diff mbox

[V3,5/5] ARM: tegra20: cpuidle: apply coupled cpuidle for powered-down mode

Message ID 1355797861-12759-6-git-send-email-josephl@nvidia.com (mailing list archive)
State New, archived
Headers show

Commit Message

Joseph Lo Dec. 18, 2012, 2:31 a.m. UTC
The "powered-down" cpuidle mode of Tegra20 needs the CPU0 be the last one
core to go into this mode before other core. The coupled cpuidle framework
can help to sync the MPCore to coupled state then go into "powered-down"
idle mode together. The driver can just assume the MPCore come into
"powered-down" mode at the same time. No need to take care if the CPU_0
goes into this mode along and only can put it into safe idle mode (WFI).

The powered-down state of Tegra20 requires power gating both CPU cores.
When the secondary CPU requests to enter powered-down state, it saves
its own contexts and then enters WFI for waiting CPU0 in the same state.
When the CPU0 requests powered-down state, it attempts to put the secondary
CPU into reset to prevent it from waking up. Then power down both CPUs
together and power off the cpu rail.

Be aware of that, you may see the legacy power state "LP2" in the code
which is exactly the same meaning of "CPU power down".

Based on the work by:
Colin Cross <ccross@android.com>
Gary King <gking@nvidia.com>

Signed-off-by: Joseph Lo <josephl@nvidia.com>
---
V3:
* sqash last two patch in previous version to support coupled cpuidle
  directly
V2:
* refine the cpu control function that dedicate for CPU_1
* rename "tegra_cpu_pllp" to "tegra_switch_cpu_to_pllp"
---
 arch/arm/mach-tegra/Kconfig           |    1 +
 arch/arm/mach-tegra/cpuidle-tegra20.c |  125 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++---
 arch/arm/mach-tegra/sleep-tegra20.S   |   53 ++++++++++++++
 arch/arm/mach-tegra/sleep.S           |   19 +++++
 arch/arm/mach-tegra/sleep.h           |    3 +
 5 files changed, 192 insertions(+), 9 deletions(-)

Comments

Peter De Schrijver Dec. 18, 2012, 10:18 a.m. UTC | #1
On Tue, Dec 18, 2012 at 03:31:01AM +0100, Joseph Lo wrote:
> The "powered-down" cpuidle mode of Tegra20 needs the CPU0 be the last one
> core to go into this mode before other core. The coupled cpuidle framework
> can help to sync the MPCore to coupled state then go into "powered-down"
> idle mode together. The driver can just assume the MPCore come into
> "powered-down" mode at the same time. No need to take care if the CPU_0
> goes into this mode along and only can put it into safe idle mode (WFI).
> 
> The powered-down state of Tegra20 requires power gating both CPU cores.
> When the secondary CPU requests to enter powered-down state, it saves
> its own contexts and then enters WFI for waiting CPU0 in the same state.
> When the CPU0 requests powered-down state, it attempts to put the secondary
> CPU into reset to prevent it from waking up. Then power down both CPUs
> together and power off the cpu rail.
> 
> Be aware of that, you may see the legacy power state "LP2" in the code
> which is exactly the same meaning of "CPU power down".
> 
> Based on the work by:
> Colin Cross <ccross@android.com>
> Gary King <gking@nvidia.com>
> 
> Signed-off-by: Joseph Lo <josephl@nvidia.com>
> ---
> V3:
> * sqash last two patch in previous version to support coupled cpuidle
>   directly

nitpick - it should be 'squash'.

Cheers,

Peter.
Stephen Warren Dec. 20, 2012, 5:54 p.m. UTC | #2
On 12/17/2012 07:31 PM, Joseph Lo wrote:
> The "powered-down" cpuidle mode of Tegra20 needs the CPU0 be the last one
> core to go into this mode before other core. The coupled cpuidle framework
> can help to sync the MPCore to coupled state then go into "powered-down"
> idle mode together. The driver can just assume the MPCore come into
> "powered-down" mode at the same time. No need to take care if the CPU_0
> goes into this mode along and only can put it into safe idle mode (WFI).
> 
> The powered-down state of Tegra20 requires power gating both CPU cores.
> When the secondary CPU requests to enter powered-down state, it saves
> its own contexts and then enters WFI for waiting CPU0 in the same state.
> When the CPU0 requests powered-down state, it attempts to put the secondary
> CPU into reset to prevent it from waking up. Then power down both CPUs
> together and power off the cpu rail.
> 
> Be aware of that, you may see the legacy power state "LP2" in the code
> which is exactly the same meaning of "CPU power down".

