diff --git a/common/populate b/common/populate
index d0003c5..efabc1e 100644
--- a/common/populate
+++ b/common/populate
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@
 
 _require_xfs_io_command "falloc"
 _require_xfs_io_command "fpunch"
+_require_test_program "punch-alternating"
 
 _require_xfs_db_blocktrash_z_command() {
 	test "${FSTYP}" = "xfs" || _notrun "cannot run xfs_db on ${FSTYP}"
@@ -97,6 +98,12 @@ _scratch_xfs_populate() {
 
 	# Data:
 
+	# Fill up the root inode chunk
+	echo "+ fill root ino chunk"
+	seq 1 64 | while read f; do
+		$XFS_IO_PROG -f -c "truncate 0" "${SCRATCH_MNT}/dummy${f}"
+	done
+
 	# Regular files
 	# - FMT_EXTENTS
 	echo "+ extents file"
@@ -106,9 +113,7 @@ _scratch_xfs_populate() {
 	echo "+ btree extents file"
 	nr="$((blksz * 2 / 16))"
 	$XFS_IO_PROG -f -c "pwrite -S 0x62 0 $((blksz * nr))" "${SCRATCH_MNT}/S_IFREG.FMT_BTREE"
-	for i in $(seq 1 2 ${nr}); do
-		$XFS_IO_PROG -f -c "fpunch $((i * blksz)) ${blksz}" "${SCRATCH_MNT}/S_IFREG.FMT_BTREE"
-	done
+	./src/punch-alternating "${SCRATCH_MNT}/S_IFREG.FMT_BTREE"
 
 	# Directories
 	# - INLINE
@@ -128,6 +133,7 @@ _scratch_xfs_populate() {
 	__populate_create_dir "${SCRATCH_MNT}/S_IFDIR.FMT_NODE" "$((16 * dblksz / 40))" true
 
 	# - BTREE
+	echo "+ btree dir"
 	__populate_create_dir "${SCRATCH_MNT}/S_IFDIR.FMT_BTREE" "$((128 * dblksz / 40))" true
 
 	# Symlinks
@@ -180,10 +186,43 @@ _scratch_xfs_populate() {
 	$XFS_IO_PROG -f -c 'fsync' "${SCRATCH_MNT}/unused"
 	rm -rf "${SCRATCH_MNT}/unused"
 
+	# Free space btree
+	echo "+ freesp btree"
+	nr="$((blksz * 2 / 8))"
+	$XFS_IO_PROG -f -c "pwrite -S 0x62 0 $((blksz * nr))" "${SCRATCH_MNT}/BNOBT"
+	./src/punch-alternating "${SCRATCH_MNT}/BNOBT"
+
+	# Reverse-mapping btree
+	is_rmapbt="$(xfs_info "${SCRATCH_MNT}" | grep -c 'rmapbt=1')"
+	if [ $is_rmapbt -gt 0 ]; then
+		echo "+ rmapbt btree"
+		nr="$((blksz * 2 / 24))"
+		$XFS_IO_PROG -f -c "pwrite -S 0x62 0 $((blksz * nr))" "${SCRATCH_MNT}/RMAPBT"
+		./src/punch-alternating "${SCRATCH_MNT}/RMAPBT"
+	fi
+
+	# Realtime Reverse-mapping btree
+	is_rt="$(xfs_info "${SCRATCH_MNT}" | grep -c 'rtextents=[1-9]')"
+	if [ $is_rmapbt -gt 0 ] && [ $is_rt -gt 0 ]; then
+		echo "+ rtrmapbt btree"
+		nr="$((blksz * 2 / 32))"
+		$XFS_IO_PROG -f -R -c "pwrite -S 0x62 0 $((blksz * nr))" "${SCRATCH_MNT}/RTRMAPBT"
+		./src/punch-alternating "${SCRATCH_MNT}/RTRMAPBT"
+	fi
+
+	# Reference-count btree
+	is_reflink="$(xfs_info "${SCRATCH_MNT}" | grep -c 'reflink=1')"
+	if [ $is_reflink -gt 0 ]; then
+		echo "+ reflink btree"
+		nr="$((blksz * 2 / 12))"
+		$XFS_IO_PROG -f -c "pwrite -S 0x62 0 $((blksz * nr))" "${SCRATCH_MNT}/REFCOUNTBT"
+		cp --reflink=always "${SCRATCH_MNT}/REFCOUNTBT" "${SCRATCH_MNT}/REFCOUNTBT2"
+		./src/punch-alternating "${SCRATCH_MNT}/REFCOUNTBT"
+	fi
+
 	# Copy some real files (xfs tests, I guess...)
 	echo "+ real files"
-	#__populate_fill_fs "${SCRATCH_MNT}" 40
-	cp -pRdu --reflink=always "${SCRATCH_MNT}/S_IFREG.FMT_BTREE" "${SCRATCH_MNT}/S_IFREG.FMT_BTREE.REFLINK" 2> /dev/null
+	__populate_fill_fs "${SCRATCH_MNT}" 5
 
