diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/README.rst b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/README.rst
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..659257fdcd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/README.rst
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+
+Either
+======
+
+The enum ``Either`` with variants ``Left`` and ``Right`` and trait
+implementations including Iterator, Read, Write.
+
+Either has methods that are similar to Option and Result.
+
+Includes convenience macros ``try_left!()`` and ``try_right!()`` to use for
+short-circuiting logic.
+
+Please read the `API documentation here`__
+
+__ https://docs.rs/either/
+
+|build_status|_ |crates|_
+
+.. |build_status| image:: https://github.com/rayon-rs/either/workflows/CI/badge.svg?branch=main
+.. _build_status: https://github.com/rayon-rs/either/actions
+
+.. |crates| image:: https://img.shields.io/crates/v/either.svg
+.. _crates: https://crates.io/crates/either
+
+How to use with cargo::
+
+    [dependencies]
+    either = "1.12"
+
+
+Recent Changes
+--------------
+
+- 1.12.0
+
+  - **MSRV**: ``either`` now requires Rust 1.37 or later.
+
+  - Specialize ``nth_back`` for ``Either`` and ``IterEither``, by @cuviper (#106)
+
+- 1.11.0
+
+  - Add new trait ``IntoEither`` that is useful to convert to ``Either`` in method chains,
+    by @SFM61319 (#101)
+
+- 1.10.0
+
+  - Add new methods ``.factor_iter()``, ``.factor_iter_mut()``,  and ``.factor_into_iter()``
+    that return ``Either`` items, plus ``.iter()`` and ``.iter_mut()`` to convert to direct
+    referene iterators; by @aj-bagwell and @cuviper (#91)
+
+- 1.9.0
+
+  - Add new methods ``.map_either()`` and ``.map_either_with()``, by @nasadorian (#82)
+
+- 1.8.1
+
+  - Clarified that the multiple licenses are combined with OR.
+
+- 1.8.0
+
+  - **MSRV**: ``either`` now requires Rust 1.36 or later.
+
+  - Add new methods ``.as_pin_ref()`` and ``.as_pin_mut()`` to project a
+    pinned ``Either`` as inner ``Pin`` variants, by @cuviper (#77)
+
+  - Implement the ``Future`` trait, by @cuviper (#77)
+
+  - Specialize more methods of the ``io`` traits, by @Kixunil and @cuviper (#75)
+
+- 1.7.0
+
+  - **MSRV**: ``either`` now requires Rust 1.31 or later.
+
+  - Export the macro ``for_both!``, by @thomaseizinger (#58)
+
+  - Implement the ``io::Seek`` trait, by @Kerollmops (#60)
+
+  - Add new method ``.either_into()`` for ``Into`` conversion, by @TonalidadeHidrica (#63)
+
+  - Add new methods ``.factor_ok()``, ``.factor_err()``, and ``.factor_none()``,
+    by @zachs18 (#67)
+
+  - Specialize ``source`` in the ``Error`` implementation, by @thomaseizinger (#69)
+
+  - Specialize more iterator methods and implement the ``FusedIterator`` trait,
+    by @Ten0 (#66) and @cuviper (#71)
+
+  - Specialize ``Clone::clone_from``, by @cuviper (#72)
+
+- 1.6.1
+
+  - Add new methods ``.expect_left()``, ``.unwrap_left()``,
+    and equivalents on the right, by @spenserblack (#51)
+
+- 1.6.0
+
+  - Add new modules ``serde_untagged`` and ``serde_untagged_optional`` to customize
+    how ``Either`` fields are serialized in other types, by @MikailBag (#49)
+
+- 1.5.3
+
+  - Add new method ``.map()`` for ``Either<T, T>`` by @nvzqz (#40).
+
+- 1.5.2
+
+  - Add new methods ``.left_or()``, ``.left_or_default()``, ``.left_or_else()``,
+    and equivalents on the right, by @DCjanus (#36)
+
+- 1.5.1
+
+  - Add ``AsRef`` and ``AsMut`` implementations for common unsized types:
+    ``str``, ``[T]``, ``CStr``, ``OsStr``, and ``Path``, by @mexus (#29)
+
+- 1.5.0
+
+  - Add new methods ``.factor_first()``, ``.factor_second()`` and ``.into_inner()``
+    by @mathstuf (#19)
+
+- 1.4.0
+
+  - Add inherent method ``.into_iter()`` by @cuviper (#12)
+
+- 1.3.0
+
+  - Add opt-in serde support by @hcpl
+
+- 1.2.0
+
+  - Add method ``.either_with()`` by @Twey (#13)
+
+- 1.1.0
+
+  - Add methods ``left_and_then``, ``right_and_then`` by @rampantmonkey
+  - Include license files in the repository and released crate
+
+- 1.0.3
+
+  - Add crate categories
+
+- 1.0.2
+
+  - Forward more ``Iterator`` methods
+  - Implement ``Extend`` for ``Either<L, R>`` if ``L, R`` do.
+
+- 1.0.1
+
+  - Fix ``Iterator`` impl for ``Either`` to forward ``.fold()``.
+
+- 1.0.0
+
+  - Add default crate feature ``use_std`` so that you can opt out of linking to
+    std.
+
+- 0.1.7
+
+  - Add methods ``.map_left()``, ``.map_right()`` and ``.either()``.
+  - Add more documentation
+
+- 0.1.3
+
+  - Implement Display, Error
+
+- 0.1.2
+
+  - Add macros ``try_left!`` and ``try_right!``.
+
+- 0.1.1
+
+  - Implement Deref, DerefMut
+
+- 0.1.0
+
+  - Initial release
+  - Support Iterator, Read, Write
+
+License
+-------
+
+Dual-licensed to be compatible with the Rust project.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 or the MIT license
+https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT, at your
+option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+except according to those terms.
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/.cargo-checksum.json b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/.cargo-checksum.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..39c2d4d0e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/.cargo-checksum.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"files":{"CHANGELOG.md":"d34e39d5bd6b0ba740cae9b7afe9fdf73ae1bedc080de338d238ef577cffe963","Cargo.toml":"0a410a8ab28d72b00c04feeb289be7b725347732443cee6e1a91fb3f193e907b","LICENSE.txt":"6982f0cd109b04512cbb5f0e0f0ef82154f33a57d2127afe058ecc72039ab88c","README.md":"c3ee6e3ec5365bd9f6daddacf2b49204d7d777d09afe896b57451bb0365bea21","src/lib.rs":"9bda88688cfebe72e386d9fbb0bd4570a7631ccc20eef58a0e14b6aadd4724ea","tests/tests.rs":"116002067e9b697d4f22b5f28f23363ade2ed9dd6b59661388272f7c6d4b20f1"},"package":"c84fc003e338a6f69fbd4f7fe9f92b535ff13e9af8997f3b14b6ddff8b1df46d"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/CHANGELOG.md b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/CHANGELOG.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a31fa94c96
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,47 @@
+# Changelog
+
+## arbitrary-int 1.2.7
+
+### Added
+
+- Support `Step` so that arbitrary-int can be used in a range expression, e.g. `for n in u3::MIN..=u3::MAX { println!("{n}") }`. Note this trait is currently unstable, and so is only usable in nightly. Enable this feature with `step_trait`.
+- Support formatting via [defmt](https://crates.io/crates/defmt). Enable the option `defmt` feature
+- Support serializing and deserializing via [serde](https://crates.io/crates/serde). Enable the option `serde` feature
+- Support `Mul`, `MulAssign`, `Div`, `DivAssign`
+- The following new methods were implemented to make arbitrary ints feel more like built-in types:
+     * `wrapping_add`, `wrapping_sub`, `wrapping_mul`, `wrapping_div`, `wrapping_shl`, `wrapping_shr`
+     * `saturating_add`, `saturating_sub`, `saturating_mul`, `saturating_div`, `saturating_pow`
+     * `checked_add`, `checked_sub`, `checked_mul`, `checked_div`, `checked_shl`, `checked_shr`
+     * `overflowing_add`, `overflowing_sub`, `overflowing_mul`, `overflowing_div`, `overflowing_shl`, `overflowing_shr`
+
+### Changed
+- In debug builds, `<<` (`Shl`, `ShlAssign`) and `>>` (`Shr`, `ShrAssign`) now bounds-check the shift amount using the same semantics as built-in shifts. For example, shifting a u5 by 5 or more bits will now panic as expected.
+
+## arbitrary-int 1.2.6
+
+### Added
+
+- Support `LowerHex`, `UpperHex`, `Octal`, `Binary` so that arbitrary-int can be printed via e.g. `format!("{:x}", u4::new(12))`
+- Support `Hash` so that arbitrary-int can be used in hash tables
+
+### Changed
+
+- As support for `[const_trait]` has recently been removed from structs like `From<T>` in upstream Rust, opting-in to the `nightly` feature no longer enables this behavior as that would break the build. To continue using this feature with older compiler versions, use `const_convert_and_const_trait_impl` instead.
+
+## arbitrary-int 1.2.5
+
+### Added
+
+- Types that can be expressed as full bytes (e.g. u24, u48) have the following new methods:
+    * `swap_bytes()`
+    * `to_le_bytes()`
+    * `to_be_bytes()`
+    * `to_ne_bytes()`
+    * `to_be()`
+    * `to_le()`
+
+### Changed
+
+- `#[inline]` is specified in more places
+
+### Fixed
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/Cargo.toml b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..810071d602
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY CARGO
+#
+# When uploading crates to the registry Cargo will automatically
+# "normalize" Cargo.toml files for maximal compatibility
+# with all versions of Cargo and also rewrite `path` dependencies
+# to registry (e.g., crates.io) dependencies.
+#
+# If you are reading this file be aware that the original Cargo.toml
+# will likely look very different (and much more reasonable).
+# See Cargo.toml.orig for the original contents.
+
+[package]
+edition = "2021"
+name = "arbitrary-int"
+version = "1.2.7"
+authors = ["Daniel Lehmann <danlehmannmuc@gmail.com>"]
+description = "Modern and lightweight implementation of u2, u3, u4, ..., u127."
+readme = "README.md"
+keywords = [
+    "integer",
+    "unaligned",
+    "misaligned",
+]
+categories = [
+    "embedded",
+    "no-std",
+    "data-structures",
+]
+license = "MIT"
+repository = "https://github.com/danlehmann/arbitrary-int"
+
+[dependencies.defmt]
+version = "0.3.5"
+optional = true
+
+[dependencies.num-traits]
+version = "0.2.17"
+optional = true
+default-features = false
+
+[dependencies.serde]
+version = "1.0"
+optional = true
+default-features = false
+
+[dev-dependencies.serde_test]
+version = "1.0"
+
+[features]
+const_convert_and_const_trait_impl = []
+defmt = ["dep:defmt"]
+serde = ["dep:serde"]
+std = []
+step_trait = []
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/LICENSE.txt b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..eb8c29c461
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2022 Daniel Lehmann
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/README.md b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d34676fd93
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+# arbitrary-int
+
+This crate implements arbitrary numbers for Rust. Once included, you can use types like `u5` or `u120`.
+
+## Why yet another arbitrary integer crate?
+
+There are quite a few similar crates to this one (the most famous being https://crates.io/crates/ux). After trying out a
+few of them I just realized that they are all very heavy: They create a ton of classes and take seconds to compile.
+
+This crate is designed to be very short, using const generics. Instead of introducing ~123 new structs, this crates only
+introduces 5 (one for `u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`) and uses const generics for the specific bit depth.
+It does introduce 123 new type aliases (`u1`, `u2`, etc.), but these don't stress the compiler nearly as much.
+
+Additionally, most of its functions are const, so that they can be used in const contexts.
+
+## How to use
+
+Unlike primitive data types like `u32`, there is no intrinsic syntax (Rust does not allow that). An instance is created as
+follows:
+
+```rust
+let value9 = u9::new(30);
+```
+
+This will create a value with 9 bits. If the value passed into `new()` doesn't fit, a panic! will be raised. This means
+that a function that accepts a `u9` as an argument can be certain that its contents are never larger than an `u9`.
+
+Standard operators are all overloaded, so it is possible to perform calculations using this type. Note that addition
+and subtraction (at least in debug mode) performs bounds check. If this is undesired, see chapter num-traits below.
+
+Internally, `u9` will hold its data in an `u16`. It is possible to get this value:
+
+```rust
+let value9 = u9::new(30).value();
+```
+
+## Underlying data type
+
+This crate defines types `u1`, `u2`, .., `u126`, `u127` (skipping the normal `u8`, `u16`, `u32`, `u64`, `u128`). Each of those types holds
+its actual data in the next larger data type (e.g. a `u14` internally has an `u16`, a `u120` internally has an `u128`). However,
+`uXX` are just type aliases; it is also possible to use the actual underlying generic struct:
+
+```rust
+let a = UInt::<u8, 5>::new(0b10101));
+let b = UInt::<u32, 5>::new(0b10101));
+```
+
+In this example, `a` will have 5 bits and be represented by a `u8`. This is identical to `u5`. `b` however is represented by a
+`u32`, so it is a different type from `u5`.
+
+## Extract
+
+A common source for arbitrary integers is by extracting them from bitfields. For example, if data contained 32 bits and
+we want to extract bits `4..=9`, we could perform the following:
+
+```rust
+let a = u6::new(((data >> 4) & 0b111111) as u8);
+```
+
+This is a pretty common operation, but it's easy to get it wrong: The number of 1s and `u6` have to match. Also, `new()`
+will internally perform a bounds-check, which can panic. Thirdly, a type-cast is often needed.
+To make this easier, various extract methods exist that handle shifting and masking, for example:
+
+```rust
+let a = u6::extract_u32(data, 4);
+let b = u12::extract_u128(data2, 63);
+```
+
+## num-traits
+
+By default, arbitrary-int doesn't require any other traits. It has optional support for num-traits however. It
+implements `WrappingAdd`, `WrappingSub`, which (unlike the regular addition and subtraction) don't perform bounds checks.
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/meson.build b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e02139a5bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,14 @@
+_arbitrary_int_rs = static_library(
+  'arbitrary_int',
+  files('src/lib.rs'),
+  gnu_symbol_visibility: 'hidden',
+  rust_abi: 'rust',
+  rust_args: rust_args + [
+    '--edition', '2021',
+  ],
+  dependencies: [],
+)
+
+dep_arbitrary_int = declare_dependency(
+  link_with: _arbitrary_int_rs,
+)
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/src/lib.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4c2b9c3997
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1489 @@
+#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "std"), no_std)]
+#![cfg_attr(
+    feature = "const_convert_and_const_trait_impl",
+    feature(const_convert, const_trait_impl)
+)]
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "step_trait", feature(step_trait))]
+
+use core::fmt::{Binary, Debug, Display, Formatter, LowerHex, Octal, UpperHex};
+use core::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+#[cfg(feature = "step_trait")]
+use core::iter::Step;
+#[cfg(feature = "num-traits")]
+use core::num::Wrapping;
+use core::ops::{
+    Add, AddAssign, BitAnd, BitAndAssign, BitOr, BitOrAssign, BitXor, BitXorAssign, Div, DivAssign,
+    Mul, MulAssign, Not, Shl, ShlAssign, Shr, ShrAssign, Sub, SubAssign,
+};
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub struct TryNewError;
+
+impl Display for TryNewError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        write!(f, "Value too large to fit within this integer type")
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "const_convert_and_const_trait_impl", const_trait)]
+pub trait Number: Sized {
+    type UnderlyingType: Debug
+        + From<u8>
+        + TryFrom<u16>
+        + TryFrom<u32>
+        + TryFrom<u64>
+        + TryFrom<u128>;
+
+    /// Number of bits that can fit in this type
+    const BITS: usize;
+
+    /// Minimum value that can be represented by this type
+    const MIN: Self;
+
+    /// Maximum value that can be represented by this type
+    const MAX: Self;
+
+    fn new(value: Self::UnderlyingType) -> Self;
+
+    fn try_new(value: Self::UnderlyingType) -> Result<Self, TryNewError>;
+
+    fn value(self) -> Self::UnderlyingType;
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "const_convert_and_const_trait_impl")]
+macro_rules! impl_number_native {
+    ($( $type:ty ),+) => {
+        $(
+            impl const Number for $type {
+                type UnderlyingType = $type;
+                const BITS: usize = Self::BITS as usize;
+                const MIN: Self = Self::MIN;
+                const MAX: Self = Self::MAX;
+
+                #[inline]
+                fn new(value: Self::UnderlyingType) -> Self { value }
+
+                #[inline]
+                fn try_new(value: Self::UnderlyingType) -> Result<Self, TryNewError> { Ok(value) }
+
+                #[inline]
+                fn value(self) -> Self::UnderlyingType { self }
+            }
+        )+
+    };
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "const_convert_and_const_trait_impl"))]
+macro_rules! impl_number_native {
+    ($( $type:ty ),+) => {
+        $(
+            impl Number for $type {
+                type UnderlyingType = $type;
+                const BITS: usize = Self::BITS as usize;
+                const MIN: Self = Self::MIN;
+                const MAX: Self = Self::MAX;
+
+                #[inline]
+                fn new(value: Self::UnderlyingType) -> Self { value }
+
+                #[inline]
+                fn try_new(value: Self::UnderlyingType) -> Result<Self, TryNewError> { Ok(value) }
+
+                #[inline]
+                fn value(self) -> Self::UnderlyingType { self }
+            }
+        )+
+    };
+}
+
+impl_number_native!(u8, u16, u32, u64, u128);
+
+struct CompileTimeAssert<const A: usize, const B: usize> {}
+
+impl<const A: usize, const B: usize> CompileTimeAssert<A, B> {
+    pub const SMALLER_OR_EQUAL: () = {
+        assert!(A <= B);
+    };
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq, Default, Ord, PartialOrd)]
+pub struct UInt<T, const BITS: usize> {
+    value: T,
+}
+
+impl<T: Copy, const BITS: usize> UInt<T, BITS> {
+    pub const BITS: usize = BITS;
+
+    /// Returns the type as a fundamental data type
+    #[inline]
+    pub const fn value(self) -> T {
+        self.value
+    }
+
+    /// Initializes a new value without checking the bounds
+    ///
+    /// # Safety
+    /// Must only be called with a value less than or equal to [Self::MAX](Self::MAX) value.
+    #[inline]
+    pub const unsafe fn new_unchecked(value: T) -> Self {
+        Self { value }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    Self: Number,
+    T: Copy,
+{
+    pub const MASK: T = Self::MAX.value;
+}
+
+// Next are specific implementations for u8, u16, u32, u64 and u128. A couple notes:
+// - The existence of MAX also serves as a neat bounds-check for BITS: If BITS is too large,
+//   the subtraction overflows which will fail to compile. This simplifies things a lot.
+//   However, that only works if every constructor also uses MAX somehow (doing let _ = MAX is enough)
+
+#[cfg(feature = "const_convert_and_const_trait_impl")]
+macro_rules! uint_impl_num {
+    ($($type:ident),+) => {
+        $(
+            impl<const BITS: usize> const Number for UInt<$type, BITS> {
+                type UnderlyingType = $type;
+
+                const BITS: usize = BITS;
+
+                const MIN: Self = Self { value: 0 };
+
+                // The existence of MAX also serves as a bounds check: If NUM_BITS is > available bits,
+                // we will get a compiler error right here
+                const MAX: Self = Self { value: (<$type as Number>::MAX >> (<$type as Number>::BITS - Self::BITS)) };
+
+                #[inline]
+                fn try_new(value: Self::UnderlyingType) -> Result<Self, TryNewError> {
+                    if value <= Self::MAX.value {
+                        Ok(Self { value })
+                    } else {
+                        Err(TryNewError{})
+                    }
+                }
+
+                #[inline]
+                fn new(value: $type) -> Self {
+                    assert!(value <= Self::MAX.value);
+
+                    Self { value }
+                }
+
+                #[inline]
+                fn value(self) -> $type {
+                    self.value
+                }
+            }
+        )+
+    };
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "const_convert_and_const_trait_impl"))]
+macro_rules! uint_impl_num {
+    ($($type:ident),+) => {
+        $(
+            impl<const BITS: usize> Number for UInt<$type, BITS> {
+                type UnderlyingType = $type;
+
+                const BITS: usize = BITS;
+
+                const MIN: Self = Self { value: 0 };
+
+                // The existence of MAX also serves as a bounds check: If NUM_BITS is > available bits,
+                // we will get a compiler error right here
+                const MAX: Self = Self { value: (<$type as Number>::MAX >> (<$type as Number>::BITS - Self::BITS)) };
+
+                #[inline]
+                fn try_new(value: Self::UnderlyingType) -> Result<Self, TryNewError> {
+                    if value <= Self::MAX.value {
+                        Ok(Self { value })
+                    } else {
+                        Err(TryNewError{})
+                    }
+                }
+
+                #[inline]
+                fn new(value: $type) -> Self {
+                    assert!(value <= Self::MAX.value);
+
+                    Self { value }
+                }
+
+                #[inline]
+                fn value(self) -> $type {
+                    self.value
+                }
+            }
+        )+
+    };
+}
+
+uint_impl_num!(u8, u16, u32, u64, u128);
+
+macro_rules! uint_impl {
+    ($($type:ident),+) => {
+        $(
+            impl<const BITS: usize> UInt<$type, BITS> {
+                /// Creates an instance. Panics if the given value is outside of the valid range
+                #[inline]
+                pub const fn new(value: $type) -> Self {
+                    assert!(value <= Self::MAX.value);
+
+                    Self { value }
+                }
+
+                /// Creates an instance or an error if the given value is outside of the valid range
+                #[inline]
+                pub const fn try_new(value: $type) -> Result<Self, TryNewError> {
+                    if value <= Self::MAX.value {
+                        Ok(Self { value })
+                    } else {
+                        Err(TryNewError {})
+                    }
+                }
+
+                #[deprecated(note = "Use one of the specific functions like extract_u32")]
+                pub const fn extract(value: $type, start_bit: usize) -> Self {
+                    assert!(start_bit + BITS <= $type::BITS as usize);
+                    // Query MAX to ensure that we get a compiler error if the current definition is bogus (e.g. <u8, 9>)
+                    let _ = Self::MAX;
+
+                    Self {
+                        value: (value >> start_bit) & Self::MAX.value,
+                    }
+                }
+
+                /// Extracts bits from a given value. The extract is equivalent to: `new((value >> start_bit) & MASK)`
+                /// Unlike new, extract doesn't perform range-checking so it is slightly more efficient.
+                /// panics if start_bit+<number of bits> doesn't fit within an u8, e.g. u5::extract_u8(8, 4);
+                #[inline]
+                pub const fn extract_u8(value: u8, start_bit: usize) -> Self {
+                    assert!(start_bit + BITS <= 8);
+                    // Query MAX to ensure that we get a compiler error if the current definition is bogus (e.g. <u8, 9>)
+                    let _ = Self::MAX;
+
+                    Self {
+                        value: ((value >> start_bit) as $type) & Self::MAX.value,
+                    }
+                }
+
+                /// Extracts bits from a given value. The extract is equivalent to: `new((value >> start_bit) & MASK)`
+                /// Unlike new, extract doesn't perform range-checking so it is slightly more efficient
+                /// panics if start_bit+<number of bits> doesn't fit within a u16, e.g. u15::extract_u16(8, 2);
+                #[inline]
+                pub const fn extract_u16(value: u16, start_bit: usize) -> Self {
+                    assert!(start_bit + BITS <= 16);
+                    // Query MAX to ensure that we get a compiler error if the current definition is bogus (e.g. <u8, 9>)
+                    let _ = Self::MAX;
+
+                    Self {
+                        value: ((value >> start_bit) as $type) & Self::MAX.value,
+                    }
+                }
+
+                /// Extracts bits from a given value. The extract is equivalent to: `new((value >> start_bit) & MASK)`
+                /// Unlike new, extract doesn't perform range-checking so it is slightly more efficient
+                /// panics if start_bit+<number of bits> doesn't fit within a u32, e.g. u30::extract_u32(8, 4);
+                #[inline]
+                pub const fn extract_u32(value: u32, start_bit: usize) -> Self {
+                    assert!(start_bit + BITS <= 32);
+                    // Query MAX to ensure that we get a compiler error if the current definition is bogus (e.g. <u8, 9>)
+                    let _ = Self::MAX;
+
+                    Self {
+                        value: ((value >> start_bit) as $type) & Self::MAX.value,
+                    }
+                }
+
+                /// Extracts bits from a given value. The extract is equivalent to: `new((value >> start_bit) & MASK)`
+                /// Unlike new, extract doesn't perform range-checking so it is slightly more efficient
+                /// panics if start_bit+<number of bits> doesn't fit within a u64, e.g. u60::extract_u64(8, 5);
+                #[inline]
+                pub const fn extract_u64(value: u64, start_bit: usize) -> Self {
+                    assert!(start_bit + BITS <= 64);
+                    // Query MAX to ensure that we get a compiler error if the current definition is bogus (e.g. <u8, 9>)
+                    let _ = Self::MAX;
+
+                    Self {
+                        value: ((value >> start_bit) as $type) & Self::MAX.value,
+                    }
+                }
+
+                /// Extracts bits from a given value. The extract is equivalent to: `new((value >> start_bit) & MASK)`
+                /// Unlike new, extract doesn't perform range-checking so it is slightly more efficient
+                /// panics if start_bit+<number of bits> doesn't fit within a u128, e.g. u120::extract_u64(8, 9);
+                #[inline]
+                pub const fn extract_u128(value: u128, start_bit: usize) -> Self {
+                    assert!(start_bit + BITS <= 128);
+                    // Query MAX to ensure that we get a compiler error if the current definition is bogus (e.g. <u8, 9>)
+                    let _ = Self::MAX;
+
+                    Self {
+                        value: ((value >> start_bit) as $type) & Self::MAX.value,
+                    }
+                }
+
+                /// Returns a UInt with a wider bit depth but with the same base data type
+                pub const fn widen<const BITS_RESULT: usize>(
+                    self,
+                ) -> UInt<$type, BITS_RESULT> {
+                    let _ = CompileTimeAssert::<BITS, BITS_RESULT>::SMALLER_OR_EQUAL;
+                    // Query MAX of the result to ensure we get a compiler error if the current definition is bogus (e.g. <u8, 9>)
+                    let _ = UInt::<$type, BITS_RESULT>::MAX;
+                    UInt::<$type, BITS_RESULT> { value: self.value }
+                }
+
+                pub const fn wrapping_add(self, rhs: Self) -> Self {
+                    let sum = self.value.wrapping_add(rhs.value);
+                    Self {
+                        value: sum & Self::MASK,
+                    }
+                }
+
+                pub const fn wrapping_sub(self, rhs: Self) -> Self {
+                    let sum = self.value.wrapping_sub(rhs.value);
+                    Self {
+                        value: sum & Self::MASK,
+                    }
+                }
+
+                pub const fn wrapping_mul(self, rhs: Self) -> Self {
+                    let sum = self.value.wrapping_mul(rhs.value);
+                    Self {
+                        value: sum & Self::MASK,
+                    }
+                }
+
+                pub const fn wrapping_div(self, rhs: Self) -> Self {
+                    let sum = self.value.wrapping_div(rhs.value);
+                    Self {
+                        // No need to mask here - divisions always produce a result that is <= self
+                        value: sum,
+                    }
+                }
+
+                pub const fn wrapping_shl(self, rhs: u32) -> Self {
+                    // modulo is expensive on some platforms, so only do it when necessary
+                    let shift_amount = if rhs >= (BITS as u32) {
+                        rhs % (BITS as u32)
+                    } else {
+                        rhs
+                    };
+
+                    Self {
+                        // We could use wrapping_shl here to make Debug builds slightly smaller;
+                        // the downside would be that on weird CPUs that don't do wrapping_shl by
+                        // default release builds would get slightly worse. Using << should give
+                        // good release performance everywere
+                        value: (self.value << shift_amount) & Self::MASK,
+                    }
+                }
+
+                pub const fn wrapping_shr(self, rhs: u32) -> Self {
+                    // modulo is expensive on some platforms, so only do it when necessary
+                    let shift_amount = if rhs >= (BITS as u32) {
+                        rhs % (BITS as u32)
+                    } else {
+                        rhs
+                    };
+
+                    Self {
+                        value: (self.value >> shift_amount),
+                    }
+                }
+
+                pub const fn saturating_add(self, rhs: Self) -> Self {
+                    let saturated = if core::mem::size_of::<$type>() << 3 == BITS {
+                        // We are something like a UInt::<u8; 8>. We can fallback to the base implementation
+                        self.value.saturating_add(rhs.value)
+                    } else {
+                        // We're dealing with fewer bits than the underlying type (e.g. u7).
+                        // That means the addition can never overflow the underlying type
+                        let sum = self.value.wrapping_add(rhs.value);
+                        let max = Self::MAX.value();
+                        if sum > max { max } else { sum }
+                    };
+                    Self {
+                        value: saturated,
+                    }
+                }
+
+                pub const fn saturating_sub(self, rhs: Self) -> Self {
+                    // For unsigned numbers, the only difference is when we reach 0 - which is the same
+                    // no matter the data size
+                    Self {
+                        value: self.value.saturating_sub(rhs.value),
+                    }
+                }
+
+                pub const fn saturating_mul(self, rhs: Self) -> Self {
+                    let product = if BITS << 1 <= (core::mem::size_of::<$type>() << 3) {
+                        // We have half the bits (e.g. u4 * u4) of the base type, so we can't overflow the base type
+                        // wrapping_mul likely provides the best performance on all cpus
+                        self.value.wrapping_mul(rhs.value)
+                    } else {
+                        // We have more than half the bits (e.g. u6 * u6)
+                        self.value.saturating_mul(rhs.value)
+                    };
+
+                    let max = Self::MAX.value();
+                    let saturated = if product > max { max } else { product };
+                    Self {
+                        value: saturated,
+                    }
+                }
+
+                pub const fn saturating_div(self, rhs: Self) -> Self {
+                    // When dividing unsigned numbers, we never need to saturate.
+                    // Divison by zero in saturating_div throws an exception (in debug and release mode),
+                    // so no need to do anything special there either
+                    Self {
+                        value: self.value.saturating_div(rhs.value),
+                    }
+                }
+
+                pub const fn saturating_pow(self, exp: u32) -> Self {
+                    // It might be possible to handwrite this to be slightly faster as both
+                    // saturating_pow has to do a bounds-check and then we do second one
+                    let powed = self.value.saturating_pow(exp);
+                    let max = Self::MAX.value();
+                    let saturated = if powed > max { max } else { powed };
+                    Self {
+                        value: saturated,
+                    }
+                }
+
+                pub const fn checked_add(self, rhs: Self) -> Option<Self> {
+                    if core::mem::size_of::<$type>() << 3 == BITS {
+                        // We are something like a UInt::<u8; 8>. We can fallback to the base implementation
+                        match self.value.checked_add(rhs.value) {
+                            Some(value) => Some(Self { value }),
+                            None => None
+                        }
+                    } else {
+                        // We're dealing with fewer bits than the underlying type (e.g. u7).
+                        // That means the addition can never overflow the underlying type
+                        let sum = self.value.wrapping_add(rhs.value);
+                        if sum > Self::MAX.value() { None } else { Some(Self { value: sum })}
+                    }
+                }
+
+                pub const fn checked_sub(self, rhs: Self) -> Option<Self> {
+                    match self.value.checked_sub(rhs.value) {
+                        Some(value) => Some(Self { value }),
+                        None => None
+                    }
+                }
+
+                pub const fn checked_mul(self, rhs: Self) -> Option<Self> {
+                    let product = if BITS << 1 <= (core::mem::size_of::<$type>() << 3) {
+                        // We have half the bits (e.g. u4 * u4) of the base type, so we can't overflow the base type
+                        // wrapping_mul likely provides the best performance on all cpus
+                        Some(self.value.wrapping_mul(rhs.value))
+                    } else {
+                        // We have more than half the bits (e.g. u6 * u6)
+                        self.value.checked_mul(rhs.value)
+                    };
+
+                    match product {
+                        Some(value) => {
+                            if value > Self::MAX.value() {
+                                None
+                            } else {
+                                Some(Self {value})
+                            }
+                        }
+                        None => None
+                    }
+                }
+
+                pub const fn checked_div(self, rhs: Self) -> Option<Self> {
+                    match self.value.checked_div(rhs.value) {
+                        Some(value) => Some(Self { value }),
+                        None => None
+                    }
+                }
+
+                pub const fn checked_shl(self, rhs: u32) -> Option<Self> {
+                    if rhs >= (BITS as u32) {
+                        None
+                    } else {
+                        Some(Self {
+                            value: (self.value << rhs) & Self::MASK,
+                        })
+                    }
+                }
+
+                pub const fn checked_shr(self, rhs: u32) -> Option<Self> {
+                    if rhs >= (BITS as u32) {
+                        None
+                    } else {
+                        Some(Self {
+                            value: (self.value >> rhs),
+                        })
+                    }
+                }
+
+                pub const fn overflowing_add(self, rhs: Self) -> (Self, bool) {
+                    let (value, overflow) = if core::mem::size_of::<$type>() << 3 == BITS {
+                        // We are something like a UInt::<u8; 8>. We can fallback to the base implementation
+                        self.value.overflowing_add(rhs.value)
+                    } else {
+                        // We're dealing with fewer bits than the underlying type (e.g. u7).
+                        // That means the addition can never overflow the underlying type
+                        let sum = self.value.wrapping_add(rhs.value);
+                        let masked = sum & Self::MASK;
+                        (masked, masked != sum)
+                    };
+                    (Self { value }, overflow)
+                }
+
+                pub const fn overflowing_sub(self, rhs: Self) -> (Self, bool) {
+                    // For unsigned numbers, the only difference is when we reach 0 - which is the same
+                    // no matter the data size. In the case of overflow we do have the mask the result though
+                    let (value, overflow) = self.value.overflowing_sub(rhs.value);
+                    (Self { value: value & Self::MASK }, overflow)
+                }
+
+                pub const fn overflowing_mul(self, rhs: Self) -> (Self, bool) {
+                    let (wrapping_product, overflow) = if BITS << 1 <= (core::mem::size_of::<$type>() << 3) {
+                        // We have half the bits (e.g. u4 * u4) of the base type, so we can't overflow the base type
+                        // wrapping_mul likely provides the best performance on all cpus
+                        self.value.overflowing_mul(rhs.value)
+                    } else {
+                        // We have more than half the bits (e.g. u6 * u6)
+                        self.value.overflowing_mul(rhs.value)
+                    };
+
+                    let masked = wrapping_product & Self::MASK;
+                    let overflow2 = masked != wrapping_product;
+                    (Self { value: masked }, overflow || overflow2 )
+                }
+
+                pub const fn overflowing_div(self, rhs: Self) -> (Self, bool) {
+                    let value = self.value.wrapping_div(rhs.value);
+                    (Self { value }, false )
+                }
+
+                pub const fn overflowing_shl(self, rhs: u32) -> (Self, bool) {
+                    if rhs >= (BITS as u32) {
+                        (Self { value: self.value << (rhs % (BITS as u32)) }, true)
+                    } else {
+                        (Self { value: self.value << rhs }, false)
+                    }
+                }
+
+                pub const fn overflowing_shr(self, rhs: u32) -> (Self, bool) {
+                    if rhs >= (BITS as u32) {
+                        (Self { value: self.value >> (rhs % (BITS as u32)) }, true)
+                    } else {
+                        (Self { value: self.value >> rhs }, false)
+                    }
+                }
+
+                /// Reverses the order of bits in the integer. The least significant bit becomes the most significant bit, second least-significant bit becomes second most-significant bit, etc.
+                pub const fn reverse_bits(self) -> Self {
+                    let shift_right = (core::mem::size_of::<$type>() << 3) - BITS;
+                    Self { value: self.value.reverse_bits() >> shift_right }
+                }
+
+                /// Returns the number of ones in the binary representation of self.
+                pub const fn count_ones(self) -> u32 {
+                    // The upper bits are zero, so we can ignore them
+                    self.value.count_ones()
+                }
+
+                /// Returns the number of zeros in the binary representation of self.
+                pub const fn count_zeros(self) -> u32 {
+                    // The upper bits are zero, so we can have to subtract them from the result
+                    let filler_bits = ((core::mem::size_of::<$type>() << 3) - BITS) as u32;
+                    self.value.count_zeros() - filler_bits
+                }
+
+                /// Returns the number of leading ones in the binary representation of self.
+                pub const fn leading_ones(self) -> u32 {
+                    let shift = ((core::mem::size_of::<$type>() << 3) - BITS) as u32;
+                    (self.value << shift).leading_ones()
+                }
+
+                /// Returns the number of leading zeros in the binary representation of self.
+                pub const fn leading_zeros(self) -> u32 {
+                    let shift = ((core::mem::size_of::<$type>() << 3) - BITS) as u32;
+                    (self.value << shift).leading_zeros()
+                }
+
+                /// Returns the number of leading ones in the binary representation of self.
+                pub const fn trailing_ones(self) -> u32 {
+                    self.value.trailing_ones()
+                }
+
+                /// Returns the number of leading zeros in the binary representation of self.
+                pub const fn trailing_zeros(self) -> u32 {
+                    self.value.trailing_zeros()
+                }
+
+                /// Shifts the bits to the left by a specified amount, n, wrapping the truncated bits to the end of the resulting integer.
+                /// Please note this isn't the same operation as the << shifting operator!
+                pub const fn rotate_left(self, n: u32) -> Self {
+                    let b = BITS as u32;
+                    let n = if n >= b { n % b } else { n };
+
+                    let moved_bits = (self.value << n) & Self::MASK;
+                    let truncated_bits = self.value >> (b - n);
+                    Self { value: moved_bits | truncated_bits }
+                }
+
+                /// Shifts the bits to the right by a specified amount, n, wrapping the truncated bits to the beginning of the resulting integer.
+                /// Please note this isn't the same operation as the >> shifting operator!
+                pub const fn rotate_right(self, n: u32) -> Self {
+                    let b = BITS as u32;
+                    let n = if n >= b { n % b } else { n };
+
+                    let moved_bits = self.value >> n;
+                    let truncated_bits = (self.value << (b - n)) & Self::MASK;
+                    Self { value: moved_bits | truncated_bits }
+                }
+            }
+        )+
+    };
+}
+
+uint_impl!(u8, u16, u32, u64, u128);
+
+// Arithmetic implementations
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> Add for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    Self: Number,
+    T: PartialEq
+        + Copy
+        + BitAnd<T, Output = T>
+        + Not<Output = T>
+        + Add<T, Output = T>
+        + Sub<T, Output = T>
+        + From<u8>,
+{
+    type Output = UInt<T, BITS>;
+
+    fn add(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        let sum = self.value + rhs.value;
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        if (sum & !Self::MASK) != T::from(0) {
+            panic!("attempt to add with overflow");
+        }
+        Self {
+            value: sum & Self::MASK,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> AddAssign for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    Self: Number,
+    T: PartialEq
+        + Eq
+        + Not<Output = T>
+        + Copy
+        + AddAssign<T>
+        + BitAnd<T, Output = T>
+        + BitAndAssign<T>
+        + From<u8>,
+{
+    fn add_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
+        self.value += rhs.value;
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        if (self.value & !Self::MASK) != T::from(0) {
+            panic!("attempt to add with overflow");
+        }
+        self.value &= Self::MASK;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> Sub for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    Self: Number,
+    T: Copy + BitAnd<T, Output = T> + Sub<T, Output = T>,
+{
+    type Output = UInt<T, BITS>;
+
+    fn sub(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        // No need for extra overflow checking as the regular minus operator already handles it for us
+        Self {
+            value: (self.value - rhs.value) & Self::MASK,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> SubAssign for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    Self: Number,
+    T: Copy + SubAssign<T> + BitAnd<T, Output = T> + BitAndAssign<T> + Sub<T, Output = T>,
+{
+    fn sub_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
+        // No need for extra overflow checking as the regular minus operator already handles it for us
+        self.value -= rhs.value;
+        self.value &= Self::MASK;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> Mul for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    Self: Number,
+    T: PartialEq + Copy + BitAnd<T, Output = T> + Not<Output = T> + Mul<T, Output = T> + From<u8>,
+{
+    type Output = UInt<T, BITS>;
+
+    fn mul(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        // In debug builds, this will perform two bounds checks: Initial multiplication, followed by
+        // our bounds check. As wrapping_mul isn't available as a trait bound (in regular Rust), this
+        // is unavoidable
+        let product = self.value * rhs.value;
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        if (product & !Self::MASK) != T::from(0) {
+            panic!("attempt to multiply with overflow");
+        }
+        Self {
+            value: product & Self::MASK,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> MulAssign for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    Self: Number,
+    T: PartialEq
+        + Eq
+        + Not<Output = T>
+        + Copy
+        + MulAssign<T>
+        + BitAnd<T, Output = T>
+        + BitAndAssign<T>
+        + From<u8>,
+{
+    fn mul_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
+        self.value *= rhs.value;
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        if (self.value & !Self::MASK) != T::from(0) {
+            panic!("attempt to multiply with overflow");
+        }
+        self.value &= Self::MASK;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> Div for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    Self: Number,
+    T: PartialEq + Div<T, Output = T>,
+{
+    type Output = UInt<T, BITS>;
+
+    fn div(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        // Integer division can only make the value smaller. And as the result is same type as
+        // Self, there's no need to range-check or mask
+        Self {
+            value: self.value / rhs.value,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> DivAssign for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    Self: Number,
+    T: PartialEq + DivAssign<T>,
+{
+    fn div_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
+        self.value /= rhs.value;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> BitAnd for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    Self: Number,
+    T: Copy
+        + BitAnd<T, Output = T>
+        + Sub<T, Output = T>
+        + Shl<usize, Output = T>
+        + Shr<usize, Output = T>
+        + From<u8>,
+{
+    type Output = UInt<T, BITS>;
+
+    fn bitand(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        Self {
+            value: self.value & rhs.value,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> BitAndAssign for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    T: Copy + BitAndAssign<T> + Sub<T, Output = T> + Shl<usize, Output = T> + From<u8>,
+{
+    fn bitand_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
+        self.value &= rhs.value;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> BitOr for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    T: Copy + BitOr<T, Output = T> + Sub<T, Output = T> + Shl<usize, Output = T> + From<u8>,
+{
+    type Output = UInt<T, BITS>;
+
+    fn bitor(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        Self {
+            value: self.value | rhs.value,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> BitOrAssign for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    T: Copy + BitOrAssign<T> + Sub<T, Output = T> + Shl<usize, Output = T> + From<u8>,
+{
+    fn bitor_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
+        self.value |= rhs.value;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> BitXor for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    T: Copy + BitXor<T, Output = T> + Sub<T, Output = T> + Shl<usize, Output = T> + From<u8>,
+{
+    type Output = UInt<T, BITS>;
+
+    fn bitxor(self, rhs: Self) -> Self::Output {
+        Self {
+            value: self.value ^ rhs.value,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> BitXorAssign for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    T: Copy + BitXorAssign<T> + Sub<T, Output = T> + Shl<usize, Output = T> + From<u8>,
+{
+    fn bitxor_assign(&mut self, rhs: Self) {
+        self.value ^= rhs.value;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> Not for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    Self: Number,
+    T: Copy
+        + BitAnd<T, Output = T>
+        + BitXor<T, Output = T>
+        + Sub<T, Output = T>
+        + Shl<usize, Output = T>
+        + Shr<usize, Output = T>
+        + From<u8>,
+{
+    type Output = UInt<T, BITS>;
+
+    fn not(self) -> Self::Output {
+        Self {
+            value: self.value ^ Self::MASK,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, TSHIFTBITS, const BITS: usize> Shl<TSHIFTBITS> for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    Self: Number,
+    T: Copy
+        + BitAnd<T, Output = T>
+        + Shl<TSHIFTBITS, Output = T>
+        + Sub<T, Output = T>
+        + Shl<usize, Output = T>
+        + Shr<usize, Output = T>
+        + From<u8>,
+    TSHIFTBITS: TryInto<usize> + Copy,
+{
+    type Output = UInt<T, BITS>;
+
+    fn shl(self, rhs: TSHIFTBITS) -> Self::Output {
+        // With debug assertions, the << and >> operators throw an exception if the shift amount
+        // is larger than the number of bits (in which case the result would always be 0)
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        if rhs.try_into().unwrap_or(usize::MAX) >= BITS {
+            panic!("attempt to shift left with overflow")
+        }
+
+        Self {
+            value: (self.value << rhs) & Self::MASK,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, TSHIFTBITS, const BITS: usize> ShlAssign<TSHIFTBITS> for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    Self: Number,
+    T: Copy
+        + BitAnd<T, Output = T>
+        + BitAndAssign<T>
+        + ShlAssign<TSHIFTBITS>
+        + Sub<T, Output = T>
+        + Shr<usize, Output = T>
+        + Shl<usize, Output = T>
+        + From<u8>,
+    TSHIFTBITS: TryInto<usize> + Copy,
+{
+    fn shl_assign(&mut self, rhs: TSHIFTBITS) {
+        // With debug assertions, the << and >> operators throw an exception if the shift amount
+        // is larger than the number of bits (in which case the result would always be 0)
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        if rhs.try_into().unwrap_or(usize::MAX) >= BITS {
+            panic!("attempt to shift left with overflow")
+        }
+        self.value <<= rhs;
+        self.value &= Self::MASK;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, TSHIFTBITS, const BITS: usize> Shr<TSHIFTBITS> for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    T: Copy + Shr<TSHIFTBITS, Output = T> + Sub<T, Output = T> + Shl<usize, Output = T> + From<u8>,
+    TSHIFTBITS: TryInto<usize> + Copy,
+{
+    type Output = UInt<T, BITS>;
+
+    fn shr(self, rhs: TSHIFTBITS) -> Self::Output {
+        // With debug assertions, the << and >> operators throw an exception if the shift amount
+        // is larger than the number of bits (in which case the result would always be 0)
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        if rhs.try_into().unwrap_or(usize::MAX) >= BITS {
+            panic!("attempt to shift left with overflow")
+        }
+        Self {
+            value: self.value >> rhs,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, TSHIFTBITS, const BITS: usize> ShrAssign<TSHIFTBITS> for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    T: Copy + ShrAssign<TSHIFTBITS> + Sub<T, Output = T> + Shl<usize, Output = T> + From<u8>,
+    TSHIFTBITS: TryInto<usize> + Copy,
+{
+    fn shr_assign(&mut self, rhs: TSHIFTBITS) {
+        // With debug assertions, the << and >> operators throw an exception if the shift amount
+        // is larger than the number of bits (in which case the result would always be 0)
+        #[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+        if rhs.try_into().unwrap_or(usize::MAX) >= BITS {
+            panic!("attempt to shift left with overflow")
+        }
+        self.value >>= rhs;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> Display for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    T: Display,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        self.value.fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> Debug for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    T: Debug,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        self.value.fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> LowerHex for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    T: LowerHex,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        self.value.fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> UpperHex for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    T: UpperHex,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        self.value.fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> Octal for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    T: Octal,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        self.value.fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> Binary for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    T: Binary,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        self.value.fmt(f)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "defmt")]
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> defmt::Format for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    T: defmt::Format,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn format(&self, f: defmt::Formatter) {
+        self.value.format(f)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> Serialize for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    T: Serialize,
+{
+    fn serialize<S: Serializer>(&self, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error> {
+        self.value.serialize(serializer)
+    }
+}
+
+// Serde's invalid_value error (https://rust-lang.github.io/hashbrown/serde/de/trait.Error.html#method.invalid_value)
+// takes an Unexpected (https://rust-lang.github.io/hashbrown/serde/de/enum.Unexpected.html) which only accepts a 64 bit
+// unsigned integer. This is a problem for us because we want to support 128 bit unsigned integers. To work around this
+// we define our own error type using the UInt's underlying type which implements Display and then use
+// serde::de::Error::custom to create an error with our custom type.
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+struct InvalidUIntValueError<T: Display> {
+    value: T,
+    max: T,
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+impl<T: Display> Display for InvalidUIntValueError<T> {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter<'_>) -> core::fmt::Result {
+        write!(
+            f,
+            "invalid value: integer `{}`, expected a value between `0` and `{}`",
+            self.value, self.max
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+impl<'de, T: Display, const BITS: usize> Deserialize<'de> for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    Self: Number,
+    T: Deserialize<'de> + PartialOrd,
+{
+    fn deserialize<D: Deserializer<'de>>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Self, D::Error> {
+        let value = T::deserialize(deserializer)?;
+
+        if value <= Self::MAX.value {
+            Ok(Self { value })
+        } else {
+            Err(serde::de::Error::custom(InvalidUIntValueError {
+                value,
+                max: Self::MAX.value,
+            }))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> Hash for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    T: Hash,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, state: &mut H) {
+        self.value.hash(state)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "step_trait")]
+impl<T, const BITS: usize> Step for UInt<T, BITS>
+where
+    Self: Number<UnderlyingType = T>,
+    T: Copy + Step,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn steps_between(start: &Self, end: &Self) -> Option<usize> {
+        Step::steps_between(&start.value(), &end.value())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn forward_checked(start: Self, count: usize) -> Option<Self> {
+        if let Some(res) = Step::forward_checked(start.value(), count) {
+            Self::try_new(res).ok()
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn backward_checked(start: Self, count: usize) -> Option<Self> {
+        if let Some(res) = Step::backward_checked(start.value(), count) {
+            Self::try_new(res).ok()
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "num-traits")]
+impl<T, const NUM_BITS: usize> num_traits::WrappingAdd for UInt<T, NUM_BITS>
+where
+    Self: Number,
+    T: PartialEq
+        + Eq
+        + Copy
+        + Add<T, Output = T>
+        + Sub<T, Output = T>
+        + BitAnd<T, Output = T>
+        + Not<Output = T>
+        + Shr<usize, Output = T>
+        + Shl<usize, Output = T>
+        + From<u8>,
+    Wrapping<T>: Add<Wrapping<T>, Output = Wrapping<T>>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn wrapping_add(&self, rhs: &Self) -> Self {
+        let sum = (Wrapping(self.value) + Wrapping(rhs.value)).0;
+        Self {
+            value: sum & Self::MASK,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "num-traits")]
+impl<T, const NUM_BITS: usize> num_traits::WrappingSub for UInt<T, NUM_BITS>
+where
+    Self: Number,
+    T: PartialEq
+        + Eq
+        + Copy
+        + Add<T, Output = T>
+        + Sub<T, Output = T>
+        + BitAnd<T, Output = T>
+        + Not<Output = T>
+        + Shr<usize, Output = T>
+        + Shl<usize, Output = T>
+        + From<u8>,
+    Wrapping<T>: Sub<Wrapping<T>, Output = Wrapping<T>>,
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn wrapping_sub(&self, rhs: &Self) -> Self {
+        let sum = (Wrapping(self.value) - Wrapping(rhs.value)).0;
+        Self {
+            value: sum & Self::MASK,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "num-traits")]
+impl<T, const NUM_BITS: usize> num_traits::bounds::Bounded for UInt<T, NUM_BITS>
+where
+    Self: Number,
+{
+    fn min_value() -> Self {
+        Self::MIN
+    }
+
+    fn max_value() -> Self {
+        Self::MAX
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! bytes_operation_impl {
+    ($base_data_type:ty, $bits:expr, [$($indices:expr),+]) => {
+        impl UInt<$base_data_type, $bits>
+        {
+            /// Reverses the byte order of the integer.
+            #[inline]
+            pub const fn swap_bytes(&self) -> Self {
+                // swap_bytes() of the underlying type does most of the work. Then, we just need to shift
+                const SHIFT_RIGHT: usize = (core::mem::size_of::<$base_data_type>() << 3) - $bits;
+                Self { value: self.value.swap_bytes() >> SHIFT_RIGHT }
+            }
+
+            pub const fn to_le_bytes(&self) -> [u8; $bits >> 3] {
+                let v = self.value();
+
+                [ $( (v >> ($indices << 3)) as u8, )+ ]
+            }
+
+            pub const fn from_le_bytes(from: [u8; $bits >> 3]) -> Self {
+                let value = { 0 $( | (from[$indices] as $base_data_type) << ($indices << 3))+ };
+                Self { value }
+            }
+
+            pub const fn to_be_bytes(&self) -> [u8; $bits >> 3] {
+                 let v = self.value();
+
+                [ $( (v >> ($bits - 8 - ($indices << 3))) as u8, )+ ]
+            }
+
+            pub const fn from_be_bytes(from: [u8; $bits >> 3]) -> Self {
+                let value = { 0 $( | (from[$indices] as $base_data_type) << ($bits - 8 - ($indices << 3)))+ };
+                Self { value }
+            }
+
+            #[inline]
+            pub const fn to_ne_bytes(&self) -> [u8; $bits >> 3] {
+                #[cfg(target_endian = "little")]
+                {
+                    self.to_le_bytes()
+                }
+                #[cfg(target_endian = "big")]
+                {
+                    self.to_be_bytes()
+                }
+            }
+
+            #[inline]
+            pub const fn from_ne_bytes(bytes: [u8; $bits >> 3]) -> Self {
+                #[cfg(target_endian = "little")]
+                {
+                    Self::from_le_bytes(bytes)
+                }
+                #[cfg(target_endian = "big")]
+                {
+                    Self::from_be_bytes(bytes)
+                }
+            }
+
+            #[inline]
+            pub const fn to_le(self) -> Self {
+                #[cfg(target_endian = "little")]
+                {
+                    self
+                }
+                #[cfg(target_endian = "big")]
+                {
+                    self.swap_bytes()
+                }
+            }
+
+            #[inline]
+            pub const fn to_be(self) -> Self {
+                #[cfg(target_endian = "little")]
+                {
+                    self.swap_bytes()
+                }
+                #[cfg(target_endian = "big")]
+                {
+                    self
+                }
+            }
+
+            #[inline]
+            pub const fn from_le(value: Self) -> Self {
+                value.to_le()
+            }
+
+            #[inline]
+            pub const fn from_be(value: Self) -> Self {
+                value.to_be()
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+bytes_operation_impl!(u32, 24, [0, 1, 2]);
+bytes_operation_impl!(u64, 24, [0, 1, 2]);
+bytes_operation_impl!(u128, 24, [0, 1, 2]);
+bytes_operation_impl!(u64, 40, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
+bytes_operation_impl!(u128, 40, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
+bytes_operation_impl!(u64, 48, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+bytes_operation_impl!(u128, 48, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+bytes_operation_impl!(u64, 56, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
+bytes_operation_impl!(u128, 56, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
+bytes_operation_impl!(u128, 72, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]);
+bytes_operation_impl!(u128, 80, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);
+bytes_operation_impl!(u128, 88, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10]);
+bytes_operation_impl!(u128, 96, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11]);
+bytes_operation_impl!(u128, 104, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12]);
+bytes_operation_impl!(u128, 112, [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13]);
+bytes_operation_impl!(
+    u128,
+    120,
+    [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
+);
+
+// Conversions
+
+#[cfg(feature = "const_convert_and_const_trait_impl")]
+macro_rules! from_arbitrary_int_impl {
+    ($from:ty, [$($into:ty),+]) => {
+        $(
+            impl<const BITS: usize, const BITS_FROM: usize> const From<UInt<$from, BITS_FROM>>
+                for UInt<$into, BITS>
+            {
+                #[inline]
+                fn from(item: UInt<$from, BITS_FROM>) -> Self {
+                    let _ = CompileTimeAssert::<BITS_FROM, BITS>::SMALLER_OR_EQUAL;
+                    Self { value: item.value as $into }
+                }
+            }
+        )+
+    };
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "const_convert_and_const_trait_impl"))]
+macro_rules! from_arbitrary_int_impl {
+    ($from:ty, [$($into:ty),+]) => {
+        $(
+            impl<const BITS: usize, const BITS_FROM: usize> From<UInt<$from, BITS_FROM>>
+                for UInt<$into, BITS>
+            {
+                #[inline]
+                fn from(item: UInt<$from, BITS_FROM>) -> Self {
+                    let _ = CompileTimeAssert::<BITS_FROM, BITS>::SMALLER_OR_EQUAL;
+                    Self { value: item.value as $into }
+                }
+            }
+        )+
+    };
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "const_convert_and_const_trait_impl")]
+macro_rules! from_native_impl {
+    ($from:ty, [$($into:ty),+]) => {
+        $(
+            impl<const BITS: usize> const From<$from> for UInt<$into, BITS> {
+                #[inline]
+                fn from(from: $from) -> Self {
+                    let _ = CompileTimeAssert::<{ <$from>::BITS as usize }, BITS>::SMALLER_OR_EQUAL;
+                    Self { value: from as $into }
+                }
+            }
+
+            impl<const BITS: usize> const From<UInt<$from, BITS>> for $into {
+                #[inline]
+                fn from(from: UInt<$from, BITS>) -> Self {
+                    let _ = CompileTimeAssert::<BITS, { <$into>::BITS as usize }>::SMALLER_OR_EQUAL;
+                    from.value as $into
+                }
+            }
+        )+
+    };
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "const_convert_and_const_trait_impl"))]
+macro_rules! from_native_impl {
+    ($from:ty, [$($into:ty),+]) => {
+        $(
+            impl<const BITS: usize> From<$from> for UInt<$into, BITS> {
+                #[inline]
+                fn from(from: $from) -> Self {
+                    let _ = CompileTimeAssert::<{ <$from>::BITS as usize }, BITS>::SMALLER_OR_EQUAL;
+                    Self { value: from as $into }
+                }
+            }
+
+            impl<const BITS: usize> From<UInt<$from, BITS>> for $into {
+                #[inline]
+                fn from(from: UInt<$from, BITS>) -> Self {
+                    let _ = CompileTimeAssert::<BITS, { <$into>::BITS as usize }>::SMALLER_OR_EQUAL;
+                    from.value as $into
+                }
+            }
+        )+
+    };
+}
+
+from_arbitrary_int_impl!(u8, [u16, u32, u64, u128]);
+from_arbitrary_int_impl!(u16, [u8, u32, u64, u128]);
+from_arbitrary_int_impl!(u32, [u8, u16, u64, u128]);
+from_arbitrary_int_impl!(u64, [u8, u16, u32, u128]);
+from_arbitrary_int_impl!(u128, [u8, u32, u64, u16]);
+
+from_native_impl!(u8, [u8, u16, u32, u64, u128]);
+from_native_impl!(u16, [u8, u16, u32, u64, u128]);
+from_native_impl!(u32, [u8, u16, u32, u64, u128]);
+from_native_impl!(u64, [u8, u16, u32, u64, u128]);
+from_native_impl!(u128, [u8, u16, u32, u64, u128]);
+
+// Define type aliases like u1, u63 and u80 using the smallest possible underlying data type.
