From patchwork Fri Jul 21 16:19:14 2023 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit X-Patchwork-Submitter: Dmitry Safonov X-Patchwork-Id: 13322305 X-Patchwork-Delegate: kuba@kernel.org Received: from lindbergh.monkeyblade.net (lindbergh.monkeyblade.net [23.128.96.19]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by smtp.subspace.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 4EA7421D50 for ; Fri, 21 Jul 2023 16:20:33 +0000 (UTC) Received: from mail-wm1-x32e.google.com (mail-wm1-x32e.google.com [IPv6:2a00:1450:4864:20::32e]) by lindbergh.monkeyblade.net (Postfix) with ESMTPS id DA0D14C1A for ; Fri, 21 Jul 2023 09:20:11 -0700 (PDT) Received: by mail-wm1-x32e.google.com with SMTP id 5b1f17b1804b1-3fbfa811667so20234035e9.1 for ; Fri, 21 Jul 2023 09:20:11 -0700 (PDT) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=arista.com; s=google; t=1689956405; x=1690561205; h=content-transfer-encoding:mime-version:references:in-reply-to :message-id:date:subject:cc:to:from:from:to:cc:subject:date :message-id:reply-to; bh=d2YS5vu9DZGoMCbuFGmvk4GxzIqJiJqogIBJL0vEpnc=; b=I6gHWtXARbAba66Aa8Jy26caf1OBDVvF58pFQfShjrT1uMLNVDeziB4z+JWk/CcOeh DK45xFvb3KZ1Lq11bobhNF8ugn8/MpuKGY8is3te7lq+ICu1YyhDtNISYEOZgqIu8Rq1 GMB1cbiR72w6PCqmPEQM72cfjawj2atjCuKgJgDDP3Q27j9Ojbi7g09gj5aGPz7WfvY9 kO6MrspPx71Z9EIDKezAblqCw/IUwF5k3jmp3SKdH9Dc/WM1APNS/qVrIKh0jfvTy2kX GylC8kXfZa621Xvmjg9FlJssJJ7KVY1jkfbxJBaKB6WzHyzhJXZM2FsgWvFWBWE0HReA zWfQ== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20221208; t=1689956405; x=1690561205; h=content-transfer-encoding:mime-version:references:in-reply-to :message-id:date:subject:cc:to:from:x-gm-message-state:from:to:cc :subject:date:message-id:reply-to; bh=d2YS5vu9DZGoMCbuFGmvk4GxzIqJiJqogIBJL0vEpnc=; b=VtiAnGEMIYB7RGkpzV5dvZsYdI2ERSilrfUSyaLqe8qjpFceCpZOg2HJEEmJkaia8u EU0kz3NWpAtZ0f0MW6kK4qGXpWozNMjmohVUK7Ll5LeWaqPAyOBjB2hZXHGSwONiYO7Y BlCb+pO+vEepsgz+HtP/I9DHdNCIXEGLKnc2RDb5si2xRl0ZI2I/3Y6WEEfssNWbpo7E iV895f2cIfC1jc8ikQUwMtAVDPy39jtftqZX+Caq8EVn54aRvrXh6/cAFiGWB/gdtArs okCZcvcfzrNqJfVrTEV2wiYvw13LJV+oeisTJsBMB9NPa1DmmF3yh1D0W20EmatcL582 J1RQ== X-Gm-Message-State: ABy/qLbU4nRzdeN3AoR6qhoP6tWZTeXFVfLAlqOPWoFF5woZilx/lrkc zHdFS4bsxMGrbFh+OSZI4cVNZg== X-Google-Smtp-Source: APBJJlEhtFZk3q1Ql2KESXHCPDqj1F6moVeSu5aFx5S8Mcu1NrpFdwkfFuredMaizms4k6o5vXypEg== X-Received: by 2002:a05:600c:1e12:b0:3fb:b075:8239 with SMTP id ay18-20020a05600c1e1200b003fbb0758239mr7580727wmb.4.1689956404619; Fri, 21 Jul 2023 09:20:04 -0700 (PDT) Received: from Mindolluin.ire.aristanetworks.com ([217.173.96.166]) by smtp.gmail.com with ESMTPSA id l19-20020a7bc453000000b003fbc681c8d1sm6390210wmi.36.2023.07.21.09.20.03 (version=TLS1_3 cipher=TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 bits=256/256); Fri, 21 Jul 2023 09:20:04 -0700 (PDT) From: Dmitry Safonov To: David Ahern , Eric Dumazet , Paolo Abeni , Jakub Kicinski , "David S. Miller" Cc: linux-kernel@vger.kernel.org, Dmitry Safonov , Andy Lutomirski , Ard Biesheuvel , Bob Gilligan , Dan Carpenter , David Laight , Dmitry Safonov <0x7f454c46@gmail.com>, Donald Cassidy , Eric Biggers , "Eric W. Biederman" , Francesco Ruggeri , "Gaillardetz, Dominik" , Herbert Xu , Hideaki YOSHIFUJI , Ivan Delalande , Leonard Crestez , Salam Noureddine , "Tetreault, Francois" , netdev@vger.kernel.org Subject: [PATCH v8.1 net-next 23/23] Documentation/tcp: Add TCP-AO documentation Date: Fri, 21 Jul 2023 17:19:14 +0100 Message-ID: <20230721161916.542667-24-dima@arista.