diff --git a/refs.c b/refs.c
index 54fd5ce21e..ab69746947 100644
--- a/refs.c
+++ b/refs.c
@@ -1175,6 +1175,7 @@ struct ref_transaction *ref_store_transaction_begin(struct ref_store *refs,
 	CALLOC_ARRAY(tr, 1);
 	tr->ref_store = refs;
 	tr->flags = flags;
+	string_list_init_dup(&tr->refnames);
 	return tr;
 }
 
@@ -1205,6 +1206,7 @@ void ref_transaction_free(struct ref_transaction *transaction)
 		free((char *)transaction->updates[i]->old_target);
 		free(transaction->updates[i]);
 	}
+	string_list_clear(&transaction->refnames, 0);
 	free(transaction->updates);
 	free(transaction);
 }
@@ -1218,6 +1220,7 @@ struct ref_update *ref_transaction_add_update(
 		const char *committer_info,
 		const char *msg)
 {
+	struct string_list_item *item;
 	struct ref_update *update;
 
 	if (transaction->state != REF_TRANSACTION_OPEN)
@@ -1245,6 +1248,16 @@ struct ref_update *ref_transaction_add_update(
 		update->msg = normalize_reflog_message(msg);
 	}
 
+	/*
+	 * This list is generally used by the backends to avoid duplicates.
+	 * But we do support multiple log updates for a given refname within
+	 * a single transaction.
+	 */
+	if (!(update->flags & REF_LOG_ONLY)) {
+		item = string_list_append(&transaction->refnames, refname);
+		item->util = update;
+	}
+
 	return update;
 }
 
@@ -2405,6 +2418,10 @@ int ref_transaction_prepare(struct ref_transaction *transaction,
 		return -1;
 	}
 
+	string_list_sort(&transaction->refnames);
+	if (ref_update_reject_duplicates(&transaction->refnames, err))
+		return TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR;
+
 	ret = refs->be->transaction_prepare(refs, transaction, err);
 	if (ret)
 		return ret;
diff --git a/refs/files-backend.c b/refs/files-backend.c
index 6c7df30738..85ed85ad87 100644
--- a/refs/files-backend.c
+++ b/refs/files-backend.c
@@ -2378,9 +2378,7 @@ static struct ref_iterator *files_reflog_iterator_begin(struct ref_store *ref_st
  */
 static int split_head_update(struct ref_update *update,
 			     struct ref_transaction *transaction,
-			     const char *head_ref,
-			     struct string_list *affected_refnames,
-			     struct strbuf *err)
+			     const char *head_ref, struct strbuf *err)
 {
 	struct ref_update *new_update;
 
@@ -2398,7 +2396,7 @@ static int split_head_update(struct ref_update *update,
 	 * transaction. This check is O(lg N) in the transaction
 	 * size, but it happens at most once per transaction.
 	 */
-	if (string_list_has_string(affected_refnames, "HEAD")) {
+	if (string_list_has_string(&transaction->refnames, "HEAD")) {
 		/* An entry already existed */
 		strbuf_addf(err,
 			    "multiple updates for 'HEAD' (including one "
@@ -2420,7 +2418,6 @@ static int split_head_update(struct ref_update *update,
 	 */
 	if (strcmp(new_update->refname, "HEAD"))
 		BUG("%s unexpectedly not 'HEAD'", new_update->refname);
-	string_list_insert(affected_refnames, new_update->refname);
 
 	return 0;
 }
@@ -2436,7 +2433,6 @@ static int split_head_update(struct ref_update *update,
 static int split_symref_update(struct ref_update *update,
 			       const char *referent,
 			       struct ref_transaction *transaction,
-			       struct string_list *affected_refnames,
 			       struct strbuf *err)
 {
 	struct ref_update *new_update;
@@ -2448,7 +2444,7 @@ static int split_symref_update(struct ref_update *update,
 	 * size, but it happens at most once per symref in a
 	 * transaction.
 	 */
-	if (string_list_has_string(affected_refnames, referent)) {
+	if (string_list_has_string(&transaction->refnames, referent)) {
 		/* An entry already exists */
 		strbuf_addf(err,
 			    "multiple updates for '%s' (including one "
@@ -2486,15 +2482,6 @@ static int split_symref_update(struct ref_update *update,
 	update->flags |= REF_LOG_ONLY | REF_NO_DEREF;
 	update->flags &= ~REF_HAVE_OLD;
 
-	/*
-	 * Add the referent. This insertion is O(N) in the transaction
-	 * size, but it happens at most once per symref in a
-	 * transaction. Make sure to add new_update->refname, which will
-	 * be valid as long as affected_refnames is in use, and NOT
-	 * referent, which might soon be freed by our caller.
-	 */
-	string_list_insert(affected_refnames, new_update->refname);
-
 	return 0;
 }
 
