
+3. Headers, APIs, Documentation and anything which helps understand the
+ substance of a series
+4. The substance of the change
+5. Cleaninups of any infelicities introduced temporarily
+6. Deleting old code
+7. Test code
+
+Note that in many cases, some of the listed categories are not always present
+in each set, as they are not needed. Of course, sometimes there are several
+patches describing **changes of substance**, which could be ordered in different
+ways: in such cases it may be necessary to put reorganisations in between these
+patches.
+
+If a series is structured this way, it is often possible to agree early on,
+that a significant portion of the changes are fine and to check these in
+independently of the rest of the patch series. This means that there is
+* Less work for authors to rebase
+* Less cognitive overhead for reviewers to review successive versions of a
+ series
+* The possibility for different code reviewers to review portions of such
+ large changes indepentendtly
+
+**Trade-Offs:**
+
+* In some cases, following the general pattern above may create extra patches
+ and may make a series more complex and harder to understand.
+* Crafting a more extensive cover letter will be extra effort: in most cases,
+ the extra time investment will be saving time during the code review process.
+ Verbosity is not the goal, but clarity is. Before you send a larger series
+ in particular: try and put yourself into the position of a code reviewer and
+ try to identify information that helps a code reviewer follow the patch
+ series.
+* In cases where changes need to be back-ported to older releases, moving
+ general cleanups last is often preferable: in such cases the **substance of
+ the change** is back-ported, whereas general cleanups and improvements are
+ not.
+
+**Examples:**
+
+TODO:
+* We should have some examples of a well structured cover letter for a complex
+ series.
+
+A candidate may be:
+https://lore.kernel.org/xen-devel/20190928151305.127380-1-wipawel@amazon.de/T/#t
+(or earlier versions)
+
+* We should have an example which shows a patch with a good logical structure
+
+### Workflow from an Author's Perspective
+
+When code authors receive feedback on their patches, they typically first try
+to clarify feedback they do not understand. For smaller patches or patch series
+it makes sense to wait until receiving feedback on the entire series before
+sending out a new version addressing the changes. For larger series, it may
+make sense to send out a new revision earlier.
+
+As a reviewer, you need some system that he;ps ensure that you address all
+review comments. This can be tedious when trying to map a hierarchical e-mail
+thread onto a code-base. Different people use different techniques from using
+* In-code TODO statements with comment snippets copied into the code
+* To keeping a separate TODO list
+* To printing out the review conversation tree and ticking off what has been
+ addressed
+* A combination of the above
+
+### <a name="problems"></a>Problematic Patch Reviews
+
+A typical waterfall software development process is sequential with the
+following steps: define requirements, analyse, design, code, test and deploy.
+Problems uncovered by code review or testing at such a late stage can cause
+costly redesign and delays. The principle of **[Shift Left][D]** is to take a
+task that is traditionally performed at a late stage in the process and perform
+that task at earlier stages. The goal is to save time by avoiding refactoring.
+
+Typically, problematic patch reviews uncover issues such as wrong or missed
+assumptions, a problematic architecture or design, or other bugs that require
+significant re-implementation of a patch series to fix the issue.
+
+The principle of **Shift Left** also applies in code reviews. Let's assume a
+series has a major flaw: ideally, this flaw would be picked up in the **first
+or second iteration** of the code review. As significant parts of the code may
+have to be re-written, it does not make sense for reviewers to highlight minor
+issues (such as style issues) until major flaws have been addressed of the
+affected part of a patch series. In such cases, providing feedback on minor
+issues reviewers cause the code author and themselves extra work by asking for
+changes to code, which ultimately may be changed later.
+
+To make it possible for code reviewers to identify major issues early, it is
+important for code-authors to highlight possible issues in a cover letter and
+to structure a patch series in such a way that makes it easy for reviewers to
+separate diffifcult and easy portions of a patch series. This will enable
+reviewers to progress uncontroversial portions of a patch independently from
+controversial ones.
+
+### Reviewing for Patch Authors
+
+The following presentation by George Dunlap, provides an excellent overview on
+howwe do code reviews, specifically targeting non-maintainers.
+
+As a community, we would love to have more help reviewing, including from **new
+community members**. But many people
+* do not know where to start, or
+* believe that their review would not contribute much, or
+* may feel intimidated reviewing the code of more established community members
+
+The presentation demonstrates that you do not need to worry about any of these
+concerns. In addition, reviewing other people's patches helps you
+* write better patches and experience the code review process from the other
+ side
+* and build more influence within the community over time
+
+Thus, we recommend strongly that **patch authors** read the watch the recording or
+read the slides:
+* [Patch Review for Non-Maintainers slides][F]
+* [Patch Review for Non-Maintainers recording - 20"][G]
+
+[1]: communication-practice.md
+[2]: resolving-disagreement.md
+[3]: https://wiki.xenproject.org/wiki/Submitting_Xen_Project_Patches
+[4]: https://wiki.xenproject.org/wiki/Managing_Xen_Patches_with_Git
+[5]: https://xenbits.xenproject.org/gitweb/?p=xen.git;a=blob;f=CODING_STYLE
+[6]: https://xenbits.xenproject.org/gitweb/?p=xen.git;a=blob;f=tools/libxl/CODING_STYLE
+[7]: https://xenbits.xenproject.org/gitweb/?p=xen.git;a=tree;f=docs
+[8]: http:s//xenbits.xenproject.org/gitweb/?p=xen.git;a=blob;f=SUPPORT.md
+[9]: https://xenbits.xenproject.org/gitweb/?p=xen.git;a=tree;f=tools/tests
+[A]: https://xenbits.xenproject.org/gitweb/?p=xen.git;a=tree;f=xen/test
+[B]: https://gitlab.com/xen-project/xen/pipelines
+[C]: https://xenbits.xenproject.org/docs/xtf/
+[D]: https://xenbits.xenproject.org/gitweb/?p=osstest.git;a=blob;f=README
+[E]: https://wiki.xenproject.org/wiki/Submitting_Xen_Project_Patches
+[D]: https://devopedia.org/shift-left
+[F]: https://www.slideshare.net/xen_com_mgr/xpdds19-keynote-patch-review-for-nonmaintainers-george-dunlap-citrix-systems-uk-ltd
+[G]: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ehZvBmrLRwg