From patchwork Fri Dec 9 06:52:37 2022 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Patchwork-Submitter: "Huang, Kai" X-Patchwork-Id: 13069328 Return-Path: X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.0 (2014-02-07) on aws-us-west-2-korg-lkml-1.web.codeaurora.org Received: from vger.kernel.org (vger.kernel.org [23.128.96.18]) by smtp.lore.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 80FE0C4332F for ; Fri, 9 Dec 2022 06:57:32 +0000 (UTC) Received: (majordomo@vger.kernel.org) by vger.kernel.org via listexpand id S230136AbiLIG5b (ORCPT ); Fri, 9 Dec 2022 01:57:31 -0500 Received: from lindbergh.monkeyblade.net ([23.128.96.19]:40698 "EHLO lindbergh.monkeyblade.net" rhost-flags-OK-OK-OK-OK) by vger.kernel.org with ESMTP id S229966AbiLIG4p (ORCPT ); Fri, 9 Dec 2022 01:56:45 -0500 Received: from mga09.intel.com (mga09.intel.com [134.134.136.24]) by lindbergh.monkeyblade.net (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 2EAA17D04A; Thu, 8 Dec 2022 22:54:43 -0800 (PST) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/simple; d=intel.com; i=@intel.com; q=dns/txt; s=Intel; t=1670568883; x=1702104883; h=from:to:cc:subject:date:message-id:in-reply-to: references:mime-version:content-transfer-encoding; bh=A8Dl7ZGsiYbv17bp8M14VPIPaDUgGEKolvJTmYFdtsE=; b=dVVDUHt+TRtq6V3Ej2jzo1XECMUzBHMVwsLrp+uaLKBCM8fH/00rYDCY WAxzbcEsIO8kTYsQC2dFYMPZo6NBSlW9Fa8382iwesjzt0u0OspNolicz Ydb4OK/YqBKT/dLNMVjuzPrUnrfWckX5nu3JDd1EUJF/S+MHt7GiwPPEg 4KVETfsIxt/+XUK9tDdtlA8bUBczfVaRLoQxeWzgijt/r3cTDFWIYD8h4 SC/ML9Gfv1b2TNy1bXgN3+PkwR8Cj8xIulAyH2FCAXvdRW92qiEzIQ30q 6qzkhyPvlWIgHzk8QcNIMEx0q/w9Vomy/jSQUfvdjlf1u4JRBNu920OrR A==; X-IronPort-AV: E=McAfee;i="6500,9779,10555"; a="318551557" X-IronPort-AV: E=Sophos;i="5.96,230,1665471600"; d="scan'208";a="318551557" Received: from orsmga001.jf.intel.com ([10.7.209.18]) by orsmga102.jf.intel.com with ESMTP/TLS/ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384; 08 Dec 2022 22:54:24 -0800 X-IronPort-AV: E=McAfee;i="6500,9779,10555"; a="679837193" X-IronPort-AV: E=Sophos;i="5.96,230,1665471600"; d="scan'208";a="679837193" Received: from omiramon-mobl1.amr.corp.intel.com (HELO khuang2-desk.gar.corp.intel.com) ([10.212.28.82]) by orsmga001-auth.jf.intel.com with ESMTP/TLS/ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384; 08 Dec 2022 22:54:19 -0800 From: Kai Huang To: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, kvm@vger.kernel.org Cc: linux-mm@kvack.org, dave.hansen@intel.com, peterz@infradead.org, tglx@linutronix.de, seanjc@google.com, pbonzini@redhat.com, dan.j.williams@intel.com, rafael.j.wysocki@intel.com, kirill.shutemov@linux.intel.com, ying.huang@intel.com, reinette.chatre@intel.com, len.brown@intel.com, tony.luck@intel.com, ak@linux.intel.com, isaku.yamahata@intel.com, chao.gao@intel.com, sathyanarayanan.kuppuswamy@linux.intel.com, bagasdotme@gmail.com, sagis@google.com, imammedo@redhat.com, kai.huang@intel.com Subject: [PATCH v8 16/16] Documentation/x86: Add documentation for TDX host support Date: Fri, 9 Dec 2022 19:52:37 +1300 Message-Id: <11fb07f0ca78c89c4850adbf9b0d146201c98ef2.1670566861.git.kai.huang@intel.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.38.1 In-Reply-To: References: MIME-Version: 1.0 Precedence: bulk List-ID: X-Mailing-List: kvm@vger.kernel.org Add documentation for TDX host kernel support. There is already one file Documentation/x86/tdx.rst containing documentation for TDX guest internals. Also reuse it for TDX host kernel support. Introduce a new level menu "TDX Guest Support" and move existing materials under it, and add a new menu for TDX host kernel support. Signed-off-by: Kai Huang --- Documentation/x86/tdx.rst | 169 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 158 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-) diff --git a/Documentation/x86/tdx.rst b/Documentation/x86/tdx.rst index dc8d9fd2c3f7..207b91610b36 100644 --- a/Documentation/x86/tdx.rst +++ b/Documentation/x86/tdx.rst @@ -10,6 +10,153 @@ encrypting the guest memory. In TDX, a special module running in a special mode sits between the host and the guest and manages the guest/host separation. +TDX Host Kernel Support +======================= + +TDX introduces a new CPU mode called Secure Arbitration Mode (SEAM) and +a new isolated range pointed by the SEAM Ranger Register (SEAMRR). A +CPU-attested software module called 'the TDX module' runs inside the new +isolated range to provide the functionalities to manage and run protected +VMs. + +TDX also leverages Intel Multi-Key Total Memory Encryption (MKTME) to +provide crypto-protection to the VMs. TDX reserves part of MKTME KeyIDs +as TDX private KeyIDs, which are only