@@ -2558,7 +2545,6 @@ static int lock_ref_for_update(struct files_ref_store *refs,
 			       struct ref_transaction *transaction,
 			       const char *head_ref,
 			       struct string_list *refnames_to_check,
-			       struct string_list *affected_refnames,
 			       struct strbuf *err)
 {
 	struct strbuf referent = STRBUF_INIT;
@@ -2575,8 +2561,7 @@ static int lock_ref_for_update(struct files_ref_store *refs,
 		update->flags |= REF_DELETING;
 
 	if (head_ref) {
-		ret = split_head_update(update, transaction, head_ref,
-					affected_refnames, err);
+		ret = split_head_update(update, transaction, head_ref, err);
 		if (ret)
 			goto out;
 	}
@@ -2586,9 +2571,8 @@ static int lock_ref_for_update(struct files_ref_store *refs,
 		lock->count++;
 	} else {
 		ret = lock_raw_ref(refs, update->refname, mustexist,
-				   refnames_to_check, affected_refnames,
-				   &lock, &referent,
-				   &update->type, err);
+				   refnames_to_check, &transaction->refnames,
+				   &lock, &referent, &update->type, err);
 		if (ret) {
 			char *reason;
 
@@ -2642,9 +2626,8 @@ static int lock_ref_for_update(struct files_ref_store *refs,
 			 * of processing the split-off update, so we
 			 * don't have to do it here.
 			 */
-			ret = split_symref_update(update,
-						  referent.buf, transaction,
-						  affected_refnames, err);
+			ret = split_symref_update(update, referent.buf,
+						  transaction, err);
 			if (ret)
 				goto out;
 		}
@@ -2799,7 +2782,6 @@ static int files_transaction_prepare(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 			       "ref_transaction_prepare");
 	size_t i;
 	int ret = 0;
-	struct string_list affected_refnames = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
 	struct string_list refnames_to_check = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
 	char *head_ref = NULL;
 	int head_type;
@@ -2818,12 +2800,7 @@ static int files_transaction_prepare(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 	transaction->backend_data = backend_data;
 
 	/*
-	 * Fail if a refname appears more than once in the
-	 * transaction. (If we end up splitting up any updates using
-	 * split_symref_update() or split_head_update(), those
-	 * functions will check that the new updates don't have the
-	 * same refname as any existing ones.) Also fail if any of the
-	 * updates use REF_IS_PRUNING without REF_NO_DEREF.
+	 * Fail if any of the updates use REF_IS_PRUNING without REF_NO_DEREF.
 	 */
 	for (i = 0; i < transaction->nr; i++) {
 		struct ref_update *update = transaction->updates[i];
@@ -2831,16 +2808,6 @@ static int files_transaction_prepare(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 		if ((update->flags & REF_IS_PRUNING) &&
 		    !(update->flags & REF_NO_DEREF))
 			BUG("REF_IS_PRUNING set without REF_NO_DEREF");
-
-		if (update->flags & REF_LOG_ONLY)
-			continue;
-
-		string_list_append(&affected_refnames, update->refname);
-	}
-	string_list_sort(&affected_refnames);
-	if (ref_update_reject_duplicates(&affected_refnames, err)) {
-		ret = TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR;
-		goto cleanup;
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -2882,7 +2849,7 @@ static int files_transaction_prepare(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 
 		ret = lock_ref_for_update(refs, update, transaction,
 					  head_ref, &refnames_to_check,
-					  &affected_refnames, err);
+					  err);
 		if (ret)
 			goto cleanup;
 
@@ -2929,7 +2896,7 @@ static int files_transaction_prepare(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 	 * So instead, we accept the race for now.
 	 */
 	if (refs_verify_refnames_available(refs->packed_ref_store, &refnames_to_check,
-					   &affected_refnames, NULL, 0, err)) {
+					   &transaction->refnames, NULL, 0, err)) {
 		ret = TRANSACTION_NAME_CONFLICT;
 		goto cleanup;
 	}
@@ -2975,7 +2942,6 @@ static int files_transaction_prepare(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 
 cleanup:
 	free(head_ref);
-	string_list_clear(&affected_refnames, 0);
 	string_list_clear(&refnames_to_check, 0);
 
 	if (ret)
@@ -3050,13 +3016,8 @@ static int files_transaction_finish_initial(struct files_ref_store *refs,
 	if (transaction->state != REF_TRANSACTION_PREPARED)
 		BUG("commit called for transaction that is not prepared");
 