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.41.0 In-Reply-To: <20230721161916.542667-1-dima@arista.com> References: <20230721161916.542667-1-dima@arista.com> Precedence: bulk X-Mailing-List: netdev@vger.kernel.org List-Id: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: MIME-Version: 1.0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=-2.1 required=5.0 tests=BAYES_00,DKIMWL_WL_HIGH, DKIM_SIGNED,DKIM_VALID,DKIM_VALID_AU,DKIM_VALID_EF, RCVD_IN_DNSWL_BLOCKED,SPF_HELO_NONE,SPF_NONE,T_SCC_BODY_TEXT_LINE, URIBL_BLOCKED autolearn=unavailable autolearn_force=no version=3.4.6 X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.6 (2021-04-09) on lindbergh.monkeyblade.net X-Patchwork-Delegate: kuba@kernel.org It has Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) on RFC 5925 - I found it very useful answering those before writing the actual code. It provides answers to common questions that arise on a quick read of the RFC, as well as how they were answered. There's also comparison to TCP-MD5 option, evaluation of per-socket vs in-kernel-DB approaches and description of uAPI provided. Hopefully, it will be as useful for reviewing the code as it was for writing. Signed-off-by: Dmitry Safonov --- Documentation/networking/index.rst | 1 + Documentation/networking/tcp_ao.rst | 422 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ 2 files changed, 423 insertions(+) create mode 100644 Documentation/networking/tcp_ao.rst diff --git a/Documentation/networking/index.rst b/Documentation/networking/index.rst index 5b75c3f7a137..69c1e53ef88b 100644 --- a/Documentation/networking/index.rst +++ b/Documentation/networking/index.rst @@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ Contents: sysfs-tagging tc-actions-env-rules tc-queue-filters + tcp_ao tcp-thin team timestamping diff --git a/Documentation/networking/tcp_ao.rst b/Documentation/networking/tcp_ao.rst new file mode 100644 index 000000000000..819b4b630cbb --- /dev/null +++ b/Documentation/networking/tcp_ao.rst @@ -0,0 +1,422 @@ +.. SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-2.0 + +======================================================== +TCP Authentication Option Linux implementation (RFC5925) +======================================================== + +TCP Authentication Option (TCP-AO) provides a TCP extension aimed at verifying +segments between trusted peers. It adds a new TCP header option with +a Message Authentication Code (MAC). MACs are produced from the content +of a TCP segment using a hashing function with a password known to both peers. +The intent of TCP-AO is to deprecate TCP-MD5 providing better security, +key rotation and support for variety of hashing algorithms. + +1. Introduction +=============== + +.. list-table:: Short and Limited Comparison of TCP-AO and TCP-MD5 + + * - + - TCP-MD5 + - TCP-AO + * - Supported hashing algorithms + - MD5 (cryptographically weak). + - Must support HMAC-SHA1 (chosen-prefix attacks) and CMAC-AES-128 + (only side-channel attacks). May support any hashing algorithm. + * - Length of MACs (bytes) + - 16 + - Typically 12-16. Possible other variants that fit TCP header. + * - Number of keys per TCP connection + - 1 + - Many + * - Possibility to change an active key + - Non-practical (both peers have to change them during MSL) + - Supported by protocol + * - Protection against ICMP 'hard errors' + - No + - Yes: ignoring them by default on established connections + * - Protection against traffic-crossing attack + - No + - Yes: pseudo-header includes TCP ports. + * - Protection against replayed TCP segments + - No + - Sequence Number Extension (SNE) and Initial Sequence Numbers (ISN) + * - Supports Connectionless Resets + - Yes + - No. ISNs+SNEs are needed to correctly sign RST. + * - Standards + - RFC 2385 + - RFC 5925, RFC 5926 + +1.1 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) with references to RFC 5925 +---------------------------------------------------------------- + +Q: Can either SendID or RecvID be non-unique for the same 4-tuple +(srcaddr, srcport, dstaddr, dstport)? + +A: No [3.1]:: + + >> The IDs of MKTs MUST NOT overlap where their TCP connection + identifiers overlap. + +Q: Can Master Key Tuple (MKT) for an active connection be removed? + +A: No, unless it's copied to Transport Control Block (TCB) [3.1]:: + + It is presumed that an MKT affecting a particular connection cannot + be destroyed during an active connection -- or, equivalently, that + its parameters are copied to an area local to the connection (i.e., + instantiated) and so changes would affect only