diff --git a/hw/riscv/virt.c b/hw/riscv/virt.c
index 3cbb4cd47f..48c8b4aeb2 100644
--- a/hw/riscv/virt.c
+++ b/hw/riscv/virt.c
@@ -177,214 +177,262 @@ static void create_pcie_irq_map(void *fdt, char *nodename,
                            0x1800, 0, 0, 0x7);
 }
 
-static void create_fdt(RISCVVirtState *s, const MemMapEntry *memmap,
-                       uint64_t mem_size, const char *cmdline, bool is_32_bit)
+static void create_fdt_socket_cpus(RISCVVirtState *s, int socket,
+                                   char *clust_name, uint32_t *phandle,
+                                   bool is_32_bit, uint32_t *intc_phandles)
 {
-    void *fdt;
-    int i, cpu, socket;
+    int cpu;
+    uint32_t cpu_phandle;
     MachineState *mc = MACHINE(s);
+    char *name, *cpu_name, *core_name, *intc_name;
+
+    for (cpu = s->soc[socket].num_harts - 1; cpu >= 0; cpu--) {
+        cpu_phandle = (*phandle)++;
+
+        cpu_name = g_strdup_printf("/cpus/cpu@%d",
+            s->soc[socket].hartid_base + cpu);
+        qemu_fdt_add_subnode(mc->fdt, cpu_name);
+        qemu_fdt_setprop_string(mc->fdt, cpu_name, "mmu-type",
+            (is_32_bit) ? "riscv,sv32" : "riscv,sv48");
+        name = riscv_isa_string(&s->soc[socket].harts[cpu]);
+        qemu_fdt_setprop_string(mc->fdt, cpu_name, "riscv,isa", name);
+        g_free(name);
+        qemu_fdt_setprop_string(mc->fdt, cpu_name, "compatible", "riscv");
+        qemu_fdt_setprop_string(mc->fdt, cpu_name, "status", "okay");
+        qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, cpu_name, "reg",
+            s->soc[socket].hartid_base + cpu);
+        qemu_fdt_setprop_string(mc->fdt, cpu_name, "device_type", "cpu");
+        riscv_socket_fdt_write_id(mc, mc->fdt, cpu_name, socket);
+        qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, cpu_name, "phandle", cpu_phandle);
+
+        intc_phandles[cpu] = (*phandle)++;
+
+        intc_name = g_strdup_printf("%s/interrupt-controller", cpu_name);
+        qemu_fdt_add_subnode(mc->fdt, intc_name);
+        qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, intc_name, "phandle",
+            intc_phandles[cpu]);
+        qemu_fdt_setprop_string(mc->fdt, intc_name, "compatible",
+            "riscv,cpu-intc");
+        qemu_fdt_setprop(mc->fdt, intc_name, "interrupt-controller", NULL, 0);
+        qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, intc_name, "#interrupt-cells", 1);
+
+        core_name = g_strdup_printf("%s/core%d", clust_name, cpu);
+        qemu_fdt_add_subnode(mc->fdt, core_name);
+        qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, core_name, "cpu", cpu_phandle);
+
+        g_free(core_name);
+        g_free(intc_name);
+        g_free(cpu_name);
+    }
+}
+
+static void create_fdt_socket_memory(RISCVVirtState *s,
+                                     const MemMapEntry *memmap, int socket)
+{
+    char *mem_name;
     uint64_t addr, size;
-    uint32_t *clint_cells, *plic_cells;
-    unsigned long clint_addr, plic_addr;
-    uint32_t plic_phandle[MAX_NODES];
-    uint32_t cpu_phandle, intc_phandle, test_phandle;
-    uint32_t phandle = 1, plic_mmio_phandle = 1;