> diff --git a/arch/arm/mach-tegra/cpuidle-tegra20.c b/arch/arm/mach-tegra/cpuidle-tegra20.c

> +static void tegra20_wake_reset_cpu_1(void)

Nit/bikeshe: I think tegra20_wake_from_reset_cpu_1() might be a slightly
more descriptive name? I assume the function works on CPU1, which is
assumed to be in reset, and removes reset from the CPU so it boots.

> @@ -137,6 +241,9 @@ int __init tegra20_cpuidle_init(void)
>  	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
>  		dev = &per_cpu(tegra_idle_device, cpu);
>  		dev->cpu = cpu;
> +#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_NEEDS_CPU_IDLE_COUPLED
> +		dev->coupled_cpus = *cpu_online_mask;
> +#endif

That CONFIG option is selected by ARCH_TEGRA_2x_SOC, which must be
enabled for this file to be compiled. So, you can drop the ifdef, and
make the code uncondtional.
Joseph Lo Dec. 21, 2012, 7:10 a.m. UTC | #3
On Fri, 2012-12-21 at 01:54 +0800, Stephen Warren wrote:
> On 12/17/2012 07:31 PM, Joseph Lo wrote:
> > The "powered-down" cpuidle mode of Tegra20 needs the CPU0 be the last one
> > core to go into this mode before other core. The coupled cpuidle framework
> > can help to sync the MPCore to coupled state then go into "powered-down"
> > idle mode together. The driver can just assume the MPCore come into
> > "powered-down" mode at the same time. No need to take care if the CPU_0
> > goes into this mode along and only can put it into safe idle mode (WFI).
> > 
> > The powered-down state of Tegra20 requires power gating both CPU cores.
> > When the secondary CPU requests to enter powered-down state, it saves
> > its own contexts and then enters WFI for waiting CPU0 in the same state.
> > When the CPU0 requests powered-down state, it attempts to put the secondary
> > CPU into reset to prevent it from waking up. Then power down both CPUs
> > together and power off the cpu rail.
> > 
> > Be aware of that, you may see the legacy power state "LP2" in the code
> > which is exactly the same meaning of "CPU power down".
> 
> > diff --git a/arch/arm/mach-tegra/cpuidle-tegra20.c b/arch/arm/mach-tegra/cpuidle-tegra20.c
> 
> > +static void tegra20_wake_reset_cpu_1(void)
> 
> Nit/bikeshe: I think tegra20_wake_from_reset_cpu_1() might be a slightly
> more descriptive name? I assume the function works on CPU1, which is
> assumed to be in reset, and removes reset from the CPU so it boots.
> 
Yes.
Do you mean this function running on CPU1? It runs on CPU0 to wake up
CPU1. About the function name, it looks more appropriate.

> > @@ -137,6 +241,9 @@ int __init tegra20_cpuidle_init(void)
> >  	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
> >  		dev = &per_cpu(tegra_idle_device, cpu);
> >  		dev->cpu = cpu;
> > +#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_NEEDS_CPU_IDLE_COUPLED
> > +		dev->coupled_cpus = *cpu_online_mask;
> > +#endif
> 
> That CONFIG option is selected by ARCH_TEGRA_2x_SOC, which must be
> enabled for this file to be compiled. So, you can drop the ifdef, and
> make the code uncondtional.

No, I found I need this if I want to make the device works on UP case.
Then I need to do something like below, when we disable SMP.

>	config ARCH_TEGRA_2x_SOC 
>	bool "Enable support for Tegra20 family" 
>+	select ARCH_NEEDS_CPU_IDLE_COUPLED if SMP 
>	select ARCH_REQUIRE_GPIOLIB 
>	select ARM_ERRATA_720789 
>	select ARM_ERRATA_742230 

This will be updated in next version as well.