accessible within the SEAM mode. +BIOS is responsible for partitioning legacy MKTME KeyIDs and TDX KeyIDs. + +Before the TDX module can be used to create and run protected VMs, it +must be loaded into the isolated range and properly initialized. The TDX +architecture doesn't require the BIOS to load the TDX module, but the +kernel assumes it is loaded by the BIOS. + +TDX boot-time detection +----------------------- + +The kernel detects TDX by detecting TDX private KeyIDs during kernel +boot. Below dmesg shows when TDX is enabled by BIOS:: + + [..] tdx: BIOS enabled: private KeyID range: [16, 64). + +TDX module detection and initialization +--------------------------------------- + +There is no CPUID or MSR to detect the TDX module. The kernel detects it +by initializing it. + +The kernel talks to the TDX module via the new SEAMCALL instruction. The +TDX module implements SEAMCALL leaf functions to allow the kernel to +initialize it. + +Initializing the TDX module consumes roughly ~1/256th system RAM size to +use it as 'metadata' for the TDX memory. It also takes additional CPU +time to initialize those metadata along with the TDX module itself. Both +are not trivial. The kernel initializes the TDX module at runtime on +demand. The caller to call tdx_enable() to initialize the TDX module:: + + ret = tdx_enable(); + if (ret) + goto no_tdx; + // TDX is ready to use + +One step of initializing the TDX module requires at least one online cpu +for each package. The caller needs to guarantee this otherwise the +initialization will fail. + +Making SEAMCALL requires the CPU already being in VMX operation (VMXON +has been done). For now tdx_enable() doesn't handle VMXON internally, +but depends on the caller to guarantee that. So far only KVM calls +tdx_enable() and KVM already handles VMXON. + +User can consult dmesg to see the presence of the TDX module, and whether +it has been initialized. + +If the TDX module is not loaded, dmesg shows below:: + + [..] tdx: TDX module is not loaded. + +If the TDX module is initialized successfully, dmesg shows something +like below:: + + [..] tdx: TDX module: attributes 0x0, vendor_id 0x8086, major_version 1, minor_version 0, build_date 20211209, build_num 160 + [..] tdx: 65667 pages allocated for PAMT. + [..] tdx: TDX module initialized. + +If the TDX module failed to initialize, dmesg also shows it failed to +initialize:: + + [..] tdx: initialization failed ... + +TDX Interaction to Other Kernel Components +------------------------------------------ + +TDX Memory Policy +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +TDX reports a list of "Convertible Memory Region" (CMR) to tell the +kernel which memory is TDX compatible. The kernel needs to build a list +of memory regions (out of CMRs) as "TDX-usable" memory and pass those +regions to the TDX module. Once this is done, those "TDX-usable" memory +regions are fixed during module's lifetime. + +To keep things simple, currently the kernel simply guarantees all pages +in the page allocator are TDX memory. Specifically, the kernel uses all +system memory in the core-mm at the time of initializing the TDX module +as TDX memory, and in the meantime, refuses to online any non-TDX-memory +in the memory hotplug. + +This can be enhanced in the future, i.e. by allowing adding non-TDX +memory to a separate NUMA node. In this case, the "TDX-capable" nodes +and the "non-TDX-capable" nodes can co-exist, but the kernel/userspace +needs to guarantee memory pages for TDX guests are always allocated from +the "TDX-capable" nodes. + +Physical Memory Hotplug +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ + +Note TDX assumes convertible memory is always physically present during +machine's runtime. A non-buggy BIOS should never support hot-removal of +any convertible memory. This implementation doesn't handle ACPI memory +removal but depends on the BIOS to behave correctly. + +CPU Hotplug +~~~~~~~~~~~ + +TDX doesn't support physical (ACPI) CPU hotplug. During machine boot, +TDX verifies all boot-time present logical CPUs are TDX compatible before +enabling TDX. A non-buggy BIOS should never support hot-add/removal of +physical CPU. Currently the kernel doesn't handle physical CPU hotplug, +but depends on the BIOS to behave correctly. + +Note TDX works with CPU logical online/offline, thus the kernel still +allows to offline logical CPU and online it again. + +Kexec() +~~~~~~~ + +There are two problems in terms of using kexec() to boot to a new kernel +when the old kernel has enabled TDX: 1) Part of the memory pages are +still TDX private pages (i.e. metadata used by the TDX module, and any +TDX guest memory if kexec() is executed