+// These are for convenience only - UInt<u32, 15> is still legal
+macro_rules! type_alias {
+    ($storage:ty, $(($name:ident, $bits:expr)),+) => {
+        $( pub type $name = crate::UInt<$storage, $bits>; )+
+    }
+}
+
+pub use aliases::*;
+
+#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+#[rustfmt::skip]
+mod aliases {
+    type_alias!(u8, (u1, 1), (u2, 2), (u3, 3), (u4, 4), (u5, 5), (u6, 6), (u7, 7));
+    type_alias!(u16, (u9, 9), (u10, 10), (u11, 11), (u12, 12), (u13, 13), (u14, 14), (u15, 15));
+    type_alias!(u32, (u17, 17), (u18, 18), (u19, 19), (u20, 20), (u21, 21), (u22, 22), (u23, 23), (u24, 24), (u25, 25), (u26, 26), (u27, 27), (u28, 28), (u29, 29), (u30, 30), (u31, 31));
+    type_alias!(u64, (u33, 33), (u34, 34), (u35, 35), (u36, 36), (u37, 37), (u38, 38), (u39, 39), (u40, 40), (u41, 41), (u42, 42), (u43, 43), (u44, 44), (u45, 45), (u46, 46), (u47, 47), (u48, 48), (u49, 49), (u50, 50), (u51, 51), (u52, 52), (u53, 53), (u54, 54), (u55, 55), (u56, 56), (u57, 57), (u58, 58), (u59, 59), (u60, 60), (u61, 61), (u62, 62), (u63, 63));
+    type_alias!(u128, (u65, 65), (u66, 66), (u67, 67), (u68, 68), (u69, 69), (u70, 70), (u71, 71), (u72, 72), (u73, 73), (u74, 74), (u75, 75), (u76, 76), (u77, 77), (u78, 78), (u79, 79), (u80, 80), (u81, 81), (u82, 82), (u83, 83), (u84, 84), (u85, 85), (u86, 86), (u87, 87), (u88, 88), (u89, 89), (u90, 90), (u91, 91), (u92, 92), (u93, 93), (u94, 94), (u95, 95), (u96, 96), (u97, 97), (u98, 98), (u99, 99), (u100, 100), (u101, 101), (u102, 102), (u103, 103), (u104, 104), (u105, 105), (u106, 106), (u107, 107), (u108, 108), (u109, 109), (u110, 110), (u111, 111), (u112, 112), (u113, 113), (u114, 114), (u115, 115), (u116, 116), (u117, 117), (u118, 118), (u119, 119), (u120, 120), (u121, 121), (u122, 122), (u123, 123), (u124, 124), (u125, 125), (u126, 126), (u127, 127));
+}
+
+// We need to wrap this in a macro, currently: https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/67792#issuecomment-1130369066
+
+#[cfg(feature = "const_convert_and_const_trait_impl")]
+macro_rules! boolu1 {
+    () => {
+        impl const From<bool> for u1 {
+            #[inline]
+            fn from(value: bool) -> Self {
+                u1::new(value as u8)
+            }
+        }
+        impl const From<u1> for bool {
+            #[inline]
+            fn from(value: u1) -> Self {
+                match value.value() {
+                    0 => false,
+                    1 => true,
+                    _ => panic!("arbitrary_int_type already validates that this is unreachable"), //TODO: unreachable!() is not const yet
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "const_convert_and_const_trait_impl"))]
+macro_rules! boolu1 {
+    () => {
+        impl From<bool> for u1 {
+            #[inline]
+            fn from(value: bool) -> Self {
+                u1::new(value as u8)
+            }
+        }
+        impl From<u1> for bool {
+            #[inline]
+            fn from(value: u1) -> Self {
+                match value.value() {
+                    0 => false,
+                    1 => true,
+                    _ => panic!("arbitrary_int_type already validates that this is unreachable"), //TODO: unreachable!() is not const yet
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+boolu1!();
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/tests/tests.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/tests/tests.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e050f00c99
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/arbitrary-int/tests/tests.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1913 @@
+#![cfg_attr(feature = "step_trait", feature(step_trait))]
+
+extern crate core;
+
+use arbitrary_int::*;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+#[cfg(feature = "step_trait")]
+use std::iter::Step;
+
+#[test]
+fn constants() {
+    // Make a constant to ensure new().value() works in a const-context
+    const TEST_CONSTANT: u8 = u7::new(127).value();
+    assert_eq!(TEST_CONSTANT, 127u8);
+
+    // Same with widen()
+    const TEST_CONSTANT2: u7 = u6::new(63).widen();
+    assert_eq!(TEST_CONSTANT2, u7::new(63));
+
+    // Same with widen()
+    const TEST_CONSTANT3A: Result<u6, TryNewError> = u6::try_new(62);
+    assert_eq!(TEST_CONSTANT3A, Ok(u6::new(62)));
+    const TEST_CONSTANT3B: Result<u6, TryNewError> = u6::try_new(64);
+    assert!(TEST_CONSTANT3B.is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn create_simple() {
+    let value7 = u7::new(123);
+    let value8 = UInt::<u8, 8>::new(189);
+
+    let value13 = u13::new(123);
+    let value16 = UInt::<u16, 16>::new(60000);
+
+    let value23 = u23::new(123);
+    let value67 = u67::new(123);
+
+    assert_eq!(value7.value(), 123);
+    assert_eq!(value8.value(), 189);
+
+    assert_eq!(value13.value(), 123);
+    assert_eq!(value16.value(), 60000);
+
+    assert_eq!(value23.value(), 123);
+    assert_eq!(value67.value(), 123);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn create_try_new() {
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(123).value(), 123);
+    assert_eq!(u7::try_new(190).expect_err("No error seen"), TryNewError {});
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn create_panic_u7() {
+    u7::new(128);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn create_panic_u15() {
+    u15::new(32768);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn create_panic_u31() {
+    u31::new(2147483648);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn create_panic_u63() {
+    u63::new(0x8000_0000_0000_0000);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn create_panic_u127() {
+    u127::new(0x8000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn add() {
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(10) + u7::new(20), u7::new(30));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(100) + u7::new(27), u7::new(127));
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn add_overflow() {
+    let _ = u7::new(127) + u7::new(3);
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+#[test]
+fn add_no_overflow() {
+    let _ = u7::new(127) + u7::new(3);
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "num-traits")]
+#[test]
+fn num_traits_add_wrapping() {
+    let v1 = u7::new(120);
+    let v2 = u7::new(10);
+    let v3 = num_traits::WrappingAdd::wrapping_add(&v1, &v2);
+    assert_eq!(v3, u7::new(2));
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "num-traits")]
+#[test]
+fn num_traits_sub_wrapping() {
+    let v1 = u7::new(15);
+    let v2 = u7::new(20);
+    let v3 = num_traits::WrappingSub::wrapping_sub(&v1, &v2);
+    assert_eq!(v3, u7::new(123));
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "num-traits")]
+#[test]
+fn num_traits_bounded() {
+    use num_traits::bounds::Bounded;
+    assert_eq!(u7::MAX, u7::max_value());
+    assert_eq!(u119::MAX, u119::max_value());
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0), u7::min_value());
+    assert_eq!(u119::new(0), u119::min_value());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn addassign() {
+    let mut value = u9::new(500);
+    value += u9::new(11);
+    assert_eq!(value, u9::new(511));
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn addassign_overflow() {
+    let mut value = u9::new(500);
+    value += u9::new(40);
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+#[test]
+fn addassign_no_overflow() {
+    let mut value = u9::new(500);
+    value += u9::new(28);
+    assert_eq!(value, u9::new(16));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sub() {
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(22) - u7::new(10), u7::new(12));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(127) - u7::new(127), u7::new(0));
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn sub_overflow() {
+    let _ = u7::new(100) - u7::new(127);
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+#[test]
+fn sub_no_overflow() {
+    let value = u7::new(100) - u7::new(127);
+    assert_eq!(value, u7::new(101));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn subassign() {
+    let mut value = u9::new(500);
+    value -= u9::new(11);
+    assert_eq!(value, u9::new(489));
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn subassign_overflow() {
+    let mut value = u9::new(30);
+    value -= u9::new(40);
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+#[test]
+fn subassign_no_overflow() {
+    let mut value = u9::new(30);
+    value -= u9::new(40);
+    assert_eq!(value, u9::new(502));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mul() {
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(22) * u7::new(4), u7::new(88));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(127) * u7::new(0), u7::new(0));
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn mul_overflow() {
+    let _ = u7::new(100) * u7::new(2);
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+#[test]
+fn mul_no_overflow() {
+    let result = u7::new(100) * u7::new(2);
+    assert_eq!(result, u7::new(72));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mulassign() {
+    let mut value = u9::new(240);
+    value *= u9::new(2);
+    assert_eq!(value, u9::new(480));
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn mulassign_overflow() {
+    let mut value = u9::new(500);
+    value *= u9::new(2);
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(debug_assertions))]
+#[test]
+fn mulassign_no_overflow() {
+    let mut value = u9::new(500);
+    value *= u9::new(40);
+    assert_eq!(value, u9::new(32));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn div() {
+    // div just forwards to the underlying type, so there isn't much to do
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(22) / u7::new(4), u7::new(5));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(127) / u7::new(1), u7::new(127));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(127) / u7::new(127), u7::new(1));
+}
+
+#[should_panic]
+#[test]
+fn div_by_zero() {
+    let _ = u7::new(22) / u7::new(0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn divassign() {
+    let mut value = u9::new(240);
+    value /= u9::new(2);
+    assert_eq!(value, u9::new(120));
+}
+
+#[should_panic]
+#[test]
+fn divassign_by_zero() {
+    let mut value = u9::new(240);
+    value /= u9::new(0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn bitand() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        u17::new(0b11001100) & u17::new(0b01101001),
+        u17::new(0b01001000)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(u17::new(0b11001100) & u17::new(0), u17::new(0));
+    assert_eq!(
+        u17::new(0b11001100) & u17::new(0x1_FFFF),
+        u17::new(0b11001100)
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn bitandassign() {
+    let mut value = u4::new(0b0101);
+    value &= u4::new(0b0110);
+    assert_eq!(value, u4::new(0b0100));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn bitor() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        u17::new(0b11001100) | u17::new(0b01101001),
+        u17::new(0b11101101)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(u17::new(0b11001100) | u17::new(0), u17::new(0b11001100));
+    assert_eq!(
+        u17::new(0b11001100) | u17::new(0x1_FFFF),
+        u17::new(0x1_FFFF)
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn bitorassign() {
+    let mut value = u4::new(0b0101);
+    value |= u4::new(0b0110);
+    assert_eq!(value, u4::new(0b0111));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn bitxor() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        u17::new(0b11001100) ^ u17::new(0b01101001),
+        u17::new(0b10100101)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(u17::new(0b11001100) ^ u17::new(0), u17::new(0b11001100));
+    assert_eq!(
+        u17::new(0b11001100) ^ u17::new(0x1_FFFF),
+        u17::new(0b1_11111111_00110011)
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn bitxorassign() {
+    let mut value = u4::new(0b0101);
+    value ^= u4::new(0b0110);
+    assert_eq!(value, u4::new(0b0011));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn not() {
+    assert_eq!(!u17::new(0), u17::new(0b1_11111111_11111111));
+    assert_eq!(!u5::new(0b10101), u5::new(0b01010));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn shl() {
+    assert_eq!(u17::new(0b1) << 5u8, u17::new(0b100000));
+    // Ensure bits on the left are shifted out
+    assert_eq!(u9::new(0b11110000) << 3u64, u9::new(0b1_10000000));
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn shl_too_much8() {
+    let _ = u53::new(123) << 53u8;
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn shl_too_much16() {
+    let _ = u53::new(123) << 53u16;
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn shl_too_much32() {
+    let _ = u53::new(123) << 53u32;
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn shl_too_much64() {
+    let _ = u53::new(123) << 53u64;
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn shl_too_much128() {
+    let _ = u53::new(123) << 53u128;
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn shl_too_much_usize() {
+    let _ = u53::new(123) << 53usize;
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn shlassign() {
+    let mut value = u9::new(0b11110000);
+    value <<= 3;
+    assert_eq!(value, u9::new(0b1_10000000));
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn shlassign_too_much() {
+    let mut value = u9::new(0b11110000);
+    value <<= 9;
+}
+
+#[cfg(debug_assertions)]
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn shlassign_too_much2() {
+    let mut value = u9::new(0b11110000);
+    value <<= 10;
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn shr() {
+    assert_eq!(u17::new(0b100110) >> 5usize, u17::new(1));
+
+    // Ensure there's no sign extension
+    assert_eq!(u17::new(0b1_11111111_11111111) >> 8, u17::new(0b1_11111111));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn shrassign() {
+    let mut value = u9::new(0b1_11110000);
+    value >>= 6;
+    assert_eq!(value, u9::new(0b0_00000111));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn compare() {
+    assert_eq!(true, u4::new(0b1100) > u4::new(0b0011));
+    assert_eq!(true, u4::new(0b1100) >= u4::new(0b0011));
+    assert_eq!(false, u4::new(0b1100) < u4::new(0b0011));
+    assert_eq!(false, u4::new(0b1100) <= u4::new(0b0011));
+    assert_eq!(true, u4::new(0b1100) != u4::new(0b0011));
+    assert_eq!(false, u4::new(0b1100) == u4::new(0b0011));
+
+    assert_eq!(false, u4::new(0b1100) > u4::new(0b1100));
+    assert_eq!(true, u4::new(0b1100) >= u4::new(0b1100));
+    assert_eq!(false, u4::new(0b1100) < u4::new(0b1100));
+    assert_eq!(true, u4::new(0b1100) <= u4::new(0b1100));
+    assert_eq!(false, u4::new(0b1100) != u4::new(0b1100));
+    assert_eq!(true, u4::new(0b1100) == u4::new(0b1100));
+
+    assert_eq!(false, u4::new(0b0011) > u4::new(0b1100));
+    assert_eq!(false, u4::new(0b0011) >= u4::new(0b1100));
+    assert_eq!(true, u4::new(0b0011) < u4::new(0b1100));
+    assert_eq!(true, u4::new(0b0011) <= u4::new(0b1100));
+    assert_eq!(true, u4::new(0b0011) != u4::new(0b1100));
+    assert_eq!(false, u4::new(0b0011) == u4::new(0b1100));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn min_max() {
+    assert_eq!(0, u4::MIN.value());
+    assert_eq!(0b1111, u4::MAX.value());
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(0b1111), u4::MAX);
+
+    assert_eq!(0, u15::MIN.value());
+    assert_eq!(32767, u15::MAX.value());
+    assert_eq!(u15::new(32767), u15::MAX);
+
+    assert_eq!(0, u31::MIN.value());
+    assert_eq!(2147483647, u31::MAX.value());
+
+    assert_eq!(0, u63::MIN.value());
+    assert_eq!(0x7FFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF, u63::MAX.value());
+
+    assert_eq!(0, u127::MIN.value());
+    assert_eq!(0x7FFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF_FFFF, u127::MAX.value());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn bits() {
+    assert_eq!(4, u4::BITS);
+    assert_eq!(12, u12::BITS);
+    assert_eq!(120, u120::BITS);
+    assert_eq!(13, UInt::<u128, 13usize>::BITS);
+
+    assert_eq!(8, u8::BITS);
+    assert_eq!(16, u16::BITS);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn mask() {
+    assert_eq!(0x1u8, u1::MASK);
+    assert_eq!(0xFu8, u4::MASK);
+    assert_eq!(0x3FFFFu32, u18::MASK);
+    assert_eq!(0x7FFFFFFF_FFFFFFFF_FFFFFFFF_FFFFFFFFu128, u127::MASK);
+    assert_eq!(0x7FFFFFFF_FFFFFFFF_FFFFFFFF_FFFFFFFFu128, u127::MASK);
+    assert_eq!(0xFFFFFFFF_FFFFFFFF_FFFFFFFF_FFFFFFFFu128, u128::MAX);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn min_max_fullwidth() {
+    assert_eq!(u8::MIN, UInt::<u8, 8>::MIN.value());
+    assert_eq!(u8::MAX, UInt::<u8, 8>::MAX.value());
+
+    assert_eq!(u16::MIN, UInt::<u16, 16>::MIN.value());
+    assert_eq!(u16::MAX, UInt::<u16, 16>::MAX.value());
+
+    assert_eq!(u32::MIN, UInt::<u32, 32>::MIN.value());
+    assert_eq!(u32::MAX, UInt::<u32, 32>::MAX.value());
+
+    assert_eq!(u64::MIN, UInt::<u64, 64>::MIN.value());
+    assert_eq!(u64::MAX, UInt::<u64, 64>::MAX.value());
+
+    assert_eq!(u128::MIN, UInt::<u128, 128>::MIN.value());
+    assert_eq!(u128::MAX, UInt::<u128, 128>::MAX.value());
+}
+
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+#[test]
+fn extract() {
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b10000), u5::extract(0b11110000, 0));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b11100), u5::extract(0b11110000, 2));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b11110), u5::extract(0b11110000, 3));
+
+    // Use extract with a custom type (5 bits of u32)
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u32, 5>::new(0b11110),
+        UInt::<u32, 5>::extract(0b11110000, 3)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u5::new(0b11110),
+        UInt::<u32, 5>::extract(0b11110000, 3).into()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn extract_typed() {
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b10000), u5::extract_u8(0b11110000, 0));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b00011), u5::extract_u16(0b11110000_11110110, 6));
+    assert_eq!(
+        u5::new(0b01011),
+        u5::extract_u32(0b11110010_11110110_00000000_00000000, 22)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u5::new(0b01011),
+        u5::extract_u64(
+            0b11110010_11110110_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000,
+            54
+        )
+    );
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b01011), u5::extract_u128(0b11110010_11110110_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000_00000000, 118));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn extract_full_width_typed() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        0b1010_0011,
+        UInt::<u8, 8>::extract_u8(0b1010_0011, 0).value()
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        0b1010_0011,
+        UInt::<u8, 8>::extract_u16(0b1111_1111_1010_0011, 0).value()
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn extract_not_enough_bits_8() {
+    let _ = u5::extract_u8(0b11110000, 4);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn extract_not_enough_bits_8_full_width() {
+    let _ = UInt::<u8, 8>::extract_u8(0b11110000, 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn extract_not_enough_bits_16() {
+    let _ = u5::extract_u16(0b11110000, 12);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn extract_not_enough_bits_32() {
+    let _ = u5::extract_u32(0b11110000, 28);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn extract_not_enough_bits_64() {
+    let _ = u5::extract_u64(0b11110000, 60);
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn extract_not_enough_bits_128() {
+    let _ = u5::extract_u128(0b11110000, 124);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn from_same_bit_widths() {
+    assert_eq!(u5::from(UInt::<u8, 5>::new(0b10101)), u5::new(0b10101));
+    assert_eq!(u5::from(UInt::<u16, 5>::new(0b10101)), u5::new(0b10101));
+    assert_eq!(u5::from(UInt::<u32, 5>::new(0b10101)), u5::new(0b10101));
+    assert_eq!(u5::from(UInt::<u64, 5>::new(0b10101)), u5::new(0b10101));
+    assert_eq!(u5::from(UInt::<u128, 5>::new(0b10101)), u5::new(0b10101));
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u8, 8>::from(UInt::<u128, 8>::new(0b1110_0101)),
+        UInt::<u8, 8>::new(0b1110_0101)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u16, 6>::from(UInt::<u8, 5>::new(0b10101)),
+        UInt::<u16, 6>::new(0b10101)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(u15::from(UInt::<u16, 15>::new(0b10101)), u15::new(0b10101));
+    assert_eq!(u15::from(UInt::<u32, 15>::new(0b10101)), u15::new(0b10101));
+    assert_eq!(u15::from(UInt::<u64, 15>::new(0b10101)), u15::new(0b10101));
+    assert_eq!(u15::from(UInt::<u128, 15>::new(0b10101)), u15::new(0b10101));
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u32, 6>::from(u6::new(0b10101)),
+        UInt::<u32, 6>::new(0b10101)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u32, 14>::from(u14::new(0b10101)),
+        UInt::<u32, 14>::new(0b10101)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(u30::from(UInt::<u32, 30>::new(0b10101)), u30::new(0b10101));
+    assert_eq!(u30::from(UInt::<u64, 30>::new(0b10101)), u30::new(0b10101));
+    assert_eq!(u30::from(UInt::<u128, 30>::new(0b10101)), u30::new(0b10101));
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u64, 7>::from(UInt::<u8, 7>::new(0b10101)),
+        UInt::<u64, 7>::new(0b10101)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u64, 12>::from(UInt::<u16, 12>::new(0b10101)),
+        UInt::<u64, 12>::new(0b10101)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u64, 28>::from(UInt::<u32, 28>::new(0b10101)),
+        UInt::<u64, 28>::new(0b10101)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(u60::from(u60::new(0b10101)), u60::new(0b10101));
+    assert_eq!(u60::from(UInt::<u128, 60>::new(0b10101)), u60::new(0b10101));
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 5>::from(UInt::<u8, 5>::new(0b10101)),
+        UInt::<u128, 5>::new(0b10101)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 12>::from(UInt::<u16, 12>::new(0b10101)),
+        UInt::<u128, 12>::new(0b10101)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 26>::from(UInt::<u32, 26>::new(0b10101)),
+        UInt::<u128, 26>::new(0b10101)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 60>::from(UInt::<u64, 60>::new(0b10101)),
+        UInt::<u128, 60>::new(0b10101)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u120::from(UInt::<u128, 120>::new(0b10101)),
+        u120::new(0b10101)
+    );
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "num-traits")]
+#[test]
+fn calculation_with_number_trait() {
+    fn increment_by_1<T: num_traits::WrappingAdd + Number>(foo: T) -> T {
+        foo.wrapping_add(&T::new(1.into()))
+    }
+
+    fn increment_by_512<T: num_traits::WrappingAdd + Number>(
+        foo: T,
+    ) -> Result<T, <<T as Number>::UnderlyingType as TryFrom<u32>>::Error>
+    where
+        <<T as Number>::UnderlyingType as TryFrom<u32>>::Error: core::fmt::Debug,
+    {
+        Ok(foo.wrapping_add(&T::new(512u32.try_into()?)))
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(increment_by_1(0u16), 1u16);
+    assert_eq!(increment_by_1(u7::new(3)), u7::new(4));
+    assert_eq!(increment_by_1(u15::new(3)), u15::new(4));
+
+    assert_eq!(increment_by_512(0u16), Ok(512u16));
+    assert!(increment_by_512(u7::new(3)).is_err());
+    assert_eq!(increment_by_512(u15::new(3)), Ok(u15::new(515)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn from_smaller_bit_widths() {
+    // The code to get more bits from fewer bits (through From) is the same as the code above
+    // for identical bitwidths. Therefore just do a few point checks to ensure things compile
+
+    // There are compile-breakers for the opposite direction (e.g. tryint to do u5 = From(u17),
+    // but we can't test compile failures here
+
+    // from is not yet supported if the bitcounts are different but the base data types are the same (need
+    // fancier Rust features to support that)
+    assert_eq!(u6::from(UInt::<u16, 5>::new(0b10101)), u6::new(0b10101));
+    assert_eq!(u6::from(UInt::<u32, 5>::new(0b10101)), u6::new(0b10101));
+    assert_eq!(u6::from(UInt::<u64, 5>::new(0b10101)), u6::new(0b10101));
+    assert_eq!(u6::from(UInt::<u128, 5>::new(0b10101)), u6::new(0b10101));
+
+    assert_eq!(u15::from(UInt::<u8, 7>::new(0b10101)), u15::new(0b10101));
+    //assert_eq!(u15::from(UInt::<u16, 15>::new(0b10101)), u15::new(0b10101));
+    assert_eq!(u15::from(UInt::<u32, 14>::new(0b10101)), u15::new(0b10101));
+    assert_eq!(u15::from(UInt::<u64, 14>::new(0b10101)), u15::new(0b10101));
+    assert_eq!(u15::from(UInt::<u128, 14>::new(0b10101)), u15::new(0b10101));
+}
+
+#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+#[test]
+fn from_native_ints_same_bits() {
+    use std::primitive;
+
+    type u8 = UInt<primitive::u8, 8>;
+    type u16 = UInt<primitive::u16, 16>;
+    type u32 = UInt<primitive::u32, 32>;
+    type u64 = UInt<primitive::u64, 64>;
+    type u128 = UInt<primitive::u128, 128>;
+
+    assert_eq!(u8::from(0x80_u8), u8::new(0x80));
+    assert_eq!(u16::from(0x8000_u16), u16::new(0x8000));
+    assert_eq!(u32::from(0x8000_0000_u32), u32::new(0x8000_0000));
+    assert_eq!(
+        u64::from(0x8000_0000_0000_0000_u64),
+        u64::new(0x8000_0000_0000_0000)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u128::from(0x8000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_u128),
+        u128::new(0x8000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000)
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn from_native_ints_fewer_bits() {
+    assert_eq!(u9::from(0x80_u8), u9::new(0x80));
+
+    assert_eq!(u17::from(0x80_u8), u17::new(0x80));
+    assert_eq!(u17::from(0x8000_u16), u17::new(0x8000));
+
+    assert_eq!(u33::from(0x80_u8), u33::new(0x80));
+    assert_eq!(u33::from(0x8000_u16), u33::new(0x8000));
+    assert_eq!(u33::from(0x8000_0000_u32), u33::new(0x8000_0000));
+
+    assert_eq!(u65::from(0x80_u8), u65::new(0x80));
+    assert_eq!(u65::from(0x8000_u16), u65::new(0x8000));
+    assert_eq!(u65::from(0x8000_0000_u32), u65::new(0x8000_0000));
+    assert_eq!(
+        u65::from(0x8000_0000_0000_0000_u64),
+        u65::new(0x8000_0000_0000_0000)
+    );
+}
+
+#[allow(non_camel_case_types)]
+#[test]
+fn into_native_ints_same_bits() {
+    assert_eq!(u8::from(UInt::<u8, 8>::new(0x80)), 0x80);
+    assert_eq!(u16::from(UInt::<u16, 16>::new(0x8000)), 0x8000);
+    assert_eq!(u32::from(UInt::<u32, 32>::new(0x8000_0000)), 0x8000_0000);
+    assert_eq!(
+        u64::from(UInt::<u64, 64>::new(0x8000_0000_0000_0000)),
+        0x8000_0000_0000_0000
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u128::from(UInt::<u128, 128>::new(
+            0x8000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000
+        )),
+        0x8000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn into_native_ints_fewer_bits() {
+    assert_eq!(u8::from(u7::new(0x40)), 0x40);
+    assert_eq!(u16::from(u15::new(0x4000)), 0x4000);
+    assert_eq!(u32::from(u31::new(0x4000_0000)), 0x4000_0000);
+    assert_eq!(
+        u64::from(u63::new(0x4000_0000_0000_0000)),
+        0x4000_0000_0000_0000
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u128::from(u127::new(0x4000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000)),
+        0x4000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn from_into_bool() {
+    assert_eq!(u1::from(true), u1::new(1));
+    assert_eq!(u1::from(false), u1::new(0));
+    assert_eq!(bool::from(u1::new(1)), true);
+    assert_eq!(bool::from(u1::new(0)), false);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn widen() {
+    // As From() can't be used while keeping the base-data-type, there's widen
+
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b11011).widen::<6>(), u6::new(0b11011));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b11011).widen::<8>(), UInt::<u8, 8>::new(0b11011));
+    assert_eq!(u10::new(0b11011).widen::<11>(), u11::new(0b11011));
+    assert_eq!(u20::new(0b11011).widen::<24>(), u24::new(0b11011));
+    assert_eq!(u60::new(0b11011).widen::<61>(), u61::new(0b11011));
+    assert_eq!(u80::new(0b11011).widen::<127>().value(), 0b11011);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn to_string() {
+    assert_eq!("Value: 5", format!("Value: {}", 5u32.to_string()));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 5", format!("Value: {}", u5::new(5).to_string()));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 5", format!("Value: {}", u11::new(5).to_string()));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 5", format!("Value: {}", u17::new(5).to_string()));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 5", format!("Value: {}", u38::new(5).to_string()));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 60", format!("Value: {}", u65::new(60).to_string()));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn display() {
+    assert_eq!("Value: 5", format!("Value: {}", 5u32));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 5", format!("Value: {}", u5::new(5)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 5", format!("Value: {}", u11::new(5)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 5", format!("Value: {}", u17::new(5)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 5", format!("Value: {}", u38::new(5)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 60", format!("Value: {}", u65::new(60)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn debug() {
+    assert_eq!("Value: 5", format!("Value: {:?}", 5u32));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 5", format!("Value: {:?}", u5::new(5)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 5", format!("Value: {:?}", u11::new(5)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 5", format!("Value: {:?}", u17::new(5)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 5", format!("Value: {:?}", u38::new(5)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 60", format!("Value: {:?}", u65::new(60)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lower_hex() {
+    assert_eq!("Value: a", format!("Value: {:x}", 10u32));
+    assert_eq!("Value: a", format!("Value: {:x}", u5::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: a", format!("Value: {:x}", u11::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: a", format!("Value: {:x}", u17::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: a", format!("Value: {:x}", u38::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 3c", format!("Value: {:x}", 60));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 3c", format!("Value: {:x}", u65::new(60)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn upper_hex() {
+    assert_eq!("Value: A", format!("Value: {:X}", 10u32));
+    assert_eq!("Value: A", format!("Value: {:X}", u5::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: A", format!("Value: {:X}", u11::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: A", format!("Value: {:X}", u17::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: A", format!("Value: {:X}", u38::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 3C", format!("Value: {:X}", 60));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 3C", format!("Value: {:X}", u65::new(60)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lower_hex_fancy() {
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0xa", format!("Value: {:#x}", 10u32));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0xa", format!("Value: {:#x}", u5::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0xa", format!("Value: {:#x}", u11::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0xa", format!("Value: {:#x}", u17::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0xa", format!("Value: {:#x}", u38::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0x3c", format!("Value: {:#x}", 60));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0x3c", format!("Value: {:#x}", u65::new(60)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn upper_hex_fancy() {
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0xA", format!("Value: {:#X}", 10u32));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0xA", format!("Value: {:#X}", u5::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0xA", format!("Value: {:#X}", u11::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0xA", format!("Value: {:#X}", u17::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0xA", format!("Value: {:#X}", u38::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0x3C", format!("Value: {:#X}", 60));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0x3C", format!("Value: {:#X}", u65::new(60)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn debug_lower_hex_fancy() {
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0xa", format!("Value: {:#x?}", 10u32));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0xa", format!("Value: {:#x?}", u5::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0xa", format!("Value: {:#x?}", u11::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0xa", format!("Value: {:#x?}", u17::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0xa", format!("Value: {:#x?}", u38::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0x3c", format!("Value: {:#x?}", 60));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0x3c", format!("Value: {:#x?}", u65::new(60)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn debug_upper_hex_fancy() {
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0xA", format!("Value: {:#X?}", 10u32));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0xA", format!("Value: {:#X?}", u5::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0xA", format!("Value: {:#X?}", u11::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0xA", format!("Value: {:#X?}", u17::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0xA", format!("Value: {:#X?}", u38::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0x3C", format!("Value: {:#X?}", 60));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 0x3C", format!("Value: {:#X?}", u65::new(60)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn octal() {
+    assert_eq!("Value: 12", format!("Value: {:o}", 10u32));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 12", format!("Value: {:o}", u5::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 12", format!("Value: {:o}", u11::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 12", format!("Value: {:o}", u17::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 12", format!("Value: {:o}", u38::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 74", format!("Value: {:o}", 0o74));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 74", format!("Value: {:o}", u65::new(0o74)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn binary() {
+    assert_eq!("Value: 1010", format!("Value: {:b}", 10u32));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 1010", format!("Value: {:b}", u5::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 1010", format!("Value: {:b}", u11::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 1010", format!("Value: {:b}", u17::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 1010", format!("Value: {:b}", u38::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 111100", format!("Value: {:b}", 0b111100));
+    assert_eq!("Value: 111100", format!("Value: {:b}", u65::new(0b111100)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn hash() {
+    let mut hashmap = HashMap::<u5, u7>::new();
+
+    hashmap.insert(u5::new(11), u7::new(9));
+
+    assert_eq!(Some(&u7::new(9)), hashmap.get(&u5::new(11)));
+    assert_eq!(None, hashmap.get(&u5::new(12)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn swap_bytes() {
+    assert_eq!(u24::new(0x12_34_56).swap_bytes(), u24::new(0x56_34_12));
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u64, 24>::new(0x12_34_56).swap_bytes(),
+        UInt::<u64, 24>::new(0x56_34_12)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 24>::new(0x12_34_56).swap_bytes(),
+        UInt::<u128, 24>::new(0x56_34_12)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u40::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A).swap_bytes(),
+        u40::new(0x9A_78_56_34_12)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 40>::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A).swap_bytes(),
+        UInt::<u128, 40>::new(0x9A_78_56_34_12)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u48::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC).swap_bytes(),
+        u48::new(0xBC_9A_78_56_34_12)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 48>::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC).swap_bytes(),
+        UInt::<u128, 48>::new(0xBC_9A_78_56_34_12)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u56::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE).swap_bytes(),
+        u56::new(0xDE_BC_9A_78_56_34_12)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 56>::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE).swap_bytes(),
+        UInt::<u128, 56>::new(0xDE_BC_9A_78_56_34_12)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u72::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC).swap_bytes(),
+        u72::new(0xDC_FE_DE_BC_9A_78_56_34_12)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u80::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA).swap_bytes(),
+        u80::new(0xBA_DC_FE_DE_BC_9A_78_56_34_12)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u88::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98).swap_bytes(),
+        u88::new(0x98_BA_DC_FE_DE_BC_9A_78_56_34_12)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u96::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98_76).swap_bytes(),
+        u96::new(0x76_98_BA_DC_FE_DE_BC_9A_78_56_34_12)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u104::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98_76_54).swap_bytes(),
+        u104::new(0x54_76_98_BA_DC_FE_DE_BC_9A_78_56_34_12)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u112::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98_76_54_32).swap_bytes(),
+        u112::new(0x32_54_76_98_BA_DC_FE_DE_BC_9A_78_56_34_12)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u120::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98_76_54_32_10).swap_bytes(),
+        u120::new(0x10_32_54_76_98_BA_DC_FE_DE_BC_9A_78_56_34_12)
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn to_le_and_be_bytes() {
+    assert_eq!(u24::new(0x12_34_56).to_le_bytes(), [0x56, 0x34, 0x12]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u64, 24>::new(0x12_34_56).to_le_bytes(),
+        [0x56, 0x34, 0x12]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 24>::new(0x12_34_56).to_le_bytes(),
+        [0x56, 0x34, 0x12]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(u24::new(0x12_34_56).to_be_bytes(), [0x12, 0x34, 0x56]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u64, 24>::new(0x12_34_56).to_be_bytes(),
+        [0x12, 0x34, 0x56]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 24>::new(0x12_34_56).to_be_bytes(),
+        [0x12, 0x34, 0x56]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u40::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A).to_le_bytes(),
+        [0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 40>::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A).to_le_bytes(),
+        [0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u40::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A).to_be_bytes(),
+        [0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 40>::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A).to_be_bytes(),
+        [0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u48::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC).to_le_bytes(),
+        [0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 48>::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC).to_le_bytes(),
+        [0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u48::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC).to_be_bytes(),
+        [0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 48>::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC).to_be_bytes(),
+        [0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u56::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE).to_le_bytes(),
+        [0xDE, 0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 56>::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE).to_le_bytes(),
+        [0xDE, 0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u56::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE).to_be_bytes(),
+        [0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC, 0xDE]
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 56>::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE).to_be_bytes(),
+        [0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC, 0xDE]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u72::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC).to_le_bytes(),
+        [0xDC, 0xFE, 0xDE, 0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u72::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC).to_be_bytes(),
+        [0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC, 0xDE, 0xFE, 0xDC]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u80::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA).to_le_bytes(),
+        [0xBA, 0xDC, 0xFE, 0xDE, 0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u80::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA).to_be_bytes(),
+        [0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC, 0xDE, 0xFE, 0xDC, 0xBA]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u88::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98).to_le_bytes(),
+        [0x98, 0xBA, 0xDC, 0xFE, 0xDE, 0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u88::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98).to_be_bytes(),
+        [0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC, 0xDE, 0xFE, 0xDC, 0xBA, 0x98]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u96::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98_76).to_le_bytes(),
+        [0x76, 0x98, 0xBA, 0xDC, 0xFE, 0xDE, 0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u96::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98_76).to_be_bytes(),
+        [0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC, 0xDE, 0xFE, 0xDC, 0xBA, 0x98, 0x76]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u104::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98_76_54).to_le_bytes(),
+        [0x54, 0x76, 0x98, 0xBA, 0xDC, 0xFE, 0xDE, 0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u104::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98_76_54).to_be_bytes(),
+        [0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC, 0xDE, 0xFE, 0xDC, 0xBA, 0x98, 0x76, 0x54]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u112::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98_76_54_32).to_le_bytes(),
+        [0x32, 0x54, 0x76, 0x98, 0xBA, 0xDC, 0xFE, 0xDE, 0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u112::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98_76_54_32).to_be_bytes(),
+        [0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC, 0xDE, 0xFE, 0xDC, 0xBA, 0x98, 0x76, 0x54, 0x32]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u120::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98_76_54_32_10).to_le_bytes(),
+        [
+            0x10, 0x32, 0x54, 0x76, 0x98, 0xBA, 0xDC, 0xFE, 0xDE, 0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34,
+            0x12
+        ]
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u120::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98_76_54_32_10).to_be_bytes(),
+        [
+            0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC, 0xDE, 0xFE, 0xDC, 0xBA, 0x98, 0x76, 0x54, 0x32,
+            0x10
+        ]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn from_le_and_be_bytes() {
+    assert_eq!(u24::from_le_bytes([0x56, 0x34, 0x12]), u24::new(0x12_34_56));
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u64, 24>::from_le_bytes([0x56, 0x34, 0x12]),
+        UInt::<u64, 24>::new(0x12_34_56)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 24>::from_le_bytes([0x56, 0x34, 0x12]),
+        UInt::<u128, 24>::new(0x12_34_56)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(u24::from_be_bytes([0x12, 0x34, 0x56]), u24::new(0x12_34_56));
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u64, 24>::from_be_bytes([0x12, 0x34, 0x56]),
+        UInt::<u64, 24>::new(0x12_34_56)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 24>::from_be_bytes([0x12, 0x34, 0x56]),
+        UInt::<u128, 24>::new(0x12_34_56)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u40::from_le_bytes([0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]),
+        u40::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 40>::from_le_bytes([0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]),
+        UInt::<u128, 40>::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u40::from_be_bytes([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A]),
+        u40::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 40>::from_be_bytes([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A]),
+        UInt::<u128, 40>::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u48::from_le_bytes([0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]),
+        u48::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 48>::from_le_bytes([0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]),
+        UInt::<u128, 48>::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u48::from_be_bytes([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC]),
+        u48::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 48>::from_be_bytes([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC]),
+        UInt::<u128, 48>::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u56::from_le_bytes([0xDE, 0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]),
+        u56::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 56>::from_le_bytes([0xDE, 0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]),
+        UInt::<u128, 56>::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u56::from_be_bytes([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC, 0xDE]),
+        u56::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 56>::from_be_bytes([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC, 0xDE]),
+        UInt::<u128, 56>::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u72::from_le_bytes([0xDC, 0xFE, 0xDE, 0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]),
+        u72::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u72::from_be_bytes([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC, 0xDE, 0xFE, 0xDC]),
+        u72::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u80::from_le_bytes([0xBA, 0xDC, 0xFE, 0xDE, 0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]),
+        u80::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u80::from_be_bytes([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC, 0xDE, 0xFE, 0xDC, 0xBA]),
+        u80::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u88::from_le_bytes([0x98, 0xBA, 0xDC, 0xFE, 0xDE, 0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]),
+        u88::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u88::from_be_bytes([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC, 0xDE, 0xFE, 0xDC, 0xBA, 0x98]),
+        u88::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u96::from_le_bytes([
+            0x76, 0x98, 0xBA, 0xDC, 0xFE, 0xDE, 0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12
+        ]),
+        u96::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98_76)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u96::from_be_bytes([
+            0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC, 0xDE, 0xFE, 0xDC, 0xBA, 0x98, 0x76
+        ]),
+        u96::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98_76)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u104::from_le_bytes([
+            0x54, 0x76, 0x98, 0xBA, 0xDC, 0xFE, 0xDE, 0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12
+        ]),
+        u104::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98_76_54)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u104::from_be_bytes([
+            0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC, 0xDE, 0xFE, 0xDC, 0xBA, 0x98, 0x76, 0x54
+        ]),
+        u104::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98_76_54)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u112::from_le_bytes([
+            0x32, 0x54, 0x76, 0x98, 0xBA, 0xDC, 0xFE, 0xDE, 0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12
+        ]),
+        u112::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98_76_54_32)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u112::from_be_bytes([
+            0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC, 0xDE, 0xFE, 0xDC, 0xBA, 0x98, 0x76, 0x54, 0x32
+        ]),
+        u112::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98_76_54_32)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u120::from_le_bytes([
+            0x10, 0x32, 0x54, 0x76, 0x98, 0xBA, 0xDC, 0xFE, 0xDE, 0xBC, 0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34,
+            0x12
+        ]),
+        u120::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98_76_54_32_10)
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        u120::from_be_bytes([
+            0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A, 0xBC, 0xDE, 0xFE, 0xDC, 0xBA, 0x98, 0x76, 0x54, 0x32,
+            0x10
+        ]),
+        u120::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A_BC_DE_FE_DC_BA_98_76_54_32_10)
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn to_ne_bytes() {
+    if cfg!(target_endian = "little") {
+        assert_eq!(
+            u40::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A).to_ne_bytes(),
+            [0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]
+        );
+    } else {
+        assert_eq!(
+            u40::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A).to_ne_bytes(),
+            [0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A]
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn from_ne_bytes() {
+    if cfg!(target_endian = "little") {
+        assert_eq!(
+            u40::from_ne_bytes([0x9A, 0x78, 0x56, 0x34, 0x12]),
+            u40::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A)
+        );
+    } else {
+        assert_eq!(
+            u40::from_ne_bytes([0x12, 0x34, 0x56, 0x78, 0x9A]),
+            u40::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A)
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn simple_le_be() {
+    const REGULAR: u40 = u40::new(0x12_34_56_78_9A);
+    const SWAPPED: u40 = u40::new(0x9A_78_56_34_12);
+    if cfg!(target_endian = "little") {
+        assert_eq!(REGULAR.to_le(), REGULAR);
+        assert_eq!(REGULAR.to_be(), SWAPPED);
+        assert_eq!(u40::from_le(REGULAR), REGULAR);
+        assert_eq!(u40::from_be(REGULAR), SWAPPED);
+    } else {
+        assert_eq!(REGULAR.to_le(), SWAPPED);
+        assert_eq!(REGULAR.to_be(), REGULAR);
+        assert_eq!(u40::from_le(REGULAR), SWAPPED);
+        assert_eq!(u40::from_be(REGULAR), REGULAR);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn wrapping_add() {
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).wrapping_add(u7::new(1)), u7::new(121));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).wrapping_add(u7::new(10)), u7::new(2));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(127).wrapping_add(u7::new(127)), u7::new(126));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn wrapping_sub() {
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).wrapping_sub(u7::new(1)), u7::new(119));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(10).wrapping_sub(u7::new(20)), u7::new(118));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0).wrapping_sub(u7::new(1)), u7::new(127));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn wrapping_mul() {
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).wrapping_mul(u7::new(0)), u7::new(0));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).wrapping_mul(u7::new(1)), u7::new(120));
+
+    // Overflow u7
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).wrapping_mul(u7::new(2)), u7::new(112));
+
+    // Overflow the underlying type
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).wrapping_mul(u7::new(3)), u7::new(104));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn wrapping_div() {
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).wrapping_div(u7::new(1)), u7::new(120));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).wrapping_div(u7::new(2)), u7::new(60));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).wrapping_div(u7::new(120)), u7::new(1));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).wrapping_div(u7::new(121)), u7::new(0));
+}
+
+#[should_panic]
+#[test]
+fn wrapping_div_by_zero() {
+    let _ = u7::new(120).wrapping_div(u7::new(0));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn wrapping_shl() {
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).wrapping_shl(0), u7::new(0b010_1101));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).wrapping_shl(1), u7::new(0b101_1010));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).wrapping_shl(6), u7::new(0b100_0000));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).wrapping_shl(7), u7::new(0b010_1101));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).wrapping_shl(8), u7::new(0b101_1010));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).wrapping_shl(14), u7::new(0b010_1101));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).wrapping_shl(15), u7::new(0b101_1010));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn wrapping_shr() {
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).wrapping_shr(0), u7::new(0b010_1101));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).wrapping_shr(1), u7::new(0b001_0110));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).wrapping_shr(5), u7::new(0b000_0001));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).wrapping_shr(7), u7::new(0b010_1101));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).wrapping_shr(8), u7::new(0b001_0110));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).wrapping_shr(14), u7::new(0b010_1101));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).wrapping_shr(15), u7::new(0b001_0110));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn saturating_add() {
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).saturating_add(u7::new(1)), u7::new(121));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).saturating_add(u7::new(10)), u7::new(127));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(127).saturating_add(u7::new(127)), u7::new(127));
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u8, 8>::new(250).saturating_add(UInt::<u8, 8>::new(10)),
+        UInt::<u8, 8>::new(255)
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn saturating_sub() {
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).saturating_sub(u7::new(30)), u7::new(90));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).saturating_sub(u7::new(119)), u7::new(1));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).saturating_sub(u7::new(120)), u7::new(0));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).saturating_sub(u7::new(121)), u7::new(0));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0).saturating_sub(u7::new(127)), u7::new(0));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn saturating_mul() {
+    // Fast-path: Only the arbitrary int is bounds checked
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).saturating_mul(u4::new(2)), u4::new(10));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).saturating_mul(u4::new(3)), u4::new(15));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).saturating_mul(u4::new(4)), u4::new(15));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).saturating_mul(u4::new(5)), u4::new(15));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).saturating_mul(u4::new(6)), u4::new(15));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).saturating_mul(u4::new(7)), u4::new(15));
+
+    // Slow-path (well, one more comparison)
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(5).saturating_mul(u5::new(2)), u5::new(10));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(5).saturating_mul(u5::new(3)), u5::new(15));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(5).saturating_mul(u5::new(4)), u5::new(20));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(5).saturating_mul(u5::new(5)), u5::new(25));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(5).saturating_mul(u5::new(6)), u5::new(30));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(5).saturating_mul(u5::new(7)), u5::new(31));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(30).saturating_mul(u5::new(1)), u5::new(30));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(30).saturating_mul(u5::new(2)), u5::new(31));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(30).saturating_mul(u5::new(10)), u5::new(31));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn saturating_div() {
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).saturating_div(u4::new(1)), u4::new(5));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).saturating_div(u4::new(2)), u4::new(2));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).saturating_div(u4::new(3)), u4::new(1));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).saturating_div(u4::new(4)), u4::new(1));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).saturating_div(u4::new(5)), u4::new(1));
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic]
+fn saturating_divby0() {
+    // saturating_div throws an exception on zero
+    let _ = u4::new(5).saturating_div(u4::new(0));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn saturating_pow() {
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(5).saturating_pow(0), u7::new(1));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(5).saturating_pow(1), u7::new(5));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(5).saturating_pow(2), u7::new(25));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(5).saturating_pow(3), u7::new(125));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(5).saturating_pow(4), u7::new(127));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(5).saturating_pow(255), u7::new(127));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn checked_add() {
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).checked_add(u7::new(1)), Some(u7::new(121)));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).checked_add(u7::new(7)), Some(u7::new(127)));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).checked_add(u7::new(10)), None);
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(127).checked_add(u7::new(127)), None);
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u8, 8>::new(250).checked_add(UInt::<u8, 8>::new(10)),
+        None
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn checked_sub() {
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).checked_sub(u7::new(30)), Some(u7::new(90)));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).checked_sub(u7::new(119)), Some(u7::new(1)));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).checked_sub(u7::new(120)), Some(u7::new(0)));
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(120).checked_sub(u7::new(121)), None);
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0).checked_sub(u7::new(127)), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn checked_mul() {
+    // Fast-path: Only the arbitrary int is bounds checked
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).checked_mul(u4::new(2)), Some(u4::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).checked_mul(u4::new(3)), Some(u4::new(15)));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).checked_mul(u4::new(4)), None);
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).checked_mul(u4::new(5)), None);
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).checked_mul(u4::new(6)), None);
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).checked_mul(u4::new(7)), None);
+
+    // Slow-path (well, one more comparison)
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(5).checked_mul(u5::new(2)), Some(u5::new(10)));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(5).checked_mul(u5::new(3)), Some(u5::new(15)));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(5).checked_mul(u5::new(4)), Some(u5::new(20)));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(5).checked_mul(u5::new(5)), Some(u5::new(25)));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(5).checked_mul(u5::new(6)), Some(u5::new(30)));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(5).checked_mul(u5::new(7)), None);
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(30).checked_mul(u5::new(1)), Some(u5::new(30)));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(30).checked_mul(u5::new(2)), None);
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(30).checked_mul(u5::new(10)), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn checked_div() {
+    // checked_div handles division by zero without exception, unlike saturating_div
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).checked_div(u4::new(0)), None);
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).checked_div(u4::new(1)), Some(u4::new(5)));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).checked_div(u4::new(2)), Some(u4::new(2)));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).checked_div(u4::new(3)), Some(u4::new(1)));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).checked_div(u4::new(4)), Some(u4::new(1)));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).checked_div(u4::new(5)), Some(u4::new(1)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn checked_shl() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(0b010_1101).checked_shl(0),
+        Some(u7::new(0b010_1101))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(0b010_1101).checked_shl(1),
+        Some(u7::new(0b101_1010))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(0b010_1101).checked_shl(6),
+        Some(u7::new(0b100_0000))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).checked_shl(7), None);
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).checked_shl(8), None);
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).checked_shl(14), None);
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).checked_shl(15), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn checked_shr() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(0b010_1101).checked_shr(0),
+        Some(u7::new(0b010_1101))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(0b010_1101).checked_shr(1),
+        Some(u7::new(0b001_0110))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(0b010_1101).checked_shr(5),
+        Some(u7::new(0b000_0001))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).checked_shr(7), None);
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).checked_shr(8), None);
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).checked_shr(14), None);
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0b010_1101).checked_shr(15), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn overflowing_add() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(120).overflowing_add(u7::new(1)),
+        (u7::new(121), false)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(120).overflowing_add(u7::new(7)),
+        (u7::new(127), false)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(120).overflowing_add(u7::new(10)),
+        (u7::new(2), true)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(127).overflowing_add(u7::new(127)),
+        (u7::new(126), true)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u8, 8>::new(250).overflowing_add(UInt::<u8, 8>::new(5)),
+        (UInt::<u8, 8>::new(255), false)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u8, 8>::new(250).overflowing_add(UInt::<u8, 8>::new(10)),
+        (UInt::<u8, 8>::new(4), true)
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn overflowing_sub() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(120).overflowing_sub(u7::new(30)),
+        (u7::new(90), false)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(120).overflowing_sub(u7::new(119)),
+        (u7::new(1), false)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(120).overflowing_sub(u7::new(120)),
+        (u7::new(0), false)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(120).overflowing_sub(u7::new(121)),
+        (u7::new(127), true)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(u7::new(0).overflowing_sub(u7::new(127)), (u7::new(1), true));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn overflowing_mul() {
+    // Fast-path: Only the arbitrary int is bounds checked
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).overflowing_mul(u4::new(2)), (u4::new(10), false));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).overflowing_mul(u4::new(3)), (u4::new(15), false));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).overflowing_mul(u4::new(4)), (u4::new(4), true));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).overflowing_mul(u4::new(5)), (u4::new(9), true));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).overflowing_mul(u4::new(6)), (u4::new(14), true));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).overflowing_mul(u4::new(7)), (u4::new(3), true));
+
+    // Slow-path (well, one more comparison)
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(5).overflowing_mul(u5::new(2)), (u5::new(10), false));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(5).overflowing_mul(u5::new(3)), (u5::new(15), false));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(5).overflowing_mul(u5::new(4)), (u5::new(20), false));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(5).overflowing_mul(u5::new(5)), (u5::new(25), false));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(5).overflowing_mul(u5::new(6)), (u5::new(30), false));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(5).overflowing_mul(u5::new(7)), (u5::new(3), true));
+    assert_eq!(
+        u5::new(30).overflowing_mul(u5::new(1)),
+        (u5::new(30), false)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(30).overflowing_mul(u5::new(2)), (u5::new(28), true));
+    assert_eq!(
+        u5::new(30).overflowing_mul(u5::new(10)),
+        (u5::new(12), true)
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn overflowing_div() {
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).overflowing_div(u4::new(1)), (u4::new(5), false));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).overflowing_div(u4::new(2)), (u4::new(2), false));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).overflowing_div(u4::new(3)), (u4::new(1), false));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).overflowing_div(u4::new(4)), (u4::new(1), false));
+    assert_eq!(u4::new(5).overflowing_div(u4::new(5)), (u4::new(1), false));
+}
+
+#[should_panic]
+#[test]
+fn overflowing_div_by_zero() {
+    let _ = u4::new(5).overflowing_div(u4::new(0));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn overflowing_shl() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(0b010_1101).overflowing_shl(0),
+        (u7::new(0b010_1101), false)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(0b010_1101).overflowing_shl(1),
+        (u7::new(0b101_1010), false)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(0b010_1101).overflowing_shl(6),
+        (u7::new(0b100_0000), false)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(0b010_1101).overflowing_shl(7),
+        (u7::new(0b010_1101), true)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(0b010_1101).overflowing_shl(8),
+        (u7::new(0b101_1010), true)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(0b010_1101).overflowing_shl(14),
+        (u7::new(0b010_1101), true)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(0b010_1101).overflowing_shl(15),
+        (u7::new(0b101_1010), true)
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn overflowing_shr() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(0b010_1101).overflowing_shr(0),
+        (u7::new(0b010_1101), false)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(0b010_1101).overflowing_shr(1),
+        (u7::new(0b001_0110), false)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(0b010_1101).overflowing_shr(5),
+        (u7::new(0b000_0001), false)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(0b010_1101).overflowing_shr(7),
+        (u7::new(0b010_1101), true)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(0b010_1101).overflowing_shr(8),
+        (u7::new(0b001_0110), true)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(0b010_1101).overflowing_shr(14),
+        (u7::new(0b010_1101), true)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        u7::new(0b010_1101).overflowing_shr(15),
+        (u7::new(0b001_0110), true)
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn reverse_bits() {
+    const A: u5 = u5::new(0b11101);
+    const B: u5 = A.reverse_bits();
+    assert_eq!(B, u5::new(0b10111));
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        UInt::<u128, 6>::new(0b101011),
+        UInt::<u128, 6>::new(0b110101).reverse_bits()
+    );
+
+    assert_eq!(u1::new(1).reverse_bits().value(), 1);
+    assert_eq!(u1::new(0).reverse_bits().value(), 0);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn count_ones_and_zeros() {
+    assert_eq!(4, u5::new(0b10111).count_ones());
+    assert_eq!(1, u5::new(0b10111).count_zeros());
+    assert_eq!(1, u5::new(0b10111).leading_ones());
+    assert_eq!(0, u5::new(0b10111).leading_zeros());
+    assert_eq!(3, u5::new(0b10111).trailing_ones());
+    assert_eq!(0, u5::new(0b10111).trailing_zeros());
+
+    assert_eq!(2, u5::new(0b10100).trailing_zeros());
+    assert_eq!(3, u5::new(0b00011).leading_zeros());
+
+    assert_eq!(0, u5::new(0b00000).count_ones());
+    assert_eq!(5, u5::new(0b00000).count_zeros());
+
+    assert_eq!(5, u5::new(0b11111).count_ones());
+    assert_eq!(0, u5::new(0b11111).count_zeros());
+
+    assert_eq!(3, u127::new(0b111).count_ones());
+    assert_eq!(124, u127::new(0b111).count_zeros());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn rotate_left() {
+    assert_eq!(u1::new(0b1), u1::new(0b1).rotate_left(1));
+    assert_eq!(u2::new(0b01), u2::new(0b10).rotate_left(1));
+
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b10111), u5::new(0b10111).rotate_left(0));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b01111), u5::new(0b10111).rotate_left(1));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b11110), u5::new(0b10111).rotate_left(2));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b11101), u5::new(0b10111).rotate_left(3));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b11011), u5::new(0b10111).rotate_left(4));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b10111), u5::new(0b10111).rotate_left(5));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b01111), u5::new(0b10111).rotate_left(6));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b01111), u5::new(0b10111).rotate_left(556));
+
+    assert_eq!(u24::new(0x0FFEEC), u24::new(0xC0FFEE).rotate_left(4));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn rotate_right() {
+    assert_eq!(u1::new(0b1), u1::new(0b1).rotate_right(1));
+    assert_eq!(u2::new(0b01), u2::new(0b10).rotate_right(1));
+
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b10011), u5::new(0b10011).rotate_right(0));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b11001), u5::new(0b10011).rotate_right(1));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b11100), u5::new(0b10011).rotate_right(2));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b01110), u5::new(0b10011).rotate_right(3));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b00111), u5::new(0b10011).rotate_right(4));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b10011), u5::new(0b10011).rotate_right(5));
+    assert_eq!(u5::new(0b11001), u5::new(0b10011).rotate_right(6));
+
+    assert_eq!(u24::new(0xEC0FFE), u24::new(0xC0FFEE).rotate_right(4));
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "step_trait")]
+#[test]
+fn range_agrees_with_underlying() {
+    compare_range(u19::MIN, u19::MAX);
+    compare_range(u37::new(95_993), u37::new(1_994_910));
+    compare_range(u68::new(58_858_348), u68::new(58_860_000));
+    compare_range(u122::new(111_222_333_444), u122::new(111_222_444_555));
+    compare_range(u5::MIN, u5::MAX);
+    compare_range(u23::MIN, u23::MAX);
+    compare_range(u48::new(999_444), u48::new(1_005_000));
+    compare_range(u99::new(12345), u99::new(54321));
+
+    fn compare_range<T, const BITS: usize>(arb_start: UInt<T, BITS>, arb_end: UInt<T, BITS>)
+    where
+        T: Copy + Step,
+        UInt<T, BITS>: Step,
+    {
+        let arbint_range = (arb_start..=arb_end).map(UInt::value);
+        let underlying_range = arb_start.value()..=arb_end.value();
+
+        assert!(arbint_range.eq(underlying_range));
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "step_trait")]
+#[test]
+fn forward_checked() {
+    // In range
+    assert_eq!(Some(u7::new(121)), Step::forward_checked(u7::new(120), 1));
+    assert_eq!(Some(u7::new(127)), Step::forward_checked(u7::new(120), 7));
+
+    // Out of range
+    assert_eq!(None, Step::forward_checked(u7::new(120), 8));
+
+    // Out of range for the underlying type
+    assert_eq!(None, Step::forward_checked(u7::new(120), 140));
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "step_trait")]
+#[test]
+fn backward_checked() {
+    // In range
+    assert_eq!(Some(u7::new(1)), Step::backward_checked(u7::new(10), 9));
+    assert_eq!(Some(u7::new(0)), Step::backward_checked(u7::new(10), 10));
+
+    // Out of range (for both the arbitrary int and and the underlying type)
+    assert_eq!(None, Step::backward_checked(u7::new(10), 11));
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "step_trait")]
+#[test]
+fn steps_between() {
+    assert_eq!(Some(0), Step::steps_between(&u50::new(50), &u50::new(50)));
+
+    assert_eq!(Some(4), Step::steps_between(&u24::new(5), &u24::new(9)));
+    assert_eq!(None, Step::steps_between(&u24::new(9), &u24::new(5)));
+
+    // this assumes usize is <= 64 bits. a test like this one exists in `core::iter::step`.