Thanks,
Joseph
Stephen Warren Dec. 21, 2012, 9:06 p.m. UTC | #4
On 12/21/2012 12:10 AM, Joseph Lo wrote:
> On Fri, 2012-12-21 at 01:54 +0800, Stephen Warren wrote:
>> On 12/17/2012 07:31 PM, Joseph Lo wrote:
>>> The "powered-down" cpuidle mode of Tegra20 needs the CPU0 be the last one
>>> core to go into this mode before other core. The coupled cpuidle framework
>>> can help to sync the MPCore to coupled state then go into "powered-down"
>>> idle mode together. The driver can just assume the MPCore come into
>>> "powered-down" mode at the same time. No need to take care if the CPU_0
>>> goes into this mode along and only can put it into safe idle mode (WFI).
>>>
>>> The powered-down state of Tegra20 requires power gating both CPU cores.
>>> When the secondary CPU requests to enter powered-down state, it saves
>>> its own contexts and then enters WFI for waiting CPU0 in the same state.
>>> When the CPU0 requests powered-down state, it attempts to put the secondary
>>> CPU into reset to prevent it from waking up. Then power down both CPUs
>>> together and power off the cpu rail.
>>>
>>> Be aware of that, you may see the legacy power state "LP2" in the code
>>> which is exactly the same meaning of "CPU power down".
>>
>>> diff --git a/arch/arm/mach-tegra/cpuidle-tegra20.c b/arch/arm/mach-tegra/cpuidle-tegra20.c
>>
>>> +static void tegra20_wake_reset_cpu_1(void)
>>
>> Nit/bikeshe: I think tegra20_wake_from_reset_cpu_1() might be a slightly
>> more descriptive name? I assume the function works on CPU1, which is
>> assumed to be in reset, and removes reset from the CPU so it boots.
>>
> Yes.
> Do you mean this function running on CPU1? It runs on CPU0 to wake up
> CPU1. About the function name, it looks more appropriate.

Sorry for bikeshedding even more, perhaps
tegra20_wake_cpu_1_from_reset(); that makes the word-order better English.

>>> @@ -137,6 +241,9 @@ int __init tegra20_cpuidle_init(void)
>>>  	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
>>>  		dev = &per_cpu(tegra_idle_device, cpu);
>>>  		dev->cpu = cpu;
>>> +#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_NEEDS_CPU_IDLE_COUPLED
>>> +		dev->coupled_cpus = *cpu_online_mask;
>>> +#endif
>>
>> That CONFIG option is selected by ARCH_TEGRA_2x_SOC, which must be
>> enabled for this file to be compiled. So, you can drop the ifdef, and
>> make the code uncondtional.
> 
> No, I found I need this if I want to make the device works on UP case.
> Then I need to do something like below, when we disable SMP.
> 
>> 	config ARCH_TEGRA_2x_SOC 
>> 	bool "Enable support for Tegra20 family" 
>> +	select ARCH_NEEDS_CPU_IDLE_COUPLED if SMP 
>> 	select ARCH_REQUIRE_GPIOLIB 
>> 	select ARM_ERRATA_720789 
>> 	select ARM_ERRATA_742230 
> 
> This will be updated in next version as well.

OK, if the Kconfig looks like that, you're right - the ifdef in the .c
file is needed.
diff mbox

Patch

diff --git a/arch/arm/mach-tegra/Kconfig b/arch/arm/mach-tegra/Kconfig
index b442f15..b46ff2e 100644
--- a/arch/arm/mach-tegra/Kconfig
+++ b/arch/arm/mach-tegra/Kconfig
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@  comment "NVIDIA Tegra options"
 
 config ARCH_TEGRA_2x_SOC
 	bool "Enable support for Tegra20 family"
+	select ARCH_NEEDS_CPU_IDLE_COUPLED
 	select ARCH_REQUIRE_GPIOLIB
 	select ARM_ERRATA_720789
 	select ARM_ERRATA_742230
diff --git a/arch/arm/mach-tegra/cpuidle-tegra20.c b/arch/arm/mach-tegra/cpuidle-tegra20.c
index 716aef3..7c7bb3f 100644
--- a/arch/arm/mach-tegra/cpuidle-tegra20.c
+++ b/arch/arm/mach-tegra/cpuidle-tegra20.c
@@ -32,22 +32,29 @@ 
 
