diff --git a/Documentation/virt/kvm/api.rst b/Documentation/virt/kvm/api.rst
index eee9f857a986..1f1b09aa6db4 100644
--- a/Documentation/virt/kvm/api.rst
+++ b/Documentation/virt/kvm/api.rst
@@ -8003,13 +8003,6 @@ flushing is done by the KVM_GET_DIRTY_LOG ioctl).  To achieve that, one
 needs to kick the vcpu out of KVM_RUN using a signal.  The resulting
 vmexit ensures that all dirty GFNs are flushed to the dirty rings.
 
-NOTE: the capability KVM_CAP_DIRTY_LOG_RING and the corresponding
-ioctl KVM_RESET_DIRTY_RINGS are mutual exclusive to the existing ioctls
-KVM_GET_DIRTY_LOG and KVM_CLEAR_DIRTY_LOG.  After enabling
-KVM_CAP_DIRTY_LOG_RING with an acceptable dirty ring size, the virtual
-machine will switch to ring-buffer dirty page tracking and further
-KVM_GET_DIRTY_LOG or KVM_CLEAR_DIRTY_LOG ioctls will fail.
-
 NOTE: KVM_CAP_DIRTY_LOG_RING_ACQ_REL is the only capability that
 should be exposed by weakly ordered architecture, in order to indicate
 the additional memory ordering requirements imposed on userspace when
@@ -8018,6 +8011,33 @@ Architecture with TSO-like ordering (such as x86) are allowed to
 expose both KVM_CAP_DIRTY_LOG_RING and KVM_CAP_DIRTY_LOG_RING_ACQ_REL
 to userspace.
 
+After enabling the dirty rings, the userspace needs to detect the
+capability of KVM_CAP_DIRTY_LOG_RING_WITH_BITMAP to see whether the
+ring structures can be backed by per-slot bitmaps. With this capability
+advertised, it means the architecture can dirty guest pages without
+vcpu/ring context, so that some of the dirty information will still be
+maintained in the bitmap structure. KVM_CAP_DIRTY_LOG_RING_WITH_BITMAP
+can't be enabled if the capability of KVM_CAP_DIRTY_LOG_RING_ACQ_REL
+hasn't been enabled, or any memslot has been existing.
+
+Note that the bitmap here is only a backup of the ring structure. The
+use of the ring and bitmap combination is only beneficial if there is
+only a very small amount of memory that is dirtied out of vcpu/ring
+context. Otherwise, the stand-alone per-slot bitmap mechanism needs to
+be considered.
+
+To collect dirty bits in the backup bitmap, userspace can use the same
+KVM_GET_DIRTY_LOG ioctl. KVM_CLEAR_DIRTY_LOG isn't needed as long as all
+the generation of the dirty bits is done in a single pass. Collecting
+the dirty bitmap should be the very last thing that the VMM does before
+considering the state as complete. VMM needs to ensure that the dirty
+state is final and avoid missing dirty pages from another ioctl ordered
+after the bitmap collection.
+
+NOTE: One example of using the backup bitmap is saving arm64 vgic/its
+tables through KVM_DEV_ARM_{VGIC_GRP_CTRL, ITS_SAVE_TABLES} command on
+KVM device "kvm-arm-vgic-its" when dirty ring is enabled.
+
 8.30 KVM_CAP_XEN_HVM
 --------------------
 
diff --git a/Documentation/virt/kvm/devices/arm-vgic-its.rst b/Documentation/virt/kvm/devices/arm-vgic-its.rst
index d257eddbae29..e053124f77c4 100644
--- a/Documentation/virt/kvm/devices/arm-vgic-its.rst
+++ b/Documentation/virt/kvm/devices/arm-vgic-its.rst
@@ -52,7 +52,10 @@ KVM_DEV_ARM_VGIC_GRP_CTRL
 
     KVM_DEV_ARM_ITS_SAVE_TABLES
       save the ITS table data into guest RAM, at the location provisioned
-      by the guest in corresponding registers/table entries.
+      by the guest in corresponding registers/table entries. Should userspace
+      require a form of dirty tracking to identify which pages are modified
+      by the saving process, it should use a bitmap even if using another
+      mechanism to track the memory dirtied by the vCPUs.
 