-    uint32_t plic_pcie_phandle = 1, plic_virtio_phandle = 1;
-    char *mem_name, *cpu_name, *core_name, *intc_name;
-    char *name, *clint_name, *plic_name, *clust_name;
-    hwaddr flashsize = virt_memmap[VIRT_FLASH].size / 2;
-    hwaddr flashbase = virt_memmap[VIRT_FLASH].base;
+    MachineState *mc = MACHINE(s);
+
+    addr = memmap[VIRT_DRAM].base + riscv_socket_mem_offset(mc, socket);
+    size = riscv_socket_mem_size(mc, socket);
+    mem_name = g_strdup_printf("/memory@%lx", (long)addr);
+    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(mc->fdt, mem_name);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(mc->fdt, mem_name, "reg",
+        addr >> 32, addr, size >> 32, size);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(mc->fdt, mem_name, "device_type", "memory");
+    riscv_socket_fdt_write_id(mc, mc->fdt, mem_name, socket);
+    g_free(mem_name);
+}
+
+static void create_fdt_socket_clint(RISCVVirtState *s,
+                                    const MemMapEntry *memmap, int socket,
+                                    uint32_t *intc_phandles)
+{
+    int cpu;
+    char *clint_name;
+    uint32_t *clint_cells;
+    unsigned long clint_addr;
+    MachineState *mc = MACHINE(s);
     static const char * const clint_compat[2] = {
         "sifive,clint0", "riscv,clint0"
     };
+
+    clint_cells = g_new0(uint32_t, s->soc[socket].num_harts * 4);
+
+    for (cpu = 0; cpu < s->soc[socket].num_harts; cpu++) {
+        clint_cells[cpu * 4 + 0] = cpu_to_be32(intc_phandles[cpu]);
+        clint_cells[cpu * 4 + 1] = cpu_to_be32(IRQ_M_SOFT);
+        clint_cells[cpu * 4 + 2] = cpu_to_be32(intc_phandles[cpu]);
+        clint_cells[cpu * 4 + 3] = cpu_to_be32(IRQ_M_TIMER);
+    }
+
+    clint_addr = memmap[VIRT_CLINT].base + (memmap[VIRT_CLINT].size * socket);
+    clint_name = g_strdup_printf("/soc/clint@%lx", clint_addr);
+    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(mc->fdt, clint_name);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_string_array(mc->fdt, clint_name, "compatible",
+                                  (char **)&clint_compat,
+                                  ARRAY_SIZE(clint_compat));
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(mc->fdt, clint_name, "reg",
+        0x0, clint_addr, 0x0, memmap[VIRT_CLINT].size);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop(mc->fdt, clint_name, "interrupts-extended",
+        clint_cells, s->soc[socket].num_harts * sizeof(uint32_t) * 4);
+    riscv_socket_fdt_write_id(mc, mc->fdt, clint_name, socket);
+    g_free(clint_name);
+
+    g_free(clint_cells);
+}
+
+static void create_fdt_socket_plic(RISCVVirtState *s,
+                                   const MemMapEntry *memmap, int socket,
+                                   uint32_t *phandle, uint32_t *intc_phandles,
+                                   uint32_t *plic_phandles)
+{
+    int cpu;
+    char *plic_name;
+    uint32_t *plic_cells;
+    unsigned long plic_addr;
+    MachineState *mc = MACHINE(s);
     static const char * const plic_compat[2] = {
         "sifive,plic-1.0.0", "riscv,plic0"
     };
 