 #include "pm.h"
 #include "sleep.h"
+#include "iomap.h"
+#include "irq.h"
+#include "tegra_cpu_car.h"
+#include "flowctrl.h"
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_PM_SLEEP
-static int tegra20_idle_lp2(struct cpuidle_device *dev,
-			    struct cpuidle_driver *drv,
-			    int index);
+static atomic_t abort_flag;
+static atomic_t abort_barrier;
+static int tegra20_idle_lp2_coupled(struct cpuidle_device *dev,
+				    struct cpuidle_driver *drv,
+				    int index);
 #endif
 
 static struct cpuidle_state tegra_idle_states[] = {
 	[0] = ARM_CPUIDLE_WFI_STATE_PWR(600),
 #ifdef CONFIG_PM_SLEEP
 	[1] = {
-		.enter			= tegra20_idle_lp2,
+		.enter			= tegra20_idle_lp2_coupled,
 		.exit_latency		= 5000,
 		.target_residency	= 10000,
 		.power_usage		= 0,
-		.flags			= CPUIDLE_FLAG_TIME_VALID,
+		.flags			= CPUIDLE_FLAG_TIME_VALID |
+					  CPUIDLE_FLAG_COUPLED,
 		.name			= "powered-down",
 		.desc			= "CPU power gated",
 	},
@@ -64,6 +71,88 @@  static DEFINE_PER_CPU(struct cpuidle_device, tegra_idle_device);
 
 #ifdef CONFIG_PM_SLEEP
 #ifdef CONFIG_SMP
+static void __iomem *pmc = IO_ADDRESS(TEGRA_PMC_BASE);
+
+static int tegra20_reset_sleeping_cpu_1(void)
+{
+	int ret = 0;
+
+	tegra_pen_lock();
+
+	if (readl(pmc + PMC_SCRATCH41) == CPU_RESETTABLE)
+		tegra20_cpu_shutdown(1);
+	else
+		ret = -EINVAL;
+
+	tegra_pen_unlock();
+
+	return ret;
+}
+
+static void tegra20_wake_reset_cpu_1(void)
+{
+	tegra_pen_lock();
+
+	tegra20_cpu_clear_resettable();
+
+	/* enable cpu clock on cpu */
+	tegra_enable_cpu_clock(1);
+
+	/* take the CPU out of reset */
+	tegra_cpu_out_of_reset(1);
+
+	/* unhalt the cpu */
+	flowctrl_write_cpu_halt(1, 0);
+
+	tegra_pen_unlock();
+}
+
+static int tegra20_reset_cpu_1(void)
+{
+	if (!cpu_online(1) || !tegra20_reset_sleeping_cpu_1())
+		return 0;
+
+	tegra20_wake_reset_cpu_1();
+	return -EBUSY;
+}
+#else
+static inline void tegra20_wake_reset_cpu_1(void)
+{
+}
+
+static inline int tegra20_reset_cpu_1(void)
+{
+	return 0;
+}
+#endif
+
+static bool tegra20_cpu_cluster_power_down(struct cpuidle_device *dev,
+					   struct cpuidle_driver *drv,
+					   int index)
+{
+	struct cpuidle_state *state = &drv->states[index];
+	u32 cpu_on_time = state->exit_latency;
+	u32 cpu_off_time = state->target_residency - state->exit_latency;
+
+	while (tegra20_cpu_is_resettable_soon())
+		cpu_relax();
+
+	if (tegra20_reset_cpu_1() || !tegra_cpu_rail_off_ready())
+		return false;
+
+	clockevents_notify(CLOCK_EVT_NOTIFY_BROADCAST_ENTER, &dev->cpu);
+
+	tegra_idle_lp2_last(cpu_on_time, cpu_off_time);
+
+	clockevents_notify(CLOCK_EVT_NOTIFY_BROADCAST_EXIT, &dev->cpu);
+
+	if (cpu_online(1))
+		tegra20_wake_reset_cpu_1();
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
 static bool tegra20_idle_enter_lp2_cpu_1(struct cpuidle_device *dev,
 					 struct cpuidle_driver *drv,
 					 int index)
@@ -87,20 +176,31 @@  static inline bool tegra20_idle_enter_lp2_cpu_1(struct cpuidle_device *dev,
 }
 #endif
 