new connections. + +Q: If an old MKT needs to be deleted, how should it be done in order +to not remove it for an active connection? (As it can be still in use +at any moment later) + +A: Not specified by RFC 5925, seems to be a problem for key management +to ensure that no one uses such MKT before trying to remove it. + +Q: Can an old MKT exist forever and be used by another peer? + +A: It can, it's a key management task to decide when to remove an old key [6.1]:: + + Deciding when to start using a key is a performance issue. Deciding + when to remove an MKT is a security issue. Invalid MKTs are expected + to be removed. TCP-AO provides no mechanism to coordinate their removal, + as we consider this a key management operation. + +also [6.1]:: + + The only way to avoid reuse of previously used MKTs is to remove the MKT + when it is no longer considered permitted. + +Linux TCP-AO will try its best to prevent you from removing a key that's +being used, considering it a key management failure. But sine keeping +an outdated key may become a security issue and as a peer may +unintentionally prevent the removal of an old key by always setting +it as RNextKeyID - a forced key removal mechanism is provided, where +userspace has to supply KeyID to use instead of the one that's being removed +and the kernel will atomically delete the old key, even if the peer is +still requesting it. There are no guarantees for force-delete as the peer +may yet not have the new key - the TCP connection may just break. +Alternatively, one may choose to shut down the socket. + +Q: What happens when a packet is received on a new connection with no known +MKT's RecvID? + +A: RFC 5925 specifies that by default it is accepted with a warning logged, but +the behaviour can be configured by the user [7.5.1.a]:: + + If the segment is a SYN, then this is the first segment of a new + connection. Find the matching MKT for this segment, using the segment's + socket pair and its TCP-AO KeyID, matched against the MKT's TCP connection + identifier and the MKT's RecvID. + + i. If there is no matching MKT, remove TCP-AO from the segment. + Proceed with further TCP handling of the segment. + NOTE: this presumes that connections that do not match any MKT + should be silently accepted, as noted in Section 7.3. + +[7.3]:: + + >> A TCP-AO implementation MUST allow for configuration of the behavior + of segments with TCP-AO but that do not match an MKT. The initial default + of this configuration SHOULD be to silently accept such connections. + If this is not the desired case, an MKT can be included to match such + connections, or the connection can indicate that TCP-AO is required. + Alternately, the configuration can be changed to discard segments with + the AO option not matching an MKT. + +[10.2.b]:: + + Connections not matching any MKT do not require TCP-AO. Further, incoming + segments with TCP-AO are not discarded solely because they include + the option, provided they do not match any MKT. + +Note that Linux TCP-AO implementation differs in this aspect. Currently, TCP-AO +segments with unknown key signatures are discarded with warnings logged. + +Q: Does the RFC imply centralized kernel key management in any way? +(i.e. that a key on all connections MUST be rotated at the same time?) + +A: Not specified. MKTs can be managed in userspace, the only relevant part to +key changes is [7.3]:: + + >> All TCP segments MUST be checked against the set of MKTs for matching + TCP connection identifiers. + +Q: What happens when RNextKeyID requested by a peer is unknown? Should +the connection be reset? + +A: It should not, no action needs to be performed [7.5.2.e]:: + + ii. If they differ, determine whether the RNextKeyID MKT is ready. + + 1. If the MKT corresponding to the segment’s socket pair and RNextKeyID + is not available, no action is required (RNextKeyID of a received + segment needs to match the MKT’s SendID). + +Q: How current_key is set and when does it change? It is a user-triggered +change, or is