-    if (mc->dtb) {
-        fdt = mc->fdt = load_device_tree(mc->dtb, &s->fdt_size);
-        if (!fdt) {
-            error_report("load_device_tree() failed");
-            exit(1);
-        }
-        goto update_bootargs;
-    } else {
-        fdt = mc->fdt = create_device_tree(&s->fdt_size);
-        if (!fdt) {
-            error_report("create_device_tree() failed");
-            exit(1);
-        }
+    plic_cells = g_new0(uint32_t, s->soc[socket].num_harts * 4);
+
+    for (cpu = 0; cpu < s->soc[socket].num_harts; cpu++) {
+        plic_cells[cpu * 4 + 0] = cpu_to_be32(intc_phandles[cpu]);
+        plic_cells[cpu * 4 + 1] = cpu_to_be32(IRQ_M_EXT);
+        plic_cells[cpu * 4 + 2] = cpu_to_be32(intc_phandles[cpu]);
+        plic_cells[cpu * 4 + 3] = cpu_to_be32(IRQ_S_EXT);
     }
 
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, "/", "model", "riscv-virtio,qemu");
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, "/", "compatible", "riscv-virtio");
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, "/", "#size-cells", 0x2);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, "/", "#address-cells", 0x2);
+    plic_phandles[socket] = (*phandle)++;
+    plic_addr = memmap[VIRT_PLIC].base + (memmap[VIRT_PLIC].size * socket);
+    plic_name = g_strdup_printf("/soc/plic@%lx", plic_addr);
+    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(mc->fdt, plic_name);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, plic_name,
+        "#address-cells", FDT_PLIC_ADDR_CELLS);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, plic_name,
+        "#interrupt-cells", FDT_PLIC_INT_CELLS);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_string_array(mc->fdt, plic_name, "compatible",
+                                  (char **)&plic_compat,
+                                  ARRAY_SIZE(plic_compat));
+    qemu_fdt_setprop(mc->fdt, plic_name, "interrupt-controller", NULL, 0);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop(mc->fdt, plic_name, "interrupts-extended",
+        plic_cells, s->soc[socket].num_harts * sizeof(uint32_t) * 4);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(mc->fdt, plic_name, "reg",
+        0x0, plic_addr, 0x0, memmap[VIRT_PLIC].size);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, plic_name, "riscv,ndev", VIRTIO_NDEV);
+    riscv_socket_fdt_write_id(mc, mc->fdt, plic_name, socket);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, plic_name, "phandle",
+        plic_phandles[socket]);
+    g_free(plic_name);
+
+    g_free(plic_cells);
+}
 
-    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, "/soc");
-    qemu_fdt_setprop(fdt, "/soc", "ranges", NULL, 0);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, "/soc", "compatible", "simple-bus");
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, "/soc", "#size-cells", 0x2);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, "/soc", "#address-cells", 0x2);
+static void create_fdt_sockets(RISCVVirtState *s, const MemMapEntry *memmap,
+                               bool is_32_bit, uint32_t *phandle,
+                               uint32_t *irq_mmio_phandle,
+                               uint32_t *irq_pcie_phandle,
+                               uint32_t *irq_virtio_phandle)
+{
+    int socket;
+    char *clust_name;
+    uint32_t *intc_phandles;
+    MachineState *mc = MACHINE(s);
+    uint32_t xplic_phandles[MAX_NODES];
 
-    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, "/cpus");
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, "/cpus", "timebase-frequency",
+    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(mc->fdt, "/cpus");
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, "/cpus", "timebase-frequency",
                           RISCV_ACLINT_DEFAULT_TIMEBASE_FREQ);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, "/cpus", "#size-cells", 0x0);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, "/cpus", "#address-cells", 0x1);
-    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, "/cpus/cpu-map");
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, "/cpus", "#size-cells", 0x0);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, "/cpus", "#address-cells", 0x1);
+    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(mc->fdt, "/cpus/cpu-map");
 
     for (socket = (riscv_socket_count(mc) - 1); socket >= 0; socket--) {
         clust_name = g_strdup_printf("/cpus/cpu-map/cluster%d", socket);
-        qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, clust_name);
+        qemu_fdt_add_subnode(mc->fdt, clust_name);
 
-        plic_cells = g_new0(uint32_t, s->soc[socket].num_harts * 4);
-        clint_cells = g_new0(uint32_t, s->soc[socket].num_harts * 4);
+        intc_phandles = g_new0(uint32_t, s->soc[socket].num_harts);
 
-        for (cpu = s->soc[socket].num_harts - 1; cpu >= 0; cpu--) {
-            cpu_phandle = phandle++;
+        create_fdt_socket_cpus(s, socket, clust_name, phandle,
+            is_32_bit, intc_phandles);
 