-	/* Fail if a refname appears more than once in the transaction: */
-	for (i = 0; i < transaction->nr; i++)
-		if (!(transaction->updates[i]->flags & REF_LOG_ONLY))
-			string_list_append(&affected_refnames,
-					   transaction->updates[i]->refname);
-	string_list_sort(&affected_refnames);
-	if (ref_update_reject_duplicates(&affected_refnames, err)) {
+	string_list_sort(&transaction->refnames);
+	if (ref_update_reject_duplicates(&transaction->refnames, err)) {
 		ret = TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR;
 		goto cleanup;
 	}
@@ -3074,7 +3035,7 @@ static int files_transaction_finish_initial(struct files_ref_store *refs,
 	 * that we are creating already exists.
 	 */
 	if (refs_for_each_rawref(&refs->base, ref_present,
-				 &affected_refnames))
+				 &transaction->refnames))
 		BUG("initial ref transaction called with existing refs");
 
 	packed_transaction = ref_store_transaction_begin(refs->packed_ref_store,
diff --git a/refs/packed-backend.c b/refs/packed-backend.c
index f4c82ba2c7..19220d2e99 100644
--- a/refs/packed-backend.c
+++ b/refs/packed-backend.c
@@ -1622,8 +1622,6 @@ int is_packed_transaction_needed(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 struct packed_transaction_backend_data {
 	/* True iff the transaction owns the packed-refs lock. */
 	int own_lock;
-
-	struct string_list updates;
 };
 
 static void packed_transaction_cleanup(struct packed_ref_store *refs,
@@ -1632,8 +1630,6 @@ static void packed_transaction_cleanup(struct packed_ref_store *refs,
 	struct packed_transaction_backend_data *data = transaction->backend_data;
 
 	if (data) {
-		string_list_clear(&data->updates, 0);
-
 		if (is_tempfile_active(refs->tempfile))
 			delete_tempfile(&refs->tempfile);
 
@@ -1658,7 +1654,6 @@ static int packed_transaction_prepare(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 			REF_STORE_READ | REF_STORE_WRITE | REF_STORE_ODB,
 			"ref_transaction_prepare");
 	struct packed_transaction_backend_data *data;
-	size_t i;
 	int ret = TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR;
 
 	/*
@@ -1671,34 +1666,16 @@ static int packed_transaction_prepare(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 	 */
 
 	CALLOC_ARRAY(data, 1);
-	string_list_init_nodup(&data->updates);
 
 	transaction->backend_data = data;
 
-	/*
-	 * Stick the updates in a string list by refname so that we
-	 * can sort them:
-	 */
-	for (i = 0; i < transaction->nr; i++) {
-		struct ref_update *update = transaction->updates[i];
-		struct string_list_item *item =
-			string_list_append(&data->updates, update->refname);
-
-		/* Store a pointer to update in item->util: */
-		item->util = update;
-	}
-	string_list_sort(&data->updates);
-
-	if (ref_update_reject_duplicates(&data->updates, err))
-		goto failure;
-
 	if (!is_lock_file_locked(&refs->lock)) {
 		if (packed_refs_lock(ref_store, 0, err))
 			goto failure;
 		data->own_lock = 1;
 	}
 
-	if (write_with_updates(refs, &data->updates, err))
+	if (write_with_updates(refs, &transaction->refnames, err))
 		goto failure;
 
 	transaction->state = REF_TRANSACTION_PREPARED;
diff --git a/refs/refs-internal.h b/refs/refs-internal.h
index e5862757a7..92db793026 100644
--- a/refs/refs-internal.h
+++ b/refs/refs-internal.h
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 
 #include "refs.h"
 #include "iterator.h"
+#include "string-list.h"
 
 struct fsck_options;
 struct ref_transaction;
@@ -198,6 +199,7 @@ enum ref_transaction_state {
 struct ref_transaction {
 	struct ref_store *ref_store;
 	struct ref_update **updates;
+	struct string_list refnames;
 	size_t alloc;
 	size_t nr;
 	enum ref_transaction_state state;
diff --git a/refs/reftable-backend.c b/refs/reftable-backend.c
index 441b8c69c1..f616d9aabe 100644
--- a/refs/reftable-backend.c
+++ b/refs/reftable-backend.c
@@ -1076,7 +1076,6 @@ static int reftable_be_transaction_prepare(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 	struct reftable_ref_store *refs =
 		reftable_be_downcast(ref_store, REF_STORE_WRITE|REF_STORE_MAIN, "ref_transaction_prepare");
 	struct strbuf referent = STRBUF_INIT, head_referent = STRBUF_INIT;
-	struct string_list affected_refnames = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
 	struct string_list refnames_to_check = STRING_LIST_INIT_NODUP;
 	struct reftable_transaction_data *tx_data = NULL;
 	struct reftable_backend *be;
@@ -1101,10 +1100,6 @@ static int reftable_be_transaction_prepare(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 						 transaction->updates[i], err);
 		if (ret)
 			goto done;
-
-		if (!(transaction->updates[i]->flags & REF_LOG_ONLY))
-			string_list_append(&affected_refnames,
-					   transaction->updates[i]->refname);
 	}
 
