From patchwork Thu Nov 14 08:43:41 2024 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Patchwork-Submitter: Song Liu X-Patchwork-Id: 13874745 Received: from smtp.kernel.org (aws-us-west-2-korg-mail-1.web.codeaurora.org [10.30.226.201]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by smtp.subspace.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 825D61F76A8; Thu, 14 Nov 2024 08:44:26 +0000 (UTC) Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; arc=none smtp.client-ip=10.30.226.201 ARC-Seal: i=1; a=rsa-sha256; d=subspace.kernel.org; s=arc-20240116; t=1731573868; cv=none; b=TN3/OptGyJ4Bsl2sZoR5QLM0akWyDl4cBI4pq4U75BnkRbX55hHIiiViQJ/sH3h5z34m/xdNu6dOIpCWAFJSFnCfp3c98AVcjlxvsZooH/M4E1bIL77J/eULxV/AK0166M5LB4jmIZQdZlGoHmn+4662M5LytlerxUv+AglQPtM= ARC-Message-Signature: i=1; a=rsa-sha256; d=subspace.kernel.org; s=arc-20240116; t=1731573868; c=relaxed/simple; bh=S7xDbIph8VcpsMfUCa0ILfHb706b9RjGxs+MZvWRZXA=; h=From:To:Cc:Subject:Date:Message-ID:In-Reply-To:References: MIME-Version; b=S9mA1xFM2cmfSSYytxpu4Z3jTpymjSADeQofDxW1KaXsC2DLJ/zb1hDdUD6VoMMXGZqpB0wVHfJ4cNPnzoHve5wzD6qWZ6yNGZXBgVzxV2adhI4WRxKRvz1SVlgdUIzO/eX3zpTv+XNcr4+3/yY0HNzTxNK5yjTB3i4P8f2o9wg= ARC-Authentication-Results: i=1; smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dkim=pass (2048-bit key) header.d=kernel.org header.i=@kernel.org header.b=bGRjNOqW; arc=none smtp.client-ip=10.30.226.201 Authentication-Results: smtp.subspace.kernel.org; dkim=pass (2048-bit key) header.d=kernel.org header.i=@kernel.org header.b="bGRjNOqW" Received: by smtp.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTPSA id 606C9C4CECD; Thu, 14 Nov 2024 08:44:22 +0000 (UTC) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/simple; d=kernel.org; s=k20201202; t=1731573866; bh=S7xDbIph8VcpsMfUCa0ILfHb706b9RjGxs+MZvWRZXA=; h=From:To:Cc:Subject:Date:In-Reply-To:References:From; b=bGRjNOqWB9zGl8VzoPYtqpDMNWzk4/it4beKpBtApasjKJ01uQj9/yQCJHAcYPJA7 SX+qk4SPHHCz2Nseu2D6up8m0gsYet/SDcApOjWq87+9f84OUQ+uU2fTm/IIkbk59P J5wsD1HK/vMcxtTftwJsualVLrELT6yCFWrZfG6LgUOziEKds0mIZEthzITPIjGZQk a5QDnyxAbw3NoxMEhf+vVx3BWRp8QNOn89+545bqdbDOReFWCdUX86Mdtg/a3JwQU+ xypoz6FzFb7ZnC09MvzQg11hOd1tBVzPS2upZyPiNBmjP+ganjR5tus0jY4XITgUyF Ewhe5wNn2OXcg== From: Song Liu To: bpf@vger.kernel.org, linux-fsdevel@vger.kernel.org, linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, linux-security-module@vger.kernel.org Cc: kernel-team@meta.com, andrii@kernel.org, eddyz87@gmail.com, ast@kernel.org, daniel@iogearbox.net, martin.lau@linux.dev, viro@zeniv.linux.org.uk, brauner@kernel.org, jack@suse.cz, kpsingh@kernel.org, mattbobrowski@google.com, amir73il@gmail.com, repnop@google.com, jlayton@kernel.org, josef@toxicpanda.com, mic@digikod.net, gnoack@google.com, Song Liu Subject: [RFC/PATCH v2 bpf-next fanotify 3/7] bpf: Make bpf inode storage available to tracing programs Date: Thu, 14 Nov 2024 00:43:41 -0800 Message-ID: <20241114084345.1564165-4-song@kernel.org> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.43.5 In-Reply-To: <20241114084345.1564165-1-song@kernel.org> References: <20241114084345.1564165-1-song@kernel.org> Precedence: bulk X-Mailing-List: linux-security-module@vger.kernel.org List-Id: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: MIME-Version: 1.0 Use the same recursion voidance mechanism as task local