-            cpu_name = g_strdup_printf("/cpus/cpu@%d",
-                s->soc[socket].hartid_base + cpu);
-            qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, cpu_name);
-            if (is_32_bit) {
-                qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, cpu_name, "mmu-type", "riscv,sv32");
-            } else {
-                qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, cpu_name, "mmu-type", "riscv,sv48");
-            }
-            name = riscv_isa_string(&s->soc[socket].harts[cpu]);
-            qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, cpu_name, "riscv,isa", name);
-            g_free(name);
-            qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, cpu_name, "compatible", "riscv");
-            qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, cpu_name, "status", "okay");
-            qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, cpu_name, "reg",
-                s->soc[socket].hartid_base + cpu);
-            qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, cpu_name, "device_type", "cpu");
-            riscv_socket_fdt_write_id(mc, fdt, cpu_name, socket);
-            qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, cpu_name, "phandle", cpu_phandle);
-
-            intc_name = g_strdup_printf("%s/interrupt-controller", cpu_name);
-            qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, intc_name);
-            intc_phandle = phandle++;
-            qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, intc_name, "phandle", intc_phandle);
-            qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, intc_name, "compatible",
-                "riscv,cpu-intc");
-            qemu_fdt_setprop(fdt, intc_name, "interrupt-controller", NULL, 0);
-            qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, intc_name, "#interrupt-cells", 1);
-
-            clint_cells[cpu * 4 + 0] = cpu_to_be32(intc_phandle);
-            clint_cells[cpu * 4 + 1] = cpu_to_be32(IRQ_M_SOFT);
-            clint_cells[cpu * 4 + 2] = cpu_to_be32(intc_phandle);
-            clint_cells[cpu * 4 + 3] = cpu_to_be32(IRQ_M_TIMER);
-
-            plic_cells[cpu * 4 + 0] = cpu_to_be32(intc_phandle);
-            plic_cells[cpu * 4 + 1] = cpu_to_be32(IRQ_M_EXT);
-            plic_cells[cpu * 4 + 2] = cpu_to_be32(intc_phandle);
-            plic_cells[cpu * 4 + 3] = cpu_to_be32(IRQ_S_EXT);
-
-            core_name = g_strdup_printf("%s/core%d", clust_name, cpu);
-            qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, core_name);
-            qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, core_name, "cpu", cpu_phandle);
-
-            g_free(core_name);
-            g_free(intc_name);
-            g_free(cpu_name);
-        }
+        create_fdt_socket_memory(s, memmap, socket);
 
-        addr = memmap[VIRT_DRAM].base + riscv_socket_mem_offset(mc, socket);
-        size = riscv_socket_mem_size(mc, socket);
-        mem_name = g_strdup_printf("/memory@%lx", (long)addr);
-        qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, mem_name);
-        qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, mem_name, "reg",
-            addr >> 32, addr, size >> 32, size);
-        qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, mem_name, "device_type", "memory");
-        riscv_socket_fdt_write_id(mc, fdt, mem_name, socket);
-        g_free(mem_name);
-
-        clint_addr = memmap[VIRT_CLINT].base +
-            (memmap[VIRT_CLINT].size * socket);
-        clint_name = g_strdup_printf("/soc/clint@%lx", clint_addr);
-        qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, clint_name);
-        qemu_fdt_setprop_string_array(fdt, clint_name, "compatible",
-            (char **)&clint_compat, ARRAY_SIZE(clint_compat));
-        qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, clint_name, "reg",
-            0x0, clint_addr, 0x0, memmap[VIRT_CLINT].size);
-        qemu_fdt_setprop(fdt, clint_name, "interrupts-extended",
-            clint_cells, s->soc[socket].num_harts * sizeof(uint32_t) * 4);
-        riscv_socket_fdt_write_id(mc, fdt, clint_name, socket);
-        g_free(clint_name);
-
-        plic_phandle[socket] = phandle++;
-        plic_addr = memmap[VIRT_PLIC].base + (memmap[VIRT_PLIC].size * socket);
-        plic_name = g_strdup_printf("/soc/plic@%lx", plic_addr);
-        qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, plic_name);
-        qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, plic_name,
-            "#address-cells", FDT_PLIC_ADDR_CELLS);
-        qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, plic_name,
-            "#interrupt-cells", FDT_PLIC_INT_CELLS);
-        qemu_fdt_setprop_string_array(fdt, plic_name, "compatible",
-            (char **)&plic_compat, ARRAY_SIZE(plic_compat));
-        qemu_fdt_setprop(fdt, plic_name, "interrupt-controller", NULL, 0);
-        qemu_fdt_setprop(fdt, plic_name, "interrupts-extended",
-            plic_cells, s->soc[socket].num_harts * sizeof(uint32_t) * 4);
-        qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, plic_name, "reg",
-            0x0, plic_addr, 0x0, memmap[VIRT_PLIC].size);
-        qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, plic_name, "riscv,ndev", VIRTIO_NDEV);
-        riscv_socket_fdt_write_id(mc, fdt, plic_name, socket);
-        qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, plic_name, "phandle", plic_phandle[socket]);
-        g_free(plic_name);
-
-        g_free(clint_cells);
-        g_free(plic_cells);
+        create_fdt_socket_clint(s, memmap, socket, intc_phandles);
+
+        create_fdt_socket_plic(s, memmap, socket, phandle,
+            intc_phandles, xplic_phandles);
+
+        g_free(intc_phandles);
         g_free(clust_name);
     }
 