+    assert_eq!(
+        Some(usize::MAX),
+        Step::steps_between(&u125::new(0x7), &u125::new(0x1_0000_0000_0000_0006))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        None,
+        Step::steps_between(&u125::new(0x7), &u125::new(0x1_0000_0000_0000_0007))
+    );
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+#[test]
+fn serde() {
+    use serde_test::{assert_de_tokens_error, assert_tokens, Token};
+
+    let a = u7::new(0b0101_0101);
+    assert_tokens(&a, &[Token::U8(0b0101_0101)]);
+
+    let b = u63::new(0x1234_5678_9ABC_DEFE);
+    assert_tokens(&b, &[Token::U64(0x1234_5678_9ABC_DEFE)]);
+
+    // This requires https://github.com/serde-rs/test/issues/18 (Add Token::I128 and Token::U128 to serde_test)
+    // let c = u127::new(0x1234_5678_9ABC_DEFE_DCBA_9876_5432_1010);
+    // assert_tokens(&c, &[Token::U128(0x1234_5678_9ABC_DEFE_DCBA_9876_5432_1010)]);
+
+    assert_de_tokens_error::<u2>(
+        &[Token::U8(0b0101_0101)],
+        "invalid value: integer `85`, expected a value between `0` and `3`",
+    );
+
+    assert_de_tokens_error::<u100>(
+        &[Token::I64(-1)],
+        "invalid value: integer `-1`, expected u128",
+    );
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/.cargo-checksum.json b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/.cargo-checksum.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..304736708c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/.cargo-checksum.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"files":{"Cargo.toml":"b1ebf0b5d89b3e8387d70b589b2557196f0dc902364900889acabed886b3ce1f","README.md":"6d4fcc631ed47bbe8e654649185ce987e9630192ea25c84edd264674e30efa4d","src/bitsize.rs":"8a0878699f18889c987954e1ab918d37c434a387a5dec0f1da8864596fcb14b4","src/bitsize/split.rs":"a59469023f48c5675159b6b46c3655033b4d9adefaba3575301fb485b4868e3d","src/bitsize_internal.rs":"30e67efe8e7baff1514b1a63f1a470701dfcfbf9933cc28aaccef663069a37b0","src/bitsize_internal/struct_gen.rs":"e04bd0346cd393467b3821e977c5deddfde11603ccfa9b63b5e1e60d726d51bb","src/debug_bits.rs":"e28a9e9101c2b365d21c2f6777a389d72dde03f2fcf5fc5add2c7aed278fc1a1","src/default_bits.rs":"bd1943f685f590cdb740b0071de302725dd9c8696d5ca83c7ce9e1dea967d573","src/fmt_bits.rs":"e656c5c019081a6322a678b4bc8c259493081b5888be3a982a12b896ce63deb7","src/from_bits.rs":"fa0acec12ccf1692f47f1b44d6b8ecce0f7da5bfdb465a85546304ede15efd4f","src/lib.rs":"e402a6aabc5b3715a1be94e022f27bf8a3760248ac62d3de7b4c0112cf53b7a2","src/shared.rs":"ac0fb16da63e96d7916f3d8e43e65895c0f0bf14f1afdb2196ec0a7ae5aa2aa2","src/shared/discriminant_assigner.rs":"1d719c4c1d8e1111888d32e930dbaf83a532b4df2b774faa8a0f8cdc6050682a","src/shared/fallback.rs":"8e8af0f66991fd93891d0d9eb1379ed7ead68725100568211677529c9007162c","src/shared/util.rs":"3c191d8585837b2ef391c05df1c201c4beedef0161f0bf37e19b292feef7ef5f","src/try_from_bits.rs":"bda602a90dd6df33e308f8ba9433032cd409213649ab5a0d0297199f4d93b2dd"},"package":"feb11e002038ad243af39c2068c8a72bcf147acf05025dcdb916fcc000adb2d8"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/Cargo.toml b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4cf7c59505
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY CARGO
+#
+# When uploading crates to the registry Cargo will automatically
+# "normalize" Cargo.toml files for maximal compatibility
+# with all versions of Cargo and also rewrite `path` dependencies
+# to registry (e.g., crates.io) dependencies.
+#
+# If you are reading this file be aware that the original Cargo.toml
+# will likely look very different (and much more reasonable).
+# See Cargo.toml.orig for the original contents.
+
+[package]
+edition = "2021"
+name = "bilge-impl"
+version = "0.2.0"
+authors = ["Hecatia Elegua"]
+description = "Use bitsized types as if they were a feature of rust."
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/bilge"
+readme = "README.md"
+keywords = [
+    "bilge",
+    "bitfield",
+    "bits",
+    "register",
+]
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+repository = "https://github.com/hecatia-elegua/bilge"
+
+[lib]
+proc-macro = true
+
+[dependencies.itertools]
+version = "0.11.0"
+
+[dependencies.proc-macro-error]
+version = "1.0"
+default-features = false
+
+[dependencies.proc-macro2]
+version = "1.0"
+
+[dependencies.quote]
+version = "1.0"
+
+[dependencies.syn]
+version = "2.0"
+features = ["full"]
+
+[dev-dependencies.syn-path]
+version = "2.0"
+
+[features]
+default = []
+nightly = []
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/README.md b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..48daad0fcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+# bilge: the most readable bitfields
+
+[![crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/bilge.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/bilge)
+[![docs.rs](https://docs.rs/bilge/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/bilge)
+[![loc](https://tokei.rs/b1/github/hecatia-elegua/bilge?category=code)](https://github.com/Aaronepower/tokei#badges)
+
+_Y e s_, this is yet another bitfield crate, but hear me out:
+
+This is a _**bit**_ better than what we had before.
+
+I wanted a design fitting rust:
+
+- **safe**
+    - types model as much of the functionality as possible and don't allow false usage
+- **fast**
+    - like handwritten bit fiddling code
+- **simple to complex**
+    - obvious and readable basic frontend, like normal structs
+    - only minimally and gradually introduce advanced concepts
+    - provide extension mechanisms
+
+The lib is **no-std** (and fully `const` behind a `"nightly"` feature gate).
+
+For some more explanations on the "why" and "how": [blog post](https://hecatia-elegua.github.io/blog/no-more-bit-fiddling/) and [reddit comments](https://www.reddit.com/r/rust/comments/13ic0mf/no_more_bit_fiddling_and_introducing_bilge/).
+
+## WARNING
+
+Our current version is still pre 1.0, which means nothing is completely stable.
+
+However, constructors, getters, setters and From/TryFrom should stay the same, since their semantics are very clear.
+
+[//]: # (keep this fixed to the version in .github/workflows/ci.yml, rust-toolchain.toml)
+
+The nightly feature is tested on `nightly-2022-11-03` and [will not work on the newest nightly until const_convert comes back](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/110395#issuecomment-1524775763).
+
+## Usage
+
+To make your life easier:
+
+```rust
+use bilge::prelude::*;
+```
+
+### Infallible (From)
+
+You can just specify bitsized fields like normal fields:
+
+```rust
+#[bitsize(14)]
+struct Register {
+    header: u4,
+    body: u7,
+    footer: Footer,
+}
+```
+
+The attribute `bitsize` generates the bitfield, while `14` works as a failsafe, emitting a compile error if your struct definition doesn't declare 14 bits.
+Let's define the nested struct `Footer` as well:
+
+```rust
+#[bitsize(3)]
+#[derive(FromBits)]
+struct Footer {
+    is_last: bool,
+    code: Code,
+}
+```
+
+As you can see, we added `#[derive(FromBits)]`, which is needed for `Register`'s getters and setters.
+Due to how rust macros work (outside-in), it needs to be below `#[bitsize]`.
+Also, `bool` can be used as one bit.
+
+`Code` is another nesting, this time an enum:
+
+```rust
+#[bitsize(2)]
+#[derive(FromBits)]
+enum Code { Success, Error, IoError, GoodExample }
+```
+
+Now we can construct `Register`:
+
+```rust
+let reg1 = Register::new(
+    u4::new(0b1010),
+    u7::new(0b010_1010),
+    Footer::new(true, Code::GoodExample)
+);
+```
+
+Or, if we add `#[derive(FromBits)]` to `Register` and want to parse a raw register value:
+
+```rust
+let mut reg2 = Register::from(u14::new(0b11_1_0101010_1010));
+```
+
+And getting and setting fields is done like this:
+
+```rust
+let header = reg2.header();
+reg2.set_footer(Footer::new(false, Code::Success));
+```
+
+Any kinds of tuple and array are also supported:
+
+```rust
+#[bitsize(32)]
+#[derive(FromBits)]
+struct InterruptSetEnables([bool; 32]);
+```
+
+Which produces the usual getter and setter, but also element accessors:
+
+```rust
+let mut ise = InterruptSetEnables::from(0b0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0001_0000);
+let ise5 = ise.val_0_at(4);
+ise.set_val_0_at(2, ise5);
+assert_eq!(0b0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0001_0100, ise.value);
+```
+
+Depending on what you're working with, only a subset of enum values might be clear, or some values might be reserved.
+In that case, you can use a fallback variant, defined like this:
+
+```rust
+#[bitsize(32)]
+#[derive(FromBits, Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum Subclass {
+    Mouse,
+    Keyboard,
+    Speakers,
+    #[fallback]
+    Reserved,
+}
+```
+
+which will convert any undeclared bits to `Reserved`:
+
+```rust
+assert_eq!(Subclass::Reserved, Subclass::from(3));
+assert_eq!(Subclass::Reserved, Subclass::from(42));
+let num = u32::from(Subclass::from(42));
+assert_eq!(3, num);
+assert_ne!(42, num);
+```
+
+or, if you need to keep the exact number saved, use:
+
+```rust
+#[fallback]
+Reserved(u32),
+```
+
+```rust
+assert_eq!(Subclass2::Reserved(3), Subclass2::from(3));
+assert_eq!(Subclass2::Reserved(42), Subclass2::from(42));
+let num = u32::from(Subclass2::from(42));
+assert_eq!(42, num);
+assert_ne!(3, num);
+```
+
+### Fallible (TryFrom)
+
+In contrast to structs, enums don't have to declare all of their bits:
+
+```rust
+#[bitsize(2)]
+#[derive(TryFromBits)]
+enum Class {
+    Mobile, Semimobile, /* 0x2 undefined */ Stationary = 0x3
+}
+```
+
+meaning this will work:
+
+```rust
+let class = Class::try_from(u2::new(2));
+assert!(class.is_err());
+```
+
+except we first need to `#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]` on `Class`, since `assert_eq!` needs those.
+
+Let's do that, and use `Class` as a field:
+
+```rust
+#[bitsize(8)]
+#[derive(TryFromBits)]
+struct Device {
+    reserved: u2,
+    class: Class,
+    reserved: u4,
+}
+```
+
+This shows `TryFrom` being propagated upward. There's also another small help: `reserved` fields (which are often used in registers) can all have the same name.
+
+Again, let's try to print this:
+
+```rust
+println!("{:?}", Device::try_from(0b0000_11_00));
+println!("{:?}", Device::new(Class::Mobile));
+```
+
+And again, `Device` doesn't implement `Debug`:
+
+### DebugBits
+
+For structs, you need to add `#[derive(DebugBits)]` to get an output like this:
+
+```rust
+Ok(Device { reserved_i: 0, class: Stationary, reserved_ii: 0 })
+Device { reserved_i: 0, class: Mobile, reserved_ii: 0 }
+```
+
+For testing + overview, the full readme example code is in `/examples/readme.rs`.
+
+### Custom -Bits derives
+
+One of the main advantages of our approach is that we can keep `#[bitsize]` pretty slim, offloading all the other features to derive macros.
+Besides the derive macros shown above, you can extend `bilge` with your own derive crates working on bitfields.
+An example of this is given in [`/tests/custom_derive.rs`](https://github.com/hecatia-elegua/bilge/blob/main/tests/custom_derive.rs), with its implementation in [`tests/custom_bits`](https://github.com/hecatia-elegua/bilge/blob/1dfb6cf7d278d102d3f96ac31a9374e2b27fafc7/tests/custom_bits/custom_bits_derive/src/lib.rs).
+
+## Back- and Forwards Compatibility
+
+The syntax is kept very similar to usual rust structs for a simple reason:
+
+The endgoal of this library is to support the adoption of LLVM's arbitrary bitwidth integers into rust,
+thereby allowing rust-native bitfields.
+Until then, bilge is using the wonderful [`arbitrary-int` crate by danlehmann](https://github.com/danlehmann/arbitrary-int).
+
+After all attribute expansions, our generated bitfield contains a single field, somewhat like:
+
+```rust
+struct Register { value: u14 }
+```
+
+This means you _could_ modify the inner value directly, but it breaks type safety guarantees (e.g. unfilled or read-only fields).
+So if you need to modify the whole field, instead use the type-safe conversions `u14::from(register)` and `Register::from(u14)`.
+It is possible that this inner type will be made private.
+
+For some more examples and an overview of functionality, take a look at `/examples` and `/tests`.
+
+## Alternatives
+
+### benchmarks, performance, asm line count
+
+First of all, [basic benchmarking](https://github.com/hecatia-elegua/bilge/blob/main/benches/compared/main.rs) reveals that all alternatives mentioned here (besides deku) have about the same performance and line count. This includes a handwritten version.
+
+### build-time
+
+Measuring build time of the crate inself (both with its dependencies and without), yields these numbers on my machine:
+|                       | debug | debug single crate | release   | release single crate |
+|-----------------------|-------|--------------------|-----------|----------------------|
+| bilge 1.67-nightly    | 8     | 1.8                | 6         | 0.8                  |
+| bitbybit 1.69         | 4.5   | 1.3                | 13.5 [^*] | 9.5 [^*]             |
+| modular-bitfield 1.69 | 8     | 2.2                | 7.2       | 1.6                  |
+
+[^*]: This is just a weird rustc regression or my setup or sth, not representative.
+
+This was measured with `cargo clean && cargo build [--release] --quiet --timings`.
+Of course, the actual codegen time on an example project needs to be measured, too.
+
+
+### handwritten implementation
+
+The common handwritten implementation pattern for bitfields in rust looks [somewhat like benches/compared/handmade.rs](https://github.com/hecatia-elegua/bilge/blob/main/benches/compared/handmade.rs), sometimes also throwing around a lot of consts for field offsets. The problems with this approach are:
+- readability suffers
+- offset, cast or masking errors could go unnoticed
+- bit fiddling, shifting and masking is done all over the place, in contrast to bitfields
+- beginners suffer, although I would argue even seniors, since it's more like: "Why do we need to learn and debug bit fiddling if we can get most of it done by using structs?"
+- reimplementing different kinds of _fallible nested-struct enum-tuple array field access_ might not be so fun
+
+### modular-bitfield
+
+The often used and very inspiring [`modular-bitfield`](https://github.com/robbepop/modular-bitfield) has a few
+problems:
+- it is unmaintained and has a quirky structure
+- constructors use the builder pattern
+    - makes user code unreadable if you have many fields
+    - can accidentally leave things uninitialized
+- `from_bytes` can easily take invalid arguments, which turns verification inside-out:
+    - modular-bitfield flow: `u16` -> `PackedData::from_bytes([u16])` -> `PackedData::status_or_err()?`
+        - needs to check for `Err` on every single access
+        - adds duplicate getters and setters with postfix `_or_err`
+        - reinvents `From<u16>`/`TryFrom<u16>` as a kind of hybrid
+    - bilge: usual type-system centric flow: `u16` -> `PackedData::try_from(u16)?` -> `PackedData::status()`
+        - just works, needs to check nothing on access
+        - some more general info on this: [Parse, don't validate](https://lexi-lambda.github.io/blog/2019/11/05/parse-don-t-validate/)
+- big god-macro
+    - powerful, but less readable to the devs of modular-bitfield
+    - needs to cover many derives in itself, like `impl Debug` (other bitfield crates do this as well)
+        - bilge: solves this by providing a kind of scope for `-Bits`-derives
+
+and implementation differences:
+- underlying type is a byte array
+    - can be useful for bitfields larger than u128
+        - bilge: if your bitfields get larger than u128, you can most often split them into multiple bitfields of a primitive size (like u64) and put those in a parent struct which is not a bitfield
+
+Still, modular-bitfield is pretty good and I had set out to build something equal or hopefully better than it.
+Tell me where I can do better, I will try.
+
+### bitbybit
+
+One of the libs inspired by the same crate is [`bitbybit`](https://github.com/danlehmann/bitfield), which is much more readable and up-to-date. Actually, I even helped and am still helping on that one as well. After experimenting and hacking around in their code though, I realized it would need to be severely changed for the features and structure I had in mind.
+
+implementation differences (as of 26.04.23):
+- it can do read/write-only, array strides and repeat the same bits for multiple fields
+    - bilge: these will be added the moment someone needs it
+- redundant bit-offset specification, which can help or annoy, the same way bilge's `reserved` fields can help or annoy
+
+### deku
+
+After looking at a ton of bitfield libs on crates.io, I _didn't_ find [`deku`](https://github.com/sharksforarms/deku).
+I will still mention it here because it uses a very interesting crate underneath (bitvec).
+Currently (as of 26.04.23), it generates far more assembly and takes longer to run, since parts of the API are not `const`.
+I've opened an issue on their repo about that.
+
+### most others
+
+Besides that, many bitfield libs try to imitate or look like C bitfields, even though these are hated by many.
+I argue most beginners would have the idea to specify bits with basic primitives like u1, u2, ...
+This also opens up some possibilities for calculation and conversion on those primitives.
+
+Something similar can be said about `bitflags`, which, under this model, can be turned into simple structs with bools and enums.
+
+Basically, `bilge` tries to convert bit fiddling, shifting and masking into more widely known concepts like struct access.
+
+About the name: a bilge is one of the "lowest" parts of a ship, nothing else to it :)
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/meson.build b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..11f3dd186f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+rust = import('rust')
+
+_bilge_impl_rs = rust.proc_macro(
+  'bilge_impl',
+  files('src/lib.rs'),
+  rust_args: rust_args + [
+    '--edition', '2021',
+    '--cfg', 'use_fallback',
+    '--cfg', 'feature="syn-error"',
+    '--cfg', 'feature="proc-macro"',
+  ],
+  dependencies: [
+    dep_itertools,
+    dep_proc_macro_error_attr,
+    dep_proc_macro_error,
+    dep_quote,
+    dep_syn,
+    dep_proc_macro2,
+  ],
+)
+
+dep_bilge_impl = declare_dependency(
+  link_with: _bilge_impl_rs,
+)
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/bitsize.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/bitsize.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..66660c3e30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/bitsize.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+mod split;
+
+use proc_macro2::{Ident, TokenStream};
+use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
+use quote::quote;
+use split::SplitAttributes;
+use syn::{punctuated::Iter, spanned::Spanned, Fields, Item, ItemEnum, ItemStruct, Type, Variant};
+
+use crate::shared::{self, enum_fills_bitsize, is_fallback_attribute, unreachable, BitSize, MAX_ENUM_BIT_SIZE};
+
+/// Intermediate Representation, just for bundling these together
+struct ItemIr {
+    /// generated item (and size check)
+    expanded: TokenStream,
+}
+
+pub(super) fn bitsize(args: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let (item, declared_bitsize) = parse(item, args);
+    let attrs = SplitAttributes::from_item(&item);
+    let ir = match item {
+        Item::Struct(mut item) => {
+            modify_special_field_names(&mut item.fields);
+            analyze_struct(&item.fields);
+            let expanded = generate_struct(&item, declared_bitsize);
+            ItemIr { expanded }
+        }
+        Item::Enum(item) => {
+            analyze_enum(declared_bitsize, item.variants.iter());
+            let expanded = generate_enum(&item);
+            ItemIr { expanded }
+        }
+        _ => unreachable(()),
+    };
+    generate_common(ir, attrs, declared_bitsize)
+}
+
+fn parse(item: TokenStream, args: TokenStream) -> (Item, BitSize) {
+    let item = syn::parse2(item).unwrap_or_else(unreachable);
+
+    if args.is_empty() {
+        abort_call_site!("missing attribute value"; help = "you need to define the size like this: `#[bitsize(32)]`")
+    }
+
+    let (declared_bitsize, _arb_int) = shared::bitsize_and_arbitrary_int_from(args);
+    (item, declared_bitsize)
+}
+
+fn check_type_is_supported(ty: &Type) {
+    use Type::*;
+    match ty {
+        Tuple(tuple) => tuple.elems.iter().for_each(check_type_is_supported),
+        Array(array) => check_type_is_supported(&array.elem),
+        // Probably okay (compilation would validate that this type is also Bitsized)
+        Path(_) => (),
+        // These don't work with structs or aren't useful in bitfields.
+        BareFn(_) | Group(_) | ImplTrait(_) | Infer(_) | Macro(_) | Never(_) |
+        // We could provide some info on error as to why Ptr/Reference won't work due to safety.
+        Ptr(_) | Reference(_) |
+        // The bitsize must be known at compile time.
+        Slice(_) |
+        // Something to investigate, but doesn't seem useful/usable here either.
+        TraitObject(_) |
+        // I have no idea where this is used.
+        Verbatim(_) | Paren(_) => abort!(ty, "This field type is not supported"),
+        _ => abort!(ty, "This field type is currently not supported"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Allows you to give multiple fields the name `reserved` or `padding`
+/// by numbering them for you.
+fn modify_special_field_names(fields: &mut Fields) {
+    // We could have just counted up, i.e. `reserved_0`, but people might interpret this as "reserved to zero".
+    // Using some other, more useful unique info as postfix would be nice.
+    // Also, it might be useful to generate no getters or setters for these fields and skipping some calc.
+    let mut reserved_count = 0;
+    let mut padding_count = 0;
+    let field_idents_mut = fields.iter_mut().filter_map(|field| field.ident.as_mut());
+    for ident in field_idents_mut {
+        if ident == "reserved" || ident == "_reserved" {
+            reserved_count += 1;
+            let span = ident.span();
+            let name = format!("reserved_{}", "i".repeat(reserved_count));
+            *ident = Ident::new(&name, span)
+        } else if ident == "padding" || ident == "_padding" {
+            padding_count += 1;
+            let span = ident.span();
+            let name = format!("padding_{}", "i".repeat(padding_count));
+            *ident = Ident::new(&name, span)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn analyze_struct(fields: &Fields) {
+    if fields.is_empty() {
+        abort_call_site!("structs without fields are not supported")
+    }
+
+    // don't move this. we validate all nested field types here as well
+    // and later assume this was checked.
+    for field in fields {
+        check_type_is_supported(&field.ty)
+    }
+}
+
+fn analyze_enum(bitsize: BitSize, variants: Iter<Variant>) {
+    if bitsize > MAX_ENUM_BIT_SIZE {
+        abort_call_site!("enum bitsize is limited to {}", MAX_ENUM_BIT_SIZE)
+    }
+
+    let variant_count = variants.clone().count();
+    if variant_count == 0 {
+        abort_call_site!("empty enums are not supported");
+    }
+
+    let has_fallback = variants.flat_map(|variant| &variant.attrs).any(is_fallback_attribute);
+
+    if !has_fallback {
+        // this has a side-effect of validating the enum count
+        let _ = enum_fills_bitsize(bitsize, variant_count);
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate_struct(item: &ItemStruct, declared_bitsize: u8) -> TokenStream {
+    let ItemStruct { vis, ident, fields, .. } = item;
+    let declared_bitsize = declared_bitsize as usize;
+
+    let computed_bitsize = fields.iter().fold(quote!(0), |acc, next| {
+        let field_size = shared::generate_type_bitsize(&next.ty);
+        quote!(#acc + #field_size)
+    });
+
+    // we could remove this if the whole struct gets passed
+    let is_tuple_struct = fields.iter().any(|field| field.ident.is_none());
+    let fields_def = if is_tuple_struct {
+        let fields = fields.iter();
+        quote! {
+            ( #(#fields,)* );
+        }
+    } else {
+        let fields = fields.iter();
+        quote! {
+            { #(#fields,)* }
+        }
+    };
+
+    quote! {
+        #vis struct #ident #fields_def
+
+        // constness: when we get const blocks evaluated at compile time, add a const computed_bitsize
+        const _: () = assert!(
+            (#computed_bitsize) == (#declared_bitsize),
+            concat!("struct size and declared bit size differ: ",
+            // stringify!(#computed_bitsize),
+            " != ",
+            stringify!(#declared_bitsize))
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+// attributes are handled in `generate_common`
+fn generate_enum(item: &ItemEnum) -> TokenStream {
+    let ItemEnum { vis, ident, variants, .. } = item;
+    quote! {
+        #vis enum #ident {
+            #variants
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// we have _one_ generate_common function, which holds everything that struct and enum have _in common_.
+/// Everything else has its own generate_ functions.
+fn generate_common(ir: ItemIr, attrs: SplitAttributes, declared_bitsize: u8) -> TokenStream {
+    let ItemIr { expanded } = ir;
+    let SplitAttributes {
+        before_compression,
+        after_compression,
+    } = attrs;
+
+    let bitsize_internal_attr = quote! {#[::bilge::bitsize_internal(#declared_bitsize)]};
+
+    quote! {
+        #(#before_compression)*
+        #bitsize_internal_attr
+        #(#after_compression)*
+        #expanded
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/bitsize/split.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/bitsize/split.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3848ba2c24
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/bitsize/split.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,185 @@
+use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
+use quote::ToTokens;
+use syn::{meta::ParseNestedMeta, parse_quote, Attribute, Item, Meta, Path};
+
+use crate::shared::{unreachable, util::PathExt};
+
+/// Since we want to be maximally interoperable, we need to handle attributes in a special way.
+/// We use `#[bitsize]` as a sort of scope for all attributes below it and
+/// the whole family of `-Bits` macros only works when used in that scope.
+///
+/// Let's visualize why this is the case, starting with some user-code:
+/// ```ignore
+/// #[bitsize(6)]
+/// #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, DebugBits, FromBits)]
+/// struct Example {
+///     field1: u2,
+///     field2: u4,
+/// }
+/// ```
+/// First, the attributes get sorted, depending on their name.
+/// Every attribute in need of field information gets resolved first,
+/// in this case `DebugBits` and `FromBits`.
+///
+/// Now, after resolving all `before_compression` attributes, the halfway-resolved
+/// code looks like this:
+/// ```ignore
+/// #[::bilge::bitsize_internal(6)]
+/// #[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq)]
+/// struct Example {
+///     field1: u2,
+///     field2: u4,
+/// }
+/// ```
+/// This `#[bitsize_internal]` attribute is the one actually doing the compression and generating
+/// all the getters, setters and a constructor.
+///
+/// Finally, the struct ends up like this (excluding the generated impl blocks):
+/// ```ignore
+/// struct Example {
+///     value: u6,
+/// }
+/// ```
+pub struct SplitAttributes {
+    pub before_compression: Vec<Attribute>,
+    pub after_compression: Vec<Attribute>,
+}
+
+impl SplitAttributes {
+    /// Split item attributes into those applied before bitfield-compression and those applied after.
+    /// Also, abort on any invalid configuration.
+    ///
+    /// Any derives with suffix `Bits` will be able to access field information.
+    /// This way, users of `bilge` can define their own derives working on the uncompressed bitfield.
+    pub fn from_item(item: &Item) -> SplitAttributes {
+        let attrs = match item {
+            Item::Enum(item) => &item.attrs,
+            Item::Struct(item) => &item.attrs,
+            _ => abort_call_site!("item is not a struct or enum"; help = "`#[bitsize]` can only be used on structs and enums"),
+        };
+
+        let parsed = attrs.iter().map(parse_attribute);
+
+        let is_struct = matches!(item, Item::Struct(..));
+
+        let mut from_bytes = None;
+        let mut has_frombits = false;
+
+        let mut before_compression = vec![];
+        let mut after_compression = vec![];
+
+        for parsed_attr in parsed {
+            match parsed_attr {
+                ParsedAttribute::DeriveList(derives) => {
+                    for mut derive in derives {
+                        if derive.matches(&["zerocopy", "FromBytes"]) {
+                            from_bytes = Some(derive.clone());
+                        } else if derive.matches(&["bilge", "FromBits"]) {
+                            has_frombits = true;
+                        } else if derive.matches_core_or_std(&["fmt", "Debug"]) && is_struct {
+                            abort!(derive.0, "use derive(DebugBits) for structs")
+                        } else if derive.matches_core_or_std(&["default", "Default"]) && is_struct {
+                            // emit_warning!(derive.0, "use derive(DefaultBits) for structs")
+                            derive.0 = syn::parse_quote!(::bilge::DefaultBits);
+                        }
+
+                        if derive.is_custom_bitfield_derive() {
+                            before_compression.push(derive.into_attribute());
+                        } else {
+                            // It is most probable that basic derive macros work if we put them on after compression
+                            after_compression.push(derive.into_attribute());
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+
+                ParsedAttribute::BitsizeInternal(attr) => {
+                    abort!(attr, "remove bitsize_internal"; help = "attribute bitsize_internal can only be applied internally by the bitsize macros")
+                }
+
+                ParsedAttribute::Other(attr) => {
+                    // I don't know with which attrs I can hit Path and NameValue,
+                    // so let's just put them on after compression.
+                    after_compression.push(attr.to_owned())
+                }
+            };
+        }
+
+        if let Some(from_bytes) = from_bytes {
+            if !has_frombits {
+                abort!(from_bytes.0, "a bitfield with zerocopy::FromBytes also needs to have FromBits")
+            }
+        }
+
+        // currently, enums don't need special handling - so just put all attributes before compression
+        if !is_struct {
+            before_compression.append(&mut after_compression)
+        }
+
+        SplitAttributes {
+            before_compression,
+            after_compression,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse_attribute(attribute: &Attribute) -> ParsedAttribute {
+    match &attribute.meta {
+        Meta::List(list) if list.path.is_ident("derive") => {
+            let mut derives = Vec::new();
+            let add_derive = |meta: ParseNestedMeta| {
+                let derive = Derive(meta.path);
+                derives.push(derive);
+
+                Ok(())
+            };
+
+            list.parse_nested_meta(add_derive)
+                .unwrap_or_else(|e| abort!(list.tokens, "failed to parse derive: {}", e));
+
+            ParsedAttribute::DeriveList(derives)
+        }
+
+        meta if contains_anywhere(meta, "bitsize_internal") => ParsedAttribute::BitsizeInternal(attribute),
+
+        _ => ParsedAttribute::Other(attribute),
+    }
+}
+
+/// a crude approximation of things we currently consider in item attributes
+enum ParsedAttribute<'attr> {
+    DeriveList(Vec<Derive>),
+    BitsizeInternal(&'attr Attribute),
+    Other(&'attr Attribute),
+}
+
+/// the path of a single derive attribute, parsed from a list which may have contained several
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct Derive(Path);
+
+impl Derive {
+    /// a new `#[derive]` attribute containing only this derive
+    fn into_attribute(self) -> Attribute {
+        let path = self.0;
+        parse_quote! { #[derive(#path)] }
+    }
+
+    /// by `bilge` convention, any derive satisfying this condition is able
+    /// to access bitfield structure information pre-compression,
+    /// allowing for user derives
+    fn is_custom_bitfield_derive(&self) -> bool {
+        let last_segment = self.0.segments.last().unwrap_or_else(|| unreachable(()));
+
+        last_segment.ident.to_string().ends_with("Bits")
+    }
+}
+
+impl PathExt for Derive {
+    fn matches(&self, str_segments: &[&str]) -> bool {
+        self.0.matches(str_segments)
+    }
+}
+
+/// slightly hacky. attempts to recognize cases where an ident is deeply-nested in the meta.
+fn contains_anywhere(meta: &Meta, ident: &str) -> bool {
+    meta.to_token_stream().to_string().contains(ident)
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/bitsize_internal.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/bitsize_internal.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad10350372
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/bitsize_internal.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+use proc_macro2::{Ident, TokenStream};
+use quote::quote;
+use syn::{Attribute, Field, Item, ItemEnum, ItemStruct, Type};
+
+use crate::shared::{self, unreachable};
+
+pub(crate) mod struct_gen;
+
+/// Intermediate Representation, just for bundling these together
+struct ItemIr<'a> {
+    attrs: &'a Vec<Attribute>,
+    name: &'a Ident,
+    /// generated item (and setters, getters, constructor, impl Bitsized)
+    expanded: TokenStream,
+}
+
+pub(super) fn bitsize_internal(args: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let (item, arb_int) = parse(item, args);
+    let ir = match item {
+        Item::Struct(ref item) => {
+            let expanded = generate_struct(item, &arb_int);
+            let attrs = &item.attrs;
+            let name = &item.ident;
+            ItemIr { attrs, name, expanded }
+        }
+        Item::Enum(ref item) => {
+            let expanded = generate_enum(item);
+            let attrs = &item.attrs;
+            let name = &item.ident;
+            ItemIr { attrs, name, expanded }
+        }
+        _ => unreachable(()),
+    };
+    generate_common(ir, &arb_int)
+}
+
+fn parse(item: TokenStream, args: TokenStream) -> (Item, TokenStream) {
+    let item = syn::parse2(item).unwrap_or_else(unreachable);
+    let (_declared_bitsize, arb_int) = shared::bitsize_and_arbitrary_int_from(args);
+    (item, arb_int)
+}
+
+fn generate_struct(struct_data: &ItemStruct, arb_int: &TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let ItemStruct { vis, ident, fields, .. } = struct_data;
+
+    let mut fieldless_next_int = 0;
+    let mut previous_field_sizes = vec![];
+    let (accessors, (constructor_args, constructor_parts)): (Vec<TokenStream>, (Vec<TokenStream>, Vec<TokenStream>)) = fields
+        .iter()
+        .map(|field| {
+            // offset is needed for bit-shifting
+            // struct Example { field1: u8, field2: u4, field3: u4 }
+            // previous_field_sizes = []     -> unwrap_or_else -> field_offset = 0
+            // previous_field_sizes = [8]    -> reduce         -> field_offset = 0 + 8     =  8
+            // previous_field_sizes = [8, 4] -> reduce         -> field_offset = 0 + 8 + 4 = 12
+            let field_offset = previous_field_sizes
+                .iter()
+                .cloned()
+                .reduce(|acc, next| quote!(#acc + #next))
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| quote!(0));
+            let field_size = shared::generate_type_bitsize(&field.ty);
+            previous_field_sizes.push(field_size);
+            generate_field(field, &field_offset, &mut fieldless_next_int)
+        })
+        .unzip();
+
+    let const_ = if cfg!(feature = "nightly") { quote!(const) } else { quote!() };
+
+    quote! {
+        #vis struct #ident {
+            /// WARNING: modifying this value directly can break invariants
+            value: #arb_int,
+        }
+        impl #ident {
+            // #[inline]
+            #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments, clippy::type_complexity, unused_parens)]
+            pub #const_ fn new(#( #constructor_args )*) -> Self {
+                type ArbIntOf<T> = <T as Bitsized>::ArbitraryInt;
+                type BaseIntOf<T> = <ArbIntOf<T> as Number>::UnderlyingType;
+
+                let mut offset = 0;
+                let raw_value = #( #constructor_parts )|*;
+                let value = #arb_int::new(raw_value);
+                Self { value }
+            }
+            #( #accessors )*
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate_field(field: &Field, field_offset: &TokenStream, fieldless_next_int: &mut usize) -> (TokenStream, (TokenStream, TokenStream)) {
+    let Field { ident, ty, .. } = field;
+    let name = if let Some(ident) = ident {
+        ident.clone()
+    } else {
+        let name = format!("val_{fieldless_next_int}");
+        *fieldless_next_int += 1;
+        syn::parse_str(&name).unwrap_or_else(unreachable)
+    };
+
+    // skip reserved fields in constructors and setters
+    let name_str = name.to_string();
+    if name_str.contains("reserved_") || name_str.contains("padding_") {
+        // needed for `DebugBits`
+        let getter = generate_getter(field, field_offset, &name);
+        let size = shared::generate_type_bitsize(ty);
+        let accessors = quote!(#getter);
+        let constructor_arg = quote!();
+        let constructor_part = quote! { {
+            // we still need to shift by the element's size
+            offset += #size;
+            0
+        } };
+        return (accessors, (constructor_arg, constructor_part));
+    }
+
+    let getter = generate_getter(field, field_offset, &name);
+    let setter = generate_setter(field, field_offset, &name);
+    let (constructor_arg, constructor_part) = generate_constructor_stuff(ty, &name);
+
+    let accessors = quote! {
+        #getter
+        #setter
+    };
+
+    (accessors, (constructor_arg, constructor_part))
+}
+
+fn generate_getter(field: &Field, offset: &TokenStream, name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
+    let Field { attrs, vis, ty, .. } = field;
+
+    let getter_value = struct_gen::generate_getter_value(ty, offset, false);
+
+    let const_ = if cfg!(feature = "nightly") { quote!(const) } else { quote!() };
+
+    let array_at = if let Type::Array(array) = ty {
+        let elem_ty = &array.elem;
+        let len_expr = &array.len;
+        let name: Ident = syn::parse_str(&format!("{name}_at")).unwrap_or_else(unreachable);
+        let getter_value = struct_gen::generate_getter_value(elem_ty, offset, true);
+        quote! {
+            // #[inline]
+            #(#attrs)*
+            #[allow(clippy::type_complexity, unused_parens)]
+            #vis #const_ fn #name(&self, index: usize) -> #elem_ty {
+                ::core::assert!(index < #len_expr);
+                #getter_value
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        quote!()
+    };
+
+    quote! {
+        // #[inline]
+        #(#attrs)*
+        #[allow(clippy::type_complexity, unused_parens)]
+        #vis #const_ fn #name(&self) -> #ty {
+            #getter_value
+        }
+
+        #array_at
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate_setter(field: &Field, offset: &TokenStream, name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
+    let Field { attrs, vis, ty, .. } = field;
+    let setter_value = struct_gen::generate_setter_value(ty, offset, false);
+
+    let name: Ident = syn::parse_str(&format!("set_{name}")).unwrap_or_else(unreachable);
+
+    let const_ = if cfg!(feature = "nightly") { quote!(const) } else { quote!() };
+
+    let array_at = if let Type::Array(array) = ty {
+        let elem_ty = &array.elem;
+        let len_expr = &array.len;
+        let name: Ident = syn::parse_str(&format!("{name}_at")).unwrap_or_else(unreachable);
+        let setter_value = struct_gen::generate_setter_value(elem_ty, offset, true);
+        quote! {
+            // #[inline]
+            #(#attrs)*
+            #[allow(clippy::type_complexity, unused_parens)]
+            #vis #const_ fn #name(&mut self, index: usize, value: #elem_ty) {
+                ::core::assert!(index < #len_expr);
+                #setter_value
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        quote!()
+    };
+
+    quote! {
+        // #[inline]
+        #(#attrs)*
+        #[allow(clippy::type_complexity, unused_parens)]
+        #vis #const_ fn #name(&mut self, value: #ty) {
+            #setter_value
+        }
+
+        #array_at
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate_constructor_stuff(ty: &Type, name: &Ident) -> (TokenStream, TokenStream) {
+    let constructor_arg = quote! {
+        #name: #ty,
+    };
+    let constructor_part = struct_gen::generate_constructor_part(ty, name);
+    (constructor_arg, constructor_part)
+}
+
+fn generate_enum(enum_data: &ItemEnum) -> TokenStream {
+    let ItemEnum { vis, ident, variants, .. } = enum_data;
+    quote! {
+        #vis enum #ident {
+            #variants
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// We have _one_ `generate_common` function, which holds everything struct and enum have _in common_.
+/// Everything else has its own `generate_` functions.
+fn generate_common(ir: ItemIr, arb_int: &TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let ItemIr { attrs, name, expanded } = ir;
+
+    quote! {
+        #(#attrs)*
+        #expanded
+        impl ::bilge::Bitsized for #name {
+            type ArbitraryInt = #arb_int;
+            const BITS: usize = <Self::ArbitraryInt as Bitsized>::BITS;
+            const MAX: Self::ArbitraryInt = <Self::ArbitraryInt as Bitsized>::MAX;
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/bitsize_internal/struct_gen.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/bitsize_internal/struct_gen.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..74cd65fec1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/bitsize_internal/struct_gen.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,402 @@
+//! We're keeping most of the generating together, to ease reading here and in `cargo_expand`.
+//! For this reason, we also use more locals and types.
+//! These locals, types, casts should be optimized away.
+//! In simple cases they indeed are optimized away, but if some case is not, please report.
+//!
+//! ## Important
+//!
+//! We often do thing like:
+//! ```ignore
+//! quote! {
+//!     #value_shifted
+//!     value_shifted
+//! }
+//! ```
+//! By convention, `#value_shifted` has its name because we define a `let value_shifted` inside that `TokenStream`.
+//! So the above code means we're returning the value of `let value_shifted`.
+//! Earlier on, we would have done something like this:
+//! ```ignore
+//! quote! {
+//!     let value_shifted = { #value_shifted };
+//!     value_shifted
+//! }
+//! ```
+//! which aids in reading this here macro code, but doesn't help reading the generated code since it introduces
+//! lots of new scopes (curly brackets). We need the scope since `#value_shifted` expands to multiple lines.
+use super::*;
+
+/// Top-level function which initializes the cursor and offsets it to what we want to read
+///
+/// `is_array_elem_getter` allows us to generate an array_at getter more easily
+pub(crate) fn generate_getter_value(ty: &Type, offset: &TokenStream, is_array_elem_getter: bool) -> TokenStream {
+    // if we generate `fn array_at(index)`, we need to offset to the array element
+    let elem_offset = if is_array_elem_getter {
+        let size = shared::generate_type_bitsize(ty);
+        quote! {
+            let size = #size;
+            // cursor now starts at this element
+            cursor >>= size * index;
+        }
+    } else {
+        quote!()
+    };
+
+    let inner = generate_getter_inner(ty, true);
+    quote! {
+        // for ease of reading
+        type ArbIntOf<T> = <T as Bitsized>::ArbitraryInt;
+        type BaseIntOf<T> = <ArbIntOf<T> as Number>::UnderlyingType;
+        // cursor is the value we read from and starts at the struct's first field
+        let mut cursor = self.value.value();
+        // this field's offset
+        let field_offset = #offset;
+        // cursor now starts at this field
+        cursor >>= field_offset;
+        #elem_offset
+
+        #inner
+    }
+}
+
+/// We heavily rely on the fact that transmuting into a nested array [[T; N1]; N2] can
+/// be done in the same way as transmuting into an array [T; N1*N2].
+/// Otherwise, nested arrays would generate even more code.
+///
+/// `is_getter` allows us to generate a try_from impl more easily
+pub(crate) fn generate_getter_inner(ty: &Type, is_getter: bool) -> TokenStream {
+    use Type::*;
+    match ty {
+        Tuple(tuple) => {
+            let unbraced = tuple
+                .elems
+                .iter()
+                .map(|elem| {
+                    // for every tuple element, generate its getter code
+                    let getter = generate_getter_inner(elem, is_getter);
+                    // and add a scope around it
+                    quote! { {#getter} }
+                })
+                .reduce(|acc, next| {
+                    // join all getter codes with:
+                    if is_getter {
+                        // comma, to later produce (val_1, val_2, ...)
+                        quote!(#acc, #next)
+                    } else {
+                        // bool-and, since for try_from we just generate bools
+                        quote!(#acc && #next)
+                    }
+                })
+                // `field: (),` will be handled like this:
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| quote!());
+            // add tuple braces, to produce (val_1, val_2, ...)
+            quote! { (#unbraced) }
+        }
+        Array(array) => {
+            // [[T; N1]; N2] -> (N1*N2, T)
+            let (len_expr, elem_ty) = length_and_type_of_nested_array(array);
+            // generate the getter code for one array element
+            let array_elem = generate_getter_inner(&elem_ty, is_getter);
+            // either generate an array or only check each value
+            if is_getter {
+                quote! {
+                    // constness: iter, array::from_fn, for-loop, range are not const, so we're using while loops
+                    // Modified version of the array init example in [`MaybeUninit`]:
+                    let array = {
+                        // [T; N1*N2]
+                        let mut array: [::core::mem::MaybeUninit<#elem_ty>; #len_expr] = unsafe {
+                            ::core::mem::MaybeUninit::uninit().assume_init()
+                        };
+                        let mut i = 0;
+                        while i < #len_expr {
+                            // for every element, get its value
+                            let elem_value = {
+                                #array_elem
+                            };
+                            // and write it to the output array
+                            array[i].write(elem_value);
+                            i += 1;
+                        }
+                        // [T; N1*N2] -> [[T; N1]; N2]
+                        unsafe { ::core::mem::transmute(array) }
+                    };
+                    array
+                }
+            } else {
+                quote! { {
+                    let mut is_filled = true;
+                    let mut i = 0;
+                    // TODO: this could be simplified for always-filled values
+                    while i < #len_expr {
+                        // for every element, get its filled check
+                        let elem_filled = {
+                            #array_elem
+                        };
+                        // and join it with the others
+                        is_filled = is_filled && elem_filled;
+                        i += 1;
+                    }
+                    is_filled
+                } }
+            }
+        }
+        Path(_) => {
+            // get the size, so we can shift to the next element's offset
+            let size = shared::generate_type_bitsize(ty);
+            // get the mask, so we can get this element's value
+            let mask = generate_ty_mask(ty);
+
+            // do all steps until conversion
+            let elem_value = quote! {
+                // the element's mask
+                let mask = #mask;
+                // the cursor starts at this element's offset, now get its value
+                let raw_value = cursor & mask;
+                // after getting the value, we can shift by the element's size
+                // TODO: we could move this into tuple/array (and try_from, below)
+                let size = #size;
+                cursor = cursor.wrapping_shr(size as u32);
+                // cast the element value (e.g. u32 -> u8),
+                let raw_value: BaseIntOf<#ty> = raw_value as BaseIntOf<#ty>;
+                // which allows it to be used here (e.g. u4::new(u8))
+                let elem_value = <#ty as Bitsized>::ArbitraryInt::new(raw_value);
+            };
+
+            if is_getter {
+                // generate the real value from the arbint `elem_value`
+                quote! {
+                    #elem_value
+                    match #ty::try_from(elem_value) {
+                        Ok(v) => v,
+                        Err(_) => panic!("unreachable"),
+                    }
+                }
+            } else {
+                // generate only the filled check
+                if shared::is_always_filled(ty) {
+                    // skip the obviously filled values
+                    quote! {
+                        // we still need to shift by the element's size
+                        let size = #size;
+                        cursor = cursor.wrapping_shr(size as u32);
+                        true
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // handle structs, enums - everything which can be unfilled
+                    quote! { {
+                        #elem_value
+                        // so, has try_from impl
+                        // note this is available even if the type is `From`
+                        #ty::try_from(elem_value).is_ok()
+                    } }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        _ => unreachable(()),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Top-level function which initializes the offset, masks other values and combines the final value
+///
+/// `is_array_elem_setter` allows us to generate a set_array_at setter more easily
+pub(crate) fn generate_setter_value(ty: &Type, offset: &TokenStream, is_array_elem_setter: bool) -> TokenStream {
+    // if we generate `fn set_array_at(index, value)`, we need to offset to the array element
+    let elem_offset = if is_array_elem_setter {
+        let size = shared::generate_type_bitsize(ty);
+        quote! {
+            let size = #size;
+            // offset now starts at this element
+            offset += size * index;
+        }
+    } else {
+        quote!()
+    };
+
+    let value_shifted = generate_setter_inner(ty);
+    // get the mask, so we can set this field's value
+    let mask = generate_ty_mask(ty);
+    quote! {
+        type ArbIntOf<T> = <T as Bitsized>::ArbitraryInt;
+        type BaseIntOf<T> = <ArbIntOf<T> as Number>::UnderlyingType;
+
+        // offset now starts at this field
+        let mut offset = #offset;
+        #elem_offset
+
+        let field_mask = #mask;
+        // shift the mask into place
+        let field_mask: BaseIntOf<Self> = field_mask << offset;
+        // all other fields as a mask
+        let others_mask: BaseIntOf<Self> = !field_mask;
+        // the current struct value
+        let struct_value: BaseIntOf<Self> = self.value.value();
+        // mask off the field getting set
+        let others_values: BaseIntOf<Self> = struct_value & others_mask;
+
+        // get the new field value, shifted into place
+        #value_shifted
+
+        // join the values using bit-or
+        let new_struct_value = others_values | value_shifted;
+        self.value = <ArbIntOf<Self>>::new(new_struct_value);
+    }
+}
+
+/// We heavily rely on the fact that transmuting into a nested array [[T; N1]; N2] can
+/// be done in the same way as transmuting into an array [T; N1*N2].
+/// Otherwise, nested arrays would generate even more code.
+fn generate_setter_inner(ty: &Type) -> TokenStream {
+    use Type::*;
+    match ty {
+        Tuple(tuple) => {
+            // to index into the tuple value
+            let mut tuple_index = syn::Index::from(0);
+            let value_shifted = tuple
+                .elems
+                .iter()
+                .map(|elem| {
+                    let elem_name = quote!(value.#tuple_index);
+                    tuple_index.index += 1;
+                    // for every tuple element, generate its setter code
+                    let value_shifted = generate_setter_inner(elem);
+                    // set the value and add a scope around it
+                    quote! { {
+                        let value = #elem_name;
+                        #value_shifted
+                        value_shifted
+                    } }
+                })
+                // join all setter codes with bit-or
+                .reduce(|acc, next| quote!(#acc | #next))
+                // `field: (),` will be handled like this:
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| quote!(0));
+            quote! {
+                let value_shifted = #value_shifted;
+            }
+        }
+        Array(array) => {
+            // [[T; N1]; N2] -> (N1*N2, T)
+            let (len_expr, elem_ty) = length_and_type_of_nested_array(array);
+            // generate the setter code for one array element
+            let value_shifted = generate_setter_inner(&elem_ty);
+            quote! {
+                // [[T; N1]; N2] -> [T; N1*N2], for example: [[(u2, u2); 3]; 4] -> [(u2, u2); 12]
+                #[allow(clippy::useless_transmute)]
+                let value: [#elem_ty; #len_expr] = unsafe { ::core::mem::transmute(value) };
+                // constness: iter, for-loop, range are not const, so we're using while loops
+                // [u4; 8] -> u32
+                let mut acc = 0;
+                let mut i = 0;
+                while i < #len_expr {
+                    let value = value[i];
+                    // for every element, shift its value into its place
+                    #value_shifted
+                    // and bit-or them together
+                    acc |= value_shifted;
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                let value_shifted = acc;
+            }
+        }
+        Path(_) => {
+            // get the size, so we can reach the next element afterwards
+            let size = shared::generate_type_bitsize(ty);
+            quote! {
+                // the element's value as it's underlying type
+                let value: BaseIntOf<#ty> = <ArbIntOf<#ty>>::from(value).value();
+                // cast the element value (e.g. u8 -> u32),
+                // which allows it to be combined with the struct's value later
+                let value: BaseIntOf<Self> = value as BaseIntOf<Self>;
+                let value_shifted = value << offset;
+                // increase the offset to allow the next element to be read
+                offset += #size;
+            }
+        }
+        _ => unreachable(()),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The constructor code just needs every field setter.
+///
+/// [`super::generate_struct`] contains the initialization of `offset`.
+pub(crate) fn generate_constructor_part(ty: &Type, name: &Ident) -> TokenStream {
+    let value_shifted = generate_setter_inner(ty);
+    // setters look like this: `fn set_field1(&mut self, value: u3)`
+    // constructors like this: `fn new(field1: u3, field2: u4) -> Self`
+    // so we need to rename `field1` -> `value` and put this in a scope
+    quote! { {
+        let value = #name;
+        #value_shifted
+        value_shifted
+    } }
+}
+
+/// We mostly need this in [`generate_setter_value`], to mask the whole field.
+/// It basically combines a bunch of `Bitsized::MAX` values into a mask.
+fn generate_ty_mask(ty: &Type) -> TokenStream {
+    use Type::*;
+    match ty {
+        Tuple(tuple) => {
+            let mut previous_elem_sizes = vec![];
+            tuple
+                .elems
+                .iter()
+                .map(|elem| {
+                    // for every element, generate a mask
+                    let mask = generate_ty_mask(elem);
+                    // get it's size
+                    let elem_size = shared::generate_type_bitsize(elem);
+                    // generate it's offset from all previous sizes
+                    let elem_offset = previous_elem_sizes.iter().cloned().reduce(|acc, next| quote!((#acc + #next)));
+                    previous_elem_sizes.push(elem_size);
+                    // the first field doesn't need to be shifted
+                    if let Some(elem_offset) = elem_offset {
+                        quote!(#mask << #elem_offset)
+                    } else {
+                        quote!(#mask)
+                    }
+                })
+                // join all shifted masks with bit-or
+                .reduce(|acc, next| quote!(#acc | #next))
+                // `field: (),` will be handled like this:
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| quote!(0))
+        }
+        Array(array) => {
+            let elem_ty = &array.elem;
+            let len_expr = &array.len;
+            // generate the mask for one array element
+            let mask = generate_ty_mask(elem_ty);
+            // and the size
+            let ty_size = shared::generate_type_bitsize(elem_ty);
+            quote! { {
+                let mask = #mask;
+                let mut field_mask = 0;
+                let mut i = 0;
+                while i < #len_expr {
+                    // for every element, shift its mask into its place
+                    // and bit-or them together
+                    field_mask |= mask << (i * #ty_size);
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                field_mask
+            } }
+        }
+        Path(_) => quote! {
+            // Casting this is needed in some places, but it might not be needed in some others.
+            // (u2, u12) -> u8 << 0 | u16 << 2 -> u8 | u16 not possible
+            (<#ty as Bitsized>::MAX.value() as BaseIntOf<Self>)
+        },
+        _ => unreachable(()),
+    }
+}
+
+/// We compute nested length here, to fold [[T; N]; M] to [T; N * M].
+fn length_and_type_of_nested_array(array: &syn::TypeArray) -> (TokenStream, Type) {
+    let elem_ty = &array.elem;
+    let len_expr = &array.len;
+    if let Type::Array(array) = &**elem_ty {
+        let (child_len, child_ty) = length_and_type_of_nested_array(array);
+        (quote!((#len_expr) * (#child_len)), child_ty)
+    } else {
+        (quote!(#len_expr), *elem_ty.clone())
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/debug_bits.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/debug_bits.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..95ba9c73c1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/debug_bits.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,55 @@
+use proc_macro2::{Ident, TokenStream};
+use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
+use quote::quote;
+use syn::{Data, Fields};
+
+use crate::shared::{self, unreachable};
+
+pub(super) fn debug_bits(item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let derive_input = shared::parse_derive(item);
+    let name = &derive_input.ident;
+    let name_str = name.to_string();
+    let mut fieldless_next_int = 0;
+    let struct_data = match derive_input.data {
+        Data::Struct(s) => s,
+        Data::Enum(_) => abort_call_site!("use derive(Debug) for enums"),
+        Data::Union(_) => unreachable(()),
+    };
+
+    let fmt_impl = match struct_data.fields {
+        Fields::Named(fields) => {
+            let calls = fields.named.iter().map(|f| {
+                // We can unwrap since this is a named field
+                let call = f.ident.as_ref().unwrap();
+                let name = call.to_string();
+                quote!(.field(#name, &self.#call()))
+            });
+            quote! {
+                f.debug_struct(#name_str)
+                // .field("field1", &self.field1()).field("field2", &self.field2()).field("field3", &self.field3()).finish()
+                #(#calls)*.finish()
+            }
+        }
+        Fields::Unnamed(fields) => {
+            let calls = fields.unnamed.iter().map(|_| {
+                let call: Ident = syn::parse_str(&format!("val_{}", fieldless_next_int)).unwrap_or_else(unreachable);
+                fieldless_next_int += 1;
+                quote!(.field(&self.#call()))
+            });
+            quote! {
+                f.debug_tuple(#name_str)
+                // .field(&self.val0()).field(&self.val1()).finish()
+                #(#calls)*.finish()
+            }
+        }
+        Fields::Unit => todo!("this is a unit struct, which is not supported right now"),
+    };
+
+    quote! {
+        impl ::core::fmt::Debug for #name {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::core::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> ::core::fmt::Result {
+                #fmt_impl
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/default_bits.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/default_bits.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f664accf36
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/default_bits.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+use proc_macro2::{Ident, TokenStream};
+use proc_macro_error::abort_call_site;
+use quote::quote;
+use syn::{Data, DeriveInput, Fields, Type};
+
+use crate::shared::{self, fallback::Fallback, unreachable, BitSize};
+
+pub(crate) fn default_bits(item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let derive_input = parse(item);
+    //TODO: does fallback need handling?