 	/*
@@ -1116,17 +1111,6 @@ static int reftable_be_transaction_prepare(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 		tx_data->args[i].updates_alloc = tx_data->args[i].updates_expected;
 	}
 
-	/*
-	 * Fail if a refname appears more than once in the transaction.
-	 * This code is taken from the files backend and is a good candidate to
-	 * be moved into the generic layer.
-	 */
-	string_list_sort(&affected_refnames);
-	if (ref_update_reject_duplicates(&affected_refnames, err)) {
-		ret = TRANSACTION_GENERIC_ERROR;
-		goto done;
-	}
-
 	/*
 	 * TODO: it's dubious whether we should reload the stack that "HEAD"
 	 * belongs to or not. In theory, it may happen that we only modify
@@ -1194,14 +1178,12 @@ static int reftable_be_transaction_prepare(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 		    !(u->flags & REF_LOG_ONLY) &&
 		    !(u->flags & REF_UPDATE_VIA_HEAD) &&
 		    !strcmp(rewritten_ref, head_referent.buf)) {
-			struct ref_update *new_update;
-
 			/*
 			 * First make sure that HEAD is not already in the
 			 * transaction. This check is O(lg N) in the transaction
 			 * size, but it happens at most once per transaction.
 			 */
-			if (string_list_has_string(&affected_refnames, "HEAD")) {
+			if (string_list_has_string(&transaction->refnames, "HEAD")) {
 				/* An entry already existed */
 				strbuf_addf(err,
 					    _("multiple updates for 'HEAD' (including one "
@@ -1211,12 +1193,11 @@ static int reftable_be_transaction_prepare(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 				goto done;
 			}
 
-			new_update = ref_transaction_add_update(
-					transaction, "HEAD",
-					u->flags | REF_LOG_ONLY | REF_NO_DEREF,
-					&u->new_oid, &u->old_oid, NULL, NULL, NULL,
-					u->msg);
-			string_list_insert(&affected_refnames, new_update->refname);
+			ref_transaction_add_update(
+				transaction, "HEAD",
+				u->flags | REF_LOG_ONLY | REF_NO_DEREF,
+				&u->new_oid, &u->old_oid, NULL, NULL, NULL,
+				u->msg);
 		}
 
 		ret = reftable_backend_read_ref(be, rewritten_ref,
@@ -1281,6 +1262,15 @@ static int reftable_be_transaction_prepare(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 				if (!strcmp(rewritten_ref, "HEAD"))
 					new_flags |= REF_UPDATE_VIA_HEAD;
 
+				if (string_list_has_string(&transaction->refnames, referent.buf)) {
+					strbuf_addf(err,
+						    _("multiple updates for '%s' (including one "
+						    "via symref '%s') are not allowed"),
+						    referent.buf, u->refname);
+					ret = TRANSACTION_NAME_CONFLICT;
+					goto done;
+				}
+
 				/*
 				 * If we are updating a symref (eg. HEAD), we should also
 				 * update the branch that the symref points to.
@@ -1305,16 +1295,6 @@ static int reftable_be_transaction_prepare(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 				 */
 				u->flags |= REF_LOG_ONLY | REF_NO_DEREF;
 				u->flags &= ~REF_HAVE_OLD;
-
-				if (string_list_has_string(&affected_refnames, new_update->refname)) {
-					strbuf_addf(err,
-						    _("multiple updates for '%s' (including one "
-						    "via symref '%s') are not allowed"),
-						    referent.buf, u->refname);
-					ret = TRANSACTION_NAME_CONFLICT;
-					goto done;
-				}
-				string_list_insert(&affected_refnames, new_update->refname);
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -1384,7 +1364,8 @@ static int reftable_be_transaction_prepare(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 	}
 
 	string_list_sort(&refnames_to_check);
-	ret = refs_verify_refnames_available(ref_store, &refnames_to_check, &affected_refnames, NULL,
+	ret = refs_verify_refnames_available(ref_store, &refnames_to_check,
+					     &transaction->refnames, NULL,
 					     transaction->flags & REF_TRANSACTION_FLAG_INITIAL,
 					     err);
 	if (ret < 0)
@@ -1402,7 +1383,6 @@ static int reftable_be_transaction_prepare(struct ref_store *ref_store,
 			strbuf_addf(err, _("reftable: transaction prepare: %s"),
 				    reftable_error_str(ret));
 	}
-	string_list_clear(&affected_refnames, 0);
 	strbuf_release(&referent);
 	strbuf_release(&head_referent);
 	string_list_clear(&refnames_to_check, 0);