     for (socket = 0; socket < riscv_socket_count(mc); socket++) {
         if (socket == 0) {
-            plic_mmio_phandle = plic_phandle[socket];
-            plic_virtio_phandle = plic_phandle[socket];
-            plic_pcie_phandle = plic_phandle[socket];
+            *irq_mmio_phandle = xplic_phandles[socket];
+            *irq_virtio_phandle = xplic_phandles[socket];
+            *irq_pcie_phandle = xplic_phandles[socket];
         }
         if (socket == 1) {
-            plic_virtio_phandle = plic_phandle[socket];
-            plic_pcie_phandle = plic_phandle[socket];
+            *irq_virtio_phandle = xplic_phandles[socket];
+            *irq_pcie_phandle = xplic_phandles[socket];
         }
         if (socket == 2) {
-            plic_pcie_phandle = plic_phandle[socket];
+            *irq_pcie_phandle = xplic_phandles[socket];
         }
     }
 
-    riscv_socket_fdt_write_distance_matrix(mc, fdt);
+    riscv_socket_fdt_write_distance_matrix(mc, mc->fdt);
+}
+
+static void create_fdt_virtio(RISCVVirtState *s, const MemMapEntry *memmap,
+                              uint32_t irq_virtio_phandle)
+{
+    int i;
+    char *name;
+    MachineState *mc = MACHINE(s);
 
     for (i = 0; i < VIRTIO_COUNT; i++) {
         name = g_strdup_printf("/soc/virtio_mmio@%lx",
             (long)(memmap[VIRT_VIRTIO].base + i * memmap[VIRT_VIRTIO].size));
-        qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, name);
-        qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, name, "compatible", "virtio,mmio");
-        qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, name, "reg",
+        qemu_fdt_add_subnode(mc->fdt, name);
+        qemu_fdt_setprop_string(mc->fdt, name, "compatible", "virtio,mmio");
+        qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(mc->fdt, name, "reg",
             0x0, memmap[VIRT_VIRTIO].base + i * memmap[VIRT_VIRTIO].size,
             0x0, memmap[VIRT_VIRTIO].size);
-        qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, name, "interrupt-parent",
-            plic_virtio_phandle);
-        qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, name, "interrupts", VIRTIO_IRQ + i);
+        qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, name, "interrupt-parent",
+            irq_virtio_phandle);
+        qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, name, "interrupts", VIRTIO_IRQ + i);
         g_free(name);
     }
+}
+
+static void create_fdt_pcie(RISCVVirtState *s, const MemMapEntry *memmap,
+                            uint32_t irq_pcie_phandle)
+{
+    char *name;
+    MachineState *mc = MACHINE(s);
 
     name = g_strdup_printf("/soc/pci@%lx",
         (long) memmap[VIRT_PCIE_ECAM].base);
-    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, name);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, name, "#address-cells", FDT_PCI_ADDR_CELLS);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, name, "#interrupt-cells", FDT_PCI_INT_CELLS);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, name, "#size-cells", 0x2);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, name, "compatible", "pci-host-ecam-generic");
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, name, "device_type", "pci");
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, name, "linux,pci-domain", 0);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, name, "bus-range", 0,
+    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(mc->fdt, name);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, name, "#address-cells",
+        FDT_PCI_ADDR_CELLS);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, name, "#interrupt-cells",
+        FDT_PCI_INT_CELLS);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, name, "#size-cells", 0x2);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(mc->fdt, name, "compatible",
+        "pci-host-ecam-generic");
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(mc->fdt, name, "device_type", "pci");
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, name, "linux,pci-domain", 0);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(mc->fdt, name, "bus-range", 0,
         memmap[VIRT_PCIE_ECAM].size / PCIE_MMCFG_SIZE_MIN - 1);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop(fdt, name, "dma-coherent", NULL, 0);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, name, "reg", 0,
+    qemu_fdt_setprop(mc->fdt, name, "dma-coherent", NULL, 0);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(mc->fdt, name, "reg", 0,
         memmap[VIRT_PCIE_ECAM].base, 0, memmap[VIRT_PCIE_ECAM].size);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_sized_cells(fdt, name, "ranges",
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_sized_cells(mc->fdt, name, "ranges",
         1, FDT_PCI_RANGE_IOPORT, 2, 0,
         2, memmap[VIRT_PCIE_PIO].base, 2, memmap[VIRT_PCIE_PIO].size,
         1, FDT_PCI_RANGE_MMIO,
@@ -394,66 +442,96 @@ static void create_fdt(RISCVVirtState *s, const MemMapEntry *memmap,
         2, virt_high_pcie_memmap.base,
         2, virt_high_pcie_memmap.base, 2, virt_high_pcie_memmap.size);
 