+    let (derive_data, _, name, ..) = analyze(&derive_input);
+
+    match derive_data {
+        Data::Struct(data) => generate_struct_default_impl(name, &data.fields),
+        Data::Enum(_) => abort_call_site!("use derive(Default) for enums"),
+        _ => unreachable(()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate_struct_default_impl(struct_name: &Ident, fields: &Fields) -> TokenStream {
+    let default_value = fields
+        .iter()
+        .map(|field| generate_default_inner(&field.ty))
+        .reduce(|acc, next| quote!(#acc | #next));
+
+    quote! {
+        impl ::core::default::Default for #struct_name {
+            fn default() -> Self {
+                let mut offset = 0;
+                let value = #default_value;
+                let value = <#struct_name as Bitsized>::ArbitraryInt::new(value);
+                Self { value }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate_default_inner(ty: &Type) -> TokenStream {
+    use Type::*;
+    match ty {
+        // TODO?: we could optimize nested arrays here like in `struct_gen.rs`
+        // NOTE: in std, Default is only derived for arrays with up to 32 elements, but we allow more
+        Array(array) => {
+            let len_expr = &array.len;
+            let elem_ty = &*array.elem;
+            // generate the default value code for one array element
+            let value_shifted = generate_default_inner(elem_ty);
+            quote! {{
+                // constness: iter, array::from_fn, for-loop, range are not const, so we're using while loops
+                let mut acc = 0;
+                let mut i = 0;
+                while i < #len_expr {
+                    // for every element, shift its value into its place
+                    let value_shifted = #value_shifted;
+                    // and bit-or them together
+                    acc |= value_shifted;
+                    i += 1;
+                }
+                acc
+            }}
+        }
+        Path(path) => {
+            let field_size = shared::generate_type_bitsize(ty);
+            // u2::from(HaveFun::default()).value() as u32;
+            quote! {{
+                let as_int = <#path as Bitsized>::ArbitraryInt::from(<#path as ::core::default::Default>::default()).value();
+                let as_base_int = as_int as <<Self as Bitsized>::ArbitraryInt as Number>::UnderlyingType;
+                let shifted = as_base_int << offset;
+                offset += #field_size;
+                shifted
+            }}
+        }
+        Tuple(tuple) => {
+            tuple
+                .elems
+                .iter()
+                .map(generate_default_inner)
+                .reduce(|acc, next| quote!(#acc | #next))
+                // `field: (),` will be handled like this:
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| quote!(0))
+        }
+        _ => unreachable(()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse(item: TokenStream) -> DeriveInput {
+    shared::parse_derive(item)
+}
+
+fn analyze(derive_input: &DeriveInput) -> (&Data, TokenStream, &Ident, BitSize, Option<Fallback>) {
+    shared::analyze_derive(derive_input, false)
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/fmt_bits.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/fmt_bits.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..527691ed65
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/fmt_bits.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,112 @@
+use proc_macro2::{Ident, TokenStream};
+use quote::quote;
+use syn::{punctuated::Iter, Data, DeriveInput, Fields, Variant};
+
+use crate::shared::{self, discriminant_assigner::DiscriminantAssigner, fallback::Fallback, unreachable, BitSize};
+
+pub(crate) fn binary(item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let derive_input = parse(item);
+    let (derive_data, arb_int, name, bitsize, fallback) = analyze(&derive_input);
+
+    match derive_data {
+        Data::Struct(data) => generate_struct_binary_impl(name, &data.fields),
+        Data::Enum(data) => generate_enum_binary_impl(name, data.variants.iter(), arb_int, bitsize, fallback),
+        _ => unreachable(()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate_struct_binary_impl(struct_name: &Ident, fields: &Fields) -> TokenStream {
+    let write_underscore = quote! { write!(f, "_")?; };
+
+    // fields are printed from most significant to least significant, separated by an underscore
+    let writes = fields
+        .iter()
+        .rev()
+        .map(|field| {
+            let field_size = shared::generate_type_bitsize(&field.ty);
+
+            // `extracted` is `field_size` bits of `value`, starting from index `first_bit_pos` (counting from LSB)
+            quote! {
+                let field_size = #field_size;
+                let field_mask = mask >> (struct_size - field_size);
+                let first_bit_pos = last_bit_pos - field_size;
+                last_bit_pos -= field_size;
+                let extracted = field_mask & (self.value >> first_bit_pos);
+                write!(f, "{:0width$b}", extracted, width = field_size)?;
+            }
+        })
+        .reduce(|acc, next| quote!(#acc #write_underscore #next));
+
+    quote! {
+        impl ::core::fmt::Binary for #struct_name {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                let struct_size = <#struct_name as Bitsized>::BITS;
+                let mut last_bit_pos = struct_size;
+                let mask = <#struct_name as Bitsized>::MAX;
+                #writes
+                Ok(())
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate_enum_binary_impl(
+    enum_name: &Ident, variants: Iter<Variant>, arb_int: TokenStream, bitsize: BitSize, fallback: Option<Fallback>,
+) -> TokenStream {
+    let to_int_match_arms = generate_to_int_match_arms(variants, enum_name, bitsize, arb_int, fallback);
+
+    let body = if to_int_match_arms.is_empty() {
+        quote! { Ok(()) }
+    } else {
+        quote! {
+            let value = match self {
+                #( #to_int_match_arms )*
+            };
+            write!(f, "{:0width$b}", value, width = <#enum_name as Bitsized>::BITS)
+        }
+    };
+
+    quote! {
+        impl ::core::fmt::Binary for #enum_name {
+            fn fmt(&self, f: &mut std::fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> std::fmt::Result {
+                #body
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// generates the arms for an (infallible) conversion from an enum to the enum's underlying arbitrary_int
+fn generate_to_int_match_arms(
+    variants: Iter<Variant>, enum_name: &Ident, bitsize: BitSize, arb_int: TokenStream, fallback: Option<Fallback>,
+) -> Vec<TokenStream> {
+    let is_value_fallback = |variant_name| {
+        if let Some(Fallback::WithValue(name)) = &fallback {
+            variant_name == name
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    };
+
+    let mut assigner = DiscriminantAssigner::new(bitsize);
+
+    variants
+        .map(|variant| {
+            let variant_name = &variant.ident;
+            let variant_value = assigner.assign_unsuffixed(variant);
+
+            if is_value_fallback(variant_name) {
+                quote! { #enum_name::#variant_name(number) => *number, }
+            } else {
+                shared::to_int_match_arm(enum_name, variant_name, &arb_int, variant_value)
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn parse(item: TokenStream) -> DeriveInput {
+    shared::parse_derive(item)
+}
+
+fn analyze(derive_input: &DeriveInput) -> (&Data, TokenStream, &Ident, BitSize, Option<Fallback>) {
+    shared::analyze_derive(derive_input, false)
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/from_bits.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/from_bits.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e58b921521
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/from_bits.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,222 @@
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use proc_macro2::{Ident, TokenStream};
+use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
+use quote::quote;
+use syn::{punctuated::Iter, Data, DeriveInput, Fields, Type, Variant};
+
+use crate::shared::{
+    self, discriminant_assigner::DiscriminantAssigner, enum_fills_bitsize, fallback::Fallback,
+    unreachable, BitSize,
+};
+
+pub(super) fn from_bits(item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let derive_input = parse(item);
+    let (derive_data, arb_int, name, internal_bitsize, fallback) = analyze(&derive_input);
+    let expanded = match &derive_data {
+        Data::Struct(struct_data) => generate_struct(arb_int, name, &struct_data.fields),
+        Data::Enum(enum_data) => {
+            let variants = enum_data.variants.iter();
+            let match_arms = analyze_enum(
+                variants,
+                name,
+                internal_bitsize,
+                fallback.as_ref(),
+                &arb_int,
+            );
+            generate_enum(arb_int, name, match_arms, fallback)
+        }
+        _ => unreachable(()),
+    };
+    generate_common(expanded)
+}
+
+fn parse(item: TokenStream) -> DeriveInput {
+    shared::parse_derive(item)
+}
+
+fn analyze(
+    derive_input: &DeriveInput,
+) -> (&syn::Data, TokenStream, &Ident, BitSize, Option<Fallback>) {
+    shared::analyze_derive(derive_input, false)
+}
+
+fn analyze_enum(
+    variants: Iter<Variant>,
+    name: &Ident,
+    internal_bitsize: BitSize,
+    fallback: Option<&Fallback>,
+    arb_int: &TokenStream,
+) -> (Vec<TokenStream>, Vec<TokenStream>) {
+    validate_enum_variants(variants.clone(), fallback);
+
+    let enum_is_filled = enum_fills_bitsize(internal_bitsize, variants.len());
+    if !enum_is_filled && fallback.is_none() {
+        abort_call_site!("enum doesn't fill its bitsize"; help = "you need to use `#[derive(TryFromBits)]` instead, or specify one of the variants as #[fallback]")
+    }
+    if enum_is_filled && fallback.is_some() {
+        // NOTE: I've shortly tried pointing to `#[fallback]` here but it wasn't easy enough
+        abort_call_site!("enum already has {} variants", variants.len(); help = "remove the `#[fallback]` attribute")
+    }
+
+    let mut assigner = DiscriminantAssigner::new(internal_bitsize);
+
+    let is_fallback = |variant_name| {
+        if let Some(Fallback::Unit(name) | Fallback::WithValue(name)) = fallback {
+            variant_name == name
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    };
+
+    let is_value_fallback = |variant_name| {
+        if let Some(Fallback::WithValue(name)) = fallback {
+            variant_name == name
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    };
+
+    variants
+        .map(|variant| {
+            let variant_name = &variant.ident;
+            let variant_value = assigner.assign_unsuffixed(variant);
+
+            let from_int_match_arm = if is_fallback(variant_name) {
+                // this value will be handled by the catch-all arm
+                quote!()
+            } else {
+                quote! { #variant_value => Self::#variant_name, }
+            };
+
+            let to_int_match_arm = if is_value_fallback(variant_name) {
+                quote! { #name::#variant_name(number) => number, }
+            } else {
+                shared::to_int_match_arm(name, variant_name, arb_int, variant_value)
+            };
+
+            (from_int_match_arm, to_int_match_arm)
+        })
+        .unzip()
+}
+
+fn generate_enum(
+    arb_int: TokenStream,
+    enum_type: &Ident,
+    match_arms: (Vec<TokenStream>, Vec<TokenStream>),
+    fallback: Option<Fallback>,
+) -> TokenStream {
+    let (from_int_match_arms, to_int_match_arms) = match_arms;
+
+    let const_ = if cfg!(feature = "nightly") {
+        quote!(const)
+    } else {
+        quote!()
+    };
+
+    let from_enum_impl =
+        shared::generate_from_enum_impl(&arb_int, enum_type, to_int_match_arms, &const_);
+
+    let catch_all_arm = match fallback {
+        Some(Fallback::WithValue(fallback_ident)) => quote! {
+            _ => Self::#fallback_ident(number),
+        },
+        Some(Fallback::Unit(fallback_ident)) => quote! {
+            _ => Self::#fallback_ident,
+        },
+        None => quote! {
+            // constness: unreachable!() is not const yet
+            _ => ::core::panic!("unreachable: arbitrary_int already validates that this is unreachable")
+        },
+    };
+
+    quote! {
+        impl #const_ ::core::convert::From<#arb_int> for #enum_type {
+            fn from(number: #arb_int) -> Self {
+                match number.value() {
+                    #( #from_int_match_arms )*
+                    #catch_all_arm
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        #from_enum_impl
+    }
+}
+
+/// a type is considered "filled" if it implements `Bitsized` with `BITS == N`,
+/// and additionally is allowed to have any unsigned value from `0` to `2^N - 1`.
+/// such a type can then safely implement `From<uN>`.
+/// a filled type automatically implements the trait `Filled` thanks to a blanket impl.
+/// the check generated by this function will prevent compilation if `ty` is not `Filled`.
+fn generate_filled_check_for(ty: &Type, vec: &mut Vec<TokenStream>) {
+    use Type::*;
+    match ty {
+        Path(_) => {
+            let assume = quote! { ::bilge::assume_filled::<#ty>(); };
+            vec.push(assume);
+        }
+        Tuple(tuple) => {
+            for elem in &tuple.elems {
+                generate_filled_check_for(elem, vec)
+            }
+        }
+        Array(array) => generate_filled_check_for(&array.elem, vec),
+        _ => unreachable(()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate_struct(arb_int: TokenStream, struct_type: &Ident, fields: &Fields) -> TokenStream {
+    let const_ = if cfg!(feature = "nightly") {
+        quote!(const)
+    } else {
+        quote!()
+    };
+
+    let mut assumes = Vec::new();
+    for field in fields {
+        generate_filled_check_for(&field.ty, &mut assumes)
+    }
+
+    // a single check per type is enough, so the checks can be deduped
+    let assumes = assumes.into_iter().unique_by(TokenStream::to_string);
+
+    quote! {
+        impl #const_ ::core::convert::From<#arb_int> for #struct_type {
+            fn from(value: #arb_int) -> Self {
+                #( #assumes )*
+                Self { value }
+            }
+        }
+        impl #const_ ::core::convert::From<#struct_type> for #arb_int {
+            fn from(value: #struct_type) -> Self {
+                value.value
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate_common(expanded: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    quote! {
+        #expanded
+    }
+}
+
+fn validate_enum_variants(variants: Iter<Variant>, fallback: Option<&Fallback>) {
+    for variant in variants {
+        // we've already validated the correctness of the fallback variant, and that there's at most one such variant.
+        // this means we can safely skip a fallback variant if we find one.
+        if let Some(fallback) = &fallback {
+            if fallback.is_fallback_variant(&variant.ident) {
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if !matches!(variant.fields, Fields::Unit) {
+            let help_message = if fallback.is_some() {
+                "change this variant to a unit"
+            } else {
+                "add a fallback variant or change this variant to a unit"
+            };
+            abort!(variant, "FromBits only supports unit variants for variants without `#[fallback]`"; help = help_message);
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/lib.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4b34b4f306
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,79 @@
+extern crate itertools;
+extern crate proc_macro_error;
+extern crate proc_macro_error_attr;
+use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use proc_macro_error::proc_macro_error;
+
+mod bitsize;
+mod bitsize_internal;
+mod debug_bits;
+mod default_bits;
+mod fmt_bits;
+mod from_bits;
+mod try_from_bits;
+
+mod shared;
+
+/// Defines the bitsize of a struct or an enum.
+///
+/// e.g. `#[bitsize(4)]` represents the item as a u4, which is UInt<u8, 4> underneath.
+/// The size of structs is currently limited to 128 bits.
+/// The size of enums is limited to 64 bits.
+/// Please open an issue if you have a usecase for bigger bitfields.
+#[proc_macro_error]
+#[proc_macro_attribute]
+pub fn bitsize(args: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    bitsize::bitsize(args.into(), item.into()).into()
+}
+
+/// This is internally used, not to be used by anything besides `bitsize`.
+/// No guarantees are given.
+#[proc_macro_error]
+#[proc_macro_attribute]
+pub fn bitsize_internal(args: TokenStream, item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    bitsize_internal::bitsize_internal(args.into(), item.into()).into()
+}
+
+/// Generate an `impl TryFrom<uN>` for unfilled bitfields.
+///
+/// This should be used when your enum or enums nested in
+/// a struct don't fill their given `bitsize`.
+#[proc_macro_error]
+#[proc_macro_derive(TryFromBits, attributes(bitsize_internal, fallback))]
+pub fn derive_try_from_bits(item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    try_from_bits::try_from_bits(item.into()).into()
+}
+
+/// Generate an `impl From<uN>` for filled bitfields.
+///
+/// This should be used when your enum or enums nested in
+/// a struct fill their given `bitsize` or if you're not
+/// using enums.
+#[proc_macro_error]
+#[proc_macro_derive(FromBits, attributes(bitsize_internal, fallback))]
+pub fn derive_from_bits(item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    from_bits::from_bits(item.into()).into()
+}
+
+/// Generate an `impl core::fmt::Debug` for bitfield structs.
+///
+/// Please use normal #[derive(Debug)] for enums.
+#[proc_macro_error]
+#[proc_macro_derive(DebugBits, attributes(bitsize_internal))]
+pub fn debug_bits(item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    debug_bits::debug_bits(item.into()).into()
+}
+
+/// Generate an `impl core::fmt::Binary` for bitfields.
+#[proc_macro_error]
+#[proc_macro_derive(BinaryBits)]
+pub fn derive_binary_bits(item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    fmt_bits::binary(item.into()).into()
+}
+
+/// Generate an `impl core::default::Default` for bitfield structs.
+#[proc_macro_error]
+#[proc_macro_derive(DefaultBits)]
+pub fn derive_default_bits(item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    default_bits::default_bits(item.into()).into()
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/shared.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/shared.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2e54e0d787
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/shared.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,196 @@
+pub mod discriminant_assigner;
+pub mod fallback;
+pub mod util;
+
+use fallback::{fallback_variant, Fallback};
+use proc_macro2::{Ident, Literal, TokenStream};
+use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
+use quote::quote;
+use syn::{Attribute, DeriveInput, LitInt, Meta, Type};
+use util::PathExt;
+
+/// As arbitrary_int is limited to basic rust primitives, the maximum is u128.
+/// Is there a true usecase for bitfields above this size?
+/// This would also be change-worthy when rust starts supporting LLVM's arbitrary integers.
+pub const MAX_STRUCT_BIT_SIZE: BitSize = 128;
+/// As `#[repr(u128)]` is unstable and currently no real usecase for higher sizes exists, the maximum is u64.
+pub const MAX_ENUM_BIT_SIZE: BitSize = 64;
+pub type BitSize = u8;
+
+pub(crate) fn parse_derive(item: TokenStream) -> DeriveInput {
+    syn::parse2(item).unwrap_or_else(unreachable)
+}
+
+// allow since we want `if try_from` blocks to stand out
+#[allow(clippy::collapsible_if)]
+pub(crate) fn analyze_derive(derive_input: &DeriveInput, try_from: bool) -> (&syn::Data, TokenStream, &Ident, BitSize, Option<Fallback>) {
+    let DeriveInput {
+        attrs,
+        ident,
+        // generics,
+        data,
+        ..
+    } = derive_input;
+
+    if !try_from {
+        if attrs.iter().any(is_non_exhaustive_attribute) {
+            abort_call_site!("Item can't be FromBits and non_exhaustive"; help = "remove #[non_exhaustive] or derive(FromBits) here")
+        }
+    } else {
+        // currently not allowed, would need some thinking:
+        if let syn::Data::Struct(_) = data {
+            if attrs.iter().any(is_non_exhaustive_attribute) {
+                abort_call_site!("Using #[non_exhaustive] on structs is currently not supported"; help = "open an issue on our repository if needed")
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // parsing the #[bitsize_internal(num)] attribute macro
+    let args = attrs
+        .iter()
+        .find_map(bitsize_internal_arg)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| abort_call_site!("add #[bitsize] attribute above your derive attribute"));
+    let (bitsize, arb_int) = bitsize_and_arbitrary_int_from(args);
+
+    let fallback = fallback_variant(data, bitsize);
+    if fallback.is_some() && try_from {
+        abort_call_site!("fallback is not allowed with `TryFromBits`"; help = "use `#[derive(FromBits)]` or remove this `#[fallback]`")
+    }
+
+    (data, arb_int, ident, bitsize, fallback)
+}
+
+// If we want to support bitsize(u4) besides bitsize(4), do that here.
+pub fn bitsize_and_arbitrary_int_from(bitsize_arg: TokenStream) -> (BitSize, TokenStream) {
+    let bitsize: LitInt = syn::parse2(bitsize_arg.clone())
+        .unwrap_or_else(|_| abort!(bitsize_arg, "attribute value is not a number"; help = "you need to define the size like this: `#[bitsize(32)]`"));
+    // without postfix
+    let bitsize = bitsize
+        .base10_parse()
+        .ok()
+        .filter(|&n| n != 0 && n <= MAX_STRUCT_BIT_SIZE)
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| abort!(bitsize_arg, "attribute value is not a valid number"; help = "currently, numbers from 1 to {} are allowed", MAX_STRUCT_BIT_SIZE));
+    let arb_int = syn::parse_str(&format!("u{bitsize}")).unwrap_or_else(unreachable);
+    (bitsize, arb_int)
+}
+
+pub fn generate_type_bitsize(ty: &Type) -> TokenStream {
+    use Type::*;
+    match ty {
+        Tuple(tuple) => {
+            tuple
+                .elems
+                .iter()
+                .map(generate_type_bitsize)
+                .reduce(|acc, next| quote!((#acc + #next)))
+                // `field: (),` will be handled like this:
+                .unwrap_or_else(|| quote!(0))
+        }
+        Array(array) => {
+            let elem_bitsize = generate_type_bitsize(&array.elem);
+            let len_expr = &array.len;
+            quote!((#elem_bitsize * #len_expr))
+        }
+        Path(_) => {
+            quote!(<#ty as Bitsized>::BITS)
+        }
+        _ => unreachable(()),
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn generate_from_enum_impl(
+    arb_int: &TokenStream, enum_type: &Ident, to_int_match_arms: Vec<TokenStream>, const_: &TokenStream,
+) -> TokenStream {
+    quote! {
+        impl #const_ ::core::convert::From<#enum_type> for #arb_int {
+            fn from(enum_value: #enum_type) -> Self {
+                match enum_value {
+                    #( #to_int_match_arms )*
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Filters fields which are always `FILLED`, meaning all bit-patterns are possible,
+/// meaning they are (should be) From<uN>, not TryFrom<uN>
+///
+/// Currently, this is exactly the set of types we can extract a bitsize out of, just by looking at their ident: `uN` and `bool`.
+pub fn is_always_filled(ty: &Type) -> bool {
+    last_ident_of_path(ty).and_then(bitsize_from_type_ident).is_some()
+}
+
+pub fn last_ident_of_path(ty: &Type) -> Option<&Ident> {
+    if let Type::Path(type_path) = ty {
+        // the type may have a qualified path, so I don't think we can use `get_ident()` here
+        let last_segment = type_path.path.segments.last()?;
+        Some(&last_segment.ident)
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+/// in enums, internal_bitsize <= 64; u64::MAX + 1 = u128
+/// therefore the bitshift would not overflow.
+pub fn enum_fills_bitsize(bitsize: u8, variants_count: usize) -> bool {
+    let max_variants_count = 1u128 << bitsize;
+    if variants_count as u128 > max_variants_count {
+        abort_call_site!("enum overflows its bitsize"; help = "there should only be at most {} variants defined", max_variants_count);
+    }
+    variants_count as u128 == max_variants_count
+}
+
+#[inline]
+pub fn unreachable<T, U>(_: T) -> U {
+    unreachable!("should have already been validated")
+}
+
+pub fn is_attribute(attr: &Attribute, name: &str) -> bool {
+    if let Meta::Path(path) = &attr.meta {
+        path.is_ident(name)
+    } else {
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+fn is_non_exhaustive_attribute(attr: &Attribute) -> bool {
+    is_attribute(attr, "non_exhaustive")
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn is_fallback_attribute(attr: &Attribute) -> bool {
+    is_attribute(attr, "fallback")
+}
+
+/// attempts to extract the bitsize from an ident equal to `uN` or `bool`.
+/// should return `Result` instead of `Option`, if we decide to add more descriptive error handling.
+pub fn bitsize_from_type_ident(type_name: &Ident) -> Option<BitSize> {
+    let type_name = type_name.to_string();
+
+    if type_name == "bool" {
+        Some(1)
+    } else if let Some(suffix) = type_name.strip_prefix('u') {
+        // characters which may appear in this suffix are digits, letters and underscores.
+        // parse() will reject letters and underscores, so this should be correct.
+        let bitsize = suffix.parse().ok();
+
+        // the namespace contains u2 up to u{MAX_STRUCT_BIT_SIZE}. can't make assumptions about larger values
+        bitsize.filter(|&n| n <= MAX_STRUCT_BIT_SIZE)
+    } else {
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn to_int_match_arm(enum_name: &Ident, variant_name: &Ident, arb_int: &TokenStream, variant_value: Literal) -> TokenStream {
+    quote! { #enum_name::#variant_name => #arb_int::new(#variant_value), }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn bitsize_internal_arg(attr: &Attribute) -> Option<TokenStream> {
+    if let Meta::List(list) = &attr.meta {
+        if list.path.matches(&["bilge", "bitsize_internal"]) {
+            let arg = list.tokens.to_owned();
+            return Some(arg);
+        }
+    }
+
+    None
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/shared/discriminant_assigner.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/shared/discriminant_assigner.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5825baa4f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/shared/discriminant_assigner.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+use proc_macro2::Literal;
+use proc_macro_error::abort;
+use syn::{Expr, ExprLit, Lit, Variant};
+
+use super::{unreachable, BitSize};
+
+pub(crate) struct DiscriminantAssigner {
+    bitsize: BitSize,
+    next_expected_assignment: u128,
+}
+
+impl DiscriminantAssigner {
+    pub fn new(bitsize: u8) -> DiscriminantAssigner {
+        DiscriminantAssigner {
+            bitsize,
+            next_expected_assignment: 0,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn max_value(&self) -> u128 {
+        (1u128 << self.bitsize) - 1
+    }
+
+    fn value_from_discriminant(&self, variant: &Variant) -> Option<u128> {
+        let discriminant = variant.discriminant.as_ref()?;
+        let discriminant_expr = &discriminant.1;
+        let variant_name = &variant.ident;
+
+        let Expr::Lit(ExprLit { lit: Lit::Int(int), .. }) = discriminant_expr else {
+            abort!(
+                discriminant_expr,
+                "variant `{}` is not a number", variant_name;
+                help = "only literal integers currently supported"
+            )
+        };
+
+        let discriminant_value: u128 = int.base10_parse().unwrap_or_else(unreachable);
+        if discriminant_value > self.max_value() {
+            abort!(variant, "Value of variant exceeds the given number of bits")
+        }
+
+        Some(discriminant_value)
+    }
+
+    fn assign(&mut self, variant: &Variant) -> u128 {
+        let value = self.value_from_discriminant(variant).unwrap_or(self.next_expected_assignment);
+        self.next_expected_assignment = value + 1;
+        value
+    }
+
+    /// syn adds a suffix when printing Rust integers. we use an unsuffixed `Literal` for better-looking codegen
+    pub fn assign_unsuffixed(&mut self, variant: &Variant) -> Literal {
+        let next = self.assign(variant);
+        Literal::u128_unsuffixed(next)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/shared/fallback.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/shared/fallback.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..893919659e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/shared/fallback.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,92 @@
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use proc_macro2::Ident;
+use proc_macro_error::{abort, abort_call_site};
+use syn::{Data, Variant};
+
+use super::{bitsize_from_type_ident, is_fallback_attribute, last_ident_of_path, unreachable, BitSize};
+
+pub enum Fallback {
+    Unit(Ident),
+    WithValue(Ident),
+}
+
+impl Fallback {
+    fn from_variant(variant: &Variant, enum_bitsize: BitSize, is_last_variant: bool) -> Fallback {
+        use syn::Fields::*;
+
+        let ident = variant.ident.to_owned();
+
+        match &variant.fields {
+            Named(_) => {
+                abort!(variant, "`#[fallback]` does not support variants with named fields"; help = "use a tuple variant or remove this `#[fallback]`")
+            }
+            Unnamed(fields) => {
+                let variant_fields = fields.unnamed.iter();
+                let Ok(fallback_value) = variant_fields.exactly_one() else {
+                    abort!(variant, "fallback variant must have exactly one field"; help = "use only one field or change to a unit variant")
+                };
+
+                if !is_last_variant {
+                    abort!(variant, "value fallback is not the last variant"; help = "a fallback variant with value must be the last variant of the enum")
+                }
+
+                // here we validate that the fallback variant field type matches the bitsize
+                let size_from_type = last_ident_of_path(&fallback_value.ty).and_then(bitsize_from_type_ident);
+
+                match size_from_type {
+                    Some(bitsize) if bitsize == enum_bitsize => Fallback::WithValue(ident),
+                    Some(bitsize) => abort!(
+                        variant.fields,
+                        "bitsize of fallback field ({}) does not match bitsize of enum ({})",
+                        bitsize,
+                        enum_bitsize
+                    ),
+                    None => abort!(variant.fields, "`#[fallback]` only supports arbitrary_int or bool types"),
+                }
+            }
+            Unit => Fallback::Unit(ident),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_fallback_variant(&self, variant_ident: &Ident) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Fallback::Unit(fallback_ident) | Fallback::WithValue(fallback_ident) if variant_ident == fallback_ident)
+    }
+}
+
+/// finds a single enum variant with the attribute "fallback".
+/// a "fallback variant" may come in one of two forms:
+/// 1. `#[fallback] Foo`, which we map to `Fallback::Unit`
+/// 2. `#[fallback] Foo(uN)`, where `N` is the enum's bitsize and `Foo` is the enum's last variant,
+/// which we map to `Fallback::WithValue`
+pub fn fallback_variant(data: &Data, enum_bitsize: BitSize) -> Option<Fallback> {
+    match data {
+        Data::Enum(enum_data) => {
+            let variants_with_fallback = enum_data
+                .variants
+                .iter()
+                .filter(|variant| variant.attrs.iter().any(is_fallback_attribute));
+
+            match variants_with_fallback.at_most_one() {
+                Ok(None) => None,
+                Ok(Some(variant)) => {
+                    let is_last_variant = variant.ident == enum_data.variants.last().unwrap().ident;
+                    let fallback = Fallback::from_variant(variant, enum_bitsize, is_last_variant);
+                    Some(fallback)
+                }
+                Err(_) => {
+                    abort_call_site!("only one enum variant may be `#[fallback]`"; help = "remove #[fallback] attributes until you only have one")
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        Data::Struct(struct_data) => {
+            let mut field_attrs = struct_data.fields.iter().flat_map(|field| &field.attrs);
+
+            if field_attrs.any(is_fallback_attribute) {
+                abort_call_site!("`#[fallback]` is only applicable to enums"; help = "remove all `#[fallback]` from this struct")
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+        _ => unreachable(()),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/shared/util.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/shared/util.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..31a9be1f2a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/shared/util.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,91 @@
+use syn::Path;
+#[cfg(test)]
+use syn_path::path;
+
+pub trait PathExt {
+    /// match path segments. `str_segments` should contain the entire
+    /// qualified path from the crate root, for example `["bilge", "FromBits"]`.
+    /// allows partial matches - `["std", "default", "Default"]` will also match
+    /// the paths `Default` or `default::Default`.
+    fn matches(&self, str_segments: &[&str]) -> bool;
+
+    /// match path segments, but also allow first segment to be either "core" or "std"
+    fn matches_core_or_std(&self, str_segments: &[&str]) -> bool {
+        let mut str_segments = str_segments.to_owned();
+
+        // try matching with "std" as first segment
+        // first, make "std" the first segment
+        match str_segments.first().copied() {
+            None => return false, // since path is non-empty, this is trivially false
+            Some("std") => (),
+            _ => str_segments.insert(0, "std"),
+        };
+
+        if self.matches(&str_segments) {
+            return true;
+        }
+
+        // try matching with "core" as first segment
+        str_segments[0] = "core";
+        self.matches(&str_segments)
+    }
+}
+
+impl PathExt for Path {
+    fn matches(&self, str_segments: &[&str]) -> bool {
+        if self.segments.len() > str_segments.len() {
+            return false;
+        }
+
+        let segments = self.segments.iter().map(|seg| seg.ident.to_string()).rev();
+        let str_segments = str_segments.iter().copied().rev();
+
+        segments.zip(str_segments).all(|(a, b)| a == b)
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn path_matching() {
+    let paths = [
+        path!(::std::default::Default),
+        path!(std::default::Default),
+        path!(default::Default),
+        path!(Default),
+    ];
+
+    let str_segments = &["std", "default", "Default"];
+
+    for path in paths {
+        assert!(path.matches(str_segments));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn partial_does_not_match() {
+    let full_path = path!(std::foo::bar::fizz::Buzz);
+
+    let str_segments = ["std", "foo", "bar", "fizz", "Buzz"];
+
+    for i in 1..str_segments.len() {
+        let partial_str_segments = &str_segments[i..];
+        assert!(!full_path.matches(partial_str_segments))
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn path_matching_without_root() {
+    let paths = [
+        path!(::core::fmt::Debug),
+        path!(core::fmt::Debug),
+        path!(::std::fmt::Debug),
+        path!(std::fmt::Debug),
+        path!(fmt::Debug),
+        path!(Debug),
+    ];
+
+    let str_segments_without_root = &["fmt", "Debug"];
+
+    for path in paths {
+        assert!(path.matches_core_or_std(str_segments_without_root));
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/try_from_bits.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/try_from_bits.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b27a5567c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge-impl/src/try_from_bits.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,143 @@
+use proc_macro2::{Ident, TokenStream};
+use proc_macro_error::{abort, emit_call_site_warning};
+use quote::quote;
+use syn::{punctuated::Iter, Data, DeriveInput, Fields, Type, Variant};
+
+use crate::shared::{self, discriminant_assigner::DiscriminantAssigner, enum_fills_bitsize, fallback::Fallback, unreachable, BitSize};
+use crate::shared::{bitsize_from_type_ident, last_ident_of_path};
+
+pub(super) fn try_from_bits(item: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let derive_input = parse(item);
+    let (derive_data, arb_int, name, internal_bitsize, ..) = analyze(&derive_input);
+    match derive_data {
+        Data::Struct(ref data) => codegen_struct(arb_int, name, &data.fields),
+        Data::Enum(ref enum_data) => {
+            let variants = enum_data.variants.iter();
+            let match_arms = analyze_enum(variants, name, internal_bitsize, &arb_int);
+            codegen_enum(arb_int, name, match_arms)
+        }
+        _ => unreachable(()),
+    }
+}
+
+fn parse(item: TokenStream) -> DeriveInput {
+    shared::parse_derive(item)
+}
+
+fn analyze(derive_input: &DeriveInput) -> (&syn::Data, TokenStream, &Ident, BitSize, Option<Fallback>) {
+    shared::analyze_derive(derive_input, true)
+}
+
+fn analyze_enum(variants: Iter<Variant>, name: &Ident, internal_bitsize: BitSize, arb_int: &TokenStream) -> (Vec<TokenStream>, Vec<TokenStream>) {
+    validate_enum_variants(variants.clone());
+
+    if enum_fills_bitsize(internal_bitsize, variants.len()) {
+        emit_call_site_warning!("enum fills its bitsize"; help = "you can use `#[derive(FromBits)]` instead, rust will provide `TryFrom` for you (so you don't necessarily have to update call-sites)");
+    }
+
+    let mut assigner = DiscriminantAssigner::new(internal_bitsize);
+
+    variants
+        .map(|variant| {
+            let variant_name = &variant.ident;
+            let variant_value = assigner.assign_unsuffixed(variant);
+
+            let from_int_match_arm = quote! {
+                #variant_value => Ok(Self::#variant_name),
+            };
+
+            let to_int_match_arm = shared::to_int_match_arm(name, variant_name, arb_int, variant_value);
+
+            (from_int_match_arm, to_int_match_arm)
+        })
+        .unzip()
+}
+
+fn codegen_enum(arb_int: TokenStream, enum_type: &Ident, match_arms: (Vec<TokenStream>, Vec<TokenStream>)) -> TokenStream {
+    let (from_int_match_arms, to_int_match_arms) = match_arms;
+
+    let const_ = if cfg!(feature = "nightly") { quote!(const) } else { quote!() };
+
+    let from_enum_impl = shared::generate_from_enum_impl(&arb_int, enum_type, to_int_match_arms, &const_);
+    quote! {
+        impl #const_ ::core::convert::TryFrom<#arb_int> for #enum_type {
+            type Error = ::bilge::BitsError;
+
+            fn try_from(number: #arb_int) -> ::core::result::Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+                match number.value() {
+                    #( #from_int_match_arms )*
+                    i => Err(::bilge::give_me_error()),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // this other direction is needed for get/set/new
+        #from_enum_impl
+    }
+}
+
+fn generate_field_check(ty: &Type) -> TokenStream {
+    // Yes, this is hacky module management.
+    crate::bitsize_internal::struct_gen::generate_getter_inner(ty, false)
+}
+
+fn codegen_struct(arb_int: TokenStream, struct_type: &Ident, fields: &Fields) -> TokenStream {
+    let is_ok: TokenStream = fields
+        .iter()
+        .map(|field| {
+            let ty = &field.ty;
+            let size_from_type = last_ident_of_path(ty).and_then(bitsize_from_type_ident);
+            if let Some(size) = size_from_type {
+                quote! { {
+                    // we still need to shift by the element's size
+                    let size = #size;
+                    cursor = cursor.wrapping_shr(size as u32);
+                    true
+                } }
+            } else {
+                generate_field_check(ty)
+            }
+        })
+        .reduce(|acc, next| quote!((#acc && #next)))
+        // `Struct {}` would be handled like this:
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| quote!(true));
+
+    let const_ = if cfg!(feature = "nightly") { quote!(const) } else { quote!() };
+
+    quote! {
+        impl #const_ ::core::convert::TryFrom<#arb_int> for #struct_type {
+            type Error = ::bilge::BitsError;
+
+            // validates all values, which means enums, even in inner structs (TODO: and reserved fields?)
+            fn try_from(value: #arb_int) -> ::core::result::Result<Self, Self::Error> {
+                type ArbIntOf<T> = <T as Bitsized>::ArbitraryInt;
+                type BaseIntOf<T> = <ArbIntOf<T> as Number>::UnderlyingType;
+
+                // cursor starts at value's first field
+                let mut cursor = value.value();
+
+                let is_ok: bool = {#is_ok};
+
+                if is_ok {
+                    Ok(Self { value })
+                } else {
+                    Err(::bilge::give_me_error())
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl #const_ ::core::convert::From<#struct_type> for #arb_int {
+            fn from(struct_value: #struct_type) -> Self {
+                struct_value.value
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn validate_enum_variants(variants: Iter<Variant>) {
+    for variant in variants {
+        if !matches!(variant.fields, Fields::Unit) {
+            abort!(variant, "TryFromBits only supports unit variants in enums"; help = "change this variant to a unit");
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/.cargo-checksum.json b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/.cargo-checksum.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..39c4922340
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/.cargo-checksum.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"files":{"Cargo.toml":"3bb4a52531b944f44649567e4308c98efe1a908ca15558eaf9139fe260c22184","LICENSE-APACHE":"2514772e5475f208616174f81b67168179a7c51bdcb9570a96a9dc5962b83116","LICENSE-MIT":"7363fc7e2596998f3fc0109b6908575bf1cd8f6fa2fc97aff6bd9d17177f50bb","README.md":"6d4fcc631ed47bbe8e654649185ce987e9630192ea25c84edd264674e30efa4d","src/lib.rs":"4c8546a19b3255895058b4d5a2e8f17b36d196275bbc6831fe1a8b8cbeb258dc"},"package":"dc707ed8ebf81de5cd6c7f48f54b4c8621760926cdf35a57000747c512e67b57"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/Cargo.toml b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3e4900f08c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+# THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY CARGO
+#
+# When uploading crates to the registry Cargo will automatically
+# "normalize" Cargo.toml files for maximal compatibility
+# with all versions of Cargo and also rewrite `path` dependencies
+# to registry (e.g., crates.io) dependencies.
+#
+# If you are reading this file be aware that the original Cargo.toml
+# will likely look very different (and much more reasonable).
+# See Cargo.toml.orig for the original contents.
+
+[package]
+edition = "2021"
+name = "bilge"
+version = "0.2.0"
+authors = ["Hecatia Elegua"]
+include = [
+    "src/lib.rs",
+    "LICENSE-*",
+    "README.md",
+]
+description = "Use bitsized types as if they were a feature of rust."
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/bilge"
+readme = "README.md"
+keywords = [
+    "bilge",
+    "bitfield",
+    "bits",
+    "register",
+]
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+repository = "https://github.com/hecatia-elegua/bilge"
+
+[lib]
+bench = false
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "compared"
+path = "benches/compared/main.rs"
+bench = false
+harness = false
+
+[dependencies.arbitrary-int]
+version = "1.2.6"
+
+[dependencies.bilge-impl]
+version = "=0.2.0"
+
+[dev-dependencies.assert_matches]
+version = "1.5.0"
+
+[dev-dependencies.rustversion]
+version = "1.0"
+
+[dev-dependencies.trybuild]
+version = "1.0"
+
+[dev-dependencies.volatile]
+version = "0.5.1"
+
+[dev-dependencies.zerocopy]
+version = "0.5.0"
+
+[features]
+default = []
+nightly = [
+    "arbitrary-int/const_convert_and_const_trait_impl",
+    "bilge-impl/nightly",
+]
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/LICENSE-APACHE b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..21254fc75d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+                                 Apache License
+                           Version 2.0, January 2004
+                        http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+   TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+   1. Definitions.
+
+      "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+      and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+      "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+      the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+      "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+      other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+      control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+      "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+      direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+      otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+      outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+      "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+      exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+      "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+      including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+      source, and configuration files.
+
+      "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+      transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+      not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+      and conversions to other media types.
+
+      "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+      Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+      copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+      (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+      "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+      form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+      editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+      represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+      of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+      separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+      the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+      "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+      the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+      to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+      submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+      or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+      the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+      means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+      to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+      communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+      and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+      Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
+      excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+      designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+      "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+      on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+      subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+   2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
+      publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
+      Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+   3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+      this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+      worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+      (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+      use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+      where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+      by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+      Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+      with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+      institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+      cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+      or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+      or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+      granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+      as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+   4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+      Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+      modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+      meet the following conditions:
+
+      (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+          Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+      (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+          stating that You changed the files; and
+
+      (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+          that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
+          attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
+          excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+          the Derivative Works; and
+
+      (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+          distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+          include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+          within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+          pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+          of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+          as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+          documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+          within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+          wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+          of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+          do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+          notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+          or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+          that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+          as modifying the License.
+
+      You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+      may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+      for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+      for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+      reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+      the conditions stated in this License.
+
+   5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+      any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+      by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+      this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+      Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+      the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+      with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+   6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+      names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+      except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+      origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+   7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+      agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+      Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+      WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+      implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+      of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+      PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+      appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+      risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+   8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+      whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+      unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+      negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+      liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+      incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+      result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+      Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+      work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+      other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+      has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+   9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+      the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+      and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+      or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+      License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+      on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+      of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+      defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+      incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+      of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+   END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/LICENSE-MIT b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2b1af07674
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/README.md b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..48daad0fcb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,327 @@
+# bilge: the most readable bitfields
+
+[![crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/bilge.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/bilge)
+[![docs.rs](https://docs.rs/bilge/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/bilge)
+[![loc](https://tokei.rs/b1/github/hecatia-elegua/bilge?category=code)](https://github.com/Aaronepower/tokei#badges)
+
+_Y e s_, this is yet another bitfield crate, but hear me out:
+
+This is a _**bit**_ better than what we had before.
+
+I wanted a design fitting rust:
+
+- **safe**
+    - types model as much of the functionality as possible and don't allow false usage
+- **fast**
+    - like handwritten bit fiddling code
+- **simple to complex**
+    - obvious and readable basic frontend, like normal structs
+    - only minimally and gradually introduce advanced concepts
+    - provide extension mechanisms
+
+The lib is **no-std** (and fully `const` behind a `"nightly"` feature gate).
+
+For some more explanations on the "why" and "how": [blog post](https://hecatia-elegua.github.io/blog/no-more-bit-fiddling/) and [reddit comments](https://www.reddit.com/r/rust/comments/13ic0mf/no_more_bit_fiddling_and_introducing_bilge/).
+
+## WARNING
+
+Our current version is still pre 1.0, which means nothing is completely stable.
+
+However, constructors, getters, setters and From/TryFrom should stay the same, since their semantics are very clear.
+
+[//]: # (keep this fixed to the version in .github/workflows/ci.yml, rust-toolchain.toml)
+
+The nightly feature is tested on `nightly-2022-11-03` and [will not work on the newest nightly until const_convert comes back](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/110395#issuecomment-1524775763).
+
+## Usage
+
+To make your life easier:
+
+```rust
+use bilge::prelude::*;
+```
+
+### Infallible (From)
+
+You can just specify bitsized fields like normal fields:
+
+```rust
+#[bitsize(14)]
+struct Register {
+    header: u4,
+    body: u7,
+    footer: Footer,
+}
+```
+
+The attribute `bitsize` generates the bitfield, while `14` works as a failsafe, emitting a compile error if your struct definition doesn't declare 14 bits.
+Let's define the nested struct `Footer` as well:
+
+```rust
+#[bitsize(3)]
+#[derive(FromBits)]
+struct Footer {
+    is_last: bool,
+    code: Code,
+}
+```
+
+As you can see, we added `#[derive(FromBits)]`, which is needed for `Register`'s getters and setters.
+Due to how rust macros work (outside-in), it needs to be below `#[bitsize]`.
+Also, `bool` can be used as one bit.
+
+`Code` is another nesting, this time an enum:
+
+```rust
+#[bitsize(2)]
+#[derive(FromBits)]
+enum Code { Success, Error, IoError, GoodExample }
+```
+
+Now we can construct `Register`:
+
+```rust
+let reg1 = Register::new(
+    u4::new(0b1010),
+    u7::new(0b010_1010),
+    Footer::new(true, Code::GoodExample)
+);
+```
+
+Or, if we add `#[derive(FromBits)]` to `Register` and want to parse a raw register value:
+
+```rust
+let mut reg2 = Register::from(u14::new(0b11_1_0101010_1010));
+```
+
+And getting and setting fields is done like this:
+
+```rust
+let header = reg2.header();
+reg2.set_footer(Footer::new(false, Code::Success));
+```
+
+Any kinds of tuple and array are also supported:
+
+```rust
+#[bitsize(32)]
+#[derive(FromBits)]
+struct InterruptSetEnables([bool; 32]);
+```
+
+Which produces the usual getter and setter, but also element accessors:
+
+```rust
+let mut ise = InterruptSetEnables::from(0b0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0001_0000);
+let ise5 = ise.val_0_at(4);
+ise.set_val_0_at(2, ise5);
+assert_eq!(0b0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0000_0001_0100, ise.value);
+```
+
+Depending on what you're working with, only a subset of enum values might be clear, or some values might be reserved.
+In that case, you can use a fallback variant, defined like this:
+
+```rust
+#[bitsize(32)]
+#[derive(FromBits, Debug, PartialEq)]
+enum Subclass {
+    Mouse,
+    Keyboard,
+    Speakers,
+    #[fallback]
+    Reserved,
+}
+```
+
+which will convert any undeclared bits to `Reserved`:
+
+```rust
+assert_eq!(Subclass::Reserved, Subclass::from(3));
+assert_eq!(Subclass::Reserved, Subclass::from(42));
+let num = u32::from(Subclass::from(42));
+assert_eq!(3, num);
+assert_ne!(42, num);
+```
+
+or, if you need to keep the exact number saved, use:
+
+```rust
+#[fallback]
+Reserved(u32),
+```
+
+```rust
+assert_eq!(Subclass2::Reserved(3), Subclass2::from(3));
+assert_eq!(Subclass2::Reserved(42), Subclass2::from(42));
+let num = u32::from(Subclass2::from(42));
+assert_eq!(42, num);
+assert_ne!(3, num);
+```
+
+### Fallible (TryFrom)
+
+In contrast to structs, enums don't have to declare all of their bits:
+
+```rust
+#[bitsize(2)]
+#[derive(TryFromBits)]
+enum Class {
+    Mobile, Semimobile, /* 0x2 undefined */ Stationary = 0x3
+}
+```
+
+meaning this will work:
+
+```rust
+let class = Class::try_from(u2::new(2));
+assert!(class.is_err());
+```
+
+except we first need to `#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]` on `Class`, since `assert_eq!` needs those.
+
+Let's do that, and use `Class` as a field:
+
+```rust
+#[bitsize(8)]
+#[derive(TryFromBits)]
+struct Device {
+    reserved: u2,
+    class: Class,
+    reserved: u4,
+}
+```
+
+This shows `TryFrom` being propagated upward. There's also another small help: `reserved` fields (which are often used in registers) can all have the same name.
+
+Again, let's try to print this:
+
+```rust
+println!("{:?}", Device::try_from(0b0000_11_00));
+println!("{:?}", Device::new(Class::Mobile));
+```
+
+And again, `Device` doesn't implement `Debug`:
+
+### DebugBits
+
+For structs, you need to add `#[derive(DebugBits)]` to get an output like this:
+
+```rust
+Ok(Device { reserved_i: 0, class: Stationary, reserved_ii: 0 })
+Device { reserved_i: 0, class: Mobile, reserved_ii: 0 }
+```
+
+For testing + overview, the full readme example code is in `/examples/readme.rs`.
+
+### Custom -Bits derives
+
+One of the main advantages of our approach is that we can keep `#[bitsize]` pretty slim, offloading all the other features to derive macros.
+Besides the derive macros shown above, you can extend `bilge` with your own derive crates working on bitfields.
+An example of this is given in [`/tests/custom_derive.rs`](https://github.com/hecatia-elegua/bilge/blob/main/tests/custom_derive.rs), with its implementation in [`tests/custom_bits`](https://github.com/hecatia-elegua/bilge/blob/1dfb6cf7d278d102d3f96ac31a9374e2b27fafc7/tests/custom_bits/custom_bits_derive/src/lib.rs).
+
+## Back- and Forwards Compatibility
+
+The syntax is kept very similar to usual rust structs for a simple reason:
+
+The endgoal of this library is to support the adoption of LLVM's arbitrary bitwidth integers into rust,
+thereby allowing rust-native bitfields.
+Until then, bilge is using the wonderful [`arbitrary-int` crate by danlehmann](https://github.com/danlehmann/arbitrary-int).
+
+After all attribute expansions, our generated bitfield contains a single field, somewhat like:
+
+```rust
+struct Register { value: u14 }
+```
+
+This means you _could_ modify the inner value directly, but it breaks type safety guarantees (e.g. unfilled or read-only fields).
+So if you need to modify the whole field, instead use the type-safe conversions `u14::from(register)` and `Register::from(u14)`.
+It is possible that this inner type will be made private.
+
+For some more examples and an overview of functionality, take a look at `/examples` and `/tests`.
+
+## Alternatives
+
+### benchmarks, performance, asm line count
+
+First of all, [basic benchmarking](https://github.com/hecatia-elegua/bilge/blob/main/benches/compared/main.rs) reveals that all alternatives mentioned here (besides deku) have about the same performance and line count. This includes a handwritten version.
+
+### build-time
+
+Measuring build time of the crate inself (both with its dependencies and without), yields these numbers on my machine:
+|                       | debug | debug single crate | release   | release single crate |
+|-----------------------|-------|--------------------|-----------|----------------------|
+| bilge 1.67-nightly    | 8     | 1.8                | 6         | 0.8                  |
+| bitbybit 1.69         | 4.5   | 1.3                | 13.5 [^*] | 9.5 [^*]             |
+| modular-bitfield 1.69 | 8     | 2.2                | 7.2       | 1.6                  |
+
+[^*]: This is just a weird rustc regression or my setup or sth, not representative.
+
+This was measured with `cargo clean && cargo build [--release] --quiet --timings`.
+Of course, the actual codegen time on an example project needs to be measured, too.
+
+
+### handwritten implementation
+
+The common handwritten implementation pattern for bitfields in rust looks [somewhat like benches/compared/handmade.rs](https://github.com/hecatia-elegua/bilge/blob/main/benches/compared/handmade.rs), sometimes also throwing around a lot of consts for field offsets. The problems with this approach are:
+- readability suffers
+- offset, cast or masking errors could go unnoticed
+- bit fiddling, shifting and masking is done all over the place, in contrast to bitfields
+- beginners suffer, although I would argue even seniors, since it's more like: "Why do we need to learn and debug bit fiddling if we can get most of it done by using structs?"
+- reimplementing different kinds of _fallible nested-struct enum-tuple array field access_ might not be so fun
+
+### modular-bitfield
+
+The often used and very inspiring [`modular-bitfield`](https://github.com/robbepop/modular-bitfield) has a few
+problems:
+- it is unmaintained and has a quirky structure
+- constructors use the builder pattern
+    - makes user code unreadable if you have many fields
+    - can accidentally leave things uninitialized
+- `from_bytes` can easily take invalid arguments, which turns verification inside-out:
+    - modular-bitfield flow: `u16` -> `PackedData::from_bytes([u16])` -> `PackedData::status_or_err()?`
+        - needs to check for `Err` on every single access
+        - adds duplicate getters and setters with postfix `_or_err`
+        - reinvents `From<u16>`/`TryFrom<u16>` as a kind of hybrid
+    - bilge: usual type-system centric flow: `u16` -> `PackedData::try_from(u16)?` -> `PackedData::status()`
+        - just works, needs to check nothing on access
+        - some more general info on this: [Parse, don't validate](https://lexi-lambda.github.io/blog/2019/11/05/parse-don-t-validate/)
+- big god-macro
+    - powerful, but less readable to the devs of modular-bitfield
+    - needs to cover many derives in itself, like `impl Debug` (other bitfield crates do this as well)
+        - bilge: solves this by providing a kind of scope for `-Bits`-derives
+
+and implementation differences:
+- underlying type is a byte array
+    - can be useful for bitfields larger than u128
+        - bilge: if your bitfields get larger than u128, you can most often split them into multiple bitfields of a primitive size (like u64) and put those in a parent struct which is not a bitfield
+
+Still, modular-bitfield is pretty good and I had set out to build something equal or hopefully better than it.
+Tell me where I can do better, I will try.
+
+### bitbybit
+
+One of the libs inspired by the same crate is [`bitbybit`](https://github.com/danlehmann/bitfield), which is much more readable and up-to-date. Actually, I even helped and am still helping on that one as well. After experimenting and hacking around in their code though, I realized it would need to be severely changed for the features and structure I had in mind.
+
+implementation differences (as of 26.04.23):
+- it can do read/write-only, array strides and repeat the same bits for multiple fields
+    - bilge: these will be added the moment someone needs it
+- redundant bit-offset specification, which can help or annoy, the same way bilge's `reserved` fields can help or annoy
+
+### deku
+
+After looking at a ton of bitfield libs on crates.io, I _didn't_ find [`deku`](https://github.com/sharksforarms/deku).
+I will still mention it here because it uses a very interesting crate underneath (bitvec).
+Currently (as of 26.04.23), it generates far more assembly and takes longer to run, since parts of the API are not `const`.
+I've opened an issue on their repo about that.
+
+### most others
+
+Besides that, many bitfield libs try to imitate or look like C bitfields, even though these are hated by many.
+I argue most beginners would have the idea to specify bits with basic primitives like u1, u2, ...
+This also opens up some possibilities for calculation and conversion on those primitives.
+
+Something similar can be said about `bitflags`, which, under this model, can be turned into simple structs with bools and enums.
+
+Basically, `bilge` tries to convert bit fiddling, shifting and masking into more widely known concepts like struct access.
+
+About the name: a bilge is one of the "lowest" parts of a ship, nothing else to it :)
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/meson.build b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..906cec7764
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+_bilge_rs = static_library(
+  'bilge',
+  files('src/lib.rs'),
+  gnu_symbol_visibility: 'hidden',
+  rust_abi: 'rust',
+  rust_args: rust_args + [
+    '--edition', '2021',
+  ],
+  dependencies: [
+    dep_arbitrary_int,
+    dep_bilge_impl,
+  ],
+)
+
+dep_bilge = declare_dependency(
+  link_with: _bilge_rs,
+)
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/src/lib.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c6c9752ea5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/bilge/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+#![cfg_attr(not(doctest), doc = include_str!("../README.md"))]
+#![no_std]
+
+#[doc(no_inline)]
+pub use arbitrary_int;
+pub use bilge_impl::{bitsize, bitsize_internal, BinaryBits, DebugBits, DefaultBits, FromBits, TryFromBits};
+
+/// used for `use bilge::prelude::*;`
+pub mod prelude {
+    #[rustfmt::skip]
+    #[doc(no_inline)]
+    pub use super::{
+        bitsize, Bitsized,
+        FromBits, TryFromBits, DebugBits, BinaryBits, DefaultBits,
+        // we control the version, so this should not be a problem
+        arbitrary_int::*,
+    };
+}
+
+/// This is internally used, but might be useful. No guarantees are given (for now).
+pub trait Bitsized {
+    type ArbitraryInt;
+    const BITS: usize;
+    const MAX: Self::ArbitraryInt;
+}
+
+/// Internally used marker trait.
+/// # Safety
+///
+/// Avoid implementing this for your types. Implementing this trait could break invariants.
+pub unsafe trait Filled: Bitsized {}
+unsafe impl<T> Filled for T where T: Bitsized + From<<T as Bitsized>::ArbitraryInt> {}
+
+/// This is generated to statically validate that a type implements `FromBits`.
+pub const fn assume_filled<T: Filled>() {}
+
+#[non_exhaustive]
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub struct BitsError;
+
+/// Internally used for generating the `Result::Err` type in `TryFrom`.
+///
+/// This is needed since we don't want users to be able to create `BitsError` right now.
+/// We'll be able to turn `BitsError` into an enum later, or anything else really.
+pub const fn give_me_error() -> BitsError {
+    BitsError
+}
+
+/// Only basing this on Number did not work, as bool and others are not Number.
+/// We could remove the whole macro_rules thing if it worked, though.
+/// Maybe there is some way to do this, I'm not deep into types.
+/// Finding some way to combine Number and Bitsized would be good as well.
+impl<BaseType, const BITS: usize> Bitsized for arbitrary_int::UInt<BaseType, BITS>
+where
+    arbitrary_int::UInt<BaseType, BITS>: arbitrary_int::Number,
+{
+    type ArbitraryInt = Self;
+    const BITS: usize = BITS;
+    const MAX: Self::ArbitraryInt = <Self as arbitrary_int::Number>::MAX;
+}
+
+macro_rules! bitsized_impl {
+    ($(($name:ident, $bits:expr)),+) => {
+        $(
+            impl Bitsized for $name {
+                type ArbitraryInt = Self;
+                const BITS: usize = $bits;
+                const MAX: Self::ArbitraryInt = <Self as arbitrary_int::Number>::MAX;
+            }
+        )+
+    };
+}
+bitsized_impl!((u8, 8), (u16, 16), (u32, 32), (u64, 64), (u128, 128));
+
+/// Handle bool as a u1
+impl Bitsized for bool {
+    type ArbitraryInt = arbitrary_int::u1;
+    const BITS: usize = 1;
+    const MAX: Self::ArbitraryInt = <arbitrary_int::u1 as arbitrary_int::Number>::MAX;
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/.cargo-checksum.json b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/.cargo-checksum.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d145aae980
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/.cargo-checksum.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"files":{"Cargo.toml":"96ca858a773ab30021cc60d1838bfccfc83b10e1279d8148187c8a049f18dbd6","LICENSE-APACHE":"a60eea817514531668d7e00765731449fe14d059d3249e0bc93b36de45f759f2","LICENSE-MIT":"7576269ea71f767b99297934c0b2367532690f8c4badc695edf8e04ab6a1e545","README-crates.io.md":"b775991a01ab4a0a8de6169f597775319d9ce8178f5c74ccdc634f13a286b20c","README.rst":"4fef58c3451b2eac9fd941f1fa0135d5df8183c124d75681497fa14bd1872b8b","src/into_either.rs":"0477f226bbba78ef017de08b87d421d3cd99fbc95b90ba4e6e3e803e3d15254e","src/iterator.rs":"fa2a6d14141980ce8a0bfcf7df2113d1e056d0f9815773dc9c2fb92a88923f4a","src/lib.rs":"4fbfa03b22b84d877610dfce1c7f279c97d80f4dc2c079c7dda364e4cf56ef13","src/serde_untagged.rs":"e826ee0ab31616e49c3e3f3711c8441001ee424b3e7a8c4c466cfcc4f8a7701a","src/serde_untagged_optional.rs":"86265f09d0795428bb2ce013b070d1badf1e2210217844a9ff3f04b2795868ab"},"package":"3dca9240753cf90908d7e4aac30f630662b02aebaa1b58a3cadabdb23385b58b"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/Cargo.toml b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1bfc7d42f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY CARGO
+#
+# When uploading crates to the registry Cargo will automatically
+# "normalize" Cargo.toml files for maximal compatibility
+# with all versions of Cargo and also rewrite `path` dependencies
+# to registry (e.g., crates.io) dependencies.
+#
+# If you are reading this file be aware that the original Cargo.toml
+# will likely look very different (and much more reasonable).
+# See Cargo.toml.orig for the original contents.
+
+[package]
+edition = "2018"
+rust-version = "1.37"
+name = "either"
+version = "1.12.0"
+authors = ["bluss"]
+description = """
+The enum `Either` with variants `Left` and `Right` is a general purpose sum type with two cases.
+"""
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/either/1/"
+readme = "README-crates.io.md"
+keywords = [
+    "data-structure",
+    "no_std",
+]
+categories = [
+    "data-structures",
+    "no-std",
+]
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+repository = "https://github.com/rayon-rs/either"
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+features = ["serde"]
+
+[package.metadata.playground]
+features = ["serde"]
+
+[package.metadata.release]
+no-dev-version = true
+tag-name = "{{version}}"
+
+[dependencies.serde]
+version = "1.0"
+features = ["derive"]
+optional = true
+
+[dev-dependencies.serde_json]
+version = "1.0.0"
+
+[features]
+default = ["use_std"]
+use_std = []
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/LICENSE-APACHE b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16fe87b06e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                              Apache License
+                        Version 2.0, January 2004
+                     http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+1. Definitions.
+
+   "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+   and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+   "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+   the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+   "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+   other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+   control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+   "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+   direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+   otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+   outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+   "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+   exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+   "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+   including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+   source, and configuration files.