it by a request from the remote peer? Is it set by the user +explicitly, or by a matching rule? + +A: current_key is set by RNextKeyID [6.1]:: + + Rnext_key is changed only by manual user intervention or MKT management + protocol operation. It is not manipulated by TCP-AO. Current_key is updated + by TCP-AO when processing received TCP segments as discussed in the segment + processing description in Section 7.5. Note that the algorithm allows + the current_key to change to a new MKT, then change back to a previously + used MKT (known as "backing up"). This can occur during an MKT change when + segments are received out of order, and is considered a feature of TCP-AO, + because reordering does not result in drops. + +[7.5.2.e.ii]:: + + 2. If the matching MKT corresponding to the segment’s socket pair and + RNextKeyID is available: + + a. Set current_key to the RNextKeyID MKT. + +Q: If both peers have multiple MKTs matching the connection's socket pair +(with different KeyIDs), how should the sender/receiver pick KeyID to use? + +A: Some mechanism should pick the "desired" MKT [3.3]:: + + Multiple MKTs may match a single outgoing segment, e.g., when MKTs + are being changed. Those MKTs cannot have conflicting IDs (as noted + elsewhere), and some mechanism must determine which MKT to use for each + given outgoing segment. + + >> An outgoing TCP segment MUST match at most one desired MKT, indicated + by the segment’s socket pair. The segment MAY match multiple MKTs, provided + that exactly one MKT is indicated as desired. Other information in + the segment MAY be used to determine the desired MKT when multiple MKTs + match; such information MUST NOT include values in any TCP option fields. + +Q: Can TCP-MD5 connection migrate to TCP-AO (and vice-versa): + +A: No [1]:: + + TCP MD5-protected connections cannot be migrated to TCP-AO because TCP MD5 + does not support any changes to a connection’s security algorithm + once established. + +Q: If all MKTs are removed on a connection, can it become a non-TCP-AO signed +connection? + +A: [7.5.2] doesn't have the same choice as SYN packet handling in [7.5.1.i] +that would allow accepting segments without a sign (which would be insecure). +While switching to non-TCP-AO connection is not prohibited directly, it seems +what the RFC means. Also, there's a requirement for TCP-AO connections to +always have one current_key [3.3]:: + + TCP-AO requires that every protected TCP segment match exactly one MKT. + +[3.3]:: + + >> An incoming TCP segment including TCP-AO MUST match exactly one MKT, + indicated solely by the segment’s socket pair and its TCP-AO KeyID. + +[4.4]:: + + One or more MKTs. These are the MKTs that match this connection’s + socket pair. + +Q: Can a non-TCP-AO connection become a TCP-AO-enabled one? + +A: No: for already established non-TCP-AO connection it would be impossible +to switch using TCP-AO as the traffic key generation requires the initial +sequence numbers. Paraphrasing, starting using TCP-AO would require +re-establishing the TCP connection. + +2. In-kernel MKTs database vs database in userspace +=================================================== + +Linux TCP-AO support is implemented using ``setsockopt()s``, in a similar way +to TCP-MD5. It means that a userspace application that wants to use TCP-AO +should perform ``setsockopt()`` on a TCP socket when it wants to add, +remove or rotate MKTs. This approach moves the key management responsibility +to userspace as well as decisions on corner cases, i.e. what to do if +the peer doesn't respect RNextKeyID; moving more code to userspace, especially +responsible for the policy decisions. Besides, it's flexible and scales well +(with less locking needed than in the case of an in-kernel database). One also +should keep in mind that mainly intended users are BGP processes, not any +random applications, which means that compared to IPsec tunnels, +no transparency is really needed and modern BGP daemons already have +``setsockopt()s`` for TCP-MD5 