       The layout of the tables in guest memory defines an ABI. The entries
       are laid out in little endian format as described in the last paragraph.
diff --git a/include/linux/kvm_dirty_ring.h b/include/linux/kvm_dirty_ring.h
index 199ead37b104..4862c98d80d3 100644
--- a/include/linux/kvm_dirty_ring.h
+++ b/include/linux/kvm_dirty_ring.h
@@ -37,6 +37,11 @@ static inline u32 kvm_dirty_ring_get_rsvd_entries(void)
 	return 0;
 }
 
+static inline bool kvm_use_dirty_bitmap(struct kvm *kvm)
+{
+	return true;
+}
+
 static inline int kvm_dirty_ring_alloc(struct kvm_dirty_ring *ring,
 				       int index, u32 size)
 {
@@ -67,6 +72,8 @@ static inline void kvm_dirty_ring_free(struct kvm_dirty_ring *ring)
 #else /* CONFIG_HAVE_KVM_DIRTY_RING */
 
 int kvm_cpu_dirty_log_size(void);
+bool kvm_use_dirty_bitmap(struct kvm *kvm);
+bool kvm_arch_allow_write_without_running_vcpu(struct kvm *kvm);
 u32 kvm_dirty_ring_get_rsvd_entries(void);
 int kvm_dirty_ring_alloc(struct kvm_dirty_ring *ring, int index, u32 size);
 
diff --git a/include/linux/kvm_host.h b/include/linux/kvm_host.h
index 6fab55e58111..f51eb9419bfc 100644
--- a/include/linux/kvm_host.h
+++ b/include/linux/kvm_host.h
@@ -779,6 +779,7 @@ struct kvm {
 	pid_t userspace_pid;
 	unsigned int max_halt_poll_ns;
 	u32 dirty_ring_size;
+	bool dirty_ring_with_bitmap;
 	bool vm_bugged;
 	bool vm_dead;
 
diff --git a/include/uapi/linux/kvm.h b/include/uapi/linux/kvm.h
index 0d5d4419139a..c87b5882d7ae 100644
--- a/include/uapi/linux/kvm.h
+++ b/include/uapi/linux/kvm.h
@@ -1178,6 +1178,7 @@ struct kvm_ppc_resize_hpt {
 #define KVM_CAP_S390_ZPCI_OP 221
 #define KVM_CAP_S390_CPU_TOPOLOGY 222
 #define KVM_CAP_DIRTY_LOG_RING_ACQ_REL 223
+#define KVM_CAP_DIRTY_LOG_RING_WITH_BITMAP 224
 
 #ifdef KVM_CAP_IRQ_ROUTING
 
diff --git a/virt/kvm/Kconfig b/virt/kvm/Kconfig
index 800f9470e36b..228be1145cf3 100644
--- a/virt/kvm/Kconfig
+++ b/virt/kvm/Kconfig
@@ -33,6 +33,14 @@ config HAVE_KVM_DIRTY_RING_ACQ_REL
        bool
        select HAVE_KVM_DIRTY_RING
 
+# Only architectures that need to dirty memory outside of a vCPU
+# context should select this, advertising to userspace the
+# requirement to use a dirty bitmap in addition to the vCPU dirty
+# ring.
+config HAVE_KVM_DIRTY_RING_WITH_BITMAP
+	bool
+	depends on HAVE_KVM_DIRTY_RING
+
 config HAVE_KVM_EVENTFD
        bool
        select EVENTFD
diff --git a/virt/kvm/dirty_ring.c b/virt/kvm/dirty_ring.c
index fecbb7d75ad2..f95cbcdd74ff 100644
--- a/virt/kvm/dirty_ring.c
+++ b/virt/kvm/dirty_ring.c
@@ -21,6 +21,18 @@ u32 kvm_dirty_ring_get_rsvd_entries(void)
 	return KVM_DIRTY_RING_RSVD_ENTRIES + kvm_cpu_dirty_log_size();
 }
 
+bool kvm_use_dirty_bitmap(struct kvm *kvm)
+{
+	lockdep_assert_held(&kvm->slots_lock);
+
+	return !kvm->dirty_ring_size || kvm->dirty_ring_with_bitmap;
+}
+
+bool __weak kvm_arch_allow_write_without_running_vcpu(struct kvm *kvm)
+{
+	return false;
+}
+
 static u32 kvm_dirty_ring_used(struct kvm_dirty_ring *ring)
 {
 	return READ_ONCE(ring->dirty_index) - READ_ONCE(ring->reset_index);
diff --git a/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c b/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c
index c865d7d82685..5f32752b7d96 100644
--- a/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c
+++ b/virt/kvm/kvm_main.c
@@ -1617,7 +1617,7 @@ static int kvm_prepare_memory_region(struct kvm *kvm,
 			new->dirty_bitmap = NULL;
 		else if (old && old->dirty_bitmap)
 			new->dirty_bitmap = old->dirty_bitmap;
-		else if (!kvm->dirty_ring_size) {
+		else if (kvm_use_dirty_bitmap(kvm)) {
 			r = kvm_alloc_dirty_bitmap(new);
 			if (r)
 				return r;
@@ -2060,8 +2060,8 @@ int kvm_get_dirty_log(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_dirty_log *log,
 	unsigned long n;
 	unsigned long any = 0;
 
-	/* Dirty ring tracking is exclusive to dirty log tracking */
-	if (kvm->dirty_ring_size)
+	/* Dirty ring tracking may be exclusive to dirty log tracking */
+	if (!kvm_use_dirty_bitmap(kvm))
 		return -ENXIO;
 