+
+   "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+   transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+   not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+   and conversions to other media types.
+
+   "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+   Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+   copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+   (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+   "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+   form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+   editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+   represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+   of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+   separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+   the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+   "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+   the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+   to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+   submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+   or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+   the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+   means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+   to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+   communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+   and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+   Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
+   excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+   designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+   "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+   on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+   subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+   this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+   worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+   copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
+   publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
+   Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+   this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+   worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+   (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+   use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+   where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+   by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+   Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+   with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+   institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+   cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+   or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+   or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+   granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+   as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+   Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+   modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+   meet the following conditions:
+
+   (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+       Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+   (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+       stating that You changed the files; and
+
+   (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+       that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
+       attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
+       excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+       the Derivative Works; and
+
+   (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+       distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+       include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+       within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+       pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+       of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+       as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+       documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+       within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+       wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+       of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+       do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+       notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+       or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+       that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+       as modifying the License.
+
+   You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+   may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+   for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+   for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+   reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+   the conditions stated in this License.
+
+5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+   any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+   by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+   this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+   Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+   the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+   with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+   names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+   except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+   origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+   agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+   Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+   implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+   of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+   appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+   risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+   whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+   unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+   negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+   liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+   incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+   result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+   Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+   work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+   other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+   has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+   the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+   and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+   or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+   License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+   on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+   of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+   defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+   incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+   of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+   To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+   boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
+   replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
+   the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
+   comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
+   file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
+   same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
+   identification within third-party archives.
+
+Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+	http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/LICENSE-MIT b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9203baa055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Copyright (c) 2015
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any
+person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
+documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the
+Software without restriction, including without
+limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software
+is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice
+shall be included in all copies or substantial portions
+of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
+ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
+TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
+SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR
+IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/README-crates.io.md b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/README-crates.io.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d36890278b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/README-crates.io.md
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+The enum `Either` with variants `Left` and `Right` is a general purpose
+sum type with two cases.
+
+Either has methods that are similar to Option and Result, and it also implements
+traits like `Iterator`.
+
+Includes macros `try_left!()` and `try_right!()` to use for
+short-circuiting logic, similar to how the `?` operator is used with `Result`.
+Note that `Either` is general purpose. For describing success or error, use the
+regular `Result`.
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/meson.build b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2d2d3057bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,16 @@
+_either_rs = static_library(
+  'either',
+  files('src/lib.rs'),
+  gnu_symbol_visibility: 'hidden',
+  rust_abi: 'rust',
+  rust_args: rust_args + [
+    '--edition', '2018',
+    '--cfg', 'feature="use_std"',
+    '--cfg', 'feature="use_alloc"',
+  ],
+  dependencies: [],
+)
+
+dep_either = declare_dependency(
+  link_with: _either_rs,
+)
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/src/into_either.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/src/into_either.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..73746c80f1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/src/into_either.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+//! The trait [`IntoEither`] provides methods for converting a type `Self`, whose
+//! size is constant and known at compile-time, into an [`Either`] variant.
+
+use super::{Either, Left, Right};
+
+/// Provides methods for converting a type `Self` into either a [`Left`] or [`Right`]
+/// variant of [`Either<Self, Self>`](Either).
+///
+/// The [`into_either`](IntoEither::into_either) method takes a [`bool`] to determine
+/// whether to convert to [`Left`] or [`Right`].
+///
+/// The [`into_either_with`](IntoEither::into_either_with) method takes a
+/// [predicate function](FnOnce) to determine whether to convert to [`Left`] or [`Right`].
+pub trait IntoEither: Sized {
+    /// Converts `self` into a [`Left`] variant of [`Either<Self, Self>`](Either)
+    /// if `into_left` is `true`.
+    /// Converts `self` into a [`Right`] variant of [`Either<Self, Self>`](Either)
+    /// otherwise.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::{IntoEither, Left, Right};
+    ///
+    /// let x = 0;
+    /// assert_eq!(x.into_either(true), Left(x));
+    /// assert_eq!(x.into_either(false), Right(x));
+    /// ```
+    fn into_either(self, into_left: bool) -> Either<Self, Self> {
+        if into_left {
+            Left(self)
+        } else {
+            Right(self)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Converts `self` into a [`Left`] variant of [`Either<Self, Self>`](Either)
+    /// if `into_left(&self)` returns `true`.
+    /// Converts `self` into a [`Right`] variant of [`Either<Self, Self>`](Either)
+    /// otherwise.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::{IntoEither, Left, Right};
+    ///
+    /// fn is_even(x: &u8) -> bool {
+    ///     x % 2 == 0
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// let x = 0;
+    /// assert_eq!(x.into_either_with(is_even), Left(x));
+    /// assert_eq!(x.into_either_with(|x| !is_even(x)), Right(x));
+    /// ```
+    fn into_either_with<F>(self, into_left: F) -> Either<Self, Self>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&Self) -> bool,
+    {
+        let into_left = into_left(&self);
+        self.into_either(into_left)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> IntoEither for T {}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/src/iterator.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/src/iterator.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9c5a83f9a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/src/iterator.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,315 @@
+use super::{for_both, Either, Left, Right};
+use core::iter;
+
+macro_rules! wrap_either {
+    ($value:expr => $( $tail:tt )*) => {
+        match $value {
+            Left(inner) => inner.map(Left) $($tail)*,
+            Right(inner) => inner.map(Right) $($tail)*,
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// Iterator that maps left or right iterators to corresponding `Either`-wrapped items.
+///
+/// This struct is created by the [`Either::factor_into_iter`],
+/// [`factor_iter`][Either::factor_iter],
+/// and [`factor_iter_mut`][Either::factor_iter_mut] methods.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct IterEither<L, R> {
+    inner: Either<L, R>,
+}
+
+impl<L, R> IterEither<L, R> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(inner: Either<L, R>) -> Self {
+        IterEither { inner }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L, R, A> Extend<A> for Either<L, R>
+where
+    L: Extend<A>,
+    R: Extend<A>,
+{
+    fn extend<T>(&mut self, iter: T)
+    where
+        T: IntoIterator<Item = A>,
+    {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.extend(iter))
+    }
+}
+
+/// `Either<L, R>` is an iterator if both `L` and `R` are iterators.
+impl<L, R> Iterator for Either<L, R>
+where
+    L: Iterator,
+    R: Iterator<Item = L::Item>,
+{
+    type Item = L::Item;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.next())
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        for_both!(*self, ref inner => inner.size_hint())
+    }
+
+    fn fold<Acc, G>(self, init: Acc, f: G) -> Acc
+    where
+        G: FnMut(Acc, Self::Item) -> Acc,
+    {
+        for_both!(self, inner => inner.fold(init, f))
+    }
+
+    fn for_each<F>(self, f: F)
+    where
+        F: FnMut(Self::Item),
+    {
+        for_both!(self, inner => inner.for_each(f))
+    }
+
+    fn count(self) -> usize {
+        for_both!(self, inner => inner.count())
+    }
+
+    fn last(self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        for_both!(self, inner => inner.last())
+    }
+
+    fn nth(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.nth(n))
+    }
+
+    fn collect<B>(self) -> B
+    where
+        B: iter::FromIterator<Self::Item>,
+    {
+        for_both!(self, inner => inner.collect())
+    }
+
+    fn partition<B, F>(self, f: F) -> (B, B)
+    where
+        B: Default + Extend<Self::Item>,
+        F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,
+    {
+        for_both!(self, inner => inner.partition(f))
+    }
+
+    fn all<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> bool
+    where
+        F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,
+    {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.all(f))
+    }
+
+    fn any<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> bool
+    where
+        F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,
+    {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.any(f))
+    }
+
+    fn find<P>(&mut self, predicate: P) -> Option<Self::Item>
+    where
+        P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,
+    {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.find(predicate))
+    }
+
+    fn find_map<B, F>(&mut self, f: F) -> Option<B>
+    where
+        F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> Option<B>,
+    {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.find_map(f))
+    }
+
+    fn position<P>(&mut self, predicate: P) -> Option<usize>
+    where
+        P: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,
+    {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.position(predicate))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L, R> DoubleEndedIterator for Either<L, R>
+where
+    L: DoubleEndedIterator,
+    R: DoubleEndedIterator<Item = L::Item>,
+{
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.next_back())
+    }
+
+    fn nth_back(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.nth_back(n))
+    }
+
+    fn rfold<Acc, G>(self, init: Acc, f: G) -> Acc
+    where
+        G: FnMut(Acc, Self::Item) -> Acc,
+    {
+        for_both!(self, inner => inner.rfold(init, f))
+    }
+
+    fn rfind<P>(&mut self, predicate: P) -> Option<Self::Item>
+    where
+        P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,
+    {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.rfind(predicate))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L, R> ExactSizeIterator for Either<L, R>
+where
+    L: ExactSizeIterator,
+    R: ExactSizeIterator<Item = L::Item>,
+{
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        for_both!(*self, ref inner => inner.len())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L, R> iter::FusedIterator for Either<L, R>
+where
+    L: iter::FusedIterator,
+    R: iter::FusedIterator<Item = L::Item>,
+{
+}
+
+impl<L, R> Iterator for IterEither<L, R>
+where
+    L: Iterator,
+    R: Iterator,
+{
+    type Item = Either<L::Item, R::Item>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        Some(map_either!(self.inner, ref mut inner => inner.next()?))
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        for_both!(self.inner, ref inner => inner.size_hint())
+    }
+
+    fn fold<Acc, G>(self, init: Acc, f: G) -> Acc
+    where
+        G: FnMut(Acc, Self::Item) -> Acc,
+    {
+        wrap_either!(self.inner => .fold(init, f))
+    }
+
+    fn for_each<F>(self, f: F)
+    where
+        F: FnMut(Self::Item),
+    {
+        wrap_either!(self.inner => .for_each(f))
+    }
+
+    fn count(self) -> usize {
+        for_both!(self.inner, inner => inner.count())
+    }
+
+    fn last(self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        Some(map_either!(self.inner, inner => inner.last()?))
+    }
+
+    fn nth(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        Some(map_either!(self.inner, ref mut inner => inner.nth(n)?))
+    }
+
+    fn collect<B>(self) -> B
+    where
+        B: iter::FromIterator<Self::Item>,
+    {
+        wrap_either!(self.inner => .collect())
+    }
+
+    fn partition<B, F>(self, f: F) -> (B, B)
+    where
+        B: Default + Extend<Self::Item>,
+        F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,
+    {
+        wrap_either!(self.inner => .partition(f))
+    }
+
+    fn all<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> bool
+    where
+        F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,
+    {
+        wrap_either!(&mut self.inner => .all(f))
+    }
+
+    fn any<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> bool
+    where
+        F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,
+    {
+        wrap_either!(&mut self.inner => .any(f))
+    }
+
+    fn find<P>(&mut self, predicate: P) -> Option<Self::Item>
+    where
+        P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,
+    {
+        wrap_either!(&mut self.inner => .find(predicate))
+    }
+
+    fn find_map<B, F>(&mut self, f: F) -> Option<B>
+    where
+        F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> Option<B>,
+    {
+        wrap_either!(&mut self.inner => .find_map(f))
+    }
+
+    fn position<P>(&mut self, predicate: P) -> Option<usize>
+    where
+        P: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,
+    {
+        wrap_either!(&mut self.inner => .position(predicate))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L, R> DoubleEndedIterator for IterEither<L, R>
+where
+    L: DoubleEndedIterator,
+    R: DoubleEndedIterator,
+{
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        Some(map_either!(self.inner, ref mut inner => inner.next_back()?))
+    }
+
+    fn nth_back(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        Some(map_either!(self.inner, ref mut inner => inner.nth_back(n)?))
+    }
+
+    fn rfold<Acc, G>(self, init: Acc, f: G) -> Acc
+    where
+        G: FnMut(Acc, Self::Item) -> Acc,
+    {
+        wrap_either!(self.inner => .rfold(init, f))
+    }
+
+    fn rfind<P>(&mut self, predicate: P) -> Option<Self::Item>
+    where
+        P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,
+    {
+        wrap_either!(&mut self.inner => .rfind(predicate))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L, R> ExactSizeIterator for IterEither<L, R>
+where
+    L: ExactSizeIterator,
+    R: ExactSizeIterator,
+{
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        for_both!(self.inner, ref inner => inner.len())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L, R> iter::FusedIterator for IterEither<L, R>
+where
+    L: iter::FusedIterator,
+    R: iter::FusedIterator,
+{
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/src/lib.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e0792f2631
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1519 @@
+//! The enum [`Either`] with variants `Left` and `Right` is a general purpose
+//! sum type with two cases.
+//!
+//! [`Either`]: enum.Either.html
+//!
+//! **Crate features:**
+//!
+//! * `"use_std"`
+//! Enabled by default. Disable to make the library `#![no_std]`.
+//!
+//! * `"serde"`
+//! Disabled by default. Enable to `#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]` for `Either`
+//!
+
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/either/1/")]
+#![no_std]
+
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "use_std"))]
+extern crate std;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+pub mod serde_untagged;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "serde")]
+pub mod serde_untagged_optional;
+
+use core::convert::{AsMut, AsRef};
+use core::fmt;
+use core::future::Future;
+use core::ops::Deref;
+use core::ops::DerefMut;
+use core::pin::Pin;
+
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "use_std"))]
+use std::error::Error;
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "use_std"))]
+use std::io::{self, BufRead, Read, Seek, SeekFrom, Write};
+
+pub use crate::Either::{Left, Right};
+
+/// The enum `Either` with variants `Left` and `Right` is a general purpose
+/// sum type with two cases.
+///
+/// The `Either` type is symmetric and treats its variants the same way, without
+/// preference.
+/// (For representing success or error, use the regular `Result` enum instead.)
+#[cfg_attr(feature = "serde", derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize))]
+#[derive(Copy, PartialEq, Eq, PartialOrd, Ord, Hash, Debug)]
+pub enum Either<L, R> {
+    /// A value of type `L`.
+    Left(L),
+    /// A value of type `R`.
+    Right(R),
+}
+
+/// Evaluate the provided expression for both [`Either::Left`] and [`Either::Right`].
+///
+/// This macro is useful in cases where both sides of [`Either`] can be interacted with
+/// in the same way even though the don't share the same type.
+///
+/// Syntax: `either::for_both!(` *expression* `,` *pattern* `=>` *expression* `)`
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```
+/// use either::Either;
+///
+/// fn length(owned_or_borrowed: Either<String, &'static str>) -> usize {
+///     either::for_both!(owned_or_borrowed, s => s.len())
+/// }
+///
+/// fn main() {
+///     let borrowed = Either::Right("Hello world!");
+///     let owned = Either::Left("Hello world!".to_owned());
+///
+///     assert_eq!(length(borrowed), 12);
+///     assert_eq!(length(owned), 12);
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! for_both {
+    ($value:expr, $pattern:pat => $result:expr) => {
+        match $value {
+            $crate::Either::Left($pattern) => $result,
+            $crate::Either::Right($pattern) => $result,
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// Macro for unwrapping the left side of an [`Either`], which fails early
+/// with the opposite side. Can only be used in functions that return
+/// `Either` because of the early return of `Right` that it provides.
+///
+/// See also [`try_right!`] for its dual, which applies the same just to the
+/// right side.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// ```
+/// use either::{Either, Left, Right};
+///
+/// fn twice(wrapper: Either<u32, &str>) -> Either<u32, &str> {
+///     let value = either::try_left!(wrapper);
+///     Left(value * 2)
+/// }
+///
+/// fn main() {
+///     assert_eq!(twice(Left(2)), Left(4));
+///     assert_eq!(twice(Right("ups")), Right("ups"));
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! try_left {
+    ($expr:expr) => {
+        match $expr {
+            $crate::Left(val) => val,
+            $crate::Right(err) => return $crate::Right(::core::convert::From::from(err)),
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// Dual to [`try_left!`], see its documentation for more information.
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! try_right {
+    ($expr:expr) => {
+        match $expr {
+            $crate::Left(err) => return $crate::Left(::core::convert::From::from(err)),
+            $crate::Right(val) => val,
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! map_either {
+    ($value:expr, $pattern:pat => $result:expr) => {
+        match $value {
+            Left($pattern) => Left($result),
+            Right($pattern) => Right($result),
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+mod iterator;
+pub use self::iterator::IterEither;
+
+mod into_either;
+pub use self::into_either::IntoEither;
+
+impl<L: Clone, R: Clone> Clone for Either<L, R> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        match self {
+            Left(inner) => Left(inner.clone()),
+            Right(inner) => Right(inner.clone()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn clone_from(&mut self, source: &Self) {
+        match (self, source) {
+            (Left(dest), Left(source)) => dest.clone_from(source),
+            (Right(dest), Right(source)) => dest.clone_from(source),
+            (dest, source) => *dest = source.clone(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L, R> Either<L, R> {
+    /// Return true if the value is the `Left` variant.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    ///
+    /// let values = [Left(1), Right("the right value")];
+    /// assert_eq!(values[0].is_left(), true);
+    /// assert_eq!(values[1].is_left(), false);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn is_left(&self) -> bool {
+        match *self {
+            Left(_) => true,
+            Right(_) => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return true if the value is the `Right` variant.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    ///
+    /// let values = [Left(1), Right("the right value")];
+    /// assert_eq!(values[0].is_right(), false);
+    /// assert_eq!(values[1].is_right(), true);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn is_right(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.is_left()
+    }
+
+    /// Convert the left side of `Either<L, R>` to an `Option<L>`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    ///
+    /// let left: Either<_, ()> = Left("some value");
+    /// assert_eq!(left.left(),  Some("some value"));
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<(), _> = Right(321);
+    /// assert_eq!(right.left(), None);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn left(self) -> Option<L> {
+        match self {
+            Left(l) => Some(l),
+            Right(_) => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert the right side of `Either<L, R>` to an `Option<R>`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    ///
+    /// let left: Either<_, ()> = Left("some value");
+    /// assert_eq!(left.right(),  None);
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<(), _> = Right(321);
+    /// assert_eq!(right.right(), Some(321));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn right(self) -> Option<R> {
+        match self {
+            Left(_) => None,
+            Right(r) => Some(r),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert `&Either<L, R>` to `Either<&L, &R>`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    ///
+    /// let left: Either<_, ()> = Left("some value");
+    /// assert_eq!(left.as_ref(), Left(&"some value"));
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<(), _> = Right("some value");
+    /// assert_eq!(right.as_ref(), Right(&"some value"));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn as_ref(&self) -> Either<&L, &R> {
+        match *self {
+            Left(ref inner) => Left(inner),
+            Right(ref inner) => Right(inner),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert `&mut Either<L, R>` to `Either<&mut L, &mut R>`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    ///
+    /// fn mutate_left(value: &mut Either<u32, u32>) {
+    ///     if let Some(l) = value.as_mut().left() {
+    ///         *l = 999;
+    ///     }
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// let mut left = Left(123);
+    /// let mut right = Right(123);
+    /// mutate_left(&mut left);
+    /// mutate_left(&mut right);
+    /// assert_eq!(left, Left(999));
+    /// assert_eq!(right, Right(123));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn as_mut(&mut self) -> Either<&mut L, &mut R> {
+        match *self {
+            Left(ref mut inner) => Left(inner),
+            Right(ref mut inner) => Right(inner),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert `Pin<&Either<L, R>>` to `Either<Pin<&L>, Pin<&R>>`,
+    /// pinned projections of the inner variants.
+    pub fn as_pin_ref(self: Pin<&Self>) -> Either<Pin<&L>, Pin<&R>> {
+        // SAFETY: We can use `new_unchecked` because the `inner` parts are
+        // guaranteed to be pinned, as they come from `self` which is pinned.
+        unsafe {
+            match *Pin::get_ref(self) {
+                Left(ref inner) => Left(Pin::new_unchecked(inner)),
+                Right(ref inner) => Right(Pin::new_unchecked(inner)),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert `Pin<&mut Either<L, R>>` to `Either<Pin<&mut L>, Pin<&mut R>>`,
+    /// pinned projections of the inner variants.
+    pub fn as_pin_mut(self: Pin<&mut Self>) -> Either<Pin<&mut L>, Pin<&mut R>> {
+        // SAFETY: `get_unchecked_mut` is fine because we don't move anything.
+        // We can use `new_unchecked` because the `inner` parts are guaranteed
+        // to be pinned, as they come from `self` which is pinned, and we never
+        // offer an unpinned `&mut L` or `&mut R` through `Pin<&mut Self>`. We
+        // also don't have an implementation of `Drop`, nor manual `Unpin`.
+        unsafe {
+            match *Pin::get_unchecked_mut(self) {
+                Left(ref mut inner) => Left(Pin::new_unchecked(inner)),
+                Right(ref mut inner) => Right(Pin::new_unchecked(inner)),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert `Either<L, R>` to `Either<R, L>`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    ///
+    /// let left: Either<_, ()> = Left(123);
+    /// assert_eq!(left.flip(), Right(123));
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<(), _> = Right("some value");
+    /// assert_eq!(right.flip(), Left("some value"));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn flip(self) -> Either<R, L> {
+        match self {
+            Left(l) => Right(l),
+            Right(r) => Left(r),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Apply the function `f` on the value in the `Left` variant if it is present rewrapping the
+    /// result in `Left`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    ///
+    /// let left: Either<_, u32> = Left(123);
+    /// assert_eq!(left.map_left(|x| x * 2), Left(246));
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<u32, _> = Right(123);
+    /// assert_eq!(right.map_left(|x| x * 2), Right(123));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn map_left<F, M>(self, f: F) -> Either<M, R>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(L) -> M,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Left(l) => Left(f(l)),
+            Right(r) => Right(r),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Apply the function `f` on the value in the `Right` variant if it is present rewrapping the
+    /// result in `Right`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    ///
+    /// let left: Either<_, u32> = Left(123);
+    /// assert_eq!(left.map_right(|x| x * 2), Left(123));
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<u32, _> = Right(123);
+    /// assert_eq!(right.map_right(|x| x * 2), Right(246));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn map_right<F, S>(self, f: F) -> Either<L, S>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(R) -> S,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Left(l) => Left(l),
+            Right(r) => Right(f(r)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Apply the functions `f` and `g` to the `Left` and `Right` variants
+    /// respectively. This is equivalent to
+    /// [bimap](https://hackage.haskell.org/package/bifunctors-5/docs/Data-Bifunctor.html)
+    /// in functional programming.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    ///
+    /// let f = |s: String| s.len();
+    /// let g = |u: u8| u.to_string();
+    ///
+    /// let left: Either<String, u8> = Left("loopy".into());
+    /// assert_eq!(left.map_either(f, g), Left(5));
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<String, u8> = Right(42);
+    /// assert_eq!(right.map_either(f, g), Right("42".into()));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn map_either<F, G, M, S>(self, f: F, g: G) -> Either<M, S>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(L) -> M,
+        G: FnOnce(R) -> S,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Left(l) => Left(f(l)),
+            Right(r) => Right(g(r)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Similar to [`map_either`][Self::map_either], with an added context `ctx` accessible to
+    /// both functions.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    ///
+    /// let mut sum = 0;
+    ///
+    /// // Both closures want to update the same value, so pass it as context.
+    /// let mut f = |sum: &mut usize, s: String| { *sum += s.len(); s.to_uppercase() };
+    /// let mut g = |sum: &mut usize, u: usize| { *sum += u; u.to_string() };
+    ///
+    /// let left: Either<String, usize> = Left("loopy".into());
+    /// assert_eq!(left.map_either_with(&mut sum, &mut f, &mut g), Left("LOOPY".into()));
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<String, usize> = Right(42);
+    /// assert_eq!(right.map_either_with(&mut sum, &mut f, &mut g), Right("42".into()));
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(sum, 47);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn map_either_with<Ctx, F, G, M, S>(self, ctx: Ctx, f: F, g: G) -> Either<M, S>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(Ctx, L) -> M,
+        G: FnOnce(Ctx, R) -> S,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Left(l) => Left(f(ctx, l)),
+            Right(r) => Right(g(ctx, r)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Apply one of two functions depending on contents, unifying their result. If the value is
+    /// `Left(L)` then the first function `f` is applied; if it is `Right(R)` then the second
+    /// function `g` is applied.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    ///
+    /// fn square(n: u32) -> i32 { (n * n) as i32 }
+    /// fn negate(n: i32) -> i32 { -n }
+    ///
+    /// let left: Either<u32, i32> = Left(4);
+    /// assert_eq!(left.either(square, negate), 16);
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<u32, i32> = Right(-4);
+    /// assert_eq!(right.either(square, negate), 4);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn either<F, G, T>(self, f: F, g: G) -> T
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(L) -> T,
+        G: FnOnce(R) -> T,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Left(l) => f(l),
+            Right(r) => g(r),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Like [`either`][Self::either], but provide some context to whichever of the
+    /// functions ends up being called.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// // In this example, the context is a mutable reference
+    /// use either::*;
+    ///
+    /// let mut result = Vec::new();
+    ///
+    /// let values = vec![Left(2), Right(2.7)];
+    ///
+    /// for value in values {
+    ///     value.either_with(&mut result,
+    ///                       |ctx, integer| ctx.push(integer),
+    ///                       |ctx, real| ctx.push(f64::round(real) as i32));
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(result, vec![2, 3]);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn either_with<Ctx, F, G, T>(self, ctx: Ctx, f: F, g: G) -> T
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(Ctx, L) -> T,
+        G: FnOnce(Ctx, R) -> T,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Left(l) => f(ctx, l),
+            Right(r) => g(ctx, r),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Apply the function `f` on the value in the `Left` variant if it is present.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    ///
+    /// let left: Either<_, u32> = Left(123);
+    /// assert_eq!(left.left_and_then::<_,()>(|x| Right(x * 2)), Right(246));
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<u32, _> = Right(123);
+    /// assert_eq!(right.left_and_then(|x| Right::<(), _>(x * 2)), Right(123));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn left_and_then<F, S>(self, f: F) -> Either<S, R>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(L) -> Either<S, R>,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Left(l) => f(l),
+            Right(r) => Right(r),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Apply the function `f` on the value in the `Right` variant if it is present.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    ///
+    /// let left: Either<_, u32> = Left(123);
+    /// assert_eq!(left.right_and_then(|x| Right(x * 2)), Left(123));
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<u32, _> = Right(123);
+    /// assert_eq!(right.right_and_then(|x| Right(x * 2)), Right(246));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn right_and_then<F, S>(self, f: F) -> Either<L, S>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(R) -> Either<L, S>,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Left(l) => Left(l),
+            Right(r) => f(r),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert the inner value to an iterator.
+    ///
+    /// This requires the `Left` and `Right` iterators to have the same item type.
+    /// See [`factor_into_iter`][Either::factor_into_iter] to iterate different types.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    ///
+    /// let left: Either<_, Vec<u32>> = Left(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+    /// let mut right: Either<Vec<u32>, _> = Right(vec![]);
+    /// right.extend(left.into_iter());
+    /// assert_eq!(right, Right(vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]));
+    /// ```
+    #[allow(clippy::should_implement_trait)]
+    pub fn into_iter(self) -> Either<L::IntoIter, R::IntoIter>
+    where
+        L: IntoIterator,
+        R: IntoIterator<Item = L::Item>,
+    {
+        map_either!(self, inner => inner.into_iter())
+    }
+
+    /// Borrow the inner value as an iterator.
+    ///
+    /// This requires the `Left` and `Right` iterators to have the same item type.
+    /// See [`factor_iter`][Either::factor_iter] to iterate different types.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    ///
+    /// let left: Either<_, &[u32]> = Left(vec![2, 3]);
+    /// let mut right: Either<Vec<u32>, _> = Right(&[4, 5][..]);
+    /// let mut all = vec![1];
+    /// all.extend(left.iter());
+    /// all.extend(right.iter());
+    /// assert_eq!(all, vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> Either<<&L as IntoIterator>::IntoIter, <&R as IntoIterator>::IntoIter>
+    where
+        for<'a> &'a L: IntoIterator,
+        for<'a> &'a R: IntoIterator<Item = <&'a L as IntoIterator>::Item>,
+    {
+        map_either!(self, inner => inner.into_iter())
+    }
+
+    /// Mutably borrow the inner value as an iterator.
+    ///
+    /// This requires the `Left` and `Right` iterators to have the same item type.
+    /// See [`factor_iter_mut`][Either::factor_iter_mut] to iterate different types.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    ///
+    /// let mut left: Either<_, &mut [u32]> = Left(vec![2, 3]);
+    /// for l in left.iter_mut() {
+    ///     *l *= *l
+    /// }
+    /// assert_eq!(left, Left(vec![4, 9]));
+    ///
+    /// let mut inner = [4, 5];
+    /// let mut right: Either<Vec<u32>, _> = Right(&mut inner[..]);
+    /// for r in right.iter_mut() {
+    ///     *r *= *r
+    /// }
+    /// assert_eq!(inner, [16, 25]);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn iter_mut(
+        &mut self,
+    ) -> Either<<&mut L as IntoIterator>::IntoIter, <&mut R as IntoIterator>::IntoIter>
+    where
+        for<'a> &'a mut L: IntoIterator,
+        for<'a> &'a mut R: IntoIterator<Item = <&'a mut L as IntoIterator>::Item>,
+    {
+        map_either!(self, inner => inner.into_iter())
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an `Either` of `Iterator`s to be an `Iterator` of `Either`s
+    ///
+    /// Unlike [`into_iter`][Either::into_iter], this does not require the
+    /// `Left` and `Right` iterators to have the same item type.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    /// let left: Either<_, Vec<u8>> = Left(&["hello"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(left.factor_into_iter().next(), Some(Left(&"hello")));
+
+    /// let right: Either<&[&str], _> = Right(vec![0, 1]);
+    /// assert_eq!(right.factor_into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec![Right(0), Right(1)]);
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    // TODO(MSRV): doc(alias) was stabilized in Rust 1.48
+    // #[doc(alias = "transpose")]
+    pub fn factor_into_iter(self) -> IterEither<L::IntoIter, R::IntoIter>
+    where
+        L: IntoIterator,
+        R: IntoIterator,
+    {
+        IterEither::new(map_either!(self, inner => inner.into_iter()))
+    }
+
+    /// Borrows an `Either` of `Iterator`s to be an `Iterator` of `Either`s
+    ///
+    /// Unlike [`iter`][Either::iter], this does not require the
+    /// `Left` and `Right` iterators to have the same item type.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    /// let left: Either<_, Vec<u8>> = Left(["hello"]);
+    /// assert_eq!(left.factor_iter().next(), Some(Left(&"hello")));
+
+    /// let right: Either<[&str; 2], _> = Right(vec![0, 1]);
+    /// assert_eq!(right.factor_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>(), vec![Right(&0), Right(&1)]);
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    pub fn factor_iter(
+        &self,
+    ) -> IterEither<<&L as IntoIterator>::IntoIter, <&R as IntoIterator>::IntoIter>
+    where
+        for<'a> &'a L: IntoIterator,
+        for<'a> &'a R: IntoIterator,
+    {
+        IterEither::new(map_either!(self, inner => inner.into_iter()))
+    }
+
+    /// Mutably borrows an `Either` of `Iterator`s to be an `Iterator` of `Either`s
+    ///
+    /// Unlike [`iter_mut`][Either::iter_mut], this does not require the
+    /// `Left` and `Right` iterators to have the same item type.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    /// let mut left: Either<_, Vec<u8>> = Left(["hello"]);
+    /// left.factor_iter_mut().for_each(|x| *x.unwrap_left() = "goodbye");
+    /// assert_eq!(left, Left(["goodbye"]));
+
+    /// let mut right: Either<[&str; 2], _> = Right(vec![0, 1, 2]);
+    /// right.factor_iter_mut().for_each(|x| if let Right(r) = x { *r = -*r; });
+    /// assert_eq!(right, Right(vec![0, -1, -2]));
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    pub fn factor_iter_mut(
+        &mut self,
+    ) -> IterEither<<&mut L as IntoIterator>::IntoIter, <&mut R as IntoIterator>::IntoIter>
+    where
+        for<'a> &'a mut L: IntoIterator,
+        for<'a> &'a mut R: IntoIterator,
+    {
+        IterEither::new(map_either!(self, inner => inner.into_iter()))
+    }
+
+    /// Return left value or given value
+    ///
+    /// Arguments passed to `left_or` are eagerly evaluated; if you are passing
+    /// the result of a function call, it is recommended to use
+    /// [`left_or_else`][Self::left_or_else], which is lazily evaluated.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use either::*;
+    /// let left: Either<&str, &str> = Left("left");
+    /// assert_eq!(left.left_or("foo"), "left");
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<&str, &str> = Right("right");
+    /// assert_eq!(right.left_or("left"), "left");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn left_or(self, other: L) -> L {
+        match self {
+            Either::Left(l) => l,
+            Either::Right(_) => other,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return left or a default
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use either::*;
+    /// let left: Either<String, u32> = Left("left".to_string());
+    /// assert_eq!(left.left_or_default(), "left");
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<String, u32> = Right(42);
+    /// assert_eq!(right.left_or_default(), String::default());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn left_or_default(self) -> L
+    where
+        L: Default,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Either::Left(l) => l,
+            Either::Right(_) => L::default(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns left value or computes it from a closure
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use either::*;
+    /// let left: Either<String, u32> = Left("3".to_string());
+    /// assert_eq!(left.left_or_else(|_| unreachable!()), "3");
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<String, u32> = Right(3);
+    /// assert_eq!(right.left_or_else(|x| x.to_string()), "3");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn left_or_else<F>(self, f: F) -> L
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(R) -> L,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Either::Left(l) => l,
+            Either::Right(r) => f(r),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return right value or given value
+    ///
+    /// Arguments passed to `right_or` are eagerly evaluated; if you are passing
+    /// the result of a function call, it is recommended to use
+    /// [`right_or_else`][Self::right_or_else], which is lazily evaluated.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use either::*;
+    /// let right: Either<&str, &str> = Right("right");
+    /// assert_eq!(right.right_or("foo"), "right");
+    ///
+    /// let left: Either<&str, &str> = Left("left");
+    /// assert_eq!(left.right_or("right"), "right");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn right_or(self, other: R) -> R {
+        match self {
+            Either::Left(_) => other,
+            Either::Right(r) => r,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return right or a default
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use either::*;
+    /// let left: Either<String, u32> = Left("left".to_string());
+    /// assert_eq!(left.right_or_default(), u32::default());
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<String, u32> = Right(42);
+    /// assert_eq!(right.right_or_default(), 42);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn right_or_default(self) -> R
+    where
+        R: Default,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Either::Left(_) => R::default(),
+            Either::Right(r) => r,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns right value or computes it from a closure
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use either::*;
+    /// let left: Either<String, u32> = Left("3".to_string());
+    /// assert_eq!(left.right_or_else(|x| x.parse().unwrap()), 3);
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<String, u32> = Right(3);
+    /// assert_eq!(right.right_or_else(|_| unreachable!()), 3);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn right_or_else<F>(self, f: F) -> R
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(L) -> R,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Either::Left(l) => f(l),
+            Either::Right(r) => r,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the left value
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use either::*;
+    /// let left: Either<_, ()> = Left(3);
+    /// assert_eq!(left.unwrap_left(), 3);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// When `Either` is a `Right` value
+    ///
+    /// ```should_panic
+    /// # use either::*;
+    /// let right: Either<(), _> = Right(3);
+    /// right.unwrap_left();
+    /// ```
+    pub fn unwrap_left(self) -> L
+    where
+        R: core::fmt::Debug,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Either::Left(l) => l,
+            Either::Right(r) => {
+                panic!("called `Either::unwrap_left()` on a `Right` value: {:?}", r)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the right value
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use either::*;
+    /// let right: Either<(), _> = Right(3);
+    /// assert_eq!(right.unwrap_right(), 3);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// When `Either` is a `Left` value
+    ///
+    /// ```should_panic
+    /// # use either::*;
+    /// let left: Either<_, ()> = Left(3);
+    /// left.unwrap_right();
+    /// ```
+    pub fn unwrap_right(self) -> R
+    where
+        L: core::fmt::Debug,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Either::Right(r) => r,
+            Either::Left(l) => panic!("called `Either::unwrap_right()` on a `Left` value: {:?}", l),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the left value
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use either::*;
+    /// let left: Either<_, ()> = Left(3);
+    /// assert_eq!(left.expect_left("value was Right"), 3);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// When `Either` is a `Right` value
+    ///
+    /// ```should_panic
+    /// # use either::*;
+    /// let right: Either<(), _> = Right(3);
+    /// right.expect_left("value was Right");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn expect_left(self, msg: &str) -> L
+    where
+        R: core::fmt::Debug,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Either::Left(l) => l,
+            Either::Right(r) => panic!("{}: {:?}", msg, r),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the right value
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use either::*;
+    /// let right: Either<(), _> = Right(3);
+    /// assert_eq!(right.expect_right("value was Left"), 3);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// When `Either` is a `Left` value
+    ///
+    /// ```should_panic
+    /// # use either::*;
+    /// let left: Either<_, ()> = Left(3);
+    /// left.expect_right("value was Right");
+    /// ```
+    pub fn expect_right(self, msg: &str) -> R
+    where
+        L: core::fmt::Debug,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Either::Right(r) => r,
+            Either::Left(l) => panic!("{}: {:?}", msg, l),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert the contained value into `T`
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use either::*;
+    /// // Both u16 and u32 can be converted to u64.
+    /// let left: Either<u16, u32> = Left(3u16);
+    /// assert_eq!(left.either_into::<u64>(), 3u64);
+    /// let right: Either<u16, u32> = Right(7u32);
+    /// assert_eq!(right.either_into::<u64>(), 7u64);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn either_into<T>(self) -> T
+    where
+        L: Into<T>,
+        R: Into<T>,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Either::Left(l) => l.into(),
+            Either::Right(r) => r.into(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L, R> Either<Option<L>, Option<R>> {
+    /// Factors out `None` from an `Either` of [`Option`].
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    /// let left: Either<_, Option<String>> = Left(Some(vec![0]));
+    /// assert_eq!(left.factor_none(), Some(Left(vec![0])));
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<Option<Vec<u8>>, _> = Right(Some(String::new()));
+    /// assert_eq!(right.factor_none(), Some(Right(String::new())));
+    /// ```
+    // TODO(MSRV): doc(alias) was stabilized in Rust 1.48
+    // #[doc(alias = "transpose")]
+    pub fn factor_none(self) -> Option<Either<L, R>> {
+        match self {
+            Left(l) => l.map(Either::Left),
+            Right(r) => r.map(Either::Right),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L, R, E> Either<Result<L, E>, Result<R, E>> {
+    /// Factors out a homogenous type from an `Either` of [`Result`].
+    ///
+    /// Here, the homogeneous type is the `Err` type of the [`Result`].
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    /// let left: Either<_, Result<String, u32>> = Left(Ok(vec![0]));
+    /// assert_eq!(left.factor_err(), Ok(Left(vec![0])));
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<Result<Vec<u8>, u32>, _> = Right(Ok(String::new()));
+    /// assert_eq!(right.factor_err(), Ok(Right(String::new())));
+    /// ```
+    // TODO(MSRV): doc(alias) was stabilized in Rust 1.48
+    // #[doc(alias = "transpose")]
+    pub fn factor_err(self) -> Result<Either<L, R>, E> {
+        match self {
+            Left(l) => l.map(Either::Left),
+            Right(r) => r.map(Either::Right),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, L, R> Either<Result<T, L>, Result<T, R>> {
+    /// Factors out a homogenous type from an `Either` of [`Result`].
+    ///
+    /// Here, the homogeneous type is the `Ok` type of the [`Result`].
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    /// let left: Either<_, Result<u32, String>> = Left(Err(vec![0]));
+    /// assert_eq!(left.factor_ok(), Err(Left(vec![0])));
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<Result<u32, Vec<u8>>, _> = Right(Err(String::new()));
+    /// assert_eq!(right.factor_ok(), Err(Right(String::new())));
+    /// ```
+    // TODO(MSRV): doc(alias) was stabilized in Rust 1.48
+    // #[doc(alias = "transpose")]
+    pub fn factor_ok(self) -> Result<T, Either<L, R>> {
+        match self {
+            Left(l) => l.map_err(Either::Left),
+            Right(r) => r.map_err(Either::Right),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, L, R> Either<(T, L), (T, R)> {
+    /// Factor out a homogeneous type from an either of pairs.
+    ///
+    /// Here, the homogeneous type is the first element of the pairs.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    /// let left: Either<_, (u32, String)> = Left((123, vec![0]));
+    /// assert_eq!(left.factor_first().0, 123);
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<(u32, Vec<u8>), _> = Right((123, String::new()));
+    /// assert_eq!(right.factor_first().0, 123);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn factor_first(self) -> (T, Either<L, R>) {
+        match self {
+            Left((t, l)) => (t, Left(l)),
+            Right((t, r)) => (t, Right(r)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, L, R> Either<(L, T), (R, T)> {
+    /// Factor out a homogeneous type from an either of pairs.
+    ///
+    /// Here, the homogeneous type is the second element of the pairs.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    /// let left: Either<_, (String, u32)> = Left((vec![0], 123));
+    /// assert_eq!(left.factor_second().1, 123);
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<(Vec<u8>, u32), _> = Right((String::new(), 123));
+    /// assert_eq!(right.factor_second().1, 123);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn factor_second(self) -> (Either<L, R>, T) {
+        match self {
+            Left((l, t)) => (Left(l), t),
+            Right((r, t)) => (Right(r), t),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Either<T, T> {
+    /// Extract the value of an either over two equivalent types.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    ///
+    /// let left: Either<_, u32> = Left(123);
+    /// assert_eq!(left.into_inner(), 123);
+    ///
+    /// let right: Either<u32, _> = Right(123);
+    /// assert_eq!(right.into_inner(), 123);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn into_inner(self) -> T {
+        for_both!(self, inner => inner)
+    }
+
+    /// Map `f` over the contained value and return the result in the
+    /// corresponding variant.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use either::*;
+    ///
+    /// let value: Either<_, i32> = Right(42);
+    ///
+    /// let other = value.map(|x| x * 2);
+    /// assert_eq!(other, Right(84));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn map<F, M>(self, f: F) -> Either<M, M>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(T) -> M,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Left(l) => Left(f(l)),
+            Right(r) => Right(f(r)),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Convert from `Result` to `Either` with `Ok => Right` and `Err => Left`.
+impl<L, R> From<Result<R, L>> for Either<L, R> {
+    fn from(r: Result<R, L>) -> Self {
+        match r {
+            Err(e) => Left(e),
+            Ok(o) => Right(o),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Convert from `Either` to `Result` with `Right => Ok` and `Left => Err`.
+#[allow(clippy::from_over_into)] // From requires RFC 2451, Rust 1.41
+impl<L, R> Into<Result<R, L>> for Either<L, R> {
+    fn into(self) -> Result<R, L> {
+        match self {
+            Left(l) => Err(l),
+            Right(r) => Ok(r),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// `Either<L, R>` is a future if both `L` and `R` are futures.
+impl<L, R> Future for Either<L, R>
+where
+    L: Future,
+    R: Future<Output = L::Output>,
+{
+    type Output = L::Output;
+
+    fn poll(
+        self: Pin<&mut Self>,
+        cx: &mut core::task::Context<'_>,
+    ) -> core::task::Poll<Self::Output> {
+        for_both!(self.as_pin_mut(), inner => inner.poll(cx))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "use_std"))]
+/// `Either<L, R>` implements `Read` if both `L` and `R` do.
+///
+/// Requires crate feature `"use_std"`
+impl<L, R> Read for Either<L, R>
+where
+    L: Read,
+    R: Read,
+{
+    fn read(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.read(buf))
+    }
+
+    fn read_exact(&mut self, buf: &mut [u8]) -> io::Result<()> {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.read_exact(buf))
+    }
+
+    fn read_to_end(&mut self, buf: &mut std::vec::Vec<u8>) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.read_to_end(buf))
+    }
+
+    fn read_to_string(&mut self, buf: &mut std::string::String) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.read_to_string(buf))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "use_std"))]
+/// `Either<L, R>` implements `Seek` if both `L` and `R` do.
+///
+/// Requires crate feature `"use_std"`
+impl<L, R> Seek for Either<L, R>
+where
+    L: Seek,
+    R: Seek,
+{
+    fn seek(&mut self, pos: SeekFrom) -> io::Result<u64> {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.seek(pos))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "use_std"))]
+/// Requires crate feature `"use_std"`
+impl<L, R> BufRead for Either<L, R>
+where
+    L: BufRead,
+    R: BufRead,
+{
+    fn fill_buf(&mut self) -> io::Result<&[u8]> {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.fill_buf())
+    }
+
+    fn consume(&mut self, amt: usize) {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.consume(amt))
+    }
+
+    fn read_until(&mut self, byte: u8, buf: &mut std::vec::Vec<u8>) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.read_until(byte, buf))
+    }
+
+    fn read_line(&mut self, buf: &mut std::string::String) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.read_line(buf))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "use_std"))]
+/// `Either<L, R>` implements `Write` if both `L` and `R` do.
+///
+/// Requires crate feature `"use_std"`
+impl<L, R> Write for Either<L, R>
+where
+    L: Write,
+    R: Write,
+{
+    fn write(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<usize> {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.write(buf))
+    }
+
+    fn write_all(&mut self, buf: &[u8]) -> io::Result<()> {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.write_all(buf))
+    }
+
+    fn write_fmt(&mut self, fmt: fmt::Arguments<'_>) -> io::Result<()> {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.write_fmt(fmt))
+    }
+
+    fn flush(&mut self) -> io::Result<()> {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.flush())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L, R, Target> AsRef<Target> for Either<L, R>
+where
+    L: AsRef<Target>,
+    R: AsRef<Target>,
+{
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &Target {
+        for_both!(*self, ref inner => inner.as_ref())
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_specific_ref_and_mut {
+    ($t:ty, $($attr:meta),* ) => {
+        $(#[$attr])*
+        impl<L, R> AsRef<$t> for Either<L, R>
+            where L: AsRef<$t>, R: AsRef<$t>
+        {
+            fn as_ref(&self) -> &$t {
+                for_both!(*self, ref inner => inner.as_ref())
+            }
+        }
+
+        $(#[$attr])*
+        impl<L, R> AsMut<$t> for Either<L, R>
+            where L: AsMut<$t>, R: AsMut<$t>
+        {
+            fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut $t {
+                for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.as_mut())
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+impl_specific_ref_and_mut!(str,);
+impl_specific_ref_and_mut!(
+    ::std::path::Path,
+    cfg(feature = "use_std"),
+    doc = "Requires crate feature `use_std`."
+);
+impl_specific_ref_and_mut!(
+    ::std::ffi::OsStr,
+    cfg(feature = "use_std"),
+    doc = "Requires crate feature `use_std`."
+);
+impl_specific_ref_and_mut!(
+    ::std::ffi::CStr,
+    cfg(feature = "use_std"),
+    doc = "Requires crate feature `use_std`."
+);
+
+impl<L, R, Target> AsRef<[Target]> for Either<L, R>
+where
+    L: AsRef<[Target]>,
+    R: AsRef<[Target]>,
+{
+    fn as_ref(&self) -> &[Target] {
+        for_both!(*self, ref inner => inner.as_ref())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L, R, Target> AsMut<Target> for Either<L, R>
+where
+    L: AsMut<Target>,
+    R: AsMut<Target>,
+{
+    fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Target {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.as_mut())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L, R, Target> AsMut<[Target]> for Either<L, R>
+where
+    L: AsMut<[Target]>,
+    R: AsMut<[Target]>,
+{
+    fn as_mut(&mut self) -> &mut [Target] {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => inner.as_mut())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L, R> Deref for Either<L, R>
+where
+    L: Deref,
+    R: Deref<Target = L::Target>,
+{
+    type Target = L::Target;
+
+    fn deref(&self) -> &Self::Target {
+        for_both!(*self, ref inner => &**inner)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L, R> DerefMut for Either<L, R>
+where
+    L: DerefMut,
+    R: DerefMut<Target = L::Target>,
+{
+    fn deref_mut(&mut self) -> &mut Self::Target {
+        for_both!(*self, ref mut inner => &mut *inner)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(any(test, feature = "use_std"))]
+/// `Either` implements `Error` if *both* `L` and `R` implement it.
+///
+/// Requires crate feature `"use_std"`
+impl<L, R> Error for Either<L, R>
+where
+    L: Error,
+    R: Error,
+{
+    fn source(&self) -> Option<&(dyn Error + 'static)> {
+        for_both!(*self, ref inner => inner.source())
+    }
+
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    fn description(&self) -> &str {
+        for_both!(*self, ref inner => inner.description())
+    }
+
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    fn cause(&self) -> Option<&dyn Error> {
+        for_both!(*self, ref inner => inner.cause())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L, R> fmt::Display for Either<L, R>
+where
+    L: fmt::Display,
+    R: fmt::Display,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        for_both!(*self, ref inner => inner.fmt(f))
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn basic() {
+    let mut e = Left(2);
+    let r = Right(2);
+    assert_eq!(e, Left(2));
+    e = r;
+    assert_eq!(e, Right(2));
+    assert_eq!(e.left(), None);
+    assert_eq!(e.right(), Some(2));
+    assert_eq!(e.as_ref().right(), Some(&2));
+    assert_eq!(e.as_mut().right(), Some(&mut 2));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn macros() {
+    use std::string::String;
+
+    fn a() -> Either<u32, u32> {
+        let x: u32 = try_left!(Right(1337u32));
+        Left(x * 2)
+    }
+    assert_eq!(a(), Right(1337));
+
+    fn b() -> Either<String, &'static str> {
+        Right(try_right!(Left("foo bar")))
+    }
+    assert_eq!(b(), Left(String::from("foo bar")));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn deref() {
+    use std::string::String;
+
+    fn is_str(_: &str) {}
+    let value: Either<String, &str> = Left(String::from("test"));
+    is_str(&*value);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn iter() {
+    let x = 3;
+    let mut iter = match x {
+        3 => Left(0..10),
+        _ => Right(17..),
+    };
+
+    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(0));
+    assert_eq!(iter.count(), 9);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn seek() {
+    use std::io;
+
+    let use_empty = false;
+    let mut mockdata = [0x00; 256];
+    for i in 0..256 {
+        mockdata[i] = i as u8;
+    }
+
+    let mut reader = if use_empty {
+        // Empty didn't impl Seek until Rust 1.51
+        Left(io::Cursor::new([]))
+    } else {
+        Right(io::Cursor::new(&mockdata[..]))
+    };
+
+    let mut buf = [0u8; 16];
+    assert_eq!(reader.read(&mut buf).unwrap(), buf.len());
+    assert_eq!(buf, mockdata[..buf.len()]);
+
+    // the first read should advance the cursor and return the next 16 bytes thus the `ne`
+    assert_eq!(reader.read(&mut buf).unwrap(), buf.len());
+    assert_ne!(buf, mockdata[..buf.len()]);
+
+    // if the seek operation fails it should read 16..31 instead of 0..15
+    reader.seek(io::SeekFrom::Start(0)).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(reader.read(&mut buf).unwrap(), buf.len());
+    assert_eq!(buf, mockdata[..buf.len()]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn read_write() {
+    use std::io;
+
+    let use_stdio = false;
+    let mockdata = [0xff; 256];
+
+    let mut reader = if use_stdio {
+        Left(io::stdin())
+    } else {
+        Right(&mockdata[..])
+    };
+
+    let mut buf = [0u8; 16];
+    assert_eq!(reader.read(&mut buf).unwrap(), buf.len());
+    assert_eq!(&buf, &mockdata[..buf.len()]);
+
+    let mut mockbuf = [0u8; 256];
+    let mut writer = if use_stdio {
+        Left(io::stdout())
+    } else {
+        Right(&mut mockbuf[..])
+    };
+
+    let buf = [1u8; 16];
+    assert_eq!(writer.write(&buf).unwrap(), buf.len());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn error() {
+    let invalid_utf8 = b"\xff";
+    #[allow(invalid_from_utf8)]
+    let res = if let Err(error) = ::std::str::from_utf8(invalid_utf8) {
+        Err(Left(error))
+    } else if let Err(error) = "x".parse::<i32>() {
+        Err(Right(error))
+    } else {
+        Ok(())
+    };
+    assert!(res.is_err());
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    res.unwrap_err().description(); // make sure this can be called
+}
+
+/// A helper macro to check if AsRef and AsMut are implemented for a given type.
+macro_rules! check_t {
+    ($t:ty) => {{
+        fn check_ref<T: AsRef<$t>>() {}
+        fn propagate_ref<T1: AsRef<$t>, T2: AsRef<$t>>() {
+            check_ref::<Either<T1, T2>>()
+        }
+        fn check_mut<T: AsMut<$t>>() {}
+        fn propagate_mut<T1: AsMut<$t>, T2: AsMut<$t>>() {
+            check_mut::<Either<T1, T2>>()
+        }
+    }};
+}
+
+// This "unused" method is here to ensure that compilation doesn't fail on given types.
+fn _unsized_ref_propagation() {
+    check_t!(str);
+
+    fn check_array_ref<T: AsRef<[Item]>, Item>() {}
+    fn check_array_mut<T: AsMut<[Item]>, Item>() {}
+
+    fn propagate_array_ref<T1: AsRef<[Item]>, T2: AsRef<[Item]>, Item>() {
+        check_array_ref::<Either<T1, T2>, _>()
+    }
+
+    fn propagate_array_mut<T1: AsMut<[Item]>, T2: AsMut<[Item]>, Item>() {
+        check_array_mut::<Either<T1, T2>, _>()
+    }
+}
+
+// This "unused" method is here to ensure that compilation doesn't fail on given types.
+#[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+fn _unsized_std_propagation() {
+    check_t!(::std::path::Path);
+    check_t!(::std::ffi::OsStr);
+    check_t!(::std::ffi::CStr);
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/src/serde_untagged.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/src/serde_untagged.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..72078c3ec8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/src/serde_untagged.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+//! Untagged serialization/deserialization support for Either<L, R>.
+//!
+//! `Either` uses default, externally-tagged representation.
+//! However, sometimes it is useful to support several alternative types.
+//! For example, we may have a field which is generally Map<String, i32>
+//! but in typical cases Vec<String> would suffice, too.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+//! use either::Either;
+//! use std::collections::HashMap;
+//!
+//! #[derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, Debug)]
+//! #[serde(transparent)]
+//! struct IntOrString {
+//!     #[serde(with = "either::serde_untagged")]
+//!     inner: Either<Vec<String>, HashMap<String, i32>>
+//! };
+//!
+//! // serialization
+//! let data = IntOrString {
+//!     inner: Either::Left(vec!["Hello".to_string()])
+//! };
+//! // notice: no tags are emitted.
+//! assert_eq!(serde_json::to_string(&data)?, r#"["Hello"]"#);
+//!
+//! // deserialization
+//! let data: IntOrString = serde_json::from_str(
+//!     r#"{"a": 0, "b": 14}"#
+//! )?;
+//! println!("found {:?}", data);
+//! # Ok(())
+//! # }
+//! ```
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
+
+#[derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize)]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+enum Either<L, R> {
+    Left(L),
+    Right(R),
+}
+
+pub fn serialize<L, R, S>(this: &super::Either<L, R>, serializer: S) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+where
+    S: Serializer,
+    L: Serialize,
+    R: Serialize,
+{
+    let untagged = match this {
+        super::Either::Left(left) => Either::Left(left),
+        super::Either::Right(right) => Either::Right(right),
+    };
+    untagged.serialize(serializer)
+}
+
+pub fn deserialize<'de, L, R, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<super::Either<L, R>, D::Error>
+where
+    D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    L: Deserialize<'de>,
+    R: Deserialize<'de>,
+{
+    match Either::deserialize(deserializer) {
+        Ok(Either::Left(left)) => Ok(super::Either::Left(left)),
+        Ok(Either::Right(right)) => Ok(super::Either::Right(right)),
+        Err(error) => Err(error),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/src/serde_untagged_optional.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/src/serde_untagged_optional.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb3239ace1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/either/src/serde_untagged_optional.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//! Untagged serialization/deserialization support for Option<Either<L, R>>.
+//!
+//! `Either` uses default, externally-tagged representation.
+//! However, sometimes it is useful to support several alternative types.
+//! For example, we may have a field which is generally Map<String, i32>
+//! but in typical cases Vec<String> would suffice, too.
+//!
+//! ```rust
+//! # fn main() -> Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+//! use either::Either;
+//! use std::collections::HashMap;
+//!
+//! #[derive(serde::Serialize, serde::Deserialize, Debug)]
+//! #[serde(transparent)]
+//! struct IntOrString {
+//!     #[serde(with = "either::serde_untagged_optional")]
+//!     inner: Option<Either<Vec<String>, HashMap<String, i32>>>
+//! };
+//!
+//! // serialization
+//! let data = IntOrString {
+//!     inner: Some(Either::Left(vec!["Hello".to_string()]))
+//! };
+//! // notice: no tags are emitted.
+//! assert_eq!(serde_json::to_string(&data)?, r#"["Hello"]"#);
+//!