support. + +.. list-table:: Considered pros and cons of the approaches + + * - + - ``setsockopt()`` + - in-kernel DB + * - Extendability + - ``setsockopt()`` commands should be extendable syscalls + - netlink messages are simple and extendable + * - Required userspace changes + - BGP or any application that wants TCP-AO needs to perform + ``setsockopt()s`` and do key management + - could be transparent as tunnels, providing something like + ``ip tcpao [add|delete|show|rotate] key`` + * - MKTs removal or adding + - harder for userspace + - harder for kernel + * - Dump-ability + - ``getsockopt()`` + - Netlink .dump() callback + * - Limits on kernel resources/memory + - equal + - equal + * - Scalability + - contention on ``TCP_LISTEN`` sockets + - contention on the whole database + * - Monitoring & warnings + - ``TCP_DIAG`` + - Same Netlink socket + * - Matching of MKTs + - Half-problem: only listen sockets + - Hard + +3. uAPI +======= + +Linux provides a set of ``setsockopt()s`` and ``getsockopt()s`` that let +userspace manage TCP-AO on a per-socket basis. In order to add/delete MKTs +``TCP_AO_ADD_KEY`` and ``TCP_AO_DEL_KEY`` TCP socket options must be used +It is not allowed to add a key on an established non-TCP-AO connection +as well as to remove the last key from TCP-AO connection. + +``setsockopt(TCP_AO_DEL_KEY)`` command may specify ``tcp_ao_del::current_key`` ++ ``tcp_ao_del::set_current`` and/or ``tcp_ao_del::rnext`` ++ ``tcp_ao_del::set_rnext`` which makes such delete "forced": it +provides userspace a way to delete a key that's being used and atomically set +another one instead. This is not intended for normal use and should be used +only when the peer ignores RNextKeyID and keeps requesting/using an old key. +It provides a way to force-delete a key that's not trusted but may break +the TCP-AO connection. + +The usual/normal key-rotation can be performed with ``setsockopt(TCP_AO_INFO)``. +It also provides a uAPI to change per-socket TCP-AO settings, such as +ignoring ICMPs, as well as clear per-socket TCP-AO packet counters. +The corresponding ``getsockopt(TCP_AO_INFO)`` can be used to get those +per-socket TCP-AO settings. + +Another useful command is ``getsockopt(TCP_AO_GET_KEYS)``. One can use it +to list all MKTs on a TCP socket or use a filter to get keys for a specific +peer and/or sndid/rcvid, VRF L3 interface or get current_key/rnext_key. + +To repair TCP-AO connections ``setsockopt(TCP_AO_REPAIR)`` is available, +provided that the user previously has checkpointed/dumped the socket with +``getsockopt(TCP_AO_REPAIR)``. + +A tip here for scaled TCP_LISTEN sockets, that may have some thousands TCP-AO +keys, is: use filters in ``getsockopt(TCP_AO_GET_KEYS)`` and asynchronous +delete with ``setsockopt(TCP_AO_DEL_KEY)``. + +Linux TCP-AO also provides a bunch of segment counters that can be helpful +with troubleshooting/debugging issues. Every MKT has good/bad counters +that reflect how many packets passed/failed verification. +Each TCP-AO socket has the following counters: +- for good segments (properly signed) +- for bad segments (failed TCP-AO verification) +- for segments with unknown keys +- for segments where an AO signature was expected, but wasn't found +- for the number of ignored ICMPs + +TCP-AO per-socket counters are also duplicated with per-netns counters, +exposed with SNMP. Those are ``TCPAOGood``, ``TCPAOBad``, ``TCPAOKeyNotFound``, +``TCPAORequired`` and ``TCPAODroppedIcmps``. + +4. ``setsockopt()`` vs ``accept()`` race +======================================== + +In contrast with TCP-MD5 established connection which has just one key, +TCP-AO connections may have many keys, which means that accepted connections +on a listen socket may have any amount of keys as well. As copying all those +keys on a first properly signed SYN would make the request socket bigger, that +would be undesirable. Currently, the implementation doesn't copy keys +to request sockets, but rather look them up on the "parent" listener socket. + +The result is that when