-static int __cpuinit tegra20_idle_lp2(struct cpuidle_device *dev,
-				      struct cpuidle_driver *drv,
-				      int index)
+static int __cpuinit tegra20_idle_lp2_coupled(struct cpuidle_device *dev,
+					      struct cpuidle_driver *drv,
+					      int index)
 {
 	u32 cpu = is_smp() ? cpu_logical_map(dev->cpu) : dev->cpu;
 	bool entered_lp2 = false;
 
+	if (tegra_pending_sgi())
+		atomic_inc(&abort_flag);
+
+	cpuidle_coupled_parallel_barrier(dev, &abort_barrier);
+
+	if (atomic_read(&abort_flag) > 0) {
+		cpuidle_coupled_parallel_barrier(dev, &abort_barrier);
+		atomic_set(&abort_flag, 0);	/* clean flag for next coming */
+		return -EINTR;
+	}
+
 	local_fiq_disable();
 
 	tegra_set_cpu_in_lp2(cpu);
 	cpu_pm_enter();
 
 	if (cpu == 0)
-		cpu_do_idle();
+		entered_lp2 = tegra20_cpu_cluster_power_down(dev, drv, index);
 	else
 		entered_lp2 = tegra20_idle_enter_lp2_cpu_1(dev, drv, index);
 
@@ -122,6 +222,10 @@  int __init tegra20_cpuidle_init(void)
 	struct cpuidle_device *dev;
 	struct cpuidle_driver *drv = &tegra_idle_driver;
 
+#ifdef CONFIG_PM_SLEEP
+	tegra_tear_down_cpu = tegra20_tear_down_cpu;
+#endif
+
 	drv->state_count = sizeof(tegra_idle_states) /
 			   sizeof(struct cpuidle_state);
 	for (i = 0; i < drv->state_count; i++)
@@ -137,6 +241,9 @@  int __init tegra20_cpuidle_init(void)
 	for_each_possible_cpu(cpu) {
 		dev = &per_cpu(tegra_idle_device, cpu);
 		dev->cpu = cpu;
+#ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_NEEDS_CPU_IDLE_COUPLED
+		dev->coupled_cpus = *cpu_online_mask;
+#endif
 
 		dev->state_count = drv->state_count;
 		ret = cpuidle_register_device(dev);
diff --git a/arch/arm/mach-tegra/sleep-tegra20.S b/arch/arm/mach-tegra/sleep-tegra20.S
index d04693b..d57aea0 100644
--- a/arch/arm/mach-tegra/sleep-tegra20.S
+++ b/arch/arm/mach-tegra/sleep-tegra20.S
@@ -60,6 +60,9 @@  ENDPROC(tegra20_hotplug_shutdown)
 ENTRY(tegra20_cpu_shutdown)
 	cmp	r0, #0
 	moveq	pc, lr			@ must not be called for CPU 0
+	mov32	r1, TEGRA_PMC_VIRT + PMC_SCRATCH41
+	mov	r12, #CPU_RESETTABLE
+	str	r12, [r1]
 
 	cpu_to_halt_reg r1, r0
 	ldr	r3, =TEGRA_FLOW_CTRL_VIRT
@@ -166,6 +169,21 @@  ENTRY(tegra20_cpu_set_resettable_soon)
 ENDPROC(tegra20_cpu_set_resettable_soon)
 
 /*
+ * tegra20_cpu_is_resettable_soon(void)
+ *
+ * Returns true if the "resettable soon" flag in PMC_SCRATCH41 has been
+ * set because it is expected that the secondary CPU will be idle soon.
+ */
+ENTRY(tegra20_cpu_is_resettable_soon)
+	mov32	r1, TEGRA_PMC_VIRT + PMC_SCRATCH41
+	ldr	r12, [r1]
+	cmp	r12, #CPU_RESETTABLE_SOON
+	moveq	r0, #1
+	movne	r0, #0
+	mov	pc, lr
+ENDPROC(tegra20_cpu_is_resettable_soon)
+
+/*
  * tegra20_sleep_cpu_secondary_finish(unsigned long v2p)
  *
  * Enters WFI on secondary CPU by exiting coherency.
@@ -224,4 +242,39 @@  ENTRY(tegra20_sleep_cpu_secondary_finish)
 