 	umount "${SCRATCH_MNT}"
 }
@@ -212,9 +251,7 @@ _scratch_ext4_populate() {
 	echo "+ extent tree file"
 	nr="$((blksz * 2 / 12))"
 	$XFS_IO_PROG -f -c "pwrite -S 0x62 0 $((blksz * nr))" "${SCRATCH_MNT}/S_IFREG.FMT_ETREE"
-	for i in $(seq 1 2 ${nr}); do
-		$XFS_IO_PROG -f -c "fpunch $((i * blksz)) ${blksz}" "${SCRATCH_MNT}/S_IFREG.FMT_ETREE"
-	done
+	./src/punch-alternating "${SCRATCH_MNT}/S_IFREG.FMT_ETREE"
 
 	# Directories
 	# - INLINE
@@ -349,6 +386,39 @@ __populate_check_xfs_attr() {
 	esac
 }
 
+# Check that there's at least one per-AG btree with multiple levels
+__populate_check_xfs_agbtree_height() {
+	bt_type="$1"
+	nr_ags=$(_scratch_xfs_db -c 'sb 0' -c 'p agcount' | awk '{print $3}')
+
+	case "${bt_type}" in
+	"bno"|"cnt"|"rmap"|"refcnt")
+		hdr="agf"
+		bt_prefix="${bt_type}"
+		;;
+	"ino")
+		hdr="agi"
+		bt_prefix=""
+		;;
+	"fino")
+		hdr="agi"
+		bt_prefix="free_"
+		;;
+	*)
+		_fail "Don't know about AG btree ${bt_type}"
+		;;
+	esac
+
+	seq 0 $((nr_ags - 1)) | while read ag; do
+		bt_level=$(_scratch_xfs_db -c "${hdr} ${ag}" -c "p ${bt_prefix}level" | awk '{print $3}')
+		if [ "${bt_level}" -gt 1 ]; then
+			return 100
+		fi
+	done
+	test $? -eq 100 || _fail "Failed to create ${bt_type} of sufficient height!"
+	return 1
+}
+
 # Check that populate created all the types of files we wanted
 _scratch_xfs_populate_check() {
 	_scratch_mount
@@ -367,6 +437,9 @@ _scratch_xfs_populate_check() {
 	leaf_attr="$(__populate_find_inode "${SCRATCH_MNT}/ATTR.FMT_LEAF")"
 	node_attr="$(__populate_find_inode "${SCRATCH_MNT}/ATTR.FMT_NODE")"
 	btree_attr="$(__populate_find_inode "${SCRATCH_MNT}/ATTR.FMT_BTREE")"
+	is_finobt=$(xfs_info "${SCRATCH_MNT}" | grep -c 'finobt=1')
+	is_rmapbt=$(xfs_info "${SCRATCH_MNT}" | grep -c 'rmapbt=1')
+	is_reflink=$(xfs_info "${SCRATCH_MNT}" | grep -c 'reflink=1')
 
 	blksz="$(stat -f -c '%s' "${SCRATCH_MNT}")"
 	dblksz="$(xfs_info "${SCRATCH_MNT}" | grep naming.*bsize | sed -e 's/^.*bsize=//g' -e 's/\([0-9]*\).*$/\1/g')"
@@ -389,6 +462,10 @@ _scratch_xfs_populate_check() {
 	__populate_check_xfs_attr "${node_attr}" "node"
 	__populate_check_xfs_attr "${btree_attr}" "btree"
 	__populate_check_xfs_aformat "${btree_attr}" "btree"
+	__populate_check_xfs_agbtree_height "bno"
+	__populate_check_xfs_agbtree_height "cnt"
+	test -n $is_rmapbt && __populate_check_xfs_agbtree_height "rmap"
+	test -n $is_reflink && __populate_check_xfs_agbtree_height "refcnt"
 }
 
 # Check data fork format of ext4 file