+//! // deserialization
+//! let data: IntOrString = serde_json::from_str(
+//!     r#"{"a": 0, "b": 14}"#
+//! )?;
+//! println!("found {:?}", data);
+//! # Ok(())
+//! # }
+//! ```
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Deserializer, Serialize, Serializer};
+
+#[derive(Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(untagged)]
+enum Either<L, R> {
+    Left(L),
+    Right(R),
+}
+
+pub fn serialize<L, R, S>(
+    this: &Option<super::Either<L, R>>,
+    serializer: S,
+) -> Result<S::Ok, S::Error>
+where
+    S: Serializer,
+    L: Serialize,
+    R: Serialize,
+{
+    let untagged = match this {
+        Some(super::Either::Left(left)) => Some(Either::Left(left)),
+        Some(super::Either::Right(right)) => Some(Either::Right(right)),
+        None => None,
+    };
+    untagged.serialize(serializer)
+}
+
+pub fn deserialize<'de, L, R, D>(deserializer: D) -> Result<Option<super::Either<L, R>>, D::Error>
+where
+    D: Deserializer<'de>,
+    L: Deserialize<'de>,
+    R: Deserialize<'de>,
+{
+    match Option::deserialize(deserializer) {
+        Ok(Some(Either::Left(left))) => Ok(Some(super::Either::Left(left))),
+        Ok(Some(Either::Right(right))) => Ok(Some(super::Either::Right(right))),
+        Ok(None) => Ok(None),
+        Err(error) => Err(error),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/.cargo-checksum.json b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/.cargo-checksum.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..327f66ceb5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/.cargo-checksum.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"files":{"CHANGELOG.md":"9f94a3c5bdd8dd758864440205c84d73005b8619cd20833449db54f1f484c6bf","Cargo.lock":"b0443f54560491073ca861d8ed664a07a8039872568a527b2add8f362dd9734b","Cargo.toml":"e64e6e088ab537ba843f25a111af102dd434fd58cea3d446dff314cf42ad33e2","LICENSE-APACHE":"a60eea817514531668d7e00765731449fe14d059d3249e0bc93b36de45f759f2","LICENSE-MIT":"7576269ea71f767b99297934c0b2367532690f8c4badc695edf8e04ab6a1e545","README.md":"9de81a03c86ca4573d5d0a98eaa4d938bc6c538816f421d1b7499301efb5a454","benches/bench1.rs":"bb06f39db0544b1380cd4929139ccf521a9eecab7ca3f910b9499f965ec0a047","benches/combinations.rs":"51523ee1ca438a56f14711f0b04ee943895062d35859fbe23a2714d2fca3289d","benches/combinations_with_replacement.rs":"11f29160652a2d90ce7ca4b1c339c4457888ab6867e2456ce1c62e3adf9be737","benches/extra/mod.rs":"6ca290d72302a1945078621610b5788060b0de29639decebbdc557a80044aa97","benches/extra/zipslices.rs":"40e9f68a7c00f8429193fca463caef18851fa49b33355cc136bad3ccc840d655","benches/fold_specialization.rs":"5a517bbe29d366a15f6f751660e17ab1aa3e7b21552a1983048c662e34f0d69e","benches/powerset.rs":"6fd9d69a3483b37dc2411f99fb4efa6131577696f2dbdc8d1de9e4d7642fe3a3","benches/tree_fold1.rs":"539232e74f9aaea295a42069ac5af707811e90dc1c71c6e0a9064ffc731999de","benches/tuple_combinations.rs":"16366158743307a0289fc1df423a3cec45009807d410a9fe9922d5b6f8b7d002","benches/tuples.rs":"5a620783ae203e9ff9623d10d2c7fe9911d8b6c811cbad7613afa30e390c759d","examples/iris.data":"596ffd580471ca4d4880f8e439c7281f3b50d8249a5960353cb200b1490f63a0","examples/iris.rs":"1b465ed6a417180913104bc95a545fd9d1a3d67d121871ab737ad87e31b8be37","src/adaptors/coalesce.rs":"a0073325d40f297d29101538d18a267aef81889a999338dc09cb43a31cb4ec8b","src/adaptors/map.rs":"241971e856e468d71323071fb4a09867fbcedb83877320be132dc03516fe60e8","src/adaptors/mod.rs":"7f3bd7d011a348ce5e4bea486ef2e6346b64c7fe27540334d56d3f147f981d59","src/adaptors/multi_product.rs":"bb43e6dce68c815c21006d5b01c56e038d54b0c3bb8ee6bb8a4de11e2952c7ad","src/combinations.rs":"fb25babb459389093f886721016c72bf9f00e51d02735f638d871bb3a447ffd0","src/combinations_with_replacement.rs":"463011a574facbdd84278386b533a90e4dd517f0417e05adb82d182049db1f50","src/concat_impl.rs":"03b1ed61cbed242c286c3c4c5c848dbd57e02ab83fcef264f3a592b58107f324","src/cons_tuples_impl.rs":"c253d03b861831c01d62cacc57b49715ee62f6171e69f6886bb5a6ca0863bc3a","src/diff.rs":"a7800e9ce7a87b53ebe2338481335751fb43d44fa6a1ca719aceaaab40e5c8fe","src/duplicates_impl.rs":"f62fe4b642f501f785721ce5a505cf622a771e457210726dd0fb8b30be7ebbbc","src/either_or_both.rs":"c7ffe60772350c470fb42a5e4ff5087587985206733fe9814eeefa249983239a","src/exactly_one_err.rs":"aa50081f6a31b5109b30e3ed305e3ec2413c6908dedc8990ec5378a99cee2b39","src/extrema_set.rs":"2a25b0b86eed2fd5d05622d591a3085cab823973d450816c2c3b8cb76e9c187e","src/flatten_ok.rs":"fe209fd886ecd9cb98d99625aa0c7274af7e644eff4a10de15b4dec8bbbc934a","src/format.rs":"20fbbe35a98315ceb77ad910ff92319e163ae16452b0c24a8f1eccbc71c9e171","src/free.rs":"dfc57b7f56a08d4986a96b679018b41346576a7a34b668e008cc01109e728750","src/group_map.rs":"f7b02c964f63505d3e36280cfdc1755e05287714201efe983dacf702eee61434","src/groupbylazy.rs":"57ebf7d8a5a752045f94b76db8b80073f46964c28cc0919510fbdea102244918","src/grouping_map.rs":"cbc45ac563345c96f3ac50c78f73c83d870523436a7ab88c1c9a685d204461d3","src/impl_macros.rs":"4f829b458873bed556f1aff2ae4e88dbd576766e2b5bcc07ff3ac8756758e6f4","src/intersperse.rs":"b9717242495846a4a979c95d93d5681caccb7c07a0d889eab763ad3d49a46125","src/k_smallest.rs":"603eb34314c01769ff7f6def2a24cf7a7b38507e6f3658b7aafc23a3b2e9b322","src/kmerge_impl.rs":"a347b0f6fa7715afd8a54d85ce139ed5b14c9e58a16c2b3648f5b288fdb5375f","src/lazy_buffer.rs":"834f6ef7fdf9f00c8a6329beb38eaefb706847ceeec309c221dce705c2c1e05b","src/lib.rs":"703fa755955007c2ddf1c1abe6a20e9a762ba09746c4eeae905e6d417bf3bf31","src/merge_join.rs":"20574fbb0ca610a6ac0ad89fb7e856a629235a14f285954760386cd0de3dc687","src/minmax.rs":"96d3897c28c8c63284d4729becc9ada6855e0953cac6e1bd35cf6f38c50b0ec0","src/multipeek_impl.rs":"35162bca4456bfa20a08e8d40e4d1cc6783dc662778789fdcded60371e975122","src/pad_tail.rs":"04be2ca73abb85815b06b5524c99d6feb2919180c486a4646f9cc6c87462f67b","src/peek_nth.rs":"6a0a51f2f373ce14d3d58595c46464878a14976bf00841a7396c03f9f9ab07ac","src/peeking_take_while.rs":"2293eaba60142f427a8bd1fa6d347b21469cadaaef69a70f28daed3a4166c1b4","src/permutations.rs":"97831e7e26904c3cae68c97e74f7c6981ceb2fb2f2217282a0e5e54083a565fc","src/powerset.rs":"e0ee6b1316b4dd314c1e81502b90ae8113e1cda12168322520c5a65410e584b2","src/process_results_impl.rs":"fd51b2a4785c3b65145703dea4c088c822e5592de939cf228917c6275bee0778","src/put_back_n_impl.rs":"821e047fecd6ca0036290029f4febe7638a3abf1faa05e1e747a3bf9d80ff464","src/rciter_impl.rs":"5b156082ef2d25a94a4ad01d94cba2813c4b3e72e212515a8ad0fc8588f8045d","src/repeatn.rs":"bfc8f9145c9d8a3ea651f012b7d5a8d2fbbcbefdee76eafd098d02e7c54cda90","src/size_hint.rs":"021e57aad7df8f1e70ef588e9e9b8a1695aab183b1098f1848561f96c5dc9bcb","src/sources.rs":"61637f32c2cea2290ecfc1980c0b2d0f68463839ac09bd81006f8258ab8ecaae","src/take_while_inclusive.rs":"f567e91a7f25ed785c3132ff408e3f17b59dce98909041a8c40cd14c0f350f55","src/tee.rs":"665832aa547389a420c3441470ff2494249f0ed2841be0c6a578367fe9dbd381","src/tuple_impl.rs":"8d6c52850bf7f3b9d03fcbaed0e60e5a5becc2f8421ca4bc79e876659804a258","src/unique_impl.rs":"3b89cdd668b74cc0a0eabb1522489e2305a0d2d8da25d6a1884e8626bbdb5959","src/unziptuple.rs":"84b50e5d29b9ddbf21a46a1cc2fd7877729c7f7da9bdc8ae1966dbaf2d2f6f60","src/with_position.rs":"a3652e3e97de78c5c7eeb9a5306225b5ce517d6165b96663820b5f00fae1bff9","src/zip_eq_impl.rs":"4a41dc6dfe99359585d50ce648bdc85f15276c602048872b1d152e90841d8cad","src/zip_longest.rs":"f7cf5fffc3ca053ee80b410a05b27de1a475021f6de3181aea981010d7e8453f","src/ziptuple.rs":"7f9df12bf6556f382bbd4ad8cf17eb8b60c1c47fadbce016141133ba0f3384a1","tests/adaptors_no_collect.rs":"f459f36d54f5d475b2b2e83f5a1c98109c15062756ae822fa379486f3eeed666","tests/flatten_ok.rs":"b7894874132918b8229c7150b2637511d8e3e14197d8eeb9382d46b2a514efa2","tests/macros_hygiene.rs":"522afa0106e3f11a5149e9218f89c2329e405546d2ef0ea756d6a27e8a0e9ca3","tests/merge_join.rs":"b08c4ee6529d234c68d411a413b8781455d18a1eab17872d1828bb75a4fcf79b","tests/peeking_take_while.rs":"f834361c5520dda15eb9e9ebe87507c905462201412b21859d9f83dab91d0e0b","tests/quick.rs":"203619d7de9ae068a5c0c61c398f65f15a878b6ac759cc4575d19f0c90dfd9fa","tests/specializations.rs":"fdd16dc663330033fedcc478609b393d4aa369dc07dc8cda31a75219fb793087","tests/test_core.rs":"32576ba90aa8e5db985b6e6ffe30e3046bc6a11d392db8f6b4bdd2ba48d9b24d","tests/test_std.rs":"16a03cfe359a570685b48b80473d1947a89a49ec9ef744ea175252e2b95c0336","tests/tuples.rs":"014e4da776174bfe923270e2a359cd9c95b372fce4b952b8138909d6e2c52762","tests/zip.rs":"99af365fe6054ef1c6089d3e604e34da8fea66e55861ae4be9e7336ec8de4b56"},"package":"b1c173a5686ce8bfa551b3563d0c2170bf24ca44da99c7ca4bfdab5418c3fe57"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/CHANGELOG.md b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/CHANGELOG.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8d7404e759
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,409 @@
+# Changelog
+
+## 0.11.0
+
+### Breaking
+- Make `Itertools::merge_join_by` also accept functions returning bool (#704)
+- Implement `PeekingNext` transitively over mutable references (#643)
+- Change `with_position` to yield `(Position, Item)` instead of `Position<Item>` (#699)
+
+### Added
+- Add `Itertools::take_while_inclusive` (#616)
+- Implement `PeekingNext` for `PeekingTakeWhile` (#644)
+- Add `EitherOrBoth::{just_left, just_right, into_left, into_right, as_deref, as_deref_mut, left_or_insert, right_or_insert, left_or_insert_with, right_or_insert_with, insert_left, insert_right, insert_both}` (#629)
+- Implement `Clone` for `CircularTupleWindows` (#686)
+- Implement `Clone` for `Chunks` (#683)
+- Add `Itertools::process_results` (#680)
+
+### Changed
+- Use `Cell` instead of `RefCell` in `Format` and `FormatWith` (#608)
+- CI tweaks (#674, #675)
+- Document and test the difference between stable and unstable sorts (#653)
+- Fix documentation error on `Itertools::max_set_by_key` (#692)
+- Move MSRV metadata to `Cargo.toml` (#672)
+- Implement `equal` with `Iterator::eq` (#591)
+
+## 0.10.5
+  - Maintenance
+
+## 0.10.4
+  - Add `EitherOrBoth::or` and `EitherOrBoth::or_else` (#593)
+  - Add `min_set`, `max_set` et al. (#613, #323)
+  - Use `either/use_std` (#628)
+  - Documentation fixes (#612, #625, #632, #633, #634, #638)
+  - Code maintenance (#623, #624, #627, #630)
+
+## 0.10.3
+  - Maintenance
+
+## 0.10.2
+  - Add `Itertools::multiunzip` (#362, #565)
+  - Add `intersperse` and `intersperse_with` free functions (#555)
+  - Add `Itertools::sorted_by_cached_key` (#424, #575)
+  - Specialize `ProcessResults::fold` (#563)
+  - Fix subtraction overflow in `DuplicatesBy::size_hint` (#552)
+  - Fix specialization tests (#574)
+  - More `Debug` impls (#573)
+  - Deprecate `fold1` (use `reduce` instead) (#580)
+  - Documentation fixes (`HomogenousTuple`, `into_group_map`, `into_group_map_by`, `MultiPeek::peek`) (#543 et al.)
+
+## 0.10.1
+  - Add `Itertools::contains` (#514)
+  - Add `Itertools::counts_by` (#515)
+  - Add `Itertools::partition_result` (#511)
+  - Add `Itertools::all_unique` (#241)
+  - Add `Itertools::duplicates` and `Itertools::duplicates_by` (#502)
+  - Add `chain!` (#525)
+  - Add `Itertools::at_most_one` (#523)
+  - Add `Itertools::flatten_ok` (#527)
+  - Add `EitherOrBoth::or_default` (#583)
+  - Add `Itertools::find_or_last` and `Itertools::find_or_first` (#535)
+  - Implement `FusedIterator` for `FilterOk`, `FilterMapOk`, `InterleaveShortest`, `KMergeBy`, `MergeBy`, `PadUsing`, `Positions`, `Product` , `RcIter`, `TupleWindows`, `Unique`, `UniqueBy`,  `Update`, `WhileSome`, `Combinations`, `CombinationsWithReplacement`, `Powerset`, `RepeatN`, and `WithPosition` (#550)
+  - Implement `FusedIterator` for `Interleave`, `IntersperseWith`, and `ZipLongest` (#548)
+
+## 0.10.0
+  - **Increase minimum supported Rust version to 1.32.0**
+  - Improve macro hygiene (#507)
+  - Add `Itertools::powerset` (#335)
+  - Add `Itertools::sorted_unstable`, `Itertools::sorted_unstable_by`, and `Itertools::sorted_unstable_by_key` (#494)
+  - Implement `Error` for `ExactlyOneError` (#484)
+  - Undeprecate `Itertools::fold_while` (#476)
+  - Tuple-related adapters work for tuples of arity up to 12 (#475)
+  - `use_alloc` feature for users who have `alloc`, but not `std` (#474)
+  - Add `Itertools::k_smallest` (#473)
+  - Add `Itertools::into_grouping_map` and `GroupingMap` (#465)
+  - Add `Itertools::into_grouping_map_by` and `GroupingMapBy` (#465)
+  - Add `Itertools::counts` (#468)
+  - Add implementation of `DoubleEndedIterator` for `Unique` (#442)
+  - Add implementation of `DoubleEndedIterator` for `UniqueBy` (#442)
+  - Add implementation of `DoubleEndedIterator` for `Zip` (#346)
+  - Add `Itertools::multipeek` (#435)
+  - Add `Itertools::dedup_with_count` and `DedupWithCount` (#423)
+  - Add `Itertools::dedup_by_with_count` and `DedupByWithCount` (#423)
+  - Add `Itertools::intersperse_with` and `IntersperseWith` (#381)
+  - Add `Itertools::filter_ok` and `FilterOk` (#377)
+  - Add `Itertools::filter_map_ok` and `FilterMapOk` (#377)
+  - Deprecate `Itertools::fold_results`, use `Itertools::fold_ok` instead (#377)
+  - Deprecate `Itertools::map_results`, use `Itertools::map_ok` instead (#377)
+  - Deprecate `FoldResults`, use `FoldOk` instead (#377)
+  - Deprecate `MapResults`, use `MapOk` instead (#377)
+  - Add `Itertools::circular_tuple_windows` and `CircularTupleWindows` (#350)
+  - Add `peek_nth` and `PeekNth` (#303)
+
+## 0.9.0
+  - Fix potential overflow in `MergeJoinBy::size_hint` (#385)
+  - Add `derive(Clone)` where possible (#382)
+  - Add `try_collect` method (#394)
+  - Add `HomogeneousTuple` trait (#389)
+  - Fix `combinations(0)` and `combinations_with_replacement(0)` (#383)
+  - Don't require `ParitalEq` to the `Item` of `DedupBy` (#397)
+  - Implement missing specializations on the `PutBack` adaptor and on the `MergeJoinBy` iterator (#372)
+  - Add `position_*` methods (#412)
+  - Derive `Hash` for `EitherOrBoth` (#417)
+  - Increase minimum supported Rust version to 1.32.0
+
+## 0.8.2
+  - Use `slice::iter` instead of `into_iter` to avoid future breakage (#378, by @LukasKalbertodt)
+## 0.8.1
+  - Added a [`.exactly_one()`](https://docs.rs/itertools/0.8.1/itertools/trait.Itertools.html#method.exactly_one) iterator method that, on success, extracts the single value of an iterator ; by @Xaeroxe
+  - Added combinatory iterator adaptors:
+    - [`.permutations(k)`](https://docs.rs/itertools/0.8.1/itertools/trait.Itertools.html#method.permutations):
+
+      `[0, 1, 2].iter().permutations(2)` yields
+
+      ```rust
+      [
+        vec![0, 1],
+        vec![0, 2],
+        vec![1, 0],
+        vec![1, 2],
+        vec![2, 0],
+        vec![2, 1],
+      ]
+      ```
+
+      ; by @tobz1000
+
+    - [`.combinations_with_replacement(k)`](https://docs.rs/itertools/0.8.1/itertools/trait.Itertools.html#method.combinations_with_replacement):
+
+      `[0, 1, 2].iter().combinations_with_replacement(2)` yields
+
+      ```rust
+      [
+        vec![0, 0],
+        vec![0, 1],
+        vec![0, 2],
+        vec![1, 1],
+        vec![1, 2],
+        vec![2, 2],
+      ]
+      ```
+
+      ; by @tommilligan
+
+    - For reference, these methods join the already existing [`.combinations(k)`](https://docs.rs/itertools/0.8.1/itertools/trait.Itertools.html#method.combinations):
+
+      `[0, 1, 2].iter().combinations(2)` yields
+
+      ```rust
+      [
+        vec![0, 1],
+        vec![0, 2],
+        vec![1, 2],
+      ]
+      ```
+
+  - Improved the performance of [`.fold()`](https://docs.rs/itertools/0.8.1/itertools/trait.Itertools.html#method.fold)-based internal iteration for the [`.intersperse()`](https://docs.rs/itertools/0.8.1/itertools/trait.Itertools.html#method.intersperse) iterator ; by @jswrenn
+  - Added [`.dedup_by()`](https://docs.rs/itertools/0.8.1/itertools/trait.Itertools.html#method.dedup_by), [`.merge_by()`](https://docs.rs/itertools/0.8.1/itertools/trait.Itertools.html#method.merge_by) and [`.kmerge_by()`](https://docs.rs/itertools/0.8.1/itertools/trait.Itertools.html#method.kmerge_by) adaptors that work like [`.dedup()`](https://docs.rs/itertools/0.8.1/itertools/trait.Itertools.html#method.dedup), [`.merge()`](https://docs.rs/itertools/0.8.1/itertools/trait.Itertools.html#method.merge) and [`.kmerge()`](https://docs.rs/itertools/0.8.1/itertools/trait.Itertools.html#method.kmerge), but taking an additional custom comparison closure parameter. ; by @phimuemue
+  - Improved the performance of [`.all_equal()`](https://docs.rs/itertools/0.8.1/itertools/trait.Itertools.html#method.all_equal) ; by @fyrchik
+  - Loosened the bounds on [`.partition_map()`](https://docs.rs/itertools/0.8.1/itertools/trait.Itertools.html#method.partition_map) to take just a `FnMut` closure rather than a `Fn` closure, and made its implementation use internal iteration for better performance ; by @danielhenrymantilla
+  - Added convenience methods to [`EitherOrBoth`](https://docs.rs/itertools/0.8.1/itertools/enum.EitherOrBoth.html) elements yielded from the [`.zip_longest()`](https://docs.rs/itertools/0.8.1/itertools/trait.Itertools.html#method.zip_longest) iterator adaptor ; by @Avi-D-coder
+  - Added [`.sum1()`](https://docs.rs/itertools/0.8.1/itertools/trait.Itertools.html#method.sum1) and [`.product1()`](https://docs.rs/itertools/0.8.1/itertools/trait.Itertools.html#method.product1) iterator methods that respectively try to return the sum and the product of the elements of an iterator **when it is not empty**, otherwise they return `None` ; by @Emerentius
+## 0.8.0
+  - Added new adaptor `.map_into()` for conversions using `Into` by @vorner
+  - Improved `Itertools` docs by @JohnHeitmann
+  - The return type of `.sorted_by_by_key()` is now an iterator, not a Vec.
+  - The return type of the `izip!(x, y)` macro with exactly two arguments is now the usual `Iterator::zip`.
+  - Remove `.flatten()` in favour of std's `.flatten()`
+  - Deprecate `.foreach()` in favour of std's `.for_each()`
+  - Deprecate `.step()` in favour of std's `.step_by()`
+  - Deprecate `repeat_call` in favour of std's `repeat_with`
+  - Deprecate `.fold_while()` in favour of std's `.try_fold()`
+  - Require Rust 1.24 as minimal version.
+## 0.7.11
+  - Add convenience methods to `EitherOrBoth`, making it more similar to `Option` and `Either` by @jethrogb
+## 0.7.10
+  - No changes.
+## 0.7.9
+  - New inclusion policy: See the readme about suggesting features for std before accepting them in itertools.
+  - The `FoldWhile` type now implements `Eq` and `PartialEq` by @jturner314
+## 0.7.8
+  - Add new iterator method `.tree_fold1()` which is like `.fold1()` except items are combined in a tree structure (see its docs). By @scottmcm
+  - Add more `Debug` impls by @phimuemue: KMerge, KMergeBy, MergeJoinBy, ConsTuples, Intersperse, ProcessResults, RcIter, Tee, TupleWindows, Tee, ZipLongest, ZipEq, Zip.
+## 0.7.7
+  - Add new iterator method `.into_group_map() -> HashMap<K, Vec<V>>` which turns an iterator of `(K, V)` elements into such a hash table, where values are grouped by key. By @tobz1000
+  - Add new free function `flatten` for the `.flatten()` adaptor. **NOTE:** recent Rust nightlies have `Iterator::flatten` and thus a clash with our flatten adaptor. One workaround is to use the itertools `flatten` free function.
+## 0.7.6
+  - Add new adaptor `.multi_cartesian_product()` which is an n-ary product iterator by @tobz1000
+  - Add new method `.sorted_by_key()` by @Xion
+  - Provide simpler and faster `.count()` for `.unique()` and `.unique_by()`
+## 0.7.5
+  - `.multipeek()` now implements `PeekingNext`, by @nicopap.
+## 0.7.4
+  - Add new adaptor `.update()` by @lucasem; this adaptor is used to modify an element before passing it on in an iterator chain.
+## 0.7.3
+  - Add new method `.collect_tuple()` by @matklad; it makes a tuple out of the iterator's elements if the number of them matches **exactly**.
+  - Implement `fold` and `collect` for `.map_results()` which means it reuses the code of the standard `.map()` for these methods.
+## 0.7.2
+  - Add new adaptor `.merge_join_by` by @srijs; a heterogeneous merge join for two ordered sequences.
+## 0.7.1
+  - Iterator adaptors and iterators in itertools now use the same `must_use` reminder that the standard library adaptors do, by @matematikaedit and @bluss *“iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed”*.
+## 0.7.0
+  - Faster `izip!()` by @krdln
+    - `izip!()` is now a wrapper for repeated regular `.zip()` and a single `.map()`. This means it optimizes as well as the standard library `.zip()` it uses. **Note:** `multizip` and `izip!()` are now different! The former has a named type but the latter optimizes better.
+  - Faster `.unique()`
+  - `no_std` support, which is opt-in!
+    - Many lovable features are still there without std, like `izip!()` or `.format()` or `.merge()`, but not those that use collections.
+  - Trait bounds were required up front instead of just on the type: `group_by`'s `PartialEq` by @Phlosioneer and `repeat_call`'s `FnMut`.
+  - Removed deprecated constructor `Zip::new` — use `izip!()` or `multizip()`
+## 0.6.5
+  - Fix bug in `.cartesian_product()`'s fold (which only was visible for unfused iterators).
+## 0.6.4
+  - Add specific `fold` implementations for `.cartesian_product()` and `cons_tuples()`, which improves their performance in fold, foreach, and iterator consumers derived from them.
+## 0.6.3
+  - Add iterator adaptor `.positions(predicate)` by @tmccombs
+## 0.6.2
+  - Add function `process_results` which can “lift” a function of the regular values of an iterator so that it can process the `Ok` values from an iterator of `Results` instead, by @shepmaster
+  - Add iterator method `.concat()` which combines all iterator elements into a single collection using the `Extend` trait, by @srijs
+## 0.6.1
+  - Better size hint testing and subsequent size hint bugfixes by @rkarp. Fixes bugs in product, `interleave_shortest` size hints.
+  - New iterator method `.all_equal()` by @phimuemue
+## 0.6.0
+  - Deprecated names were removed in favour of their replacements
+  - `.flatten()` does not implement double ended iteration anymore
+  - `.fold_while()` uses `&mut self` and returns `FoldWhile<T>`, for composability #168
+  - `.foreach()` and `.fold1()` use `self`, like `.fold()` does.
+  - `.combinations(0)` now produces a single empty vector. #174
+## 0.5.10
+  - Add itertools method `.kmerge_by()` (and corresponding free function)
+  - Relaxed trait requirement of `.kmerge()` and `.minmax()` to PartialOrd.
+## 0.5.9
+  - Add multipeek method `.reset_peek()`
+  - Add categories
+## 0.5.8
+  - Add iterator adaptor `.peeking_take_while()` and its trait `PeekingNext`.
+## 0.5.7
+  - Add iterator adaptor `.with_position()`
+  - Fix multipeek's performance for long peeks by using `VecDeque`.
+## 0.5.6
+  - Add `.map_results()`
+## 0.5.5
+  - Many more adaptors now implement `Debug`
+  - Add free function constructor `repeat_n`. `RepeatN::new` is now deprecated.
+## 0.5.4
+  - Add infinite generator function `iterate`, that takes a seed and a closure.
+## 0.5.3
+  - Special-cased `.fold()` for flatten and put back. `.foreach()` now uses fold on the iterator, to pick up any iterator specific loop implementation.
+  - `.combinations(n)` asserts up front that `n != 0`, instead of running into an error on the second iterator element.
+## 0.5.2
+  - Add `.tuples::<T>()` that iterates by two, three or four elements at a time (where `T` is a tuple type).
+  - Add `.tuple_windows::<T>()` that iterates using a window of the two, three or four most recent elements.
+  - Add `.next_tuple::<T>()` method, that picks the next two, three or four elements in one go.
+  - `.interleave()` now has an accurate size hint.
+## 0.5.1
+  - Workaround module/function name clash that made racer crash on completing itertools. Only internal changes needed.
+## 0.5.0
+  - [Release announcement](https://bluss.github.io/rust/2016/09/26/itertools-0.5.0/)
+  - Renamed:
+    - `combinations` is now `tuple_combinations`
+    - `combinations_n` to `combinations`
+    - `group_by_lazy`, `chunks_lazy` to `group_by`, `chunks`
+    - `Unfold::new` to `unfold()`
+    - `RepeatCall::new` to `repeat_call()`
+    - `Zip::new` to `multizip`
+    - `PutBack::new`, `PutBackN::new` to `put_back`, `put_back_n`
+    - `PutBack::with_value` is now a builder setter, not a constructor
+    - `MultiPeek::new`, `.multipeek()` to `multipeek()`
+    - `format` to `format_with` and `format_default` to `format`
+    - `.into_rc()` to `rciter`
+    - `Partition` enum is now `Either`
+  - Module reorganization:
+    - All iterator structs are under `itertools::structs` but also reexported to the top level, for backwards compatibility
+    - All free functions are reexported at the root, `itertools::free` will be removed in the next version
+  - Removed:
+    - `ZipSlices`, use `.zip()` instead
+    - `.enumerate_from()`, `ZipTrusted`, due to being unstable
+    - `.mend_slices()`, moved to crate `odds`
+    - Stride, StrideMut, moved to crate `odds`
+    - `linspace()`, moved to crate `itertools-num`
+    - `.sort_by()`, use `.sorted_by()`
+    - `.is_empty_hint()`, use `.size_hint()`
+    - `.dropn()`, use `.dropping()`
+    - `.map_fn()`, use `.map()`
+    - `.slice()`, use `.take()` / `.skip()`
+    - helper traits in `misc`
+    - `new` constructors on iterator structs, use `Itertools` trait or free functions instead
+    - `itertools::size_hint` is now private
+  - Behaviour changes:
+    - `format` and `format_with` helpers now panic if you try to format them more than once.
+    - `repeat_call` is not double ended anymore
+  - New features:
+    - tuple flattening iterator is constructible with `cons_tuples`
+    - itertools reexports `Either` from the `either` crate. `Either<L, R>` is an iterator when `L, R` are.
+    - `MinMaxResult` now implements `Copy` and `Clone`
+    - `tuple_combinations` supports 1-4 tuples of combinations (previously just 2)
+## 0.4.19
+  - Add `.minmax_by()`
+  - Add `itertools::free::cloned`
+  - Add `itertools::free::rciter`
+  - Improve `.step(n)` slightly to take advantage of specialized Fuse better.
+## 0.4.18
+  - Only changes related to the "unstable" crate feature. This feature is more or less deprecated.
+    - Use deprecated warnings when unstable is enabled. `.enumerate_from()` will be removed imminently since it's using a deprecated libstd trait.
+## 0.4.17
+  - Fix bug in `.kmerge()` that caused it to often produce the wrong order #134
+## 0.4.16
+  - Improve precision of the `interleave_shortest` adaptor's size hint (it is now computed exactly when possible).
+## 0.4.15
+  - Fixup on top of the workaround in 0.4.14. A function in `itertools::free` was removed by mistake and now it is added back again.
+## 0.4.14
+  - Workaround an upstream regression in a Rust nightly build that broke compilation of of `itertools::free::{interleave, merge}`
+## 0.4.13
+  - Add `.minmax()` and `.minmax_by_key()`, iterator methods for finding both minimum and maximum in one scan.
+  - Add `.format_default()`, a simpler version of `.format()` (lazy formatting for iterators).
+## 0.4.12
+  - Add `.zip_eq()`, an adaptor like `.zip()` except it ensures iterators of inequal length don't pass silently (instead it panics).
+  - Add `.fold_while()`, an iterator method that is a fold that can short-circuit.
+  - Add `.partition_map()`, an iterator method that can separate elements into two collections.
+## 0.4.11
+  - Add `.get()` for `Stride{,Mut}` and `.get_mut()` for `StrideMut`
+## 0.4.10
+  - Improve performance of `.kmerge()`
+## 0.4.9
+  - Add k-ary merge adaptor `.kmerge()`
+  - Fix a bug in `.islice()` with ranges `a..b` where a `> b`.
+## 0.4.8
+  - Implement `Clone`, `Debug` for `Linspace`
+## 0.4.7
+  - Add function `diff_with()` that compares two iterators
+  - Add `.combinations_n()`, an n-ary combinations iterator
+  - Add methods `PutBack::with_value` and `PutBack::into_parts`.
+## 0.4.6
+  - Add method `.sorted()`
+  - Add module `itertools::free` with free function variants of common iterator adaptors and methods. For example `enumerate(iterable)`, `rev(iterable)`, and so on.
+## 0.4.5
+  - Add `.flatten()`
+## 0.4.4
+  - Allow composing `ZipSlices` with itself
+## 0.4.3
+  - Write `iproduct!()` as a single expression; this allows temporary values in its arguments.
+## 0.4.2
+  - Add `.fold_options()`
+  - Require Rust 1.1 or later
+## 0.4.1
+  - Update `.dropping()` to take advantage of `.nth()`
+## 0.4.0
+  - `.merge()`, `.unique()` and `.dedup()` now perform better due to not using function pointers
+  - Add free functions `enumerate()` and `rev()`
+  - Breaking changes:
+    - Return types of `.merge()` and `.merge_by()` renamed and changed
+    - Method `Merge::new` removed
+    - `.merge_by()` now takes a closure that returns bool.
+    - Return type of `.dedup()` changed
+    - Return type of `.mend_slices()` changed
+    - Return type of `.unique()` changed
+    - Removed function `times()`, struct `Times`: use a range instead
+    - Removed deprecated macro `icompr!()`
+    - Removed deprecated `FnMap` and method `.fn_map()`: use `.map_fn()`
+    - `.interleave_shortest()` is no longer guaranteed to act like fused
+## 0.3.25
+  - Rename `.sort_by()` to `.sorted_by()`. Old name is deprecated.
+  - Fix well-formedness warnings from RFC 1214, no user visible impact
+## 0.3.24
+  - Improve performance of `.merge()`'s ordering function slightly
+## 0.3.23
+  - Added `.chunks()`, similar to (and based on) `.group_by_lazy()`.
+  - Tweak linspace to match numpy.linspace and make it double ended.
+## 0.3.22
+  - Added `ZipSlices`, a fast zip for slices
+## 0.3.21
+  - Remove `Debug` impl for `Format`, it will have different use later
+## 0.3.20
+  - Optimize `.group_by_lazy()`
+## 0.3.19
+  - Added `.group_by_lazy()`, a possibly nonallocating group by
+  - Added `.format()`, a nonallocating formatting helper for iterators
+  - Remove uses of `RandomAccessIterator` since it has been deprecated in Rust.
+## 0.3.17
+  - Added (adopted) `Unfold` from Rust
+## 0.3.16
+  - Added adaptors `.unique()`, `.unique_by()`
+## 0.3.15
+  - Added method `.sort_by()`
+## 0.3.14
+  - Added adaptor `.while_some()`
+## 0.3.13
+  - Added adaptor `.interleave_shortest()`
+  - Added adaptor `.pad_using()`
+## 0.3.11
+  - Added `assert_equal` function
+## 0.3.10
+  - Bugfix `.combinations()` `size_hint`.
+## 0.3.8
+  - Added source `RepeatCall`
+## 0.3.7
+  - Added adaptor `PutBackN`
+  - Added adaptor `.combinations()`
+## 0.3.6
+  - Added `itertools::partition`, partition a sequence in place based on a predicate.
+  - Deprecate `icompr!()` with no replacement.
+## 0.3.5
+  - `.map_fn()` replaces deprecated `.fn_map()`.
+## 0.3.4
+  - `.take_while_ref()` *by-ref adaptor*
+  - `.coalesce()` *adaptor*
+  - `.mend_slices()` *adaptor*
+## 0.3.3
+  - `.dropping_back()` *method*
+  - `.fold1()` *method*
+  - `.is_empty_hint()` *method*
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/Cargo.lock b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/Cargo.lock
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..76936c9eea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/Cargo.lock
@@ -0,0 +1,681 @@
+# This file is automatically @generated by Cargo.
+# It is not intended for manual editing.
+version = 3
+
+[[package]]
+name = "anes"
+version = "0.1.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4b46cbb362ab8752921c97e041f5e366ee6297bd428a31275b9fcf1e380f7299"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "atty"
+version = "0.2.14"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d9b39be18770d11421cdb1b9947a45dd3f37e93092cbf377614828a319d5fee8"
+dependencies = [
+ "hermit-abi",
+ "libc",
+ "winapi",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "autocfg"
+version = "1.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d468802bab17cbc0cc575e9b053f41e72aa36bfa6b7f55e3529ffa43161b97fa"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bitflags"
+version = "1.3.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bef38d45163c2f1dde094a7dfd33ccf595c92905c8f8f4fdc18d06fb1037718a"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "bumpalo"
+version = "3.11.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c1ad822118d20d2c234f427000d5acc36eabe1e29a348c89b63dd60b13f28e5d"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cast"
+version = "0.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "37b2a672a2cb129a2e41c10b1224bb368f9f37a2b16b612598138befd7b37eb5"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "cfg-if"
+version = "1.0.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "baf1de4339761588bc0619e3cbc0120ee582ebb74b53b4efbf79117bd2da40fd"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ciborium"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b0c137568cc60b904a7724001b35ce2630fd00d5d84805fbb608ab89509d788f"
+dependencies = [
+ "ciborium-io",
+ "ciborium-ll",
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ciborium-io"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "346de753af073cc87b52b2083a506b38ac176a44cfb05497b622e27be899b369"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ciborium-ll"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "213030a2b5a4e0c0892b6652260cf6ccac84827b83a85a534e178e3906c4cf1b"
+dependencies = [
+ "ciborium-io",
+ "half",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "clap"
+version = "3.2.22"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "86447ad904c7fb335a790c9d7fe3d0d971dc523b8ccd1561a520de9a85302750"
+dependencies = [
+ "bitflags",
+ "clap_lex",
+ "indexmap",
+ "textwrap",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "clap_lex"
+version = "0.2.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2850f2f5a82cbf437dd5af4d49848fbdfc27c157c3d010345776f952765261c5"
+dependencies = [
+ "os_str_bytes",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "criterion"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e7c76e09c1aae2bc52b3d2f29e13c6572553b30c4aa1b8a49fd70de6412654cb"
+dependencies = [
+ "anes",
+ "atty",
+ "cast",
+ "ciborium",
+ "clap",
+ "criterion-plot",
+ "itertools 0.10.4",
+ "lazy_static",
+ "num-traits",
+ "oorandom",
+ "plotters",
+ "rayon",
+ "regex",
+ "serde",
+ "serde_derive",
+ "serde_json",
+ "tinytemplate",
+ "walkdir",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "criterion-plot"
+version = "0.5.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6b50826342786a51a89e2da3a28f1c32b06e387201bc2d19791f622c673706b1"
+dependencies = [
+ "cast",
+ "itertools 0.10.4",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-channel"
+version = "0.5.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c2dd04ddaf88237dc3b8d8f9a3c1004b506b54b3313403944054d23c0870c521"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-deque"
+version = "0.8.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "715e8152b692bba2d374b53d4875445368fdf21a94751410af607a5ac677d1fc"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "crossbeam-epoch",
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-epoch"
+version = "0.9.10"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "045ebe27666471bb549370b4b0b3e51b07f56325befa4284db65fc89c02511b1"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "cfg-if",
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+ "memoffset",
+ "once_cell",
+ "scopeguard",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "crossbeam-utils"
+version = "0.8.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "51887d4adc7b564537b15adcfb307936f8075dfcd5f00dde9a9f1d29383682bc"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "once_cell",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "either"
+version = "1.8.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "90e5c1c8368803113bf0c9584fc495a58b86dc8a29edbf8fe877d21d9507e797"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "getrandom"
+version = "0.1.16"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8fc3cb4d91f53b50155bdcfd23f6a4c39ae1969c2ae85982b135750cccaf5fce"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "libc",
+ "wasi",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "half"
+version = "1.8.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "eabb4a44450da02c90444cf74558da904edde8fb4e9035a9a6a4e15445af0bd7"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hashbrown"
+version = "0.12.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "8a9ee70c43aaf417c914396645a0fa852624801b24ebb7ae78fe8272889ac888"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "hermit-abi"
+version = "0.1.19"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "62b467343b94ba476dcb2500d242dadbb39557df889310ac77c5d99100aaac33"
+dependencies = [
+ "libc",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "indexmap"
+version = "1.9.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "10a35a97730320ffe8e2d410b5d3b69279b98d2c14bdb8b70ea89ecf7888d41e"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "hashbrown",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "itertools"
+version = "0.10.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d8bf247779e67a9082a4790b45e71ac7cfd1321331a5c856a74a9faebdab78d0"
+dependencies = [
+ "either",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "itertools"
+version = "0.11.0"
+dependencies = [
+ "criterion",
+ "either",
+ "paste",
+ "permutohedron",
+ "quickcheck",
+ "rand",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "itoa"
+version = "1.0.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6c8af84674fe1f223a982c933a0ee1086ac4d4052aa0fb8060c12c6ad838e754"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "js-sys"
+version = "0.3.60"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "49409df3e3bf0856b916e2ceaca09ee28e6871cf7d9ce97a692cacfdb2a25a47"
+dependencies = [
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "lazy_static"
+version = "1.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e2abad23fbc42b3700f2f279844dc832adb2b2eb069b2df918f455c4e18cc646"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "libc"
+version = "0.2.133"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "c0f80d65747a3e43d1596c7c5492d95d5edddaabd45a7fcdb02b95f644164966"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "log"
+version = "0.4.17"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "abb12e687cfb44aa40f41fc3978ef76448f9b6038cad6aef4259d3c095a2382e"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "memoffset"
+version = "0.6.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5aa361d4faea93603064a027415f07bd8e1d5c88c9fbf68bf56a285428fd79ce"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num-traits"
+version = "0.2.15"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "578ede34cf02f8924ab9447f50c28075b4d3e5b269972345e7e0372b38c6cdcd"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "num_cpus"
+version = "1.13.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "19e64526ebdee182341572e50e9ad03965aa510cd94427a4549448f285e957a1"
+dependencies = [
+ "hermit-abi",
+ "libc",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "once_cell"
+version = "1.14.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2f7254b99e31cad77da24b08ebf628882739a608578bb1bcdfc1f9c21260d7c0"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "oorandom"
+version = "11.1.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0ab1bc2a289d34bd04a330323ac98a1b4bc82c9d9fcb1e66b63caa84da26b575"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "os_str_bytes"
+version = "6.3.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "9ff7415e9ae3fff1225851df9e0d9e4e5479f947619774677a63572e55e80eff"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "paste"
+version = "1.0.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b1de2e551fb905ac83f73f7aedf2f0cb4a0da7e35efa24a202a936269f1f18e1"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "permutohedron"
+version = "0.2.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "b687ff7b5da449d39e418ad391e5e08da53ec334903ddbb921db208908fc372c"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "plotters"
+version = "0.3.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "2538b639e642295546c50fcd545198c9d64ee2a38620a628724a3b266d5fbf97"
+dependencies = [
+ "num-traits",
+ "plotters-backend",
+ "plotters-svg",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+ "web-sys",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "plotters-backend"
+version = "0.3.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "193228616381fecdc1224c62e96946dfbc73ff4384fba576e052ff8c1bea8142"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "plotters-svg"
+version = "0.3.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f9a81d2759aae1dae668f783c308bc5c8ebd191ff4184aaa1b37f65a6ae5a56f"
+dependencies = [
+ "plotters-backend",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ppv-lite86"
+version = "0.2.16"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "eb9f9e6e233e5c4a35559a617bf40a4ec447db2e84c20b55a6f83167b7e57872"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "proc-macro2"
+version = "1.0.43"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0a2ca2c61bc9f3d74d2886294ab7b9853abd9c1ad903a3ac7815c58989bb7bab"
+dependencies = [
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "quickcheck"
+version = "0.9.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a44883e74aa97ad63db83c4bf8ca490f02b2fc02f92575e720c8551e843c945f"
+dependencies = [
+ "rand",
+ "rand_core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "quote"
+version = "1.0.21"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bbe448f377a7d6961e30f5955f9b8d106c3f5e449d493ee1b125c1d43c2b5179"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rand"
+version = "0.7.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "6a6b1679d49b24bbfe0c803429aa1874472f50d9b363131f0e89fc356b544d03"
+dependencies = [
+ "getrandom",
+ "libc",
+ "rand_chacha",
+ "rand_core",
+ "rand_hc",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rand_chacha"
+version = "0.2.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "f4c8ed856279c9737206bf725bf36935d8666ead7aa69b52be55af369d193402"
+dependencies = [
+ "ppv-lite86",
+ "rand_core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rand_core"
+version = "0.5.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "90bde5296fc891b0cef12a6d03ddccc162ce7b2aff54160af9338f8d40df6d19"
+dependencies = [
+ "getrandom",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rand_hc"
+version = "0.2.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ca3129af7b92a17112d59ad498c6f81eaf463253766b90396d39ea7a39d6613c"
+dependencies = [
+ "rand_core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rayon"
+version = "1.5.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bd99e5772ead8baa5215278c9b15bf92087709e9c1b2d1f97cdb5a183c933a7d"
+dependencies = [
+ "autocfg",
+ "crossbeam-deque",
+ "either",
+ "rayon-core",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "rayon-core"
+version = "1.9.3"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "258bcdb5ac6dad48491bb2992db6b7cf74878b0384908af124823d118c99683f"
+dependencies = [
+ "crossbeam-channel",
+ "crossbeam-deque",
+ "crossbeam-utils",
+ "num_cpus",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "regex"
+version = "1.6.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4c4eb3267174b8c6c2f654116623910a0fef09c4753f8dd83db29c48a0df988b"
+dependencies = [
+ "regex-syntax",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "regex-syntax"
+version = "0.6.27"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "a3f87b73ce11b1619a3c6332f45341e0047173771e8b8b73f87bfeefb7b56244"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "ryu"
+version = "1.0.11"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4501abdff3ae82a1c1b477a17252eb69cee9e66eb915c1abaa4f44d873df9f09"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "same-file"
+version = "1.0.6"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "93fc1dc3aaa9bfed95e02e6eadabb4baf7e3078b0bd1b4d7b6b0b68378900502"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi-util",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "scopeguard"
+version = "1.1.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "d29ab0c6d3fc0ee92fe66e2d99f700eab17a8d57d1c1d3b748380fb20baa78cd"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "serde"
+version = "1.0.144"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "0f747710de3dcd43b88c9168773254e809d8ddbdf9653b84e2554ab219f17860"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde_derive",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "serde_derive"
+version = "1.0.144"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "94ed3a816fb1d101812f83e789f888322c34e291f894f19590dc310963e87a00"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "serde_json"
+version = "1.0.85"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "e55a28e3aaef9d5ce0506d0a14dbba8054ddc7e499ef522dd8b26859ec9d4a44"
+dependencies = [
+ "itoa",
+ "ryu",
+ "serde",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "syn"
+version = "1.0.100"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "52205623b1b0f064a4e71182c3b18ae902267282930c6d5462c91b859668426e"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "unicode-ident",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "textwrap"
+version = "0.15.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "949517c0cf1bf4ee812e2e07e08ab448e3ae0d23472aee8a06c985f0c8815b16"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "tinytemplate"
+version = "1.2.1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "be4d6b5f19ff7664e8c98d03e2139cb510db9b0a60b55f8e8709b689d939b6bc"
+dependencies = [
+ "serde",
+ "serde_json",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "unicode-ident"
+version = "1.0.4"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "dcc811dc4066ac62f84f11307873c4850cb653bfa9b1719cee2bd2204a4bc5dd"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "walkdir"
+version = "2.3.2"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "808cf2735cd4b6866113f648b791c6adc5714537bc222d9347bb203386ffda56"
+dependencies = [
+ "same-file",
+ "winapi",
+ "winapi-util",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasi"
+version = "0.9.0+wasi-snapshot-preview1"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "cccddf32554fecc6acb585f82a32a72e28b48f8c4c1883ddfeeeaa96f7d8e519"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-bindgen"
+version = "0.2.83"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "eaf9f5aceeec8be17c128b2e93e031fb8a4d469bb9c4ae2d7dc1888b26887268"
+dependencies = [
+ "cfg-if",
+ "wasm-bindgen-macro",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-bindgen-backend"
+version = "0.2.83"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "4c8ffb332579b0557b52d268b91feab8df3615f265d5270fec2a8c95b17c1142"
+dependencies = [
+ "bumpalo",
+ "log",
+ "once_cell",
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+ "wasm-bindgen-shared",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-bindgen-macro"
+version = "0.2.83"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "052be0f94026e6cbc75cdefc9bae13fd6052cdcaf532fa6c45e7ae33a1e6c810"
+dependencies = [
+ "quote",
+ "wasm-bindgen-macro-support",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-bindgen-macro-support"
+version = "0.2.83"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "07bc0c051dc5f23e307b13285f9d75df86bfdf816c5721e573dec1f9b8aa193c"
+dependencies = [
+ "proc-macro2",
+ "quote",
+ "syn",
+ "wasm-bindgen-backend",
+ "wasm-bindgen-shared",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "wasm-bindgen-shared"
+version = "0.2.83"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "1c38c045535d93ec4f0b4defec448e4291638ee608530863b1e2ba115d4fff7f"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "web-sys"
+version = "0.3.60"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "bcda906d8be16e728fd5adc5b729afad4e444e106ab28cd1c7256e54fa61510f"
+dependencies = [
+ "js-sys",
+ "wasm-bindgen",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi"
+version = "0.3.9"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "5c839a674fcd7a98952e593242ea400abe93992746761e38641405d28b00f419"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu",
+ "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-i686-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "ac3b87c63620426dd9b991e5ce0329eff545bccbbb34f3be09ff6fb6ab51b7b6"
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-util"
+version = "0.1.5"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "70ec6ce85bb158151cae5e5c87f95a8e97d2c0c4b001223f33a334e3ce5de178"
+dependencies = [
+ "winapi",
+]
+
+[[package]]
+name = "winapi-x86_64-pc-windows-gnu"
+version = "0.4.0"
+source = "registry+https://github.com/rust-lang/crates.io-index"
+checksum = "712e227841d057c1ee1cd2fb22fa7e5a5461ae8e48fa2ca79ec42cfc1931183f"
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/Cargo.toml b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df3cbd8fd3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+# THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY CARGO
+#
+# When uploading crates to the registry Cargo will automatically
+# "normalize" Cargo.toml files for maximal compatibility
+# with all versions of Cargo and also rewrite `path` dependencies
+# to registry (e.g., crates.io) dependencies.
+#
+# If you are reading this file be aware that the original Cargo.toml
+# will likely look very different (and much more reasonable).
+# See Cargo.toml.orig for the original contents.
+
+[package]
+edition = "2018"
+rust-version = "1.36.0"
+name = "itertools"
+version = "0.11.0"
+authors = ["bluss"]
+exclude = ["/bors.toml"]
+description = "Extra iterator adaptors, iterator methods, free functions, and macros."
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/itertools/"
+readme = "README.md"
+keywords = [
+    "iterator",
+    "data-structure",
+    "zip",
+    "product",
+    "group-by",
+]
+categories = [
+    "algorithms",
+    "rust-patterns",
+]
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+repository = "https://github.com/rust-itertools/itertools"
+
+[profile.bench]
+debug = 2
+
+[lib]
+test = false
+bench = false
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "tuple_combinations"
+harness = false
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "tuples"
+harness = false
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "fold_specialization"
+harness = false
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "combinations_with_replacement"
+harness = false
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "tree_fold1"
+harness = false
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "bench1"
+harness = false
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "combinations"
+harness = false
+
+[[bench]]
+name = "powerset"
+harness = false
+
+[dependencies.either]
+version = "1.0"
+default-features = false
+
+[dev-dependencies.criterion]
+version = "0.4.0"
+
+[dev-dependencies.paste]
+version = "1.0.0"
+
+[dev-dependencies.permutohedron]
+version = "0.2"
+
+[dev-dependencies.quickcheck]
+version = "0.9"
+default_features = false
+
+[dev-dependencies.rand]
+version = "0.7"
+
+[features]
+default = ["use_std"]
+use_alloc = []
+use_std = [
+    "use_alloc",
+    "either/use_std",
+]
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/LICENSE-APACHE b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..16fe87b06e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                              Apache License
+                        Version 2.0, January 2004
+                     http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+1. Definitions.
+
+   "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+   and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+   "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+   the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+   "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+   other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+   control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+   "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+   direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+   otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+   outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+   "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+   exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+   "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+   including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+   source, and configuration files.
+
+   "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+   transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+   not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+   and conversions to other media types.
+
+   "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+   Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+   copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+   (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+   "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+   form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+   editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+   represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+   of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+   separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+   the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+   "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+   the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+   to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+   submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+   or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+   the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+   means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+   to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+   communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+   and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+   Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
+   excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+   designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+   "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+   on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+   subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+   this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+   worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+   copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
+   publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
+   Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+   this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+   worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+   (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+   use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+   where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+   by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+   Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+   with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+   institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+   cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+   or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+   or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+   granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+   as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+   Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+   modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+   meet the following conditions:
+
+   (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+       Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+   (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+       stating that You changed the files; and
+
+   (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+       that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
+       attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
+       excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+       the Derivative Works; and
+
+   (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+       distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+       include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+       within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+       pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+       of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+       as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+       documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+       within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+       wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+       of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+       do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+       notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+       or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+       that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+       as modifying the License.
+
+   You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+   may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+   for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+   for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+   reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+   the conditions stated in this License.
+
+5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+   any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+   by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+   this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+   Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+   the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+   with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+   names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+   except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+   origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+   agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+   Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+   implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+   of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+   appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+   risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+   whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+   unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+   negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+   liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+   incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+   result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+   Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+   work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+   other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+   has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+   the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+   and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+   or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+   License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+   on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+   of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+   defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+   incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+   of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+   To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+   boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
+   replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
+   the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
+   comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
+   file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
+   same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
+   identification within third-party archives.
+
+Copyright [yyyy] [name of copyright owner]
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+	http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/LICENSE-MIT b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9203baa055
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+Copyright (c) 2015
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any
+person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
+documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the
+Software without restriction, including without
+limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software
+is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice
+shall be included in all copies or substantial portions
+of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
+ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
+TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
+SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR
+IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/README.md b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..626d10d0d0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+# Itertools
+
+Extra iterator adaptors, functions and macros.
+
+Please read the [API documentation here](https://docs.rs/itertools/).
+
+[![build_status](https://github.com/rust-itertools/itertools/actions/workflows/ci.yml/badge.svg)](https://github.com/rust-itertools/itertools/actions)
+[![crates.io](https://img.shields.io/crates/v/itertools.svg)](https://crates.io/crates/itertools)
+
+How to use with Cargo:
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+itertools = "0.11.0"
+```
+
+How to use in your crate:
+
+```rust
+use itertools::Itertools;
+```
+
+## How to contribute
+
+- Fix a bug or implement a new thing
+- Include tests for your new feature, preferably a QuickCheck test
+- Make a Pull Request
+
+For new features, please first consider filing a PR to [rust-lang/rust](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust),
+adding your new feature to the `Iterator` trait of the standard library, if you believe it is reasonable.
+If it isn't accepted there, proposing it for inclusion in ``itertools`` is a good idea.
+The reason for doing is this is so that we avoid future breakage as with ``.flatten()``.
+However, if your feature involves heap allocation, such as storing elements in a ``Vec<T>``,
+then it can't be accepted into ``libcore``, and you should propose it for ``itertools`` directly instead.
+
+## License
+
+Dual-licensed to be compatible with the Rust project.
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 or the MIT license
+https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT, at your
+option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+except according to those terms.
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/bench1.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/bench1.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..71278d17b6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/bench1.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,877 @@
+use criterion::{black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use itertools::free::cloned;
+use itertools::iproduct;
+
+use std::iter::repeat;
+use std::cmp;
+use std::ops::{Add, Range};
+
+mod extra;
+
+use crate::extra::ZipSlices;
+
+fn slice_iter(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs: Vec<_> = repeat(1i32).take(20).collect();
+
+    c.bench_function("slice iter", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| for elt in xs.iter() {
+            black_box(elt);
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn slice_iter_rev(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs: Vec<_> = repeat(1i32).take(20).collect();
+
+    c.bench_function("slice iter rev", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| for elt in xs.iter().rev() {
+            black_box(elt);
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn zip_default_zip(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = vec![0; 1024];
+    let ys = vec![0; 768];
+    let xs = black_box(xs);
+    let ys = black_box(ys);
+
+    c.bench_function("zip default zip", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (&x, &y) in xs.iter().zip(&ys) {
+                black_box(x);
+                black_box(y);
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn zipdot_i32_default_zip(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = vec![2; 1024];
+    let ys = vec![2; 768];
+    let xs = black_box(xs);
+    let ys = black_box(ys);
+
+    c.bench_function("zipdot i32 default zip", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let mut s = 0;
+            for (&x, &y) in xs.iter().zip(&ys) {
+                s += x * y;
+            }
+            s
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn zipdot_f32_default_zip(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = vec![2f32; 1024];
+    let ys = vec![2f32; 768];
+    let xs = black_box(xs);
+    let ys = black_box(ys);
+
+    c.bench_function("zipdot f32 default zip", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let mut s = 0.;
+            for (&x, &y) in xs.iter().zip(&ys) {
+                s += x * y;
+            }
+            s
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn zip_default_zip3(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = vec![0; 1024];
+    let ys = vec![0; 768];
+    let zs = vec![0; 766];
+    let xs = black_box(xs);
+    let ys = black_box(ys);
+    let zs = black_box(zs);
+
+    c.bench_function("zip default zip3", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for ((&x, &y), &z) in xs.iter().zip(&ys).zip(&zs) {
+                black_box(x);
+                black_box(y);
+                black_box(z);
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn zip_slices_ziptuple(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = vec![0; 1024];
+    let ys = vec![0; 768];
+
+    c.bench_function("zip slices ziptuple", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let xs = black_box(&xs);
+            let ys = black_box(&ys);
+            for (&x, &y) in itertools::multizip((xs, ys)) {
+                black_box(x);
+                black_box(y);
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn zipslices(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = vec![0; 1024];
+    let ys = vec![0; 768];
+    let xs = black_box(xs);
+    let ys = black_box(ys);
+
+    c.bench_function("zipslices", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (&x, &y) in ZipSlices::new(&xs, &ys) {
+                black_box(x);
+                black_box(y);
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn zipslices_mut(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = vec![0; 1024];
+    let ys = vec![0; 768];
+    let xs = black_box(xs);
+    let mut ys = black_box(ys);
+
+    c.bench_function("zipslices mut", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (&x, &mut y) in ZipSlices::from_slices(&xs[..], &mut ys[..]) {
+                black_box(x);
+                black_box(y);
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn zipdot_i32_zipslices(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = vec![2; 1024];
+    let ys = vec![2; 768];
+    let xs = black_box(xs);
+    let ys = black_box(ys);
+
+    c.bench_function("zipdot i32 zipslices", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let mut s = 0i32;
+            for (&x, &y) in ZipSlices::new(&xs, &ys) {
+                s += x * y;
+            }
+            s
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn zipdot_f32_zipslices(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = vec![2f32; 1024];
+    let ys = vec![2f32; 768];
+    let xs = black_box(xs);
+    let ys = black_box(ys);
+
+    c.bench_function("zipdot f32 zipslices", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let mut s = 0.;
+            for (&x, &y) in ZipSlices::new(&xs, &ys) {
+                s += x * y;
+            }
+            s
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn zip_checked_counted_loop(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = vec![0; 1024];
+    let ys = vec![0; 768];
+    let xs = black_box(xs);
+    let ys = black_box(ys);
+
+    c.bench_function("zip checked counted loop", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            // Must slice to equal lengths, and then bounds checks are eliminated!
+            let len = cmp::min(xs.len(), ys.len());
+            let xs = &xs[..len];
+            let ys = &ys[..len];
+
+            for i in 0..len {
+                let x = xs[i];
+                let y = ys[i];
+                black_box(x);
+                black_box(y);
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn zipdot_i32_checked_counted_loop(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = vec![2; 1024];
+    let ys = vec![2; 768];
+    let xs = black_box(xs);
+    let ys = black_box(ys);
+
+    c.bench_function("zipdot i32 checked counted loop", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            // Must slice to equal lengths, and then bounds checks are eliminated!
+            let len = cmp::min(xs.len(), ys.len());
+            let xs = &xs[..len];
+            let ys = &ys[..len];
+
+            let mut s = 0i32;
+
+            for i in 0..len {
+                s += xs[i] * ys[i];
+            }
+            s
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn zipdot_f32_checked_counted_loop(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = vec![2f32; 1024];
+    let ys = vec![2f32; 768];
+    let xs = black_box(xs);
+    let ys = black_box(ys);
+
+    c.bench_function("zipdot f32 checked counted loop", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            // Must slice to equal lengths, and then bounds checks are eliminated!