 	ldmfd	sp!, {r4 - r11, pc}
 ENDPROC(tegra20_sleep_cpu_secondary_finish)
+
+/*
+ * tegra20_tear_down_cpu
+ *
+ * Switches the CPU cluster to PLL-P and enters sleep.
+ */
+ENTRY(tegra20_tear_down_cpu)
+	bl	tegra_switch_cpu_to_pllp
+	b	tegra20_enter_sleep
+ENDPROC(tegra20_tear_down_cpu)
+
+/*
+ * tegra20_enter_sleep
+ *
+ * uses flow controller to enter sleep state
+ * executes from IRAM with SDRAM in selfrefresh when target state is LP0 or LP1
+ * executes from SDRAM with target state is LP2
+ */
+tegra20_enter_sleep:
+	mov32   r6, TEGRA_FLOW_CTRL_BASE
+
+	mov     r0, #FLOW_CTRL_WAIT_FOR_INTERRUPT
+	orr	r0, r0, #FLOW_CTRL_HALT_CPU_IRQ | FLOW_CTRL_HALT_CPU_FIQ
+	cpu_id	r1
+	cpu_to_halt_reg r1, r1
+	str	r0, [r6, r1]
+	dsb
+	ldr	r0, [r6, r1] /* memory barrier */
+
+halted:
+	dsb
+	wfe	/* CPU should be power gated here */
+	isb
+	b	halted
+
 #endif
diff --git a/arch/arm/mach-tegra/sleep.S b/arch/arm/mach-tegra/sleep.S
index 26afa7c..bbda6e9 100644
--- a/arch/arm/mach-tegra/sleep.S
+++ b/arch/arm/mach-tegra/sleep.S
@@ -34,6 +34,9 @@ 
 #include "flowctrl.h"
 #include "sleep.h"
 
+#define CLK_RESET_CCLK_BURST	0x20
+#define CLK_RESET_CCLK_DIVIDER  0x24
+
 #ifdef CONFIG_PM_SLEEP
 /*
  * tegra_disable_clean_inv_dcache
@@ -108,4 +111,20 @@  ENTRY(tegra_shut_off_mmu)
 	mov	pc, r0
 ENDPROC(tegra_shut_off_mmu)
 	.popsection
+
+/*
+ * tegra_switch_cpu_to_pllp
+ *
+ * In LP2 the normal cpu clock pllx will be turned off. Switch the CPU to pllp
+ */
+ENTRY(tegra_switch_cpu_to_pllp)
+	/* in LP2 idle (SDRAM active), set the CPU burst policy to PLLP */
+	mov32	r5, TEGRA_CLK_RESET_BASE
+	mov	r0, #(2 << 28)			@ burst policy = run mode
+	orr	r0, r0, #(4 << 4)		@ use PLLP in run mode burst
+	str	r0, [r5, #CLK_RESET_CCLK_BURST]
+	mov	r0, #0
+	str	r0, [r5, #CLK_RESET_CCLK_DIVIDER]
+	mov	pc, lr
+ENDPROC(tegra_switch_cpu_to_pllp)
 #endif
diff --git a/arch/arm/mach-tegra/sleep.h b/arch/arm/mach-tegra/sleep.h
index a02f71a..4d2b173 100644
--- a/arch/arm/mach-tegra/sleep.h
+++ b/arch/arm/mach-tegra/sleep.h
@@ -130,6 +130,8 @@  static inline void tegra20_hotplug_init(void) {}
 static inline void tegra30_hotplug_init(void) {}
 #endif
 
+void tegra20_cpu_shutdown(int cpu);
+int tegra20_cpu_is_resettable_soon(void);
 void tegra20_cpu_clear_resettable(void);
 #ifdef CONFIG_ARCH_TEGRA_2x_SOC
 void tegra20_cpu_set_resettable_soon(void);
@@ -138,6 +140,7 @@  static inline void tegra20_cpu_set_resettable_soon(void) {}
 #endif
 
 int tegra20_sleep_cpu_secondary_finish(unsigned long);
+void tegra20_tear_down_cpu(void);
 int tegra30_sleep_cpu_secondary_finish(unsigned long);
 void tegra30_tear_down_cpu(void);