storage. Signed-off-by: Song Liu --- Do not apply this. Another version of this with selftest is submitted separately, with proper selftests. --- fs/inode.c | 2 + include/linux/bpf.h | 9 ++ include/linux/bpf_lsm.h | 29 ------ include/linux/fs.h | 4 + kernel/bpf/Makefile | 3 +- kernel/bpf/bpf_inode_storage.c | 176 +++++++++++++++++++++++++-------- kernel/bpf/bpf_lsm.c | 4 - kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c | 8 ++ security/bpf/hooks.c | 7 -- 9 files changed, 159 insertions(+), 83 deletions(-) diff --git a/fs/inode.c b/fs/inode.c index 8dabb224f941..c196a62bd48f 100644 --- a/fs/inode.c +++ b/fs/inode.c @@ -250,6 +250,8 @@ EXPORT_SYMBOL(free_inode_nonrcu); static void i_callback(struct rcu_head *head) { struct inode *inode = container_of(head, struct inode, i_rcu); + + bpf_inode_storage_free(inode); if (inode->free_inode) inode->free_inode(inode); else diff --git a/include/linux/bpf.h b/include/linux/bpf.h index 19d8ca8ac960..863cb972d1fa 100644 --- a/include/linux/bpf.h +++ b/include/linux/bpf.h @@ -2630,6 +2630,7 @@ struct bpf_link *bpf_link_by_id(u32 id); const struct bpf_func_proto *bpf_base_func_proto(enum bpf_func_id func_id, const struct bpf_prog *prog); void bpf_task_storage_free(struct task_struct *task); +void bpf_inode_storage_free(struct inode *inode); void bpf_cgrp_storage_free(struct cgroup *cgroup); bool bpf_prog_has_kfunc_call(const struct bpf_prog *prog); const struct btf_func_model * @@ -2900,6 +2901,10 @@ static inline void bpf_task_storage_free(struct task_struct *task) { } +static inline void bpf_inode_storage_free(struct inode *inode) +{ +} + static inline bool bpf_prog_has_kfunc_call(const struct bpf_prog *prog) { return false; @@ -3263,6 +3268,10 @@ extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_task_storage_get_recur_proto; extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_task_storage_get_proto; extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_task_storage_delete_recur_proto; extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_task_storage_delete_proto; +extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_inode_storage_get_proto; +extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_inode_storage_get_recur_proto; +extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_inode_storage_delete_proto; +extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_inode_storage_delete_recur_proto; extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_for_each_map_elem_proto; extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_btf_find_by_name_kind_proto; extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_sk_setsockopt_proto; diff --git a/include/linux/bpf_lsm.h b/include/linux/bpf_lsm.h index aefcd6564251..a819c2f0a062 100644 --- a/include/linux/bpf_lsm.h +++ b/include/linux/bpf_lsm.h @@ -19,31 +19,12 @@ #include #undef LSM_HOOK -struct bpf_storage_blob { - struct bpf_local_storage __rcu *storage; -}; - -extern struct lsm_blob_sizes bpf_lsm_blob_sizes; - int bpf_lsm_verify_prog(struct bpf_verifier_log *vlog, const struct bpf_prog *prog); bool bpf_lsm_is_sleepable_hook(u32 btf_id); bool bpf_lsm_is_trusted(const struct bpf_prog *prog); -static inline struct bpf_storage_blob *bpf_inode( - const struct inode *inode) -{ - if (unlikely(!inode->i_security)) - return NULL; - - return inode->i_security + bpf_lsm_blob_sizes.lbs_inode; -} - -extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_inode_storage_get_proto; -extern const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_inode_storage_delete_proto; -void bpf_inode_storage_free(struct inode *inode); - void bpf_lsm_find_cgroup_shim(const struct bpf_prog *prog, bpf_func_t *bpf_func); int bpf_lsm_get_retval_range(const struct bpf_prog *prog, @@ -66,16 +47,6 @@ static inline int bpf_lsm_verify_prog(struct bpf_verifier_log *vlog, return -EOPNOTSUPP; } -static inline struct bpf_storage_blob *bpf_inode( - const struct inode *inode) -{ - return NULL; -} - -static inline void bpf_inode_storage_free(struct inode *inode) -{ -} - static inline void bpf_lsm_find_cgroup_shim(const struct bpf_prog *prog, bpf_func_t *bpf_func) { diff --git a/include/linux/fs.h b/include/linux/fs.h index 3559446279c1..479097e4dd5b 100644 --- a/include/linux/fs.h +++ b/include/linux/fs.h @@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ struct fs_context; struct fs_parameter_spec; struct fileattr; struct iomap_ops; +struct bpf_local_storage; extern void __init inode_init(void); extern void __init inode_init_early(void); @@ -648,6 +649,9 @@ struct inode { #ifdef CONFIG_SECURITY void *i_security; #endif +#ifdef CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL + struct bpf_local_storage __rcu *i_bpf_storage; +#endif /* Stat data, not accessed from path walking */ unsigned long i_ino; diff --git a/kernel/bpf/Makefile b/kernel/bpf/Makefile index 9b9c151b5c82..a5b7136b4884 100644 --- a/kernel/bpf/Makefile +++ b/kernel/bpf/Makefile @@ -10,8 +10,7 @@ obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += syscall.o verifier.o inode.o helpers.o tnum.o log.o obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += bpf_iter.o map_iter.o task_iter.o prog_iter.o link_iter.o obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += hashtab.o arraymap.o percpu_freelist.o bpf_lru_list.o lpm_trie.o map_in_map.o bloom_filter.o obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += local_storage.o queue_stack_maps.o ringbuf.o -obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += bpf_local_storage.o bpf_task_storage.o -obj-${CONFIG_BPF_LSM} += bpf_inode_storage.o +obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += bpf_local_storage.o bpf_task_storage.o bpf_inode_storage.o obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += disasm.o mprog.o obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_JIT) += trampoline.o obj-$(CONFIG_BPF_SYSCALL) += btf.o memalloc.o diff --git a/kernel/bpf/bpf_inode_storage.c b/kernel/bpf/bpf_inode_storage.c index 29da6d3838f6..50c082da8dc5 100644 --- a/kernel/bpf/bpf_inode_storage.c +++ b/kernel/bpf/bpf_inode_storage.c @@ -21,16 +21,36 @@ DEFINE_BPF_STORAGE_CACHE(inode_cache); -static struct bpf_local_storage __rcu ** -inode_storage_ptr(void *owner) +static DEFINE_PER_CPU(int, bpf_inode_storage_busy); + +static void bpf_inode_storage_lock(void) +{ + migrate_disable(); + this_cpu_inc(bpf_inode_storage_busy); +} + +static void bpf_inode_storage_unlock(void) +{ + this_cpu_dec(bpf_inode_storage_busy); + migrate_enable(); +} + +static bool bpf_inode_storage_trylock(void) +{ + migrate_disable(); + if (unlikely(this_cpu_inc_return(bpf_inode_storage_busy) != 