when there's live TDX guests). +2) There might be dirty cachelines associated with TDX private pages. + +Because the hardware doesn't guarantee cache coherency among different +KeyIDs, the old kernel needs to flush cache (of TDX private pages) +before booting to the new kernel. Also, the kernel doesn't convert all +TDX private pages back to normal because of below considerations: + +1) Neither the kernel nor the TDX module has existing infrastructure to + track which pages are TDX private page. +2) The number of TDX private pages can be large, and converting all of + them (cache flush + using MOVDIR64B to clear the page) can be time + consuming. +3) The new kernel will almost only use KeyID 0 to access memory. KeyID + 0 doesn't support integrity-check, so it's OK. +4) The kernel doesn't (and may never) support MKTME. If any 3rd party + kernel ever supports MKTME, it can/should do MOVDIR64B to clear the + page with the new MKTME KeyID (just like TDX does) before using it. + +TDX Guest Support +================= Since the host cannot directly access guest registers or memory, much normal functionality of a hypervisor must be moved into the guest. This is implemented using a Virtualization Exception (#VE) that is handled by the @@ -20,7 +167,7 @@ TDX includes new hypercall-like mechanisms for communicating from the guest to the hypervisor or the TDX module. New TDX Exceptions -================== +------------------ TDX guests behave differently from bare-metal and traditional VMX guests. In TDX guests, otherwise normal instructions or memory accesses can cause @@ -30,7 +177,7 @@ Instructions marked with an '*' conditionally cause exceptions. The details for these instructions are discussed below. Instruction-based #VE ---------------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - Port I/O (INS, OUTS, IN, OUT) - HLT @@ -41,7 +188,7 @@ Instruction-based #VE - CPUID* Instruction-based #GP ---------------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - All VMX instructions: INVEPT, INVVPID, VMCLEAR, VMFUNC, VMLAUNCH, VMPTRLD, VMPTRST, VMREAD, VMRESUME, VMWRITE, VMXOFF, VMXON @@ -52,7 +199,7 @@ Instruction-based #GP - RDMSR*,WRMSR* RDMSR/WRMSR Behavior --------------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ MSR access behavior falls into three categories: @@ -73,7 +220,7 @@ trapping and handling in the TDX module. Other than possibly being slow, these MSRs appear to function just as they would on bare metal. CPUID Behavior --------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ For some CPUID leaves and sub-leaves, the virtualized bit fields of CPUID return values (in guest EAX/EBX/ECX/EDX) are configurable by the @@ -93,7 +240,7 @@ not know how to handle. The guest kernel may ask the hypervisor for the value with a hypercall. #VE on Memory Accesses -====================== +---------------------- There are essentially two classes of TDX memory: private and shared. Private memory receives full TDX protections. Its content is protected @@ -107,7 +254,7 @@ entries. This helps ensure that a guest does not place sensitive information in shared memory, exposing it to the untrusted hypervisor. #VE on Shared Memory --------------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Access to shared mappings can cause a #VE. The hypervisor ultimately controls whether a shared memory access causes a #VE, so the guest must be @@ -127,7 +274,7 @@ be careful not to access device MMIO regions unless it is also prepared to handle a #VE. #VE on Private Pages --------------------- +~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ An access to private mappings can also cause a #VE. Since all kernel memory is also private memory, the kernel might theoretically need to @@ -145,7 +292,7 @@ The hypervisor is permitted to unilaterally move accepted pages to a to handle the exception. Linux #VE handler -================= +----------------- Just like page faults or #GP's, #VE exceptions can be either handled or be fatal. Typically, an unhandled userspace #VE results in a SIGSEGV. @@ -167,7 +314,7 @@ While the block is in place, any #VE is elevated to a double fault (#DF) which is not recoverable. MMIO handling -============= +------------- In non-TDX VMs, MMIO is usually implemented by giving a guest access to a mapping which will cause a VMEXIT on access, and then the hypervisor @@ -189,7 +336,7 @@ MMIO access via other means (like structure overlays) may result in an oops. Shared Memory Conversions -========================= +------------------------- All TDX guest memory starts out as private at boot. This memory can not be accessed by the hypervisor. However, some kernel users like device