-    create_pcie_irq_map(fdt, name, plic_pcie_phandle);
+    create_pcie_irq_map(mc->fdt, name, irq_pcie_phandle);
     g_free(name);
+}
+
+static void create_fdt_reset(RISCVVirtState *s, const MemMapEntry *memmap,
+                             uint32_t *phandle)
+{
+    char *name;
+    uint32_t test_phandle;
+    MachineState *mc = MACHINE(s);
 
-    test_phandle = phandle++;
+    test_phandle = (*phandle)++;
     name = g_strdup_printf("/soc/test@%lx",
         (long)memmap[VIRT_TEST].base);
-    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, name);
+    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(mc->fdt, name);
     {
         static const char * const compat[3] = {
             "sifive,test1", "sifive,test0", "syscon"
         };
-        qemu_fdt_setprop_string_array(fdt, name, "compatible", (char **)&compat,
-                                      ARRAY_SIZE(compat));
+        qemu_fdt_setprop_string_array(mc->fdt, name, "compatible",
+                                      (char **)&compat, ARRAY_SIZE(compat));
     }
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, name, "reg",
-        0x0, memmap[VIRT_TEST].base,
-        0x0, memmap[VIRT_TEST].size);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, name, "phandle", test_phandle);
-    test_phandle = qemu_fdt_get_phandle(fdt, name);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(mc->fdt, name, "reg",
+        0x0, memmap[VIRT_TEST].base, 0x0, memmap[VIRT_TEST].size);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, name, "phandle", test_phandle);
+    test_phandle = qemu_fdt_get_phandle(mc->fdt, name);
     g_free(name);
 
     name = g_strdup_printf("/soc/reboot");
-    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, name);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, name, "compatible", "syscon-reboot");
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, name, "regmap", test_phandle);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, name, "offset", 0x0);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, name, "value", FINISHER_RESET);
+    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(mc->fdt, name);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(mc->fdt, name, "compatible", "syscon-reboot");
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, name, "regmap", test_phandle);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, name, "offset", 0x0);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, name, "value", FINISHER_RESET);
     g_free(name);
 
     name = g_strdup_printf("/soc/poweroff");
-    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, name);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, name, "compatible", "syscon-poweroff");
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, name, "regmap", test_phandle);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, name, "offset", 0x0);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, name, "value", FINISHER_PASS);
+    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(mc->fdt, name);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(mc->fdt, name, "compatible", "syscon-poweroff");
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, name, "regmap", test_phandle);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, name, "offset", 0x0);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, name, "value", FINISHER_PASS);
     g_free(name);
+}
+
+static void create_fdt_uart(RISCVVirtState *s, const MemMapEntry *memmap,
+                            uint32_t irq_mmio_phandle)
+{
+    char *name;
+    MachineState *mc = MACHINE(s);
 
     name = g_strdup_printf("/soc/uart@%lx", (long)memmap[VIRT_UART0].base);
-    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, name);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, name, "compatible", "ns16550a");
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, name, "reg",
+    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(mc->fdt, name);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(mc->fdt, name, "compatible", "ns16550a");
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(mc->fdt, name, "reg",
         0x0, memmap[VIRT_UART0].base,
         0x0, memmap[VIRT_UART0].size);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, name, "clock-frequency", 3686400);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, name, "interrupt-parent", plic_mmio_phandle);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, name, "interrupts", UART0_IRQ);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, name, "clock-frequency", 3686400);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, name, "interrupt-parent", irq_mmio_phandle);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, name, "interrupts", UART0_IRQ);
 