+            let len = cmp::min(xs.len(), ys.len());
+            let xs = &xs[..len];
+            let ys = &ys[..len];
+
+            let mut s = 0.;
+
+            for i in 0..len {
+                s += xs[i] * ys[i];
+            }
+            s
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn zipdot_f32_checked_counted_unrolled_loop(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = vec![2f32; 1024];
+    let ys = vec![2f32; 768];
+    let xs = black_box(xs);
+    let ys = black_box(ys);
+
+    c.bench_function("zipdot f32 checked counted unrolled loop", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            // Must slice to equal lengths, and then bounds checks are eliminated!
+            let len = cmp::min(xs.len(), ys.len());
+            let mut xs = &xs[..len];
+            let mut ys = &ys[..len];
+
+            let mut s = 0.;
+            let (mut p0, mut p1, mut p2, mut p3, mut p4, mut p5, mut p6, mut p7) =
+                (0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0., 0.);
+
+            // how to unroll and have bounds checks eliminated (by cristicbz)
+            // split sum into eight parts to enable vectorization (by bluss)
+            while xs.len() >= 8 {
+                p0 += xs[0] * ys[0];
+                p1 += xs[1] * ys[1];
+                p2 += xs[2] * ys[2];
+                p3 += xs[3] * ys[3];
+                p4 += xs[4] * ys[4];
+                p5 += xs[5] * ys[5];
+                p6 += xs[6] * ys[6];
+                p7 += xs[7] * ys[7];
+
+                xs = &xs[8..];
+                ys = &ys[8..];
+            }
+            s += p0 + p4;
+            s += p1 + p5;
+            s += p2 + p6;
+            s += p3 + p7;
+
+            for i in 0..xs.len() {
+                s += xs[i] * ys[i];
+            }
+            s
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn zip_unchecked_counted_loop(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = vec![0; 1024];
+    let ys = vec![0; 768];
+    let xs = black_box(xs);
+    let ys = black_box(ys);
+
+    c.bench_function("zip unchecked counted loop", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let len = cmp::min(xs.len(), ys.len());
+            for i in 0..len {
+                unsafe {
+                let x = *xs.get_unchecked(i);
+                let y = *ys.get_unchecked(i);
+                black_box(x);
+                black_box(y);
+                }
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn zipdot_i32_unchecked_counted_loop(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = vec![2; 1024];
+    let ys = vec![2; 768];
+    let xs = black_box(xs);
+    let ys = black_box(ys);
+
+    c.bench_function("zipdot i32 unchecked counted loop", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let len = cmp::min(xs.len(), ys.len());
+            let mut s = 0i32;
+            for i in 0..len {
+                unsafe {
+                let x = *xs.get_unchecked(i);
+                let y = *ys.get_unchecked(i);
+                s += x * y;
+                }
+            }
+            s
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn zipdot_f32_unchecked_counted_loop(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = vec![2.; 1024];
+    let ys = vec![2.; 768];
+    let xs = black_box(xs);
+    let ys = black_box(ys);
+
+    c.bench_function("zipdot f32 unchecked counted loop", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let len = cmp::min(xs.len(), ys.len());
+            let mut s = 0f32;
+            for i in 0..len {
+                unsafe {
+                let x = *xs.get_unchecked(i);
+                let y = *ys.get_unchecked(i);
+                s += x * y;
+                }
+            }
+            s
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn zip_unchecked_counted_loop3(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = vec![0; 1024];
+    let ys = vec![0; 768];
+    let zs = vec![0; 766];
+    let xs = black_box(xs);
+    let ys = black_box(ys);
+    let zs = black_box(zs);
+
+    c.bench_function("zip unchecked counted loop3", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let len = cmp::min(xs.len(), cmp::min(ys.len(), zs.len()));
+            for i in 0..len {
+                unsafe {
+                let x = *xs.get_unchecked(i);
+                let y = *ys.get_unchecked(i);
+                let z = *zs.get_unchecked(i);
+                black_box(x);
+                black_box(y);
+                black_box(z);
+                }
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn group_by_lazy_1(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut data = vec![0; 1024];
+    for (index, elt) in data.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+        *elt = index / 10;
+    }
+
+    let data = black_box(data);
+
+    c.bench_function("group by lazy 1", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (_key, group) in &data.iter().group_by(|elt| **elt) {
+                for elt in group {
+                    black_box(elt);
+                }
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn group_by_lazy_2(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut data = vec![0; 1024];
+    for (index, elt) in data.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+        *elt = index / 2;
+    }
+
+    let data = black_box(data);
+
+    c.bench_function("group by lazy 2", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (_key, group) in &data.iter().group_by(|elt| **elt) {
+                for elt in group {
+                    black_box(elt);
+                }
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn slice_chunks(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let data = vec![0; 1024];
+
+    let data = black_box(data);
+    let sz = black_box(10);
+
+    c.bench_function("slice chunks", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for group in data.chunks(sz) {
+                for elt in group {
+                    black_box(elt);
+                }
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn chunks_lazy_1(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let data = vec![0; 1024];
+
+    let data = black_box(data);
+    let sz = black_box(10);
+
+    c.bench_function("chunks lazy 1", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for group in &data.iter().chunks(sz) {
+                for elt in group {
+                    black_box(elt);
+                }
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn equal(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let data = vec![7; 1024];
+    let l = data.len();
+    let alpha = black_box(&data[1..]);
+    let beta = black_box(&data[..l - 1]);
+
+    c.bench_function("equal", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            itertools::equal(alpha, beta)
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn merge_default(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut data1 = vec![0; 1024];
+    let mut data2 = vec![0; 800];
+    let mut x = 0;
+    for (_, elt) in data1.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+        *elt = x;
+        x += 1;
+    }
+
+    let mut y = 0;
+    for (i, elt) in data2.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+        *elt += y;
+        if i % 3 == 0 {
+            y += 3;
+        } else {
+            y += 0;
+        }
+    }
+    let data1 = black_box(data1);
+    let data2 = black_box(data2);
+
+    c.bench_function("merge default", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            data1.iter().merge(&data2).count()
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn merge_by_cmp(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut data1 = vec![0; 1024];
+    let mut data2 = vec![0; 800];
+    let mut x = 0;
+    for (_, elt) in data1.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+        *elt = x;
+        x += 1;
+    }
+
+    let mut y = 0;
+    for (i, elt) in data2.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+        *elt += y;
+        if i % 3 == 0 {
+            y += 3;
+        } else {
+            y += 0;
+        }
+    }
+    let data1 = black_box(data1);
+    let data2 = black_box(data2);
+
+    c.bench_function("merge by cmp", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            data1.iter().merge_by(&data2, PartialOrd::le).count()
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn merge_by_lt(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut data1 = vec![0; 1024];
+    let mut data2 = vec![0; 800];
+    let mut x = 0;
+    for (_, elt) in data1.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+        *elt = x;
+        x += 1;
+    }
+
+    let mut y = 0;
+    for (i, elt) in data2.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+        *elt += y;
+        if i % 3 == 0 {
+            y += 3;
+        } else {
+            y += 0;
+        }
+    }
+    let data1 = black_box(data1);
+    let data2 = black_box(data2);
+
+    c.bench_function("merge by lt", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            data1.iter().merge_by(&data2, |a, b| a <= b).count()
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn kmerge_default(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut data1 = vec![0; 1024];
+    let mut data2 = vec![0; 800];
+    let mut x = 0;
+    for (_, elt) in data1.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+        *elt = x;
+        x += 1;
+    }
+
+    let mut y = 0;
+    for (i, elt) in data2.iter_mut().enumerate() {
+        *elt += y;
+        if i % 3 == 0 {
+            y += 3;
+        } else {
+            y += 0;
+        }
+    }
+    let data1 = black_box(data1);
+    let data2 = black_box(data2);
+    let its = &[data1.iter(), data2.iter()];
+
+    c.bench_function("kmerge default", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            its.iter().cloned().kmerge().count()
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn kmerge_tenway(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut data = vec![0; 10240];
+
+    let mut state = 1729u16;
+    fn rng(state: &mut u16) -> u16 {
+        let new = state.wrapping_mul(31421) + 6927;
+        *state = new;
+        new
+    }
+
+    for elt in &mut data {
+        *elt = rng(&mut state);
+    }
+
+    let mut chunks = Vec::new();
+    let mut rest = &mut data[..];
+    while rest.len() > 0 {
+        let chunk_len = 1 + rng(&mut state) % 512;
+        let chunk_len = cmp::min(rest.len(), chunk_len as usize);
+        let (fst, tail) = {rest}.split_at_mut(chunk_len);
+        fst.sort();
+        chunks.push(fst.iter().cloned());
+        rest = tail;
+    }
+
+    // println!("Chunk lengths: {}", chunks.iter().format_with(", ", |elt, f| f(&elt.len())));
+
+    c.bench_function("kmerge tenway", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            chunks.iter().cloned().kmerge().count()
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn fast_integer_sum<I>(iter: I) -> I::Item
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          I::Item: Default + Add<Output=I::Item>
+{
+    iter.into_iter().fold(<_>::default(), |x, y| x + y)
+}
+
+fn step_vec_2(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let v = vec![0; 1024];
+
+    c.bench_function("step vec 2", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            fast_integer_sum(cloned(v.iter().step_by(2)))
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn step_vec_10(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let v = vec![0; 1024];
+
+    c.bench_function("step vec 10", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            fast_integer_sum(cloned(v.iter().step_by(10)))
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn step_range_2(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let v = black_box(0..1024);
+
+    c.bench_function("step range 2", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            fast_integer_sum(v.clone().step_by(2))
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn step_range_10(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let v = black_box(0..1024);
+
+    c.bench_function("step range 10", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            fast_integer_sum(v.clone().step_by(10))
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn cartesian_product_iterator(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = vec![0; 16];
+
+    c.bench_function("cartesian product iterator", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let mut sum = 0;
+            for (&x, &y, &z) in iproduct!(&xs, &xs, &xs) {
+                sum += x;
+                sum += y;
+                sum += z;
+            }
+            sum
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn cartesian_product_fold(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = vec![0; 16];
+
+    c.bench_function("cartesian product fold", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let mut sum = 0;
+            iproduct!(&xs, &xs, &xs).fold((), |(), (&x, &y, &z)| {
+                sum += x;
+                sum += y;
+                sum += z;
+            });
+            sum
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn multi_cartesian_product_iterator(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = [vec![0; 16], vec![0; 16], vec![0; 16]];
+
+    c.bench_function("multi cartesian product iterator", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let mut sum = 0;
+            for x in xs.iter().multi_cartesian_product() {
+                sum += x[0];
+                sum += x[1];
+                sum += x[2];
+            }
+            sum
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn multi_cartesian_product_fold(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = [vec![0; 16], vec![0; 16], vec![0; 16]];
+
+    c.bench_function("multi cartesian product fold", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let mut sum = 0;
+            xs.iter().multi_cartesian_product().fold((), |(), x| {
+                sum += x[0];
+                sum += x[1];
+                sum += x[2];
+            });
+            sum
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn cartesian_product_nested_for(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let xs = vec![0; 16];
+
+    c.bench_function("cartesian product nested for", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            let mut sum = 0;
+            for &x in &xs {
+                for &y in &xs {
+                    for &z in &xs {
+                        sum += x;
+                        sum += y;
+                        sum += z;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            sum
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn all_equal(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut xs = vec![0; 5_000_000];
+    xs.extend(vec![1; 5_000_000]);
+
+    c.bench_function("all equal", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| xs.iter().all_equal())
+    });
+}
+
+fn all_equal_for(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut xs = vec![0; 5_000_000];
+    xs.extend(vec![1; 5_000_000]);
+
+    c.bench_function("all equal for", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for &x in &xs {
+                if x != xs[0] {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+            true
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn all_equal_default(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let mut xs = vec![0; 5_000_000];
+    xs.extend(vec![1; 5_000_000]);
+
+    c.bench_function("all equal default", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| xs.iter().dedup().nth(1).is_none())
+    });
+}
+
+const PERM_COUNT: usize = 6;
+
+fn permutations_iter(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    struct NewIterator(Range<usize>);
+
+    impl Iterator for NewIterator {
+        type Item = usize;
+
+        fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+            self.0.next()
+        }
+    }
+
+    c.bench_function("permutations iter", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for _ in NewIterator(0..PERM_COUNT).permutations(PERM_COUNT) {
+
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn permutations_range(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("permutations range", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for _ in (0..PERM_COUNT).permutations(PERM_COUNT) {
+
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn permutations_slice(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    let v = (0..PERM_COUNT).collect_vec();
+
+    c.bench_function("permutations slice", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for _ in v.as_slice().iter().permutations(PERM_COUNT) {
+
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+criterion_group!(
+    benches,
+    slice_iter,
+    slice_iter_rev,
+    zip_default_zip,
+    zipdot_i32_default_zip,
+    zipdot_f32_default_zip,
+    zip_default_zip3,
+    zip_slices_ziptuple,
+    zipslices,
+    zipslices_mut,
+    zipdot_i32_zipslices,
+    zipdot_f32_zipslices,
+    zip_checked_counted_loop,
+    zipdot_i32_checked_counted_loop,
+    zipdot_f32_checked_counted_loop,
+    zipdot_f32_checked_counted_unrolled_loop,
+    zip_unchecked_counted_loop,
+    zipdot_i32_unchecked_counted_loop,
+    zipdot_f32_unchecked_counted_loop,
+    zip_unchecked_counted_loop3,
+    group_by_lazy_1,
+    group_by_lazy_2,
+    slice_chunks,
+    chunks_lazy_1,
+    equal,
+    merge_default,
+    merge_by_cmp,
+    merge_by_lt,
+    kmerge_default,
+    kmerge_tenway,
+    step_vec_2,
+    step_vec_10,
+    step_range_2,
+    step_range_10,
+    cartesian_product_iterator,
+    cartesian_product_fold,
+    multi_cartesian_product_iterator,
+    multi_cartesian_product_fold,
+    cartesian_product_nested_for,
+    all_equal,
+    all_equal_for,
+    all_equal_default,
+    permutations_iter,
+    permutations_range,
+    permutations_slice,
+);
+criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/combinations.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/combinations.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e7433a4cb0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/combinations.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,125 @@
+use criterion::{black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+// approximate 100_000 iterations for each combination
+const N1: usize = 100_000;
+const N2: usize = 448;
+const N3: usize = 86;
+const N4: usize = 41;
+const N14: usize = 21;
+
+fn comb_for1(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("comb for1", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for i in 0..N1 {
+                black_box(vec![i]);
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn comb_for2(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("comb for2", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for i in 0..N2 {
+                for j in (i + 1)..N2 {
+                    black_box(vec![i, j]);
+                }
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn comb_for3(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("comb for3", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for i in 0..N3 {
+                for j in (i + 1)..N3 {
+                    for k in (j + 1)..N3 {
+                        black_box(vec![i, j, k]);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn comb_for4(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("comb for4", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for i in 0..N4 {
+                for j in (i + 1)..N4 {
+                    for k in (j + 1)..N4 {
+                        for l in (k + 1)..N4 {
+                            black_box(vec![i, j, k, l]);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn comb_c1(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("comb c1", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for combo in (0..N1).combinations(1) {
+                black_box(combo);
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn comb_c2(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("comb c2", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for combo in (0..N2).combinations(2) {
+                black_box(combo);
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn comb_c3(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("comb c3", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for combo in (0..N3).combinations(3) {
+                black_box(combo);
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn comb_c4(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("comb c4", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for combo in (0..N4).combinations(4) {
+                black_box(combo);
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn comb_c14(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("comb c14", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for combo in (0..N14).combinations(14) {
+                black_box(combo);
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+criterion_group!(
+    benches,
+    comb_for1,
+    comb_for2,
+    comb_for3,
+    comb_for4,
+    comb_c1,
+    comb_c2,
+    comb_c3,
+    comb_c4,
+    comb_c14,
+);
+criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/combinations_with_replacement.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/combinations_with_replacement.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8e4fa3dc3b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/combinations_with_replacement.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+use criterion::{black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+fn comb_replacement_n10_k5(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("comb replacement n10k5", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for i in (0..10).combinations_with_replacement(5) {
+                black_box(i);
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn comb_replacement_n5_k10(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("comb replacement n5 k10", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for i in (0..5).combinations_with_replacement(10) {
+                black_box(i);
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn comb_replacement_n10_k10(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("comb replacement n10 k10", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for i in (0..10).combinations_with_replacement(10) {
+                black_box(i);
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+criterion_group!(
+    benches,
+    comb_replacement_n10_k5,
+    comb_replacement_n5_k10,
+    comb_replacement_n10_k10,
+);
+criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/extra/mod.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/extra/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..52fe5cc3fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/extra/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+pub use self::zipslices::ZipSlices;
+mod zipslices;
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/extra/zipslices.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/extra/zipslices.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..633be59068
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/extra/zipslices.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,188 @@
+use std::cmp;
+
+// Note: There are different ways to implement ZipSlices.
+// This version performed the best in benchmarks.
+//
+// I also implemented a version with three pointers (tptr, tend, uptr),
+// that mimiced slice::Iter and only checked bounds by using tptr == tend,
+// but that was inferior to this solution.
+
+/// An iterator which iterates two slices simultaneously.
+///
+/// `ZipSlices` acts like a double-ended `.zip()` iterator.
+///
+/// It was intended to be more efficient than `.zip()`, and it was, then
+/// rustc changed how it optimizes so it can not promise improved performance
+/// at this time.
+///
+/// Note that elements past the end of the shortest of the two slices are ignored.
+///
+/// Iterator element type for `ZipSlices<T, U>` is `(T::Item, U::Item)`. For example,
+/// for a `ZipSlices<&'a [A], &'b mut [B]>`, the element type is `(&'a A, &'b mut B)`.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct ZipSlices<T, U> {
+    t: T,
+    u: U,
+    len: usize,
+    index: usize,
+}
+
+impl<'a, 'b, A, B> ZipSlices<&'a [A], &'b [B]> {
+    /// Create a new `ZipSlices` from slices `a` and `b`.
+    ///
+    /// Act like a double-ended `.zip()` iterator, but more efficiently.
+    ///
+    /// Note that elements past the end of the shortest of the two slices are ignored.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn new(a: &'a [A], b: &'b [B]) -> Self {
+        let minl = cmp::min(a.len(), b.len());
+        ZipSlices {
+            t: a,
+            u: b,
+            len: minl,
+            index: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, U> ZipSlices<T, U>
+    where T: Slice,
+          U: Slice
+{
+    /// Create a new `ZipSlices` from slices `a` and `b`.
+    ///
+    /// Act like a double-ended `.zip()` iterator, but more efficiently.
+    ///
+    /// Note that elements past the end of the shortest of the two slices are ignored.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    pub fn from_slices(a: T, b: U) -> Self {
+        let minl = cmp::min(a.len(), b.len());
+        ZipSlices {
+            t: a,
+            u: b,
+            len: minl,
+            index: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, U> Iterator for ZipSlices<T, U>
+    where T: Slice,
+          U: Slice
+{
+    type Item = (T::Item, U::Item);
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        unsafe {
+            if self.index >= self.len {
+                None
+            } else {
+                let i = self.index;
+                self.index += 1;
+                Some((
+                    self.t.get_unchecked(i),
+                    self.u.get_unchecked(i)))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        let len = self.len - self.index;
+        (len, Some(len))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, U> DoubleEndedIterator for ZipSlices<T, U>
+    where T: Slice,
+          U: Slice
+{
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        unsafe {
+            if self.index >= self.len {
+                None
+            } else {
+                self.len -= 1;
+                let i = self.len;
+                Some((
+                    self.t.get_unchecked(i),
+                    self.u.get_unchecked(i)))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, U> ExactSizeIterator for ZipSlices<T, U>
+    where T: Slice,
+          U: Slice
+{}
+
+unsafe impl<T, U> Slice for ZipSlices<T, U>
+    where T: Slice,
+          U: Slice
+{
+    type Item = (T::Item, U::Item);
+
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.len - self.index
+    }
+
+    unsafe fn get_unchecked(&mut self, i: usize) -> Self::Item {
+        (self.t.get_unchecked(i),
+         self.u.get_unchecked(i))
+    }
+}
+
+/// A helper trait to let `ZipSlices` accept both `&[T]` and `&mut [T]`.
+///
+/// Unsafe trait because:
+///
+/// - Implementors must guarantee that `get_unchecked` is valid for all indices `0..len()`.
+pub unsafe trait Slice {
+    /// The type of a reference to the slice's elements
+    type Item;
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    fn len(&self) -> usize;
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    unsafe fn get_unchecked(&mut self, i: usize) -> Self::Item;
+}
+
+unsafe impl<'a, T> Slice for &'a [T] {
+    type Item = &'a T;
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn len(&self) -> usize { (**self).len() }
+    #[inline(always)]
+    unsafe fn get_unchecked(&mut self, i: usize) -> &'a T {
+        debug_assert!(i < self.len());
+        (**self).get_unchecked(i)
+    }
+}
+
+unsafe impl<'a, T> Slice for &'a mut [T] {
+    type Item = &'a mut T;
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn len(&self) -> usize { (**self).len() }
+    #[inline(always)]
+    unsafe fn get_unchecked(&mut self, i: usize) -> &'a mut T {
+        debug_assert!(i < self.len());
+        // override the lifetime constraints of &mut &'a mut [T]
+        (*(*self as *mut [T])).get_unchecked_mut(i)
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn zipslices() {
+
+    let xs = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
+    let ys = [1, 2, 3, 7];
+    ::itertools::assert_equal(ZipSlices::new(&xs, &ys), xs.iter().zip(&ys));
+
+    let xs = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
+    let mut ys = [0; 6];
+    for (x, y) in ZipSlices::from_slices(&xs[..], &mut ys[..]) {
+        *y = *x;
+    }
+    ::itertools::assert_equal(&xs, &ys);
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/fold_specialization.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/fold_specialization.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5de4671e98
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/fold_specialization.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,73 @@
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+struct Unspecialized<I>(I);
+
+impl<I> Iterator for Unspecialized<I>
+where I: Iterator
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.0.next()
+    }
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        self.0.size_hint()
+    }
+}
+
+mod specialization {
+    use super::*;
+
+    pub mod intersperse {
+        use super::*;
+
+        pub fn external(c: &mut Criterion)
+        {
+            let arr = [1; 1024];
+
+            c.bench_function("external", move |b| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    let mut sum = 0;
+                    for &x in arr.iter().intersperse(&0) {
+                        sum += x;
+                    }
+                    sum
+                })
+            });
+        }
+
+        pub fn internal_specialized(c: &mut Criterion)
+        {
+            let arr = [1; 1024];
+
+            c.bench_function("internal specialized", move |b| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    arr.iter().intersperse(&0).fold(0, |acc, x| acc + x)
+                })
+            });
+        }
+
+        pub fn internal_unspecialized(c: &mut Criterion)
+        {
+            let arr = [1; 1024];
+
+            c.bench_function("internal unspecialized", move |b| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    Unspecialized(arr.iter().intersperse(&0)).fold(0, |acc, x| acc + x)
+                })
+            });
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+criterion_group!(
+    benches,
+    specialization::intersperse::external,
+    specialization::intersperse::internal_specialized,
+    specialization::intersperse::internal_unspecialized,
+);
+criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/powerset.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/powerset.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..074550bc44
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/powerset.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,44 @@
+use criterion::{black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+// Keep aggregate generated elements the same, regardless of powerset length.
+const TOTAL_ELEMENTS: usize = 1 << 12;
+const fn calc_iters(n: usize) -> usize {
+    TOTAL_ELEMENTS / (1 << n)
+}
+
+fn powerset_n(c: &mut Criterion, n: usize) {
+    let id = format!("powerset {}", n);
+    c.bench_function(id.as_str(), move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for _ in 0..calc_iters(n) {
+                for elt in (0..n).powerset() {
+                    black_box(elt);
+                }
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn powerset_0(c: &mut Criterion) { powerset_n(c, 0); }
+
+fn powerset_1(c: &mut Criterion) { powerset_n(c, 1); }
+
+fn powerset_2(c: &mut Criterion) { powerset_n(c, 2); }
+
+fn powerset_4(c: &mut Criterion) { powerset_n(c, 4); }
+
+fn powerset_8(c: &mut Criterion) { powerset_n(c, 8); }
+
+fn powerset_12(c: &mut Criterion) { powerset_n(c, 12); }
+
+criterion_group!(
+    benches,
+    powerset_0,
+    powerset_1,
+    powerset_2,
+    powerset_4,
+    powerset_8,
+    powerset_12,
+);
+criterion_main!(benches);
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/tree_fold1.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/tree_fold1.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f12995db8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/tree_fold1.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,144 @@
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
+use itertools::{Itertools, cloned};
+
+trait IterEx : Iterator {
+    // Another efficient implementation against which to compare,
+    // but needs `std` so is less desirable.
+    fn tree_fold1_vec<F>(self, mut f: F) -> Option<Self::Item>
+        where F: FnMut(Self::Item, Self::Item) -> Self::Item,
+              Self: Sized,
+    {
+        let hint = self.size_hint().0;
+        let cap = std::mem::size_of::<usize>() * 8 - hint.leading_zeros() as usize;
+        let mut stack = Vec::with_capacity(cap);
+        self.enumerate().for_each(|(mut i, mut x)| {
+            while (i & 1) != 0 {
+                x = f(stack.pop().unwrap(), x);
+                i >>= 1;
+            }
+            stack.push(x);
+        });
+        stack.into_iter().fold1(f)
+    }
+}
+impl<T:Iterator> IterEx for T {}
+
+macro_rules! def_benchs {
+    ($N:expr,
+     $FUN:ident,
+     $BENCH_NAME:ident,
+     ) => (
+        mod $BENCH_NAME {
+            use super::*;
+
+            pub fn sum(c: &mut Criterion) {
+                let v: Vec<u32> = (0.. $N).collect();
+
+                c.bench_function(&(stringify!($BENCH_NAME).replace('_', " ") + " sum"), move |b| {
+                    b.iter(|| {
+                        cloned(&v).$FUN(|x, y| x + y)
+                    })
+                });
+            }
+
+            pub fn complex_iter(c: &mut Criterion) {
+                let u = (3..).take($N / 2);
+                let v = (5..).take($N / 2);
+                let it = u.chain(v);
+
+                c.bench_function(&(stringify!($BENCH_NAME).replace('_', " ") + " complex iter"), move |b| {
+                    b.iter(|| {
+                        it.clone().map(|x| x as f32).$FUN(f32::atan2)
+                    })
+                });
+            }
+
+            pub fn string_format(c: &mut Criterion) {
+                // This goes quadratic with linear `fold1`, so use a smaller
+                // size to not waste too much time in travis.  The allocations
+                // in here are so expensive anyway that it'll still take
+                // way longer per iteration than the other two benchmarks.
+                let v: Vec<u32> = (0.. ($N/4)).collect();
+
+                c.bench_function(&(stringify!($BENCH_NAME).replace('_', " ") + " string format"), move |b| {
+                    b.iter(|| {
+                        cloned(&v).map(|x| x.to_string()).$FUN(|x, y| format!("{} + {}", x, y))
+                    })
+                });
+            }
+        }
+
+        criterion_group!(
+            $BENCH_NAME,
+            $BENCH_NAME::sum,
+            $BENCH_NAME::complex_iter,
+            $BENCH_NAME::string_format,
+        );
+    )
+}
+
+def_benchs!{
+    10_000,
+    fold1,
+    fold1_10k,
+}
+
+def_benchs!{
+    10_000,
+    tree_fold1,
+    tree_fold1_stack_10k,
+}
+
+def_benchs!{
+    10_000,
+    tree_fold1_vec,
+    tree_fold1_vec_10k,
+}
+
+def_benchs!{
+    100,
+    fold1,
+    fold1_100,
+}
+
+def_benchs!{
+    100,
+    tree_fold1,
+    tree_fold1_stack_100,
+}
+
+def_benchs!{
+    100,
+    tree_fold1_vec,
+    tree_fold1_vec_100,
+}
+
+def_benchs!{
+    8,
+    fold1,
+    fold1_08,
+}
+
+def_benchs!{
+    8,
+    tree_fold1,
+    tree_fold1_stack_08,
+}
+
+def_benchs!{
+    8,
+    tree_fold1_vec,
+    tree_fold1_vec_08,
+}
+
+criterion_main!(
+    fold1_10k,
+    tree_fold1_stack_10k,
+    tree_fold1_vec_10k,
+    fold1_100,
+    tree_fold1_stack_100,
+    tree_fold1_vec_100,
+    fold1_08,
+    tree_fold1_stack_08,
+    tree_fold1_vec_08,
+);
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/tuple_combinations.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/tuple_combinations.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4e26b282e8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/tuple_combinations.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,113 @@
+use criterion::{black_box, criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+// approximate 100_000 iterations for each combination
+const N1: usize = 100_000;
+const N2: usize = 448;
+const N3: usize = 86;
+const N4: usize = 41;
+
+fn tuple_comb_for1(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("tuple comb for1", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for i in 0..N1 {
+                black_box(i);
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn tuple_comb_for2(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("tuple comb for2", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for i in 0..N2 {
+                for j in (i + 1)..N2 {
+                    black_box(i + j);
+                }
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn tuple_comb_for3(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("tuple comb for3", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for i in 0..N3 {
+                for j in (i + 1)..N3 {
+                    for k in (j + 1)..N3 {
+                        black_box(i + j + k);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn tuple_comb_for4(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("tuple comb for4", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for i in 0..N4 {
+                for j in (i + 1)..N4 {
+                    for k in (j + 1)..N4 {
+                        for l in (k + 1)..N4 {
+                            black_box(i + j + k + l);
+                        }
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn tuple_comb_c1(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("tuple comb c1", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (i,) in (0..N1).tuple_combinations() {
+                black_box(i);
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn tuple_comb_c2(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("tuple comb c2", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (i, j) in (0..N2).tuple_combinations() {
+                black_box(i + j);
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn tuple_comb_c3(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("tuple comb c3", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (i, j, k) in (0..N3).tuple_combinations() {
+                black_box(i + j + k);
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+fn tuple_comb_c4(c: &mut Criterion) {
+    c.bench_function("tuple comb c4", move |b| {
+        b.iter(|| {
+            for (i, j, k, l) in (0..N4).tuple_combinations() {
+                black_box(i + j + k + l);
+            }
+        })
+    });
+}
+
+criterion_group!(
+    benches,
+    tuple_comb_for1,
+    tuple_comb_for2,
+    tuple_comb_for3,
+    tuple_comb_for4,
+    tuple_comb_c1,
+    tuple_comb_c2,
+    tuple_comb_c3,
+    tuple_comb_c4,
+);
+criterion_main!(benches);
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/tuples.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/tuples.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ea50aaaee1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/benches/tuples.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+use criterion::{criterion_group, criterion_main, Criterion};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+fn s1(a: u32) -> u32 {
+    a
+}
+
+fn s2(a: u32, b: u32) -> u32 {
+    a + b
+}
+
+fn s3(a: u32, b: u32, c: u32) -> u32 {
+    a + b + c
+}
+
+fn s4(a: u32, b: u32, c: u32, d: u32) -> u32 {
+    a + b + c + d
+}
+
+fn sum_s1(s: &[u32]) -> u32 {
+    s1(s[0])
+}
+
+fn sum_s2(s: &[u32]) -> u32 {
+    s2(s[0], s[1])
+}
+
+fn sum_s3(s: &[u32]) -> u32 {
+    s3(s[0], s[1], s[2])
+}
+
+fn sum_s4(s: &[u32]) -> u32 {
+    s4(s[0], s[1], s[2], s[3])
+}
+
+fn sum_t1(s: &(&u32, )) -> u32 {
+    s1(*s.0)
+}
+
+fn sum_t2(s: &(&u32, &u32)) -> u32 {
+    s2(*s.0, *s.1)
+}
+
+fn sum_t3(s: &(&u32, &u32, &u32)) -> u32 {
+    s3(*s.0, *s.1, *s.2)
+}
+
+fn sum_t4(s: &(&u32, &u32, &u32, &u32)) -> u32 {
+    s4(*s.0, *s.1, *s.2, *s.3)
+}
+
+macro_rules! def_benchs {
+    ($N:expr;
+     $BENCH_GROUP:ident,
+     $TUPLE_FUN:ident,
+     $TUPLES:ident,
+     $TUPLE_WINDOWS:ident;
+     $SLICE_FUN:ident,
+     $CHUNKS:ident,
+     $WINDOWS:ident;
+     $FOR_CHUNKS:ident,
+     $FOR_WINDOWS:ident
+     ) => (
+        fn $FOR_CHUNKS(c: &mut Criterion) {
+            let v: Vec<u32> = (0.. $N * 1_000).collect();
+            let mut s = 0;
+            c.bench_function(&stringify!($FOR_CHUNKS).replace('_', " "), move |b| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    let mut j = 0;
+                    for _ in 0..1_000 {
+                        s += $SLICE_FUN(&v[j..(j + $N)]);
+                        j += $N;
+                    }
+                    s
+                })
+            });
+        }
+
+        fn $FOR_WINDOWS(c: &mut Criterion) {
+            let v: Vec<u32> = (0..1_000).collect();
+            let mut s = 0;
+            c.bench_function(&stringify!($FOR_WINDOWS).replace('_', " "), move |b| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    for i in 0..(1_000 - $N) {
+                        s += $SLICE_FUN(&v[i..(i + $N)]);
+                    }
+                    s
+                })
+            });
+        }
+
+        fn $TUPLES(c: &mut Criterion) {
+            let v: Vec<u32> = (0.. $N * 1_000).collect();
+            let mut s = 0;
+            c.bench_function(&stringify!($TUPLES).replace('_', " "), move |b| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    for x in v.iter().tuples() {
+                        s += $TUPLE_FUN(&x);
+                    }
+                    s
+                })
+            });
+        }
+
+        fn $CHUNKS(c: &mut Criterion) {
+            let v: Vec<u32> = (0.. $N * 1_000).collect();
+            let mut s = 0;
+            c.bench_function(&stringify!($CHUNKS).replace('_', " "), move |b| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    for x in v.chunks($N) {
+                        s += $SLICE_FUN(x);
+                    }
+                    s
+                })
+            });
+        }
+
+        fn $TUPLE_WINDOWS(c: &mut Criterion) {
+            let v: Vec<u32> = (0..1_000).collect();
+            let mut s = 0;
+            c.bench_function(&stringify!($TUPLE_WINDOWS).replace('_', " "), move |b| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    for x in v.iter().tuple_windows() {
+                        s += $TUPLE_FUN(&x);
+                    }
+                    s
+                })
+            });
+        }
+
+        fn $WINDOWS(c: &mut Criterion) {
+            let v: Vec<u32> = (0..1_000).collect();
+            let mut s = 0;
+            c.bench_function(&stringify!($WINDOWS).replace('_', " "), move |b| {
+                b.iter(|| {
+                    for x in v.windows($N) {
+                        s += $SLICE_FUN(x);
+                    }
+                    s
+                })
+            });
+        }
+
+        criterion_group!(
+            $BENCH_GROUP,
+            $FOR_CHUNKS,
+            $FOR_WINDOWS,
+            $TUPLES,
+            $CHUNKS,
+            $TUPLE_WINDOWS,
+            $WINDOWS,
+        );
+    )
+}
+
+def_benchs!{
+    1;
+    benches_1,
+    sum_t1,
+    tuple_chunks_1,
+    tuple_windows_1;
+    sum_s1,
+    slice_chunks_1,
+    slice_windows_1;
+    for_chunks_1,
+    for_windows_1
+}
+
+def_benchs!{
+    2;
+    benches_2,
+    sum_t2,
+    tuple_chunks_2,
+    tuple_windows_2;
+    sum_s2,
+    slice_chunks_2,
+    slice_windows_2;
+    for_chunks_2,
+    for_windows_2
+}
+
+def_benchs!{
+    3;
+    benches_3,
+    sum_t3,
+    tuple_chunks_3,
+    tuple_windows_3;
+    sum_s3,
+    slice_chunks_3,
+    slice_windows_3;
+    for_chunks_3,
+    for_windows_3
+}
+
+def_benchs!{
+    4;
+    benches_4,
+    sum_t4,
+    tuple_chunks_4,
+    tuple_windows_4;
+    sum_s4,
+    slice_chunks_4,
+    slice_windows_4;
+    for_chunks_4,
+    for_windows_4
+}
+
+criterion_main!(
+    benches_1,
+    benches_2,
+    benches_3,
+    benches_4,
+);
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/examples/iris.data b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/examples/iris.data
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a3490e0e07
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/examples/iris.data
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+5.1,3.5,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
+4.9,3.0,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
+4.7,3.2,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
+4.6,3.1,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
+5.0,3.6,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
+5.4,3.9,1.7,0.4,Iris-setosa
+4.6,3.4,1.4,0.3,Iris-setosa
+5.0,3.4,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
+4.4,2.9,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
+4.9,3.1,1.5,0.1,Iris-setosa
+5.4,3.7,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
+4.8,3.4,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
+4.8,3.0,1.4,0.1,Iris-setosa
+4.3,3.0,1.1,0.1,Iris-setosa
+5.8,4.0,1.2,0.2,Iris-setosa
+5.7,4.4,1.5,0.4,Iris-setosa
+5.4,3.9,1.3,0.4,Iris-setosa
+5.1,3.5,1.4,0.3,Iris-setosa
+5.7,3.8,1.7,0.3,Iris-setosa
+5.1,3.8,1.5,0.3,Iris-setosa
+5.4,3.4,1.7,0.2,Iris-setosa
+5.1,3.7,1.5,0.4,Iris-setosa
+4.6,3.6,1.0,0.2,Iris-setosa
+5.1,3.3,1.7,0.5,Iris-setosa
+4.8,3.4,1.9,0.2,Iris-setosa
+5.0,3.0,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
+5.0,3.4,1.6,0.4,Iris-setosa
+5.2,3.5,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
+5.2,3.4,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
+4.7,3.2,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
+4.8,3.1,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
+5.4,3.4,1.5,0.4,Iris-setosa
+5.2,4.1,1.5,0.1,Iris-setosa
+5.5,4.2,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
+4.9,3.1,1.5,0.1,Iris-setosa
+5.0,3.2,1.2,0.2,Iris-setosa
+5.5,3.5,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
+4.9,3.1,1.5,0.1,Iris-setosa
+4.4,3.0,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
+5.1,3.4,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
+5.0,3.5,1.3,0.3,Iris-setosa
+4.5,2.3,1.3,0.3,Iris-setosa
+4.4,3.2,1.3,0.2,Iris-setosa
+5.0,3.5,1.6,0.6,Iris-setosa
+5.1,3.8,1.9,0.4,Iris-setosa
+4.8,3.0,1.4,0.3,Iris-setosa
+5.1,3.8,1.6,0.2,Iris-setosa
+4.6,3.2,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
+5.3,3.7,1.5,0.2,Iris-setosa
+5.0,3.3,1.4,0.2,Iris-setosa
+7.0,3.2,4.7,1.4,Iris-versicolor
+6.4,3.2,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
+6.9,3.1,4.9,1.5,Iris-versicolor
+5.5,2.3,4.0,1.3,Iris-versicolor
+6.5,2.8,4.6,1.5,Iris-versicolor
+5.7,2.8,4.5,1.3,Iris-versicolor
+6.3,3.3,4.7,1.6,Iris-versicolor
+4.9,2.4,3.3,1.0,Iris-versicolor
+6.6,2.9,4.6,1.3,Iris-versicolor
+5.2,2.7,3.9,1.4,Iris-versicolor
+5.0,2.0,3.5,1.0,Iris-versicolor
+5.9,3.0,4.2,1.5,Iris-versicolor
+6.0,2.2,4.0,1.0,Iris-versicolor
+6.1,2.9,4.7,1.4,Iris-versicolor
+5.6,2.9,3.6,1.3,Iris-versicolor
+6.7,3.1,4.4,1.4,Iris-versicolor
+5.6,3.0,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
+5.8,2.7,4.1,1.0,Iris-versicolor
+6.2,2.2,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
+5.6,2.5,3.9,1.1,Iris-versicolor
+5.9,3.2,4.8,1.8,Iris-versicolor
+6.1,2.8,4.0,1.3,Iris-versicolor
+6.3,2.5,4.9,1.5,Iris-versicolor
+6.1,2.8,4.7,1.2,Iris-versicolor
+6.4,2.9,4.3,1.3,Iris-versicolor
+6.6,3.0,4.4,1.4,Iris-versicolor
+6.8,2.8,4.8,1.4,Iris-versicolor
+6.7,3.0,5.0,1.7,Iris-versicolor
+6.0,2.9,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
+5.7,2.6,3.5,1.0,Iris-versicolor
+5.5,2.4,3.8,1.1,Iris-versicolor
+5.5,2.4,3.7,1.0,Iris-versicolor
+5.8,2.7,3.9,1.2,Iris-versicolor
+6.0,2.7,5.1,1.6,Iris-versicolor
+5.4,3.0,4.5,1.5,Iris-versicolor
+6.0,3.4,4.5,1.6,Iris-versicolor
+6.7,3.1,4.7,1.5,Iris-versicolor
+6.3,2.3,4.4,1.3,Iris-versicolor
+5.6,3.0,4.1,1.3,Iris-versicolor
+5.5,2.5,4.0,1.3,Iris-versicolor
+5.5,2.6,4.4,1.2,Iris-versicolor
+6.1,3.0,4.6,1.4,Iris-versicolor
+5.8,2.6,4.0,1.2,Iris-versicolor
+5.0,2.3,3.3,1.0,Iris-versicolor
+5.6,2.7,4.2,1.3,Iris-versicolor
+5.7,3.0,4.2,1.2,Iris-versicolor
+5.7,2.9,4.2,1.3,Iris-versicolor
+6.2,2.9,4.3,1.3,Iris-versicolor
+5.1,2.5,3.0,1.1,Iris-versicolor
+5.7,2.8,4.1,1.3,Iris-versicolor
+6.3,3.3,6.0,2.5,Iris-virginica
+5.8,2.7,5.1,1.9,Iris-virginica
+7.1,3.0,5.9,2.1,Iris-virginica
+6.3,2.9,5.6,1.8,Iris-virginica
+6.5,3.0,5.8,2.2,Iris-virginica
+7.6,3.0,6.6,2.1,Iris-virginica
+4.9,2.5,4.5,1.7,Iris-virginica
+7.3,2.9,6.3,1.8,Iris-virginica
+6.7,2.5,5.8,1.8,Iris-virginica
+7.2,3.6,6.1,2.5,Iris-virginica
+6.5,3.2,5.1,2.0,Iris-virginica
+6.4,2.7,5.3,1.9,Iris-virginica
+6.8,3.0,5.5,2.1,Iris-virginica
+5.7,2.5,5.0,2.0,Iris-virginica
+5.8,2.8,5.1,2.4,Iris-virginica
+6.4,3.2,5.3,2.3,Iris-virginica
+6.5,3.0,5.5,1.8,Iris-virginica
+7.7,3.8,6.7,2.2,Iris-virginica
+7.7,2.6,6.9,2.3,Iris-virginica
+6.0,2.2,5.0,1.5,Iris-virginica
+6.9,3.2,5.7,2.3,Iris-virginica
+5.6,2.8,4.9,2.0,Iris-virginica
+7.7,2.8,6.7,2.0,Iris-virginica
+6.3,2.7,4.9,1.8,Iris-virginica
+6.7,3.3,5.7,2.1,Iris-virginica
+7.2,3.2,6.0,1.8,Iris-virginica
+6.2,2.8,4.8,1.8,Iris-virginica
+6.1,3.0,4.9,1.8,Iris-virginica
+6.4,2.8,5.6,2.1,Iris-virginica
+7.2,3.0,5.8,1.6,Iris-virginica
+7.4,2.8,6.1,1.9,Iris-virginica
+7.9,3.8,6.4,2.0,Iris-virginica
+6.4,2.8,5.6,2.2,Iris-virginica
+6.3,2.8,5.1,1.5,Iris-virginica
+6.1,2.6,5.6,1.4,Iris-virginica
+7.7,3.0,6.1,2.3,Iris-virginica
+6.3,3.4,5.6,2.4,Iris-virginica
+6.4,3.1,5.5,1.8,Iris-virginica
+6.0,3.0,4.8,1.8,Iris-virginica
+6.9,3.1,5.4,2.1,Iris-virginica
+6.7,3.1,5.6,2.4,Iris-virginica
+6.9,3.1,5.1,2.3,Iris-virginica
+5.8,2.7,5.1,1.9,Iris-virginica
+6.8,3.2,5.9,2.3,Iris-virginica
+6.7,3.3,5.7,2.5,Iris-virginica
+6.7,3.0,5.2,2.3,Iris-virginica
+6.3,2.5,5.0,1.9,Iris-virginica
+6.5,3.0,5.2,2.0,Iris-virginica
+6.2,3.4,5.4,2.3,Iris-virginica
+5.9,3.0,5.1,1.8,Iris-virginica
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/examples/iris.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/examples/iris.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..987d9e9cba
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/examples/iris.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,137 @@
+///
+/// This example parses, sorts and groups the iris dataset
+/// and does some simple manipulations.
+///
+/// Iterators and itertools functionality are used throughout.
+
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::iter::repeat;
+use std::num::ParseFloatError;
+use std::str::FromStr;
+
+static DATA: &'static str = include_str!("iris.data");
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+struct Iris {
+    name: String,
+    data: [f32; 4],
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+enum ParseError {
+    Numeric(ParseFloatError),
+    Other(&'static str),
+}
+
+impl From<ParseFloatError> for ParseError {
+    fn from(err: ParseFloatError) -> Self {
+        ParseError::Numeric(err)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Parse an Iris from a comma-separated line
+impl FromStr for Iris {
+    type Err = ParseError;
+
+    fn from_str(s: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        let mut iris = Iris { name: "".into(), data: [0.; 4] };
+        let mut parts = s.split(",").map(str::trim);
+
+        // using Iterator::by_ref()
+        for (index, part) in parts.by_ref().take(4).enumerate() {
+            iris.data[index] = part.parse::<f32>()?;
+        }
+        if let Some(name) = parts.next() {
+            iris.name = name.into();
+        } else {
+            return Err(ParseError::Other("Missing name"))
+        }
+        Ok(iris)
+    }
+}
+
+fn main() {
+    // using Itertools::fold_results to create the result of parsing
+    let irises = DATA.lines()
+                     .map(str::parse)
+                     .fold_ok(Vec::new(), |mut v, iris: Iris| {
+                         v.push(iris);
+                         v
+                     });
+    let mut irises = match irises {
+        Err(e) => {
+            println!("Error parsing: {:?}", e);
+            std::process::exit(1);
+        }
+        Ok(data) => data,
+    };
+
+    // Sort them and group them
+    irises.sort_by(|a, b| Ord::cmp(&a.name, &b.name));
+
+    // using Iterator::cycle()
+    let mut plot_symbols = "+ox".chars().cycle();
+    let mut symbolmap = HashMap::new();
+
+    // using Itertools::group_by
+    for (species, species_group) in &irises.iter().group_by(|iris| &iris.name) {
+        // assign a plot symbol
+        symbolmap.entry(species).or_insert_with(|| {
+            plot_symbols.next().unwrap()
+        });
+        println!("{} (symbol={})", species, symbolmap[species]);
+
+        for iris in species_group {
+            // using Itertools::format for lazy formatting
+            println!("{:>3.1}", iris.data.iter().format(", "));
+        }
+
+    }
+
+    // Look at all combinations of the four columns
+    //
+    // See https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iris_flower_data_set
+    //
+    let n = 30; // plot size
+    let mut plot = vec![' '; n * n];
+
+    // using Itertools::tuple_combinations
+    for (a, b) in (0..4).tuple_combinations() {
+        println!("Column {} vs {}:", a, b);
+
+        // Clear plot
+        //
+        // using std::iter::repeat;
+        // using Itertools::set_from
+        plot.iter_mut().set_from(repeat(' '));
+
+        // using Itertools::minmax
+        let min_max = |data: &[Iris], col| {
+            data.iter()
+                .map(|iris| iris.data[col])
+                .minmax()
+                .into_option()
+                .expect("Can't find min/max of empty iterator")
+        };
+        let (min_x, max_x) = min_max(&irises, a);
+        let (min_y, max_y) = min_max(&irises, b);
+
+        // Plot the data points
+        let round_to_grid = |x, min, max| ((x - min) / (max - min) * ((n - 1) as f32)) as usize;
+        let flip = |ix| n - 1 - ix; // reverse axis direction
+
+        for iris in &irises {
+            let ix = round_to_grid(iris.data[a], min_x, max_x);
+            let iy = flip(round_to_grid(iris.data[b], min_y, max_y));
+            plot[n * iy + ix] = symbolmap[&iris.name];
+        }
+
+        // render plot
+        //
+        // using Itertools::join
+        for line in plot.chunks(n) {
+            println!("{}", line.iter().join(" "))
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/meson.build b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3fb976c06d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+_itertools_rs = static_library(
+  'itertools',
+  files('src/lib.rs'),
+  gnu_symbol_visibility: 'hidden',
+  rust_abi: 'rust',
+  rust_args: rust_args + [
+    '--edition', '2018',
+    '--cfg', 'feature="use_std"',
+    '--cfg', 'feature="use_alloc"',
+  ],
+  dependencies: [
+    dep_either,
+  ],
+)
+
+dep_itertools = declare_dependency(
+  link_with: _itertools_rs,
+)
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/adaptors/coalesce.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/adaptors/coalesce.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3df7cc5823
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/adaptors/coalesce.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,235 @@
+use std::fmt;
+use std::iter::FusedIterator;
+
+use crate::size_hint;
+
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct CoalesceBy<I, F, T>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+{
+    iter: I,
+    last: Option<T>,
+    f: F,
+}
+
+impl<I: Clone, F: Clone, T: Clone> Clone for CoalesceBy<I, F, T>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+{
+    clone_fields!(last, iter, f);
+}
+
+impl<I, F, T> fmt::Debug for CoalesceBy<I, F, T>
+where
+    I: Iterator + fmt::Debug,
+    T: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(CoalesceBy, iter);
+}
+
+pub trait CoalescePredicate<Item, T> {
+    fn coalesce_pair(&mut self, t: T, item: Item) -> Result<T, (T, T)>;
+}
+
+impl<I, F, T> Iterator for CoalesceBy<I, F, T>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    F: CoalescePredicate<I::Item, T>,
+{
+    type Item = T;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        // this fuses the iterator
+        let last = self.last.take()?;
+
+        let self_last = &mut self.last;
+        let self_f = &mut self.f;
+        Some(
+            self.iter
+                .try_fold(last, |last, next| match self_f.coalesce_pair(last, next) {
+                    Ok(joined) => Ok(joined),
+                    Err((last_, next_)) => {
+                        *self_last = Some(next_);
+                        Err(last_)
+                    }
+                })
+                .unwrap_or_else(|x| x),
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        let (low, hi) = size_hint::add_scalar(self.iter.size_hint(), self.last.is_some() as usize);
+        ((low > 0) as usize, hi)
+    }
+
+    fn fold<Acc, FnAcc>(self, acc: Acc, mut fn_acc: FnAcc) -> Acc
+    where
+        FnAcc: FnMut(Acc, Self::Item) -> Acc,
+    {
+        if let Some(last) = self.last {
+            let mut f = self.f;
+            let (last, acc) = self.iter.fold((last, acc), |(last, acc), elt| {
+                match f.coalesce_pair(last, elt) {
+                    Ok(joined) => (joined, acc),
+                    Err((last_, next_)) => (next_, fn_acc(acc, last_)),
+                }
+            });
+            fn_acc(acc, last)
+        } else {
+            acc
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I: Iterator, F: CoalescePredicate<I::Item, T>, T> FusedIterator for CoalesceBy<I, F, T> {}
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that may join together adjacent elements.
+///
+/// See [`.coalesce()`](crate::Itertools::coalesce) for more information.
+pub type Coalesce<I, F> = CoalesceBy<I, F, <I as Iterator>::Item>;
+
+impl<F, Item, T> CoalescePredicate<Item, T> for F
+where
+    F: FnMut(T, Item) -> Result<T, (T, T)>,
+{
+    fn coalesce_pair(&mut self, t: T, item: Item) -> Result<T, (T, T)> {
+        self(t, item)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create a new `Coalesce`.
+pub fn coalesce<I, F>(mut iter: I, f: F) -> Coalesce<I, F>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+{
+    Coalesce {
+        last: iter.next(),
+        iter,
+        f,
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that removes repeated duplicates, determining equality using a comparison function.
+///
+/// See [`.dedup_by()`](crate::Itertools::dedup_by) or [`.dedup()`](crate::Itertools::dedup) for more information.
+pub type DedupBy<I, Pred> = CoalesceBy<I, DedupPred2CoalescePred<Pred>, <I as Iterator>::Item>;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct DedupPred2CoalescePred<DP>(DP);
+
+impl<DP> fmt::Debug for DedupPred2CoalescePred<DP> {
+    debug_fmt_fields!(DedupPred2CoalescePred,);
+}
+
+pub trait DedupPredicate<T> {
+    // TODO replace by Fn(&T, &T)->bool once Rust supports it
+    fn dedup_pair(&mut self, a: &T, b: &T) -> bool;
+}
+
+impl<DP, T> CoalescePredicate<T, T> for DedupPred2CoalescePred<DP>
+where
+    DP: DedupPredicate<T>,
+{
+    fn coalesce_pair(&mut self, t: T, item: T) -> Result<T, (T, T)> {
+        if self.0.dedup_pair(&t, &item) {
+            Ok(t)
+        } else {
+            Err((t, item))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct DedupEq;
+
+impl<T: PartialEq> DedupPredicate<T> for DedupEq {
+    fn dedup_pair(&mut self, a: &T, b: &T) -> bool {
+        a == b
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, F: FnMut(&T, &T) -> bool> DedupPredicate<T> for F {
+    fn dedup_pair(&mut self, a: &T, b: &T) -> bool {
+        self(a, b)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create a new `DedupBy`.
+pub fn dedup_by<I, Pred>(mut iter: I, dedup_pred: Pred) -> DedupBy<I, Pred>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+{
+    DedupBy {
+        last: iter.next(),
+        iter,
+        f: DedupPred2CoalescePred(dedup_pred),
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that removes repeated duplicates.
+///
+/// See [`.dedup()`](crate::Itertools::dedup) for more information.
+pub type Dedup<I> = DedupBy<I, DedupEq>;
+
+/// Create a new `Dedup`.
+pub fn dedup<I>(iter: I) -> Dedup<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+{
+    dedup_by(iter, DedupEq)
+}
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that removes repeated duplicates, while keeping a count of how many
+/// repeated elements were present. This will determine equality using a comparison function.
+///
+/// See [`.dedup_by_with_count()`](crate::Itertools::dedup_by_with_count) or
+/// [`.dedup_with_count()`](crate::Itertools::dedup_with_count) for more information.
+pub type DedupByWithCount<I, Pred> =
+    CoalesceBy<I, DedupPredWithCount2CoalescePred<Pred>, (usize, <I as Iterator>::Item)>;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct DedupPredWithCount2CoalescePred<DP>(DP);
+
+impl<DP, T> CoalescePredicate<T, (usize, T)> for DedupPredWithCount2CoalescePred<DP>
+where
+    DP: DedupPredicate<T>,
+{
+    fn coalesce_pair(
+        &mut self,
+        (c, t): (usize, T),
+        item: T,
+    ) -> Result<(usize, T), ((usize, T), (usize, T))> {
+        if self.0.dedup_pair(&t, &item) {
+            Ok((c + 1, t))
+        } else {
+            Err(((c, t), (1, item)))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that removes repeated duplicates, while keeping a count of how many
+/// repeated elements were present.
+///
+/// See [`.dedup_with_count()`](crate::Itertools::dedup_with_count) for more information.
+pub type DedupWithCount<I> = DedupByWithCount<I, DedupEq>;
+
+/// Create a new `DedupByWithCount`.
+pub fn dedup_by_with_count<I, Pred>(mut iter: I, dedup_pred: Pred) -> DedupByWithCount<I, Pred>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+{
+    DedupByWithCount {
+        last: iter.next().map(|v| (1, v)),
+        iter,
+        f: DedupPredWithCount2CoalescePred(dedup_pred),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create a new `DedupWithCount`.
+pub fn dedup_with_count<I>(iter: I) -> DedupWithCount<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+{
+    dedup_by_with_count(iter, DedupEq)
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/adaptors/map.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/adaptors/map.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf5e5a00d5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/adaptors/map.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+use std::iter::FromIterator;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct MapSpecialCase<I, F> {
+    iter: I,
+    f: F,
+}
+
+pub trait MapSpecialCaseFn<T> {
+    type Out;
+    fn call(&mut self, t: T) -> Self::Out;
+}
+
+impl<I, R> Iterator for MapSpecialCase<I, R>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    R: MapSpecialCaseFn<I::Item>,
+{
+    type Item = R::Out;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.next().map(|i| self.f.call(i))
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        self.iter.size_hint()
+    }
+
+    fn fold<Acc, Fold>(self, init: Acc, mut fold_f: Fold) -> Acc
+    where
+        Fold: FnMut(Acc, Self::Item) -> Acc,
+    {
+        let mut f = self.f;
+        self.iter.fold(init, move |acc, v| fold_f(acc, f.call(v)))
+    }
+
+    fn collect<C>(self) -> C
+    where
+        C: FromIterator<Self::Item>,
+    {
+        let mut f = self.f;
+        self.iter.map(move |v| f.call(v)).collect()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, R> DoubleEndedIterator for MapSpecialCase<I, R>
+where
+    I: DoubleEndedIterator,
+    R: MapSpecialCaseFn<I::Item>,
+{
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.next_back().map(|i| self.f.call(i))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, R> ExactSizeIterator for MapSpecialCase<I, R>
+where
+    I: ExactSizeIterator,
+    R: MapSpecialCaseFn<I::Item>,
+{
+}
+
+/// An iterator adapter to apply a transformation within a nested `Result::Ok`.
+///
+/// See [`.map_ok()`](crate::Itertools::map_ok) for more information.
+pub type MapOk<I, F> = MapSpecialCase<I, MapSpecialCaseFnOk<F>>;
+
+/// See [`MapOk`].
+#[deprecated(note = "Use MapOk instead", since = "0.10.0")]
+pub type MapResults<I, F> = MapOk<I, F>;
+
+impl<F, T, U, E> MapSpecialCaseFn<Result<T, E>> for MapSpecialCaseFnOk<F>
+where
+    F: FnMut(T) -> U,
+{
+    type Out = Result<U, E>;
+    fn call(&mut self, t: Result<T, E>) -> Self::Out {
+        t.map(|v| self.0(v))
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct MapSpecialCaseFnOk<F>(F);
+
+impl<F> std::fmt::Debug for MapSpecialCaseFnOk<F> {
+    debug_fmt_fields!(MapSpecialCaseFnOk,);
+}
+
+/// Create a new `MapOk` iterator.