userspace removes TCP-AO keys, that may break +not-yet-established connections on request sockets as well as not removing +keys from sockets that were already established, but not yet ``accept()``'ed, +hanging in the accept queue. + +The reverse is valid as well: if userspace adds a new key for a peer on +a listener socket, the established sockets in accept queue won't +have the new keys. + +At this moment, the resolution for the two races: +``setsockopt(TCP_AO_ADD_KEY)`` vs ``accept()`` +and ``setsockopt(TCP_AO_DEL_KEY)`` vs ``accept()`` is delegated to userspace. +This means that it's expected that userspace would check the MKTs on the socket +that was returned by ``accept()`` to verify that any key rotation that +happened on listen socket is reflected on the newly established connection. + +This is a similar "do-nothing" approach to TCP-MD5 from the kernel side and +may be changed later by introducing new flags to ``tcp_ao_add`` +and ``tcp_ao_del``. + +Note that this race is rare for it needs TCP-AO key rotation to happen +during the 3-way handshake for the new TCP connection. + +5. Interaction with TCP-MD5 +=========================== + +A TCP connection can not migrate between TCP-AO and TCP-MD5 options. The +established sockets that have either AO or MD5 keys are restricted for +adding keys of the other option. + +For listening sockets the picture is different: BGP server may want to receive +both TCP-AO and (deprecated) TCP-MD5 clients. As a result, both types of keys +may be added to TCP_CLOSED or TCP_LISTEN sockets. It's not allowed to add +different types of keys for the same peer. + +6. SNE Linux implementation +=========================== + +RFC 5925 [6.2] describes the algorithm of how to extend TCP sequence numbers +with SNE. In short: TCP has to track the previous sequence numbers and set +sne_flag when the current SEQ number rolls over. The flag is cleared when +both current and previous SEQ numbers cross 0x7fff, which is 32Kb. + +In times when sne_flag is set, the algorithm compares SEQ for each packet with +0x7fff and if it's higher than 32Kb, it assumes that the packet should be +verified with SNE before the increment. As a result, there's +this [0; 32Kb] window, when packets with (SNE - 1) can be accepted. + +Linux implementation simplifies this a bit: as the network stack already tracks +the first SEQ byte that ACK is wanted for (snd_una) and the next SEQ byte that +is wanted (rcv_nxt) - that's enough information for a rough estimation +on where in the 4GB SEQ number space both sender and receiver are. +When they roll over to zero, the corresponding SNE gets incremented. + +tcp_ao_compute_sne() is called for each TCP-AO segment. It compares SEQ numbers +from the segment with snd_una or rcv_nxt and fits the result into a 2GB window around them, +detecting SEQ numbers rolling over. That simplifies the code a lot and only +requires SNE numbers to be stored on every TCP-AO socket. + +The 2GB window at first glance seems much more permissive compared to +RFC 5926. But that is only used to pick the correct SNE before/after +a rollover. It allows more TCP segment replays, but yet all regular +TCP checks in tcp_sequence() are applied on the verified segment. +So, it trades a bit more permissive acceptance of replayed/retransmitted +segments for the simplicity of the algorithm and what seems better behaviour +for large TCP windows. + +7. Links +======== + +RFC 5925 The TCP Authentication Option + https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc5925.txt.pdf + +RFC 5926 Cryptographic Algorithms for the TCP Authentication Option (TCP-AO) + https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc5926.txt.pdf + +Draft "SHA-2 Algorithm for the TCP Authentication Option (TCP-AO)" + https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-nayak-tcp-sha2-03 + +RFC 2385 Protection of BGP Sessions via the TCP MD5 Signature Option + https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/pdfrfc/rfc2385.txt.pdf + +:Author: Dmitry Safonov