 	*memslot = NULL;
@@ -2125,8 +2125,8 @@ static int kvm_get_dirty_log_protect(struct kvm *kvm, struct kvm_dirty_log *log)
 	unsigned long *dirty_bitmap_buffer;
 	bool flush;
 
-	/* Dirty ring tracking is exclusive to dirty log tracking */
-	if (kvm->dirty_ring_size)
+	/* Dirty ring tracking may be exclusive to dirty log tracking */
+	if (!kvm_use_dirty_bitmap(kvm))
 		return -ENXIO;
 
 	as_id = log->slot >> 16;
@@ -2237,8 +2237,8 @@ static int kvm_clear_dirty_log_protect(struct kvm *kvm,
 	unsigned long *dirty_bitmap_buffer;
 	bool flush;
 
-	/* Dirty ring tracking is exclusive to dirty log tracking */
-	if (kvm->dirty_ring_size)
+	/* Dirty ring tracking may be exclusive to dirty log tracking */
+	if (!kvm_use_dirty_bitmap(kvm))
 		return -ENXIO;
 
 	as_id = log->slot >> 16;
@@ -3305,7 +3305,10 @@ void mark_page_dirty_in_slot(struct kvm *kvm,
 	struct kvm_vcpu *vcpu = kvm_get_running_vcpu();
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_KVM_DIRTY_RING
-	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!vcpu) || WARN_ON_ONCE(vcpu->kvm != kvm))
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(vcpu && vcpu->kvm != kvm))
+		return;
+
+	if (WARN_ON_ONCE(!kvm_arch_allow_write_without_running_vcpu(kvm) && !vcpu))
 		return;
 #endif
 
@@ -3313,7 +3316,7 @@ void mark_page_dirty_in_slot(struct kvm *kvm,
 		unsigned long rel_gfn = gfn - memslot->base_gfn;
 		u32 slot = (memslot->as_id << 16) | memslot->id;
 
-		if (kvm->dirty_ring_size)
+		if (kvm->dirty_ring_size && vcpu)
 			kvm_dirty_ring_push(vcpu, slot, rel_gfn);
 		else
 			set_bit_le(rel_gfn, memslot->dirty_bitmap);
@@ -4482,6 +4485,9 @@ static long kvm_vm_ioctl_check_extension_generic(struct kvm *kvm, long arg)
 		return KVM_DIRTY_RING_MAX_ENTRIES * sizeof(struct kvm_dirty_gfn);
 #else
 		return 0;
+#endif
+#ifdef CONFIG_HAVE_KVM_DIRTY_RING_WITH_BITMAP
+	case KVM_CAP_DIRTY_LOG_RING_WITH_BITMAP:
 #endif
 	case KVM_CAP_BINARY_STATS_FD:
 	case KVM_CAP_SYSTEM_EVENT_DATA:
@@ -4558,6 +4564,20 @@ int __attribute__((weak)) kvm_vm_ioctl_enable_cap(struct kvm *kvm,
 	return -EINVAL;
 }
 
+static bool kvm_are_all_memslots_empty(struct kvm *kvm)
+{
+	int i;
+
+	lockdep_assert_held(&kvm->slots_lock);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < KVM_ADDRESS_SPACE_NUM; i++) {
+		if (!kvm_memslots_empty(__kvm_memslots(kvm, i)))
+			return false;
+	}
+
+	return true;
+}
+
 static int kvm_vm_ioctl_enable_cap_generic(struct kvm *kvm,
 					   struct kvm_enable_cap *cap)
 {
@@ -4588,6 +4608,29 @@ static int kvm_vm_ioctl_enable_cap_generic(struct kvm *kvm,
 			return -EINVAL;
 
 		return kvm_vm_ioctl_enable_dirty_log_ring(kvm, cap->args[0]);
+	case KVM_CAP_DIRTY_LOG_RING_WITH_BITMAP: {
+		int r = -EINVAL;
+
+		if (!IS_ENABLED(CONFIG_HAVE_KVM_DIRTY_RING_WITH_BITMAP) ||
+		    !kvm->dirty_ring_size)
+			return r;
+
+		mutex_lock(&kvm->slots_lock);
+
+		/*
+		 * For simplicity, allow enabling ring+bitmap if and only if
+		 * there are no memslots, e.g. to ensure all memslots allocate
+		 * a bitmap after the capability is enabled.
+		 */
+		if (kvm_are_all_memslots_empty(kvm)) {
+			kvm->dirty_ring_with_bitmap = true;
+			r = 0;
+		}
+
+		mutex_unlock(&kvm->slots_lock);
+
+		return r;
+	}
 	default:
 		return kvm_vm_ioctl_enable_cap(kvm, cap);
 	}