1)) { + this_cpu_dec(bpf_inode_storage_busy); + migrate_enable(); + return false; + } + return true; +} + +static struct bpf_local_storage __rcu **inode_storage_ptr(void *owner) { struct inode *inode = owner; - struct bpf_storage_blob *bsb; - bsb = bpf_inode(inode); - if (!bsb) - return NULL; - return &bsb->storage; + return &inode->i_bpf_storage; } static struct bpf_local_storage_data *inode_storage_lookup(struct inode *inode, @@ -39,14 +59,9 @@ static struct bpf_local_storage_data *inode_storage_lookup(struct inode *inode, { struct bpf_local_storage *inode_storage; struct bpf_local_storage_map *smap; - struct bpf_storage_blob *bsb; - - bsb = bpf_inode(inode); - if (!bsb) - return NULL; inode_storage = - rcu_dereference_check(bsb->storage, bpf_rcu_lock_held()); + rcu_dereference_check(inode->i_bpf_storage, bpf_rcu_lock_held()); if (!inode_storage) return NULL; @@ -57,21 +72,18 @@ static struct bpf_local_storage_data *inode_storage_lookup(struct inode *inode, void bpf_inode_storage_free(struct inode *inode) { struct bpf_local_storage *local_storage; - struct bpf_storage_blob *bsb; - - bsb = bpf_inode(inode); - if (!bsb) - return; rcu_read_lock(); - local_storage = rcu_dereference(bsb->storage); + local_storage = rcu_dereference(inode->i_bpf_storage); if (!local_storage) { rcu_read_unlock(); return; } + bpf_inode_storage_lock(); bpf_local_storage_destroy(local_storage); + bpf_inode_storage_unlock(); rcu_read_unlock(); } @@ -83,7 +95,9 @@ static void *bpf_fd_inode_storage_lookup_elem(struct bpf_map *map, void *key) if (fd_empty(f)) return ERR_PTR(-EBADF); + bpf_inode_storage_lock(); sdata = inode_storage_lookup(file_inode(fd_file(f)), map, true); + bpf_inode_storage_unlock(); return sdata ? sdata->data : NULL; } @@ -98,13 +112,16 @@ static long bpf_fd_inode_storage_update_elem(struct bpf_map *map, void *key, if (!inode_storage_ptr(file_inode(fd_file(f)))) return -EBADF; + bpf_inode_storage_lock(); sdata = bpf_local_storage_update(file_inode(fd_file(f)), (struct bpf_local_storage_map *)map, value, map_flags, GFP_ATOMIC); + bpf_inode_storage_unlock(); return PTR_ERR_OR_ZERO(sdata); } -static int inode_storage_delete(struct inode *inode, struct bpf_map *map) +static int inode_storage_delete(struct inode *inode, struct bpf_map *map, + bool nobusy) { struct bpf_local_storage_data *sdata; @@ -112,6 +129,9 @@ static int inode_storage_delete(struct inode *inode, struct bpf_map *map) if (!sdata) return -ENOENT; + if (!nobusy) + return -EBUSY; + bpf_selem_unlink(SELEM(sdata), false); return 0; @@ -119,60 +139,114 @@ static int inode_storage_delete(struct inode *inode, struct bpf_map *map) static long bpf_fd_inode_storage_delete_elem(struct bpf_map *map, void *key) { + int err; + CLASS(fd_raw, f)(*(int *)key); if (fd_empty(f)) return -EBADF; - return inode_storage_delete(file_inode(fd_file(f)), map); + bpf_inode_storage_lock(); + err = inode_storage_delete(file_inode(fd_file(f)), map, true); + bpf_inode_storage_unlock(); + return err; } -/* *gfp_flags* is a hidden argument provided by the verifier */ -BPF_CALL_5(bpf_inode_storage_get, struct bpf_map *, map, struct inode *, inode, - void *, value, u64, flags, gfp_t, gfp_flags) +static void *__bpf_inode_storage_get(struct bpf_map *map, struct inode *inode, + void *value, u64 flags, gfp_t gfp_flags, bool nobusy) { struct bpf_local_storage_data *sdata; - WARN_ON_ONCE(!bpf_rcu_lock_held()); - if (flags & ~(BPF_LOCAL_STORAGE_GET_F_CREATE)) - return (unsigned long)NULL; - /* explicitly check that the inode_storage_ptr is not * NULL as inode_storage_lookup returns NULL in this case and * bpf_local_storage_update expects the owner to have a * valid storage pointer. */ if (!inode || !inode_storage_ptr(inode)) - return (unsigned long)NULL; + return NULL; - sdata = inode_storage_lookup(inode, map, true); + sdata = inode_storage_lookup(inode, map, nobusy); if (sdata) - return (unsigned long)sdata->data; + return sdata->data; - /* This helper must only called from where the inode is guaranteed - * to have a refcount and cannot be freed. - */ - if (flags & BPF_LOCAL_STORAGE_GET_F_CREATE) { + /* only allocate new storage, when the inode is refcounted */ + if (atomic_read(&inode->i_count) && + flags & BPF_LOCAL_STORAGE_GET_F_CREATE && nobusy) { sdata = bpf_local_storage_update( inode, (struct bpf_local_storage_map *)map, value, BPF_NOEXIST, gfp_flags); - return IS_ERR(sdata) ? (unsigned long)NULL : - (unsigned long)sdata->data; + return IS_ERR(sdata) ? NULL : sdata->data; } - return (unsigned long)NULL; + return NULL; } -BPF_CALL_2(bpf_inode_storage_delete, - struct bpf_map *, map, struct inode *, inode) +/* *gfp_flags* is a hidden argument provided by the verifier */ +BPF_CALL_5(bpf_inode_storage_get_recur, struct bpf_map *, map, struct inode *, inode, + void *, value, u64, flags, gfp_t, gfp_flags) { + bool nobusy; + void *data; + + WARN_ON_ONCE(!bpf_rcu_lock_held()); + if (flags & ~(BPF_LOCAL_STORAGE_GET_F_CREATE)) + return (unsigned long)NULL; + + nobusy = bpf_inode_storage_trylock(); + data = __bpf_inode_storage_get(map, inode, value, flags, gfp_flags, nobusy); + if (nobusy) + bpf_inode_storage_unlock(); + return (unsigned long)data; +} + +/* *gfp_flags* is a hidden argument provided by the verifier */ +BPF_CALL_5(bpf_inode_storage_get, struct bpf_map *, map, struct inode *, inode, + void *, value, u64, flags, gfp_t, gfp_flags) +{ + void *data; + + WARN_ON_ONCE(!bpf_rcu_lock_held()); + if (flags & ~(BPF_LOCAL_STORAGE_GET_F_CREATE)) + return (unsigned long)NULL; + + bpf_inode_storage_lock(); + data = __bpf_inode_storage_get(map, inode, value, flags, gfp_flags, true); + bpf_inode_storage_unlock(); + return (unsigned long)data; +} + +BPF_CALL_2(bpf_inode_storage_delete_recur, struct bpf_map *, map, struct inode *, inode) +{ + bool nobusy; + int ret; + WARN_ON_ONCE(!bpf_rcu_lock_held()); if (!inode) return -EINVAL; + nobusy = bpf_inode_storage_trylock(); /* This helper must only called from where the inode is guaranteed * to have a refcount and cannot be freed. */ - return inode_storage_delete(inode, map); + ret = inode_storage_delete(inode, map, nobusy); + bpf_inode_storage_unlock(); + return ret; +} + +BPF_CALL_2(bpf_inode_storage_delete, struct bpf_map *, map, struct inode *, inode) +{ + int ret; + + WARN_ON_ONCE(!bpf_rcu_lock_held()); + if (!inode) + return -EINVAL; + + bpf_inode_storage_lock(); + /* This helper must only called from where the inode is guaranteed + * to have a refcount and cannot be freed. + */ + ret = inode_storage_delete(inode, map, true); + bpf_inode_storage_unlock(); + return ret; } static int notsupp_get_next_key(struct bpf_map *map, void *key, @@ -208,6 +282,17 @@ const struct bpf_map_ops inode_storage_map_ops = { BTF_ID_LIST_SINGLE(bpf_inode_storage_btf_ids, struct, inode) +const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_inode_storage_get_recur_proto = { + .func = bpf_inode_storage_get_recur, + .gpl_only = false, + .ret_type = RET_PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL, + .arg1_type = ARG_CONST_MAP_PTR, + .arg2_type = ARG_PTR_TO_BTF_ID_OR_NULL, + .arg2_btf_id = &bpf_inode_storage_btf_ids[0], + .arg3_type = ARG_PTR_TO_MAP_VALUE_OR_NULL, + .arg4_type = ARG_ANYTHING, +}; + const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_inode_storage_get_proto = { .func = bpf_inode_storage_get, .gpl_only = false, @@ -219,6 +304,15 @@ const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_inode_storage_get_proto = { .arg4_type = ARG_ANYTHING, }; +const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_inode_storage_delete_recur_proto = { + .func = bpf_inode_storage_delete_recur, + .gpl_only = false, + .ret_type = RET_INTEGER, + .arg1_type = ARG_CONST_MAP_PTR, + .arg2_type = ARG_PTR_TO_BTF_ID_OR_NULL, + .arg2_btf_id = &bpf_inode_storage_btf_ids[0], +}; + const struct bpf_func_proto bpf_inode_storage_delete_proto = { .func = bpf_inode_storage_delete, .gpl_only = false, diff --git a/kernel/bpf/bpf_lsm.c b/kernel/bpf/bpf_lsm.c index 6292ac5f9bd1..51e2de17325a 100644 --- a/kernel/bpf/bpf_lsm.c +++ b/kernel/bpf/bpf_lsm.c @@ -231,10 +231,6 @@ bpf_lsm_func_proto(enum bpf_func_id func_id, const struct bpf_prog *prog) } switch (func_id) { - case BPF_FUNC_inode_storage_get: - return &bpf_inode_storage_get_proto; - case BPF_FUNC_inode_storage_delete: - return &bpf_inode_storage_delete_proto; #ifdef CONFIG_NET case BPF_FUNC_sk_storage_get: return &bpf_sk_storage_get_proto; diff --git a/kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c b/kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c index a582cd25ca87..3ec39e6704e2 100644 --- a/kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c +++ b/kernel/trace/bpf_trace.c @@ -1529,6 +1529,14 @@ bpf_tracing_func_proto(enum bpf_func_id func_id, const struct bpf_prog *prog) if (bpf_prog_check_recur(prog)) return &bpf_task_storage_delete_recur_proto; return &bpf_task_storage_delete_proto; + case BPF_FUNC_inode_storage_get: + if (bpf_prog_check_recur(prog)) + return &bpf_inode_storage_get_recur_proto; + return &bpf_inode_storage_get_proto; + case BPF_FUNC_inode_storage_delete: + if (bpf_prog_check_recur(prog)) + return &bpf_inode_storage_delete_recur_proto; + return &bpf_inode_storage_delete_proto; case BPF_FUNC_for_each_map_elem: return &bpf_for_each_map_elem_proto; case BPF_FUNC_snprintf: diff --git a/security/bpf/hooks.c b/security/bpf/hooks.c index 3663aec7bcbd..67719a04bb0b 100644 --- a/security/bpf/hooks.c +++ b/security/bpf/hooks.c @@ -12,8 +12,6 @@ static struct security_hook_list bpf_lsm_hooks[] __ro_after_init = { LSM_HOOK_INIT(NAME, bpf_lsm_##NAME), #include #undef LSM_HOOK - LSM_HOOK_INIT(inode_free_security, bpf_inode_storage_free), - LSM_HOOK_INIT(task_free, bpf_task_storage_free), }; static const struct lsm_id bpf_lsmid = { @@ -29,12 +27,7 @@ static int __init bpf_lsm_init(void) return 0; } -struct lsm_blob_sizes bpf_lsm_blob_sizes __ro_after_init = { - .lbs_inode = sizeof(struct bpf_storage_blob), -}; - DEFINE_LSM(bpf) = { .name = "bpf", .init = bpf_lsm_init, - .blobs = &bpf_lsm_blob_sizes };