-    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, "/chosen");
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, "/chosen", "stdout-path", name);
+    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(mc->fdt, "/chosen");
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(mc->fdt, "/chosen", "stdout-path", name);
     g_free(name);
+}
+
+static void create_fdt_rtc(RISCVVirtState *s, const MemMapEntry *memmap,
+                           uint32_t irq_mmio_phandle)
+{
+    char *name;
+    MachineState *mc = MACHINE(s);
 
     name = g_strdup_printf("/soc/rtc@%lx", (long)memmap[VIRT_RTC].base);
-    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(fdt, name);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, name, "compatible", "google,goldfish-rtc");
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(fdt, name, "reg",
-        0x0, memmap[VIRT_RTC].base,
-        0x0, memmap[VIRT_RTC].size);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, name, "interrupt-parent", plic_mmio_phandle);
-    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(fdt, name, "interrupts", RTC_IRQ);
+    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(mc->fdt, name);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(mc->fdt, name, "compatible",
+        "google,goldfish-rtc");
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cells(mc->fdt, name, "reg",
+        0x0, memmap[VIRT_RTC].base, 0x0, memmap[VIRT_RTC].size);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, name, "interrupt-parent",
+        irq_mmio_phandle);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, name, "interrupts", RTC_IRQ);
     g_free(name);
+}
+
+static void create_fdt_flash(RISCVVirtState *s, const MemMapEntry *memmap)
+{
+    char *name;
+    MachineState *mc = MACHINE(s);
+    hwaddr flashsize = virt_memmap[VIRT_FLASH].size / 2;
+    hwaddr flashbase = virt_memmap[VIRT_FLASH].base;
 
     name = g_strdup_printf("/soc/flash@%" PRIx64, flashbase);
     qemu_fdt_add_subnode(mc->fdt, name);
@@ -463,10 +541,59 @@ static void create_fdt(RISCVVirtState *s, const MemMapEntry *memmap,
                                  2, flashbase + flashsize, 2, flashsize);
     qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, name, "bank-width", 4);
     g_free(name);
+}
+
+static void create_fdt(RISCVVirtState *s, const MemMapEntry *memmap,
+                       uint64_t mem_size, const char *cmdline, bool is_32_bit)
+{
+    MachineState *mc = MACHINE(s);
+    uint32_t phandle = 1, irq_mmio_phandle = 1;
+    uint32_t irq_pcie_phandle = 1, irq_virtio_phandle = 1;
+
+    if (mc->dtb) {
+        mc->fdt = load_device_tree(mc->dtb, &s->fdt_size);
+        if (!mc->fdt) {
+            error_report("load_device_tree() failed");
+            exit(1);
+        }
+        goto update_bootargs;
+    } else {
+        mc->fdt = create_device_tree(&s->fdt_size);
+        if (!mc->fdt) {
+            error_report("create_device_tree() failed");
+            exit(1);
+        }
+    }
+
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(mc->fdt, "/", "model", "riscv-virtio,qemu");
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(mc->fdt, "/", "compatible", "riscv-virtio");
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, "/", "#size-cells", 0x2);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, "/", "#address-cells", 0x2);
+
+    qemu_fdt_add_subnode(mc->fdt, "/soc");
+    qemu_fdt_setprop(mc->fdt, "/soc", "ranges", NULL, 0);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_string(mc->fdt, "/soc", "compatible", "simple-bus");
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, "/soc", "#size-cells", 0x2);
+    qemu_fdt_setprop_cell(mc->fdt, "/soc", "#address-cells", 0x2);
+
+    create_fdt_sockets(s, memmap, is_32_bit, &phandle,
+        &irq_mmio_phandle, &irq_pcie_phandle, &irq_virtio_phandle);
+
+    create_fdt_virtio(s, memmap, irq_virtio_phandle);
+
+    create_fdt_pcie(s, memmap, irq_pcie_phandle);
+
+    create_fdt_reset(s, memmap, &phandle);
+
+    create_fdt_uart(s, memmap, irq_mmio_phandle);
+
+    create_fdt_rtc(s, memmap, irq_mmio_phandle);
+
+    create_fdt_flash(s, memmap);
 
 update_bootargs:
     if (cmdline) {
-        qemu_fdt_setprop_string(fdt, "/chosen", "bootargs", cmdline);
+        qemu_fdt_setprop_string(mc->fdt, "/chosen", "bootargs", cmdline);
     }
 }
 