+pub fn map_ok<I, F, T, U, E>(iter: I, f: F) -> MapOk<I, F>
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = Result<T, E>>,
+    F: FnMut(T) -> U,
+{
+    MapSpecialCase {
+        iter,
+        f: MapSpecialCaseFnOk(f),
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator adapter to apply `Into` conversion to each element.
+///
+/// See [`.map_into()`](crate::Itertools::map_into) for more information.
+pub type MapInto<I, R> = MapSpecialCase<I, MapSpecialCaseFnInto<R>>;
+
+impl<T: Into<U>, U> MapSpecialCaseFn<T> for MapSpecialCaseFnInto<U> {
+    type Out = U;
+    fn call(&mut self, t: T) -> Self::Out {
+        t.into()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct MapSpecialCaseFnInto<U>(PhantomData<U>);
+
+/// Create a new [`MapInto`] iterator.
+pub fn map_into<I, R>(iter: I) -> MapInto<I, R> {
+    MapSpecialCase {
+        iter,
+        f: MapSpecialCaseFnInto(PhantomData),
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/adaptors/mod.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/adaptors/mod.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1695bbd655
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/adaptors/mod.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1151 @@
+//! Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+//! <https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0> or the MIT license
+//! <https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT>, at your
+//! option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+//! except according to those terms.
+
+mod coalesce;
+mod map;
+mod multi_product;
+pub use self::coalesce::*;
+pub use self::map::{map_into, map_ok, MapInto, MapOk};
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+pub use self::map::MapResults;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+pub use self::multi_product::*;
+
+use std::fmt;
+use std::iter::{Fuse, Peekable, FromIterator, FusedIterator};
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+use crate::size_hint;
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that alternates elements from two iterators until both
+/// run out.
+///
+/// This iterator is *fused*.
+///
+/// See [`.interleave()`](crate::Itertools::interleave) for more information.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct Interleave<I, J> {
+    a: Fuse<I>,
+    b: Fuse<J>,
+    flag: bool,
+}
+
+/// Create an iterator that interleaves elements in `i` and `j`.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of `[Itertools::interleave]`.
+pub fn interleave<I, J>(i: I, j: J) -> Interleave<<I as IntoIterator>::IntoIter, <J as IntoIterator>::IntoIter>
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          J: IntoIterator<Item = I::Item>
+{
+    Interleave {
+        a: i.into_iter().fuse(),
+        b: j.into_iter().fuse(),
+        flag: false,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, J> Iterator for Interleave<I, J>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          J: Iterator<Item = I::Item>
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.flag = !self.flag;
+        if self.flag {
+            match self.a.next() {
+                None => self.b.next(),
+                r => r,
+            }
+        } else {
+            match self.b.next() {
+                None => self.a.next(),
+                r => r,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        size_hint::add(self.a.size_hint(), self.b.size_hint())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, J> FusedIterator for Interleave<I, J>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          J: Iterator<Item = I::Item>
+{}
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that alternates elements from the two iterators until
+/// one of them runs out.
+///
+/// This iterator is *fused*.
+///
+/// See [`.interleave_shortest()`](crate::Itertools::interleave_shortest)
+/// for more information.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct InterleaveShortest<I, J>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          J: Iterator<Item = I::Item>
+{
+    it0: I,
+    it1: J,
+    phase: bool, // false ==> it0, true ==> it1
+}
+
+/// Create a new `InterleaveShortest` iterator.
+pub fn interleave_shortest<I, J>(a: I, b: J) -> InterleaveShortest<I, J>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          J: Iterator<Item = I::Item>
+{
+    InterleaveShortest {
+        it0: a,
+        it1: b,
+        phase: false,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, J> Iterator for InterleaveShortest<I, J>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          J: Iterator<Item = I::Item>
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let e = if self.phase { self.it1.next() } else { self.it0.next() };
+        if e.is_some() {
+            self.phase = !self.phase;
+        }
+        e
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        let (curr_hint, next_hint) = {
+            let it0_hint = self.it0.size_hint();
+            let it1_hint = self.it1.size_hint();
+            if self.phase {
+                (it1_hint, it0_hint)
+            } else {
+                (it0_hint, it1_hint)
+            }
+        };
+        let (curr_lower, curr_upper) = curr_hint;
+        let (next_lower, next_upper) = next_hint;
+        let (combined_lower, combined_upper) =
+            size_hint::mul_scalar(size_hint::min(curr_hint, next_hint), 2);
+        let lower =
+            if curr_lower > next_lower {
+                combined_lower + 1
+            } else {
+                combined_lower
+            };
+        let upper = {
+            let extra_elem = match (curr_upper, next_upper) {
+                (_, None) => false,
+                (None, Some(_)) => true,
+                (Some(curr_max), Some(next_max)) => curr_max > next_max,
+            };
+            if extra_elem {
+                combined_upper.and_then(|x| x.checked_add(1))
+            } else {
+                combined_upper
+            }
+        };
+        (lower, upper)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, J> FusedIterator for InterleaveShortest<I, J>
+    where I: FusedIterator,
+          J: FusedIterator<Item = I::Item>
+{}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+/// An iterator adaptor that allows putting back a single
+/// item to the front of the iterator.
+///
+/// Iterator element type is `I::Item`.
+pub struct PutBack<I>
+    where I: Iterator
+{
+    top: Option<I::Item>,
+    iter: I,
+}
+
+/// Create an iterator where you can put back a single item
+pub fn put_back<I>(iterable: I) -> PutBack<I::IntoIter>
+    where I: IntoIterator
+{
+    PutBack {
+        top: None,
+        iter: iterable.into_iter(),
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> PutBack<I>
+    where I: Iterator
+{
+    /// put back value `value` (builder method)
+    pub fn with_value(mut self, value: I::Item) -> Self {
+        self.put_back(value);
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Split the `PutBack` into its parts.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn into_parts(self) -> (Option<I::Item>, I) {
+        let PutBack{top, iter} = self;
+        (top, iter)
+    }
+
+    /// Put back a single value to the front of the iterator.
+    ///
+    /// If a value is already in the put back slot, it is overwritten.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn put_back(&mut self, x: I::Item) {
+        self.top = Some(x);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> Iterator for PutBack<I>
+    where I: Iterator
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        match self.top {
+            None => self.iter.next(),
+            ref mut some => some.take(),
+        }
+    }
+    #[inline]
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        // Not ExactSizeIterator because size may be larger than usize
+        size_hint::add_scalar(self.iter.size_hint(), self.top.is_some() as usize)
+    }
+
+    fn count(self) -> usize {
+        self.iter.count() + (self.top.is_some() as usize)
+    }
+
+    fn last(self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.last().or(self.top)
+    }
+
+    fn nth(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        match self.top {
+            None => self.iter.nth(n),
+            ref mut some => {
+                if n == 0 {
+                    some.take()
+                } else {
+                    *some = None;
+                    self.iter.nth(n - 1)
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn all<G>(&mut self, mut f: G) -> bool
+        where G: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool
+    {
+        if let Some(elt) = self.top.take() {
+            if !f(elt) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        self.iter.all(f)
+    }
+
+    fn fold<Acc, G>(mut self, init: Acc, mut f: G) -> Acc
+        where G: FnMut(Acc, Self::Item) -> Acc,
+    {
+        let mut accum = init;
+        if let Some(elt) = self.top.take() {
+            accum = f(accum, elt);
+        }
+        self.iter.fold(accum, f)
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+/// An iterator adaptor that iterates over the cartesian product of
+/// the element sets of two iterators `I` and `J`.
+///
+/// Iterator element type is `(I::Item, J::Item)`.
+///
+/// See [`.cartesian_product()`](crate::Itertools::cartesian_product) for more information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct Product<I, J>
+    where I: Iterator
+{
+    a: I,
+    a_cur: Option<I::Item>,
+    b: J,
+    b_orig: J,
+}
+
+/// Create a new cartesian product iterator
+///
+/// Iterator element type is `(I::Item, J::Item)`.
+pub fn cartesian_product<I, J>(mut i: I, j: J) -> Product<I, J>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          J: Clone + Iterator,
+          I::Item: Clone
+{
+    Product {
+        a_cur: i.next(),
+        a: i,
+        b: j.clone(),
+        b_orig: j,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, J> Iterator for Product<I, J>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          J: Clone + Iterator,
+          I::Item: Clone
+{
+    type Item = (I::Item, J::Item);
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let elt_b = match self.b.next() {
+            None => {
+                self.b = self.b_orig.clone();
+                match self.b.next() {
+                    None => return None,
+                    Some(x) => {
+                        self.a_cur = self.a.next();
+                        x
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            Some(x) => x
+        };
+        self.a_cur.as_ref().map(|a| (a.clone(), elt_b))
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        let has_cur = self.a_cur.is_some() as usize;
+        // Not ExactSizeIterator because size may be larger than usize
+        let (b_min, b_max) = self.b.size_hint();
+
+        // Compute a * b_orig + b for both lower and upper bound
+        size_hint::add(
+            size_hint::mul(self.a.size_hint(), self.b_orig.size_hint()),
+            (b_min * has_cur, b_max.map(move |x| x * has_cur)))
+    }
+
+    fn fold<Acc, G>(mut self, mut accum: Acc, mut f: G) -> Acc
+        where G: FnMut(Acc, Self::Item) -> Acc,
+    {
+        // use a split loop to handle the loose a_cur as well as avoiding to
+        // clone b_orig at the end.
+        if let Some(mut a) = self.a_cur.take() {
+            let mut b = self.b;
+            loop {
+                accum = b.fold(accum, |acc, elt| f(acc, (a.clone(), elt)));
+
+                // we can only continue iterating a if we had a first element;
+                if let Some(next_a) = self.a.next() {
+                    b = self.b_orig.clone();
+                    a = next_a;
+                } else {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        accum
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, J> FusedIterator for Product<I, J>
+    where I: FusedIterator,
+          J: Clone + FusedIterator,
+          I::Item: Clone
+{}
+
+/// A “meta iterator adaptor”. Its closure receives a reference to the iterator
+/// and may pick off as many elements as it likes, to produce the next iterator element.
+///
+/// Iterator element type is *X*, if the return type of `F` is *Option\<X\>*.
+///
+/// See [`.batching()`](crate::Itertools::batching) for more information.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct Batching<I, F> {
+    f: F,
+    iter: I,
+}
+
+impl<I, F> fmt::Debug for Batching<I, F> where I: fmt::Debug {
+    debug_fmt_fields!(Batching, iter);
+}
+
+/// Create a new Batching iterator.
+pub fn batching<I, F>(iter: I, f: F) -> Batching<I, F> {
+    Batching { f, iter }
+}
+
+impl<B, F, I> Iterator for Batching<I, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          F: FnMut(&mut I) -> Option<B>
+{
+    type Item = B;
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        (self.f)(&mut self.iter)
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that steps a number elements in the base iterator
+/// for each iteration.
+///
+/// The iterator steps by yielding the next element from the base iterator,
+/// then skipping forward *n-1* elements.
+///
+/// See [`.step()`](crate::Itertools::step) for more information.
+#[deprecated(note="Use std .step_by() instead", since="0.8.0")]
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct Step<I> {
+    iter: Fuse<I>,
+    skip: usize,
+}
+
+/// Create a `Step` iterator.
+///
+/// **Panics** if the step is 0.
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+pub fn step<I>(iter: I, step: usize) -> Step<I>
+    where I: Iterator
+{
+    assert!(step != 0);
+    Step {
+        iter: iter.fuse(),
+        skip: step - 1,
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+impl<I> Iterator for Step<I>
+    where I: Iterator
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let elt = self.iter.next();
+        if self.skip > 0 {
+            self.iter.nth(self.skip - 1);
+        }
+        elt
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        let (low, high) = self.iter.size_hint();
+        let div = |x: usize| {
+            if x == 0 {
+                0
+            } else {
+                1 + (x - 1) / (self.skip + 1)
+            }
+        };
+        (div(low), high.map(div))
+    }
+}
+
+// known size
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+impl<I> ExactSizeIterator for Step<I>
+    where I: ExactSizeIterator
+{}
+
+pub trait MergePredicate<T> {
+    fn merge_pred(&mut self, a: &T, b: &T) -> bool;
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct MergeLte;
+
+impl<T: PartialOrd> MergePredicate<T> for MergeLte {
+    fn merge_pred(&mut self, a: &T, b: &T) -> bool {
+        a <= b
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that merges the two base iterators in ascending order.
+/// If both base iterators are sorted (ascending), the result is sorted.
+///
+/// Iterator element type is `I::Item`.
+///
+/// See [`.merge()`](crate::Itertools::merge_by) for more information.
+pub type Merge<I, J> = MergeBy<I, J, MergeLte>;
+
+/// Create an iterator that merges elements in `i` and `j`.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Itertools::merge`](crate::Itertools::merge).
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::merge;
+///
+/// for elt in merge(&[1, 2, 3], &[2, 3, 4]) {
+///     /* loop body */
+/// }
+/// ```
+pub fn merge<I, J>(i: I, j: J) -> Merge<<I as IntoIterator>::IntoIter, <J as IntoIterator>::IntoIter>
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          J: IntoIterator<Item = I::Item>,
+          I::Item: PartialOrd
+{
+    merge_by_new(i, j, MergeLte)
+}
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that merges the two base iterators in ascending order.
+/// If both base iterators are sorted (ascending), the result is sorted.
+///
+/// Iterator element type is `I::Item`.
+///
+/// See [`.merge_by()`](crate::Itertools::merge_by) for more information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct MergeBy<I, J, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          J: Iterator<Item = I::Item>
+{
+    a: Peekable<I>,
+    b: Peekable<J>,
+    fused: Option<bool>,
+    cmp: F,
+}
+
+impl<I, J, F> fmt::Debug for MergeBy<I, J, F>
+    where I: Iterator + fmt::Debug, J: Iterator<Item = I::Item> + fmt::Debug,
+          I::Item: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(MergeBy, a, b);
+}
+
+impl<T, F: FnMut(&T, &T)->bool> MergePredicate<T> for F {
+    fn merge_pred(&mut self, a: &T, b: &T) -> bool {
+        self(a, b)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create a `MergeBy` iterator.
+pub fn merge_by_new<I, J, F>(a: I, b: J, cmp: F) -> MergeBy<I::IntoIter, J::IntoIter, F>
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          J: IntoIterator<Item = I::Item>,
+          F: MergePredicate<I::Item>,
+{
+    MergeBy {
+        a: a.into_iter().peekable(),
+        b: b.into_iter().peekable(),
+        fused: None,
+        cmp,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, J, F> Clone for MergeBy<I, J, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          J: Iterator<Item = I::Item>,
+          Peekable<I>: Clone,
+          Peekable<J>: Clone,
+          F: Clone
+{
+    clone_fields!(a, b, fused, cmp);
+}
+
+impl<I, J, F> Iterator for MergeBy<I, J, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          J: Iterator<Item = I::Item>,
+          F: MergePredicate<I::Item>
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let less_than = match self.fused {
+            Some(lt) => lt,
+            None => match (self.a.peek(), self.b.peek()) {
+                (Some(a), Some(b)) => self.cmp.merge_pred(a, b),
+                (Some(_), None) => {
+                    self.fused = Some(true);
+                    true
+                }
+                (None, Some(_)) => {
+                    self.fused = Some(false);
+                    false
+                }
+                (None, None) => return None,
+            }
+        };
+        if less_than {
+            self.a.next()
+        } else {
+            self.b.next()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        // Not ExactSizeIterator because size may be larger than usize
+        size_hint::add(self.a.size_hint(), self.b.size_hint())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, J, F> FusedIterator for MergeBy<I, J, F>
+    where I: FusedIterator,
+          J: FusedIterator<Item = I::Item>,
+          F: MergePredicate<I::Item>
+{}
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that borrows from a `Clone`-able iterator
+/// to only pick off elements while the predicate returns `true`.
+///
+/// See [`.take_while_ref()`](crate::Itertools::take_while_ref) for more information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct TakeWhileRef<'a, I: 'a, F> {
+    iter: &'a mut I,
+    f: F,
+}
+
+impl<'a, I, F> fmt::Debug for TakeWhileRef<'a, I, F>
+    where I: Iterator + fmt::Debug,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(TakeWhileRef, iter);
+}
+
+/// Create a new `TakeWhileRef` from a reference to clonable iterator.
+pub fn take_while_ref<I, F>(iter: &mut I, f: F) -> TakeWhileRef<I, F>
+    where I: Iterator + Clone
+{
+    TakeWhileRef { iter, f }
+}
+
+impl<'a, I, F> Iterator for TakeWhileRef<'a, I, F>
+    where I: Iterator + Clone,
+          F: FnMut(&I::Item) -> bool
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let old = self.iter.clone();
+        match self.iter.next() {
+            None => None,
+            Some(elt) => {
+                if (self.f)(&elt) {
+                    Some(elt)
+                } else {
+                    *self.iter = old;
+                    None
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        (0, self.iter.size_hint().1)
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that filters `Option<A>` iterator elements
+/// and produces `A`. Stops on the first `None` encountered.
+///
+/// See [`.while_some()`](crate::Itertools::while_some) for more information.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct WhileSome<I> {
+    iter: I,
+}
+
+/// Create a new `WhileSome<I>`.
+pub fn while_some<I>(iter: I) -> WhileSome<I> {
+    WhileSome { iter }
+}
+
+impl<I, A> Iterator for WhileSome<I>
+    where I: Iterator<Item = Option<A>>
+{
+    type Item = A;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        match self.iter.next() {
+            None | Some(None) => None,
+            Some(elt) => elt,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        (0, self.iter.size_hint().1)
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator to iterate through all combinations in a `Clone`-able iterator that produces tuples
+/// of a specific size.
+///
+/// See [`.tuple_combinations()`](crate::Itertools::tuple_combinations) for more
+/// information.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct TupleCombinations<I, T>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          T: HasCombination<I>
+{
+    iter: T::Combination,
+    _mi: PhantomData<I>,
+}
+
+pub trait HasCombination<I>: Sized {
+    type Combination: From<I> + Iterator<Item = Self>;
+}
+
+/// Create a new `TupleCombinations` from a clonable iterator.
+pub fn tuple_combinations<T, I>(iter: I) -> TupleCombinations<I, T>
+    where I: Iterator + Clone,
+          I::Item: Clone,
+          T: HasCombination<I>,
+{
+    TupleCombinations {
+        iter: T::Combination::from(iter),
+        _mi: PhantomData,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, T> Iterator for TupleCombinations<I, T>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          T: HasCombination<I>,
+{
+    type Item = T;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.next()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, T> FusedIterator for TupleCombinations<I, T>
+    where I: FusedIterator,
+          T: HasCombination<I>,
+{}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct Tuple1Combination<I> {
+    iter: I,
+}
+
+impl<I> From<I> for Tuple1Combination<I> {
+    fn from(iter: I) -> Self {
+        Tuple1Combination { iter }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I: Iterator> Iterator for Tuple1Combination<I> {
+    type Item = (I::Item,);
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.next().map(|x| (x,))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I: Iterator> HasCombination<I> for (I::Item,) {
+    type Combination = Tuple1Combination<I>;
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_tuple_combination {
+    ($C:ident $P:ident ; $($X:ident)*) => (
+        #[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+        pub struct $C<I: Iterator> {
+            item: Option<I::Item>,
+            iter: I,
+            c: $P<I>,
+        }
+
+        impl<I: Iterator + Clone> From<I> for $C<I> {
+            fn from(mut iter: I) -> Self {
+                Self {
+                    item: iter.next(),
+                    iter: iter.clone(),
+                    c: iter.into(),
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<I: Iterator + Clone> From<I> for $C<Fuse<I>> {
+            fn from(iter: I) -> Self {
+                Self::from(iter.fuse())
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<I, A> Iterator for $C<I>
+            where I: Iterator<Item = A> + Clone,
+                  I::Item: Clone
+        {
+            type Item = (A, $(ignore_ident!($X, A)),*);
+
+            fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+                if let Some(($($X),*,)) = self.c.next() {
+                    let z = self.item.clone().unwrap();
+                    Some((z, $($X),*))
+                } else {
+                    self.item = self.iter.next();
+                    self.item.clone().and_then(|z| {
+                        self.c = self.iter.clone().into();
+                        self.c.next().map(|($($X),*,)| (z, $($X),*))
+                    })
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl<I, A> HasCombination<I> for (A, $(ignore_ident!($X, A)),*)
+            where I: Iterator<Item = A> + Clone,
+                  I::Item: Clone
+        {
+            type Combination = $C<Fuse<I>>;
+        }
+    )
+}
+
+// This snippet generates the twelve `impl_tuple_combination!` invocations:
+//    use core::iter;
+//    use itertools::Itertools;
+//
+//    for i in 2..=12 {
+//        println!("impl_tuple_combination!(Tuple{arity}Combination Tuple{prev}Combination; {idents});",
+//            arity = i,
+//            prev = i - 1,
+//            idents = ('a'..'z').take(i - 1).join(" "),
+//        );
+//    }
+// It could probably be replaced by a bit more macro cleverness.
+impl_tuple_combination!(Tuple2Combination Tuple1Combination; a);
+impl_tuple_combination!(Tuple3Combination Tuple2Combination; a b);
+impl_tuple_combination!(Tuple4Combination Tuple3Combination; a b c);
+impl_tuple_combination!(Tuple5Combination Tuple4Combination; a b c d);
+impl_tuple_combination!(Tuple6Combination Tuple5Combination; a b c d e);
+impl_tuple_combination!(Tuple7Combination Tuple6Combination; a b c d e f);
+impl_tuple_combination!(Tuple8Combination Tuple7Combination; a b c d e f g);
+impl_tuple_combination!(Tuple9Combination Tuple8Combination; a b c d e f g h);
+impl_tuple_combination!(Tuple10Combination Tuple9Combination; a b c d e f g h i);
+impl_tuple_combination!(Tuple11Combination Tuple10Combination; a b c d e f g h i j);
+impl_tuple_combination!(Tuple12Combination Tuple11Combination; a b c d e f g h i j k);
+
+/// An iterator adapter to filter values within a nested `Result::Ok`.
+///
+/// See [`.filter_ok()`](crate::Itertools::filter_ok) for more information.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct FilterOk<I, F> {
+    iter: I,
+    f: F
+}
+
+impl<I, F> fmt::Debug for FilterOk<I, F>
+where
+    I: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(FilterOk, iter);
+}
+
+/// Create a new `FilterOk` iterator.
+pub fn filter_ok<I, F, T, E>(iter: I, f: F) -> FilterOk<I, F>
+    where I: Iterator<Item = Result<T, E>>,
+          F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,
+{
+    FilterOk {
+        iter,
+        f,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, F, T, E> Iterator for FilterOk<I, F>
+    where I: Iterator<Item = Result<T, E>>,
+          F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,
+{
+    type Item = Result<T, E>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        loop {
+            match self.iter.next() {
+                Some(Ok(v)) => {
+                    if (self.f)(&v) {
+                        return Some(Ok(v));
+                    }
+                },
+                Some(Err(e)) => return Some(Err(e)),
+                None => return None,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        (0, self.iter.size_hint().1)
+    }
+
+    fn fold<Acc, Fold>(self, init: Acc, fold_f: Fold) -> Acc
+        where Fold: FnMut(Acc, Self::Item) -> Acc,
+    {
+        let mut f = self.f;
+        self.iter.filter(|v| {
+            v.as_ref().map(&mut f).unwrap_or(true)
+        }).fold(init, fold_f)
+    }
+
+    fn collect<C>(self) -> C
+        where C: FromIterator<Self::Item>
+    {
+        let mut f = self.f;
+        self.iter.filter(|v| {
+            v.as_ref().map(&mut f).unwrap_or(true)
+        }).collect()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, F, T, E> FusedIterator for FilterOk<I, F>
+    where I: FusedIterator<Item = Result<T, E>>,
+          F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,
+{}
+
+/// An iterator adapter to filter and apply a transformation on values within a nested `Result::Ok`.
+///
+/// See [`.filter_map_ok()`](crate::Itertools::filter_map_ok) for more information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct FilterMapOk<I, F> {
+    iter: I,
+    f: F
+}
+
+impl<I, F> fmt::Debug for FilterMapOk<I, F>
+where
+    I: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(FilterMapOk, iter);
+}
+
+fn transpose_result<T, E>(result: Result<Option<T>, E>) -> Option<Result<T, E>> {
+    match result {
+        Ok(Some(v)) => Some(Ok(v)),
+        Ok(None) => None,
+        Err(e) => Some(Err(e)),
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create a new `FilterOk` iterator.
+pub fn filter_map_ok<I, F, T, U, E>(iter: I, f: F) -> FilterMapOk<I, F>
+    where I: Iterator<Item = Result<T, E>>,
+          F: FnMut(T) -> Option<U>,
+{
+    FilterMapOk {
+        iter,
+        f,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, F, T, U, E> Iterator for FilterMapOk<I, F>
+    where I: Iterator<Item = Result<T, E>>,
+          F: FnMut(T) -> Option<U>,
+{
+    type Item = Result<U, E>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        loop {
+            match self.iter.next() {
+                Some(Ok(v)) => {
+                    if let Some(v) = (self.f)(v) {
+                        return Some(Ok(v));
+                    }
+                },
+                Some(Err(e)) => return Some(Err(e)),
+                None => return None,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        (0, self.iter.size_hint().1)
+    }
+
+    fn fold<Acc, Fold>(self, init: Acc, fold_f: Fold) -> Acc
+        where Fold: FnMut(Acc, Self::Item) -> Acc,
+    {
+        let mut f = self.f;
+        self.iter.filter_map(|v| {
+            transpose_result(v.map(&mut f))
+        }).fold(init, fold_f)
+    }
+
+    fn collect<C>(self) -> C
+        where C: FromIterator<Self::Item>
+    {
+        let mut f = self.f;
+        self.iter.filter_map(|v| {
+            transpose_result(v.map(&mut f))
+        }).collect()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, F, T, U, E> FusedIterator for FilterMapOk<I, F>
+    where I: FusedIterator<Item = Result<T, E>>,
+          F: FnMut(T) -> Option<U>,
+{}
+
+/// An iterator adapter to get the positions of each element that matches a predicate.
+///
+/// See [`.positions()`](crate::Itertools::positions) for more information.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct Positions<I, F> {
+    iter: I,
+    f: F,
+    count: usize,
+}
+
+impl<I, F> fmt::Debug for Positions<I, F>
+where
+    I: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(Positions, iter, count);
+}
+
+/// Create a new `Positions` iterator.
+pub fn positions<I, F>(iter: I, f: F) -> Positions<I, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          F: FnMut(I::Item) -> bool,
+{
+    Positions {
+        iter,
+        f,
+        count: 0
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, F> Iterator for Positions<I, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          F: FnMut(I::Item) -> bool,
+{
+    type Item = usize;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        while let Some(v) = self.iter.next() {
+            let i = self.count;
+            self.count = i + 1;
+            if (self.f)(v) {
+                return Some(i);
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        (0, self.iter.size_hint().1)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, F> DoubleEndedIterator for Positions<I, F>
+    where I: DoubleEndedIterator + ExactSizeIterator,
+          F: FnMut(I::Item) -> bool,
+{
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        while let Some(v) = self.iter.next_back() {
+            if (self.f)(v) {
+                return Some(self.count + self.iter.len())
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, F> FusedIterator for Positions<I, F>
+    where I: FusedIterator,
+          F: FnMut(I::Item) -> bool,
+{}
+
+/// An iterator adapter to apply a mutating function to each element before yielding it.
+///
+/// See [`.update()`](crate::Itertools::update) for more information.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct Update<I, F> {
+    iter: I,
+    f: F,
+}
+
+impl<I, F> fmt::Debug for Update<I, F>
+where
+    I: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(Update, iter);
+}
+
+/// Create a new `Update` iterator.
+pub fn update<I, F>(iter: I, f: F) -> Update<I, F>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    F: FnMut(&mut I::Item),
+{
+    Update { iter, f }
+}
+
+impl<I, F> Iterator for Update<I, F>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    F: FnMut(&mut I::Item),
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if let Some(mut v) = self.iter.next() {
+            (self.f)(&mut v);
+            Some(v)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        self.iter.size_hint()
+    }
+
+    fn fold<Acc, G>(self, init: Acc, mut g: G) -> Acc
+        where G: FnMut(Acc, Self::Item) -> Acc,
+    {
+        let mut f = self.f;
+        self.iter.fold(init, move |acc, mut v| { f(&mut v); g(acc, v) })
+    }
+
+    // if possible, re-use inner iterator specializations in collect
+    fn collect<C>(self) -> C
+        where C: FromIterator<Self::Item>
+    {
+        let mut f = self.f;
+        self.iter.map(move |mut v| { f(&mut v); v }).collect()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, F> ExactSizeIterator for Update<I, F>
+where
+    I: ExactSizeIterator,
+    F: FnMut(&mut I::Item),
+{}
+
+impl<I, F> DoubleEndedIterator for Update<I, F>
+where
+    I: DoubleEndedIterator,
+    F: FnMut(&mut I::Item),
+{
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if let Some(mut v) = self.iter.next_back() {
+            (self.f)(&mut v);
+            Some(v)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, F> FusedIterator for Update<I, F>
+where
+    I: FusedIterator,
+    F: FnMut(&mut I::Item),
+{}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/adaptors/multi_product.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/adaptors/multi_product.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b38406987
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/adaptors/multi_product.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,230 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+
+use crate::size_hint;
+use crate::Itertools;
+
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+/// An iterator adaptor that iterates over the cartesian product of
+/// multiple iterators of type `I`.
+///
+/// An iterator element type is `Vec<I>`.
+///
+/// See [`.multi_cartesian_product()`](crate::Itertools::multi_cartesian_product)
+/// for more information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct MultiProduct<I>(Vec<MultiProductIter<I>>)
+    where I: Iterator + Clone,
+          I::Item: Clone;
+
+impl<I> std::fmt::Debug for MultiProduct<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator + Clone + std::fmt::Debug,
+    I::Item: Clone + std::fmt::Debug,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(CoalesceBy, 0);
+}
+
+/// Create a new cartesian product iterator over an arbitrary number
+/// of iterators of the same type.
+///
+/// Iterator element is of type `Vec<H::Item::Item>`.
+pub fn multi_cartesian_product<H>(iters: H) -> MultiProduct<<H::Item as IntoIterator>::IntoIter>
+    where H: Iterator,
+          H::Item: IntoIterator,
+          <H::Item as IntoIterator>::IntoIter: Clone,
+          <H::Item as IntoIterator>::Item: Clone
+{
+    MultiProduct(iters.map(|i| MultiProductIter::new(i.into_iter())).collect())
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+/// Holds the state of a single iterator within a `MultiProduct`.
+struct MultiProductIter<I>
+    where I: Iterator + Clone,
+          I::Item: Clone
+{
+    cur: Option<I::Item>,
+    iter: I,
+    iter_orig: I,
+}
+
+/// Holds the current state during an iteration of a `MultiProduct`.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+enum MultiProductIterState {
+    StartOfIter,
+    MidIter { on_first_iter: bool },
+}
+
+impl<I> MultiProduct<I>
+    where I: Iterator + Clone,
+          I::Item: Clone
+{
+    /// Iterates the rightmost iterator, then recursively iterates iterators
+    /// to the left if necessary.
+    ///
+    /// Returns true if the iteration succeeded, else false.
+    fn iterate_last(
+        multi_iters: &mut [MultiProductIter<I>],
+        mut state: MultiProductIterState
+    ) -> bool {
+        use self::MultiProductIterState::*;
+
+        if let Some((last, rest)) = multi_iters.split_last_mut() {
+            let on_first_iter = match state {
+                StartOfIter => {
+                    let on_first_iter = !last.in_progress();
+                    state = MidIter { on_first_iter };
+                    on_first_iter
+                },
+                MidIter { on_first_iter } => on_first_iter
+            };
+
+            if !on_first_iter {
+                last.iterate();
+            }
+
+            if last.in_progress() {
+                true
+            } else if MultiProduct::iterate_last(rest, state) {
+                last.reset();
+                last.iterate();
+                // If iterator is None twice consecutively, then iterator is
+                // empty; whole product is empty.
+                last.in_progress()
+            } else {
+                false
+            }
+        } else {
+            // Reached end of iterator list. On initialisation, return true.
+            // At end of iteration (final iterator finishes), finish.
+            match state {
+                StartOfIter => false,
+                MidIter { on_first_iter } => on_first_iter
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the unwrapped value of the next iteration.
+    fn curr_iterator(&self) -> Vec<I::Item> {
+        self.0.iter().map(|multi_iter| {
+            multi_iter.cur.clone().unwrap()
+        }).collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if iteration has started and has not yet finished; false
+    /// otherwise.
+    fn in_progress(&self) -> bool {
+        if let Some(last) = self.0.last() {
+            last.in_progress()
+        } else {
+            false
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> MultiProductIter<I>
+    where I: Iterator + Clone,
+          I::Item: Clone
+{
+    fn new(iter: I) -> Self {
+        MultiProductIter {
+            cur: None,
+            iter: iter.clone(),
+            iter_orig: iter
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate the managed iterator.
+    fn iterate(&mut self) {
+        self.cur = self.iter.next();
+    }
+
+    /// Reset the managed iterator.
+    fn reset(&mut self) {
+        self.iter = self.iter_orig.clone();
+    }
+
+    /// Returns true if the current iterator has been started and has not yet
+    /// finished; false otherwise.
+    fn in_progress(&self) -> bool {
+        self.cur.is_some()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> Iterator for MultiProduct<I>
+    where I: Iterator + Clone,
+          I::Item: Clone
+{
+    type Item = Vec<I::Item>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if MultiProduct::iterate_last(
+            &mut self.0,
+            MultiProductIterState::StartOfIter
+        ) {
+            Some(self.curr_iterator())
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn count(self) -> usize {
+        if self.0.is_empty() {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        if !self.in_progress() {
+            return self.0.into_iter().fold(1, |acc, multi_iter| {
+                acc * multi_iter.iter.count()
+            });
+        }
+
+        self.0.into_iter().fold(
+            0,
+            |acc, MultiProductIter { iter, iter_orig, cur: _ }| {
+                let total_count = iter_orig.count();
+                let cur_count = iter.count();
+                acc * total_count + cur_count
+            }
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        // Not ExactSizeIterator because size may be larger than usize
+        if self.0.is_empty() {
+            return (0, Some(0));
+        }
+
+        if !self.in_progress() {
+            return self.0.iter().fold((1, Some(1)), |acc, multi_iter| {
+                size_hint::mul(acc, multi_iter.iter.size_hint())
+            });
+        }
+
+        self.0.iter().fold(
+            (0, Some(0)),
+            |acc, &MultiProductIter { ref iter, ref iter_orig, cur: _ }| {
+                let cur_size = iter.size_hint();
+                let total_size = iter_orig.size_hint();
+                size_hint::add(size_hint::mul(acc, total_size), cur_size)
+            }
+        )
+    }
+
+    fn last(self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let iter_count = self.0.len();
+
+        let lasts: Self::Item = self.0.into_iter()
+            .map(|multi_iter| multi_iter.iter.last())
+            .while_some()
+            .collect();
+
+        if lasts.len() == iter_count {
+            Some(lasts)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/combinations.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/combinations.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..68a59c5e4d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/combinations.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,128 @@
+use std::fmt;
+use std::iter::FusedIterator;
+
+use super::lazy_buffer::LazyBuffer;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+/// An iterator to iterate through all the `k`-length combinations in an iterator.
+///
+/// See [`.combinations()`](crate::Itertools::combinations) for more information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct Combinations<I: Iterator> {
+    indices: Vec<usize>,
+    pool: LazyBuffer<I>,
+    first: bool,
+}
+
+impl<I> Clone for Combinations<I>
+    where I: Clone + Iterator,
+          I::Item: Clone,
+{
+    clone_fields!(indices, pool, first);
+}
+
+impl<I> fmt::Debug for Combinations<I>
+    where I: Iterator + fmt::Debug,
+          I::Item: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(Combinations, indices, pool, first);
+}
+
+/// Create a new `Combinations` from a clonable iterator.
+pub fn combinations<I>(iter: I, k: usize) -> Combinations<I>
+    where I: Iterator
+{
+    let mut pool = LazyBuffer::new(iter);
+    pool.prefill(k);
+
+    Combinations {
+        indices: (0..k).collect(),
+        pool,
+        first: true,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I: Iterator> Combinations<I> {
+    /// Returns the length of a combination produced by this iterator.
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn k(&self) -> usize { self.indices.len() }
+
+    /// Returns the (current) length of the pool from which combination elements are
+    /// selected. This value can change between invocations of [`next`](Combinations::next).
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn n(&self) -> usize { self.pool.len() }
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the source iterator.
+    #[inline]
+    pub(crate) fn src(&self) -> &I { &self.pool.it }
+
+    /// Resets this `Combinations` back to an initial state for combinations of length
+    /// `k` over the same pool data source. If `k` is larger than the current length
+    /// of the data pool an attempt is made to prefill the pool so that it holds `k`
+    /// elements.
+    pub(crate) fn reset(&mut self, k: usize) {
+        self.first = true;
+
+        if k < self.indices.len() {
+            self.indices.truncate(k);
+            for i in 0..k {
+                self.indices[i] = i;
+            }
+
+        } else {
+            for i in 0..self.indices.len() {
+                self.indices[i] = i;
+            }
+            self.indices.extend(self.indices.len()..k);
+            self.pool.prefill(k);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> Iterator for Combinations<I>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          I::Item: Clone
+{
+    type Item = Vec<I::Item>;
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if self.first {
+            if self.k() > self.n() {
+                return None;
+            }
+            self.first = false;
+        } else if self.indices.is_empty() {
+            return None;
+        } else {
+            // Scan from the end, looking for an index to increment
+            let mut i: usize = self.indices.len() - 1;
+
+            // Check if we need to consume more from the iterator
+            if self.indices[i] == self.pool.len() - 1 {
+                self.pool.get_next(); // may change pool size
+            }
+
+            while self.indices[i] == i + self.pool.len() - self.indices.len() {
+                if i > 0 {
+                    i -= 1;
+                } else {
+                    // Reached the last combination
+                    return None;
+                }
+            }
+
+            // Increment index, and reset the ones to its right
+            self.indices[i] += 1;
+            for j in i+1..self.indices.len() {
+                self.indices[j] = self.indices[j - 1] + 1;
+            }
+        }
+
+        // Create result vector based on the indices
+        Some(self.indices.iter().map(|i| self.pool[*i].clone()).collect())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> FusedIterator for Combinations<I>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          I::Item: Clone
+{}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/combinations_with_replacement.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/combinations_with_replacement.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0fec9671ac
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/combinations_with_replacement.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,109 @@
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::iter::FusedIterator;
+
+use super::lazy_buffer::LazyBuffer;
+
+/// An iterator to iterate through all the `n`-length combinations in an iterator, with replacement.
+///
+/// See [`.combinations_with_replacement()`](crate::Itertools::combinations_with_replacement)
+/// for more information.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct CombinationsWithReplacement<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    I::Item: Clone,
+{
+    indices: Vec<usize>,
+    pool: LazyBuffer<I>,
+    first: bool,
+}
+
+impl<I> fmt::Debug for CombinationsWithReplacement<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator + fmt::Debug,
+    I::Item: fmt::Debug + Clone,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(Combinations, indices, pool, first);
+}
+
+impl<I> CombinationsWithReplacement<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    I::Item: Clone,
+{
+    /// Map the current mask over the pool to get an output combination
+    fn current(&self) -> Vec<I::Item> {
+        self.indices.iter().map(|i| self.pool[*i].clone()).collect()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create a new `CombinationsWithReplacement` from a clonable iterator.
+pub fn combinations_with_replacement<I>(iter: I, k: usize) -> CombinationsWithReplacement<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    I::Item: Clone,
+{
+    let indices: Vec<usize> = alloc::vec![0; k];
+    let pool: LazyBuffer<I> = LazyBuffer::new(iter);
+
+    CombinationsWithReplacement {
+        indices,
+        pool,
+        first: true,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> Iterator for CombinationsWithReplacement<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    I::Item: Clone,
+{
+    type Item = Vec<I::Item>;
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        // If this is the first iteration, return early
+        if self.first {
+            // In empty edge cases, stop iterating immediately
+            return if !(self.indices.is_empty() || self.pool.get_next()) {
+                None
+            // Otherwise, yield the initial state
+            } else {
+                self.first = false;
+                Some(self.current())
+            };
+        }
+
+        // Check if we need to consume more from the iterator
+        // This will run while we increment our first index digit
+        self.pool.get_next();
+
+        // Work out where we need to update our indices
+        let mut increment: Option<(usize, usize)> = None;
+        for (i, indices_int) in self.indices.iter().enumerate().rev() {
+            if *indices_int < self.pool.len()-1 {
+                increment = Some((i, indices_int + 1));
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        match increment {
+            // If we can update the indices further
+            Some((increment_from, increment_value)) => {
+                // We need to update the rightmost non-max value
+                // and all those to the right
+                for indices_index in increment_from..self.indices.len() {
+                    self.indices[indices_index] = increment_value;
+                }
+                Some(self.current())
+            }
+            // Otherwise, we're done
+            None => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> FusedIterator for CombinationsWithReplacement<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    I::Item: Clone,
+{}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/concat_impl.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/concat_impl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f022ec90af
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/concat_impl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+use crate::Itertools;
+
+/// Combine all an iterator's elements into one element by using [`Extend`].
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`]-enabled version of [`Itertools::concat`].
+///
+/// This combinator will extend the first item with each of the rest of the
+/// items of the iterator. If the iterator is empty, the default value of
+/// `I::Item` is returned.
+///
+/// ```rust
+/// use itertools::concat;
+/// 
+/// let input = vec![vec![1], vec![2, 3], vec![4, 5, 6]];
+/// assert_eq!(concat(input), vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
+/// ```
+pub fn concat<I>(iterable: I) -> I::Item
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          I::Item: Extend<<<I as IntoIterator>::Item as IntoIterator>::Item> + IntoIterator + Default
+{
+    #[allow(deprecated)] //TODO: once msrv hits 1.51. replace `fold1` with `reduce`
+    iterable.into_iter().fold1(|mut a, b| { a.extend(b); a }).unwrap_or_default()
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/cons_tuples_impl.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/cons_tuples_impl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ae0f48f349
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/cons_tuples_impl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,64 @@
+
+macro_rules! impl_cons_iter(
+    ($_A:ident, $_B:ident, ) => (); // stop
+
+    ($A:ident, $($B:ident,)*) => (
+        impl_cons_iter!($($B,)*);
+        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+        impl<X, Iter, $($B),*> Iterator for ConsTuples<Iter, (($($B,)*), X)>
+            where Iter: Iterator<Item = (($($B,)*), X)>,
+        {
+            type Item = ($($B,)* X, );
+            fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+                self.iter.next().map(|(($($B,)*), x)| ($($B,)* x, ))
+            }
+
+            fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+                self.iter.size_hint()
+            }
+            fn fold<Acc, Fold>(self, accum: Acc, mut f: Fold) -> Acc
+                where Fold: FnMut(Acc, Self::Item) -> Acc,
+            {
+                self.iter.fold(accum, move |acc, (($($B,)*), x)| f(acc, ($($B,)* x, )))
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+        impl<X, Iter, $($B),*> DoubleEndedIterator for ConsTuples<Iter, (($($B,)*), X)>
+            where Iter: DoubleEndedIterator<Item = (($($B,)*), X)>,
+        {
+            fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+                self.iter.next().map(|(($($B,)*), x)| ($($B,)* x, ))
+            }
+        }
+
+    );
+);
+
+impl_cons_iter!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L,);
+
+/// An iterator that maps an iterator of tuples like
+/// `((A, B), C)` to an iterator of `(A, B, C)`.
+///
+/// Used by the `iproduct!()` macro.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ConsTuples<I, J>
+    where I: Iterator<Item=J>,
+{
+    iter: I,
+}
+
+impl<I, J> Clone for ConsTuples<I, J>
+    where I: Clone + Iterator<Item=J>,
+{
+    clone_fields!(iter);
+}
+
+/// Create an iterator that maps for example iterators of
+/// `((A, B), C)` to `(A, B, C)`.
+pub fn cons_tuples<I, J>(iterable: I) -> ConsTuples<I::IntoIter, J>
+    where I: IntoIterator<Item=J>
+{
+    ConsTuples { iter: iterable.into_iter() }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/diff.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/diff.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1731f0639f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/diff.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+//! "Diff"ing iterators for caching elements to sequential collections without requiring the new
+//! elements' iterator to be `Clone`.
+//!
+//! - [`Diff`] (produced by the [`diff_with`] function)
+//! describes the difference between two non-`Clone` iterators `I` and `J` after breaking ASAP from
+//! a lock-step comparison.
+
+use crate::free::put_back;
+use crate::structs::PutBack;
+
+/// A type returned by the [`diff_with`] function.
+///
+/// `Diff` represents the way in which the elements yielded by the iterator `I` differ to some
+/// iterator `J`.
+pub enum Diff<I, J>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          J: Iterator
+{
+    /// The index of the first non-matching element along with both iterator's remaining elements
+    /// starting with the first mis-match.
+    FirstMismatch(usize, PutBack<I>, PutBack<J>),
+    /// The total number of elements that were in `J` along with the remaining elements of `I`.
+    Shorter(usize, PutBack<I>),
+    /// The total number of elements that were in `I` along with the remaining elements of `J`.
+    Longer(usize, PutBack<J>),
+}
+
+/// Compares every element yielded by both `i` and `j` with the given function in lock-step and
+/// returns a [`Diff`] which describes how `j` differs from `i`.
+///
+/// If the number of elements yielded by `j` is less than the number of elements yielded by `i`,
+/// the number of `j` elements yielded will be returned along with `i`'s remaining elements as
+/// `Diff::Shorter`.
+///
+/// If the two elements of a step differ, the index of those elements along with the remaining
+/// elements of both `i` and `j` are returned as `Diff::FirstMismatch`.
+///
+/// If `i` becomes exhausted before `j` becomes exhausted, the number of elements in `i` along with
+/// the remaining `j` elements will be returned as `Diff::Longer`.
+pub fn diff_with<I, J, F>(i: I, j: J, is_equal: F)
+    -> Option<Diff<I::IntoIter, J::IntoIter>>
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          J: IntoIterator,
+          F: Fn(&I::Item, &J::Item) -> bool
+{
+    let mut i = i.into_iter();
+    let mut j = j.into_iter();
+    let mut idx = 0;
+    while let Some(i_elem) = i.next() {
+        match j.next() {
+            None => return Some(Diff::Shorter(idx, put_back(i).with_value(i_elem))),
+            Some(j_elem) => if !is_equal(&i_elem, &j_elem) {
+                let remaining_i = put_back(i).with_value(i_elem);
+                let remaining_j = put_back(j).with_value(j_elem);
+                return Some(Diff::FirstMismatch(idx, remaining_i, remaining_j));
+            },
+        }
+        idx += 1;
+    }
+    j.next().map(|j_elem| Diff::Longer(idx, put_back(j).with_value(j_elem)))
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/duplicates_impl.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/duplicates_impl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..28eda44a97
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/duplicates_impl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+use std::hash::Hash;
+
+mod private {
+    use std::collections::HashMap;
+    use std::hash::Hash;
+    use std::fmt;
+
+    #[derive(Clone)]
+    #[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+    pub struct DuplicatesBy<I: Iterator, Key, F> {
+        pub(crate) iter: I,
+        pub(crate) meta: Meta<Key, F>,
+    }
+
+    impl<I, V, F> fmt::Debug for DuplicatesBy<I, V, F>
+    where
+        I: Iterator + fmt::Debug,
+        V: fmt::Debug + Hash + Eq,
+    {
+        debug_fmt_fields!(DuplicatesBy, iter, meta.used);
+    }
+
+    impl<I: Iterator, Key: Eq + Hash, F> DuplicatesBy<I, Key, F> {
+        pub(crate) fn new(iter: I, key_method: F) -> Self {
+            DuplicatesBy {
+                iter,
+                meta: Meta {
+                    used: HashMap::new(),
+                    pending: 0,
+                    key_method,
+                },
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Clone)]
+    pub struct Meta<Key, F> {
+        used: HashMap<Key, bool>,
+        pending: usize,
+        key_method: F,
+    }
+
+    impl<Key, F> Meta<Key, F>
+    where
+        Key: Eq + Hash,
+    {
+        /// Takes an item and returns it back to the caller if it's the second time we see it.
+        /// Otherwise the item is consumed and None is returned
+        #[inline(always)]
+        fn filter<I>(&mut self, item: I) -> Option<I>
+        where
+            F: KeyMethod<Key, I>,
+        {
+            let kv = self.key_method.make(item);
+            match self.used.get_mut(kv.key_ref()) {
+                None => {
+                    self.used.insert(kv.key(), false);
+                    self.pending += 1;
+                    None
+                }
+                Some(true) => None,
+                Some(produced) => {
+                    *produced = true;
+                    self.pending -= 1;
+                    Some(kv.value())
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl<I, Key, F> Iterator for DuplicatesBy<I, Key, F>
+    where
+        I: Iterator,
+        Key: Eq + Hash,
+        F: KeyMethod<Key, I::Item>,
+    {
+        type Item = I::Item;
+
+        fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+            let DuplicatesBy { iter, meta } = self;
+            iter.find_map(|v| meta.filter(v))
+        }
+
+        #[inline]
+        fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+            let (_, hi) = self.iter.size_hint();
+            let hi = hi.map(|hi| {
+                if hi <= self.meta.pending {
+                    // fewer or equally many iter-remaining elements than pending elements
+                    // => at most, each iter-remaining element is matched
+                    hi
+                } else {
+                    // fewer pending elements than iter-remaining elements
+                    // => at most:
+                    //    * each pending element is matched
+                    //    * the other iter-remaining elements come in pairs
+                    self.meta.pending + (hi - self.meta.pending) / 2
+                }
+            });
+            // The lower bound is always 0 since we might only get unique items from now on
+            (0, hi)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl<I, Key, F> DoubleEndedIterator for DuplicatesBy<I, Key, F>
+    where
+        I: DoubleEndedIterator,
+        Key: Eq + Hash,
+        F: KeyMethod<Key, I::Item>,
+    {
+        fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+            let DuplicatesBy { iter, meta } = self;
+            iter.rev().find_map(|v| meta.filter(v))
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A keying method for use with `DuplicatesBy`
+    pub trait KeyMethod<K, V> {
+        type Container: KeyXorValue<K, V>;
+
+        fn make(&mut self, value: V) -> Self::Container;
+    }
+
+    /// Apply the identity function to elements before checking them for equality.
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub struct ById;
+    impl<V> KeyMethod<V, V> for ById {
+        type Container = JustValue<V>;
+
+        fn make(&mut self, v: V) -> Self::Container {
+            JustValue(v)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Apply a user-supplied function to elements before checking them for equality.
+    pub struct ByFn<F>(pub(crate) F);
+    impl<F> fmt::Debug for ByFn<F> {
+        debug_fmt_fields!(ByFn,);
+    }
+    impl<K, V, F> KeyMethod<K, V> for ByFn<F>
+    where
+        F: FnMut(&V) -> K,
+    {
+        type Container = KeyValue<K, V>;
+
+        fn make(&mut self, v: V) -> Self::Container {
+            KeyValue((self.0)(&v), v)
+        }
+    }
+
+    // Implementors of this trait can hold onto a key and a value but only give access to one of them
+    // at a time. This allows the key and the value to be the same value internally
+    pub trait KeyXorValue<K, V> {
+        fn key_ref(&self) -> &K;
+        fn key(self) -> K;
+        fn value(self) -> V;
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub struct KeyValue<K, V>(K, V);
+    impl<K, V> KeyXorValue<K, V> for KeyValue<K, V> {
+        fn key_ref(&self) -> &K {
+            &self.0
+        }
+        fn key(self) -> K {
+            self.0
+        }
+        fn value(self) -> V {
+            self.1
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[derive(Debug)]
+    pub struct JustValue<V>(V);
+    impl<V> KeyXorValue<V, V> for JustValue<V> {
+        fn key_ref(&self) -> &V {
+            &self.0
+        }
+        fn key(self) -> V {
+            self.0
+        }
+        fn value(self) -> V {
+            self.0
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator adapter to filter for duplicate elements.
+///
+/// See [`.duplicates_by()`](crate::Itertools::duplicates_by) for more information.
+pub type DuplicatesBy<I, V, F> = private::DuplicatesBy<I, V, private::ByFn<F>>;
+
+/// Create a new `DuplicatesBy` iterator.
+pub fn duplicates_by<I, Key, F>(iter: I, f: F) -> DuplicatesBy<I, Key, F>
+where
+    Key: Eq + Hash,
+    F: FnMut(&I::Item) -> Key,
+    I: Iterator,
+{
+    DuplicatesBy::new(iter, private::ByFn(f))
+}
+
+/// An iterator adapter to filter out duplicate elements.
+///
+/// See [`.duplicates()`](crate::Itertools::duplicates) for more information.
+pub type Duplicates<I> = private::DuplicatesBy<I, <I as Iterator>::Item, private::ById>;
+
+/// Create a new `Duplicates` iterator.
+pub fn duplicates<I>(iter: I) -> Duplicates<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    I::Item: Eq + Hash,
+{
+    Duplicates::new(iter, private::ById)
+}
+
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/either_or_both.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/either_or_both.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf65fe7885
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/either_or_both.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,495 @@
+use core::ops::{Deref, DerefMut};
+
+use crate::EitherOrBoth::*;
+
+use either::Either;
+
+/// Value that either holds a single A or B, or both.
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Hash, Debug)]
+pub enum EitherOrBoth<A, B> {
+    /// Both values are present.
+    Both(A, B),
+    /// Only the left value of type `A` is present.
+    Left(A),
+    /// Only the right value of type `B` is present.
+    Right(B),
+}
+
+impl<A, B> EitherOrBoth<A, B> {
+    /// If `Left`, or `Both`, return true. Otherwise, return false.
+    pub fn has_left(&self) -> bool {
+        self.as_ref().left().is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// If `Right`, or `Both`, return true, otherwise, return false.
+    pub fn has_right(&self) -> bool {
+        self.as_ref().right().is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// If `Left`, return true. Otherwise, return false.
+    /// Exclusive version of [`has_left`](EitherOrBoth::has_left).
+    pub fn is_left(&self) -> bool {
+        match *self {
+            Left(_) => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If `Right`, return true. Otherwise, return false.
+    /// Exclusive version of [`has_right`](EitherOrBoth::has_right).
+    pub fn is_right(&self) -> bool {
+        match *self {
+            Right(_) => true,
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If `Both`, return true. Otherwise, return false.
+    pub fn is_both(&self) -> bool {
+        self.as_ref().both().is_some()
+    }
+
+    /// If `Left`, or `Both`, return `Some` with the left value. Otherwise, return `None`.
+    pub fn left(self) -> Option<A> {
+        match self {
+            Left(left) | Both(left, _) => Some(left),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If `Right`, or `Both`, return `Some` with the right value. Otherwise, return `None`.
+    pub fn right(self) -> Option<B> {
+        match self {
+            Right(right) | Both(_, right) => Some(right),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If `Left`, return `Some` with the left value. If `Right` or `Both`, return `None`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// // On the `Left` variant.
+    /// # use itertools::{EitherOrBoth, EitherOrBoth::{Left, Right, Both}};
+    /// let x: EitherOrBoth<_, ()> = Left("bonjour");
+    /// assert_eq!(x.just_left(), Some("bonjour"));
+    ///
+    /// // On the `Right` variant.
+    /// let x: EitherOrBoth<(), _> = Right("hola");
+    /// assert_eq!(x.just_left(), None);
+    ///
+    /// // On the `Both` variant.
+    /// let x = Both("bonjour", "hola");
+    /// assert_eq!(x.just_left(), None);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn just_left(self) -> Option<A> {
+        match self {
+            Left(left) => Some(left),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If `Right`, return `Some` with the right value. If `Left` or `Both`, return `None`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// // On the `Left` variant.
+    /// # use itertools::{EitherOrBoth::{Left, Right, Both}, EitherOrBoth};
+    /// let x: EitherOrBoth<_, ()> = Left("auf wiedersehen");
+    /// assert_eq!(x.just_left(), Some("auf wiedersehen"));
+    ///
+    /// // On the `Right` variant.
+    /// let x: EitherOrBoth<(), _> = Right("adios");
+    /// assert_eq!(x.just_left(), None);
+    ///
+    /// // On the `Both` variant.
+    /// let x = Both("auf wiedersehen", "adios");
+    /// assert_eq!(x.just_left(), None);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn just_right(self) -> Option<B> {
+        match self {
+            Right(right) => Some(right),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If `Both`, return `Some` containing the left and right values. Otherwise, return `None`.
+    pub fn both(self) -> Option<(A, B)> {
+        match self {
+            Both(a, b) => Some((a, b)),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If `Left` or `Both`, return the left value. Otherwise, convert the right value and return it.
+    pub fn into_left(self) -> A
+    where
+        B: Into<A>,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Left(a) | Both(a, _) => a,
+            Right(b) => b.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If `Right` or `Both`, return the right value. Otherwise, convert the left value and return it.
+    pub fn into_right(self) -> B
+    where
+        A: Into<B>,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Right(b) | Both(_, b) => b,
+            Left(a) => a.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Converts from `&EitherOrBoth<A, B>` to `EitherOrBoth<&A, &B>`.
+    pub fn as_ref(&self) -> EitherOrBoth<&A, &B> {
+        match *self {
+            Left(ref left) => Left(left),
+            Right(ref right) => Right(right),
+            Both(ref left, ref right) => Both(left, right),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Converts from `&mut EitherOrBoth<A, B>` to `EitherOrBoth<&mut A, &mut B>`.
+    pub fn as_mut(&mut self) -> EitherOrBoth<&mut A, &mut B> {
+        match *self {
+            Left(ref mut left) => Left(left),
+            Right(ref mut right) => Right(right),
+            Both(ref mut left, ref mut right) => Both(left, right),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Converts from `&EitherOrBoth<A, B>` to `EitherOrBoth<&_, &_>` using the [`Deref`] trait.
+    pub fn as_deref(&self) -> EitherOrBoth<&A::Target, &B::Target>
+    where
+        A: Deref,
+        B: Deref,
+    {
+        match *self {
+            Left(ref left) => Left(left),
+            Right(ref right) => Right(right),
+            Both(ref left, ref right) => Both(left, right),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Converts from `&mut EitherOrBoth<A, B>` to `EitherOrBoth<&mut _, &mut _>` using the [`DerefMut`] trait.
+    pub fn as_deref_mut(&mut self) -> EitherOrBoth<&mut A::Target, &mut B::Target>
+    where
+        A: DerefMut,
+        B: DerefMut,
+    {
+        match *self {
+            Left(ref mut left) => Left(left),
+            Right(ref mut right) => Right(right),
+            Both(ref mut left, ref mut right) => Both(left, right),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Convert `EitherOrBoth<A, B>` to `EitherOrBoth<B, A>`.
+    pub fn flip(self) -> EitherOrBoth<B, A> {
+        match self {
+            Left(a) => Right(a),
+            Right(b) => Left(b),
+            Both(a, b) => Both(b, a),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Apply the function `f` on the value `a` in `Left(a)` or `Both(a, b)` variants. If it is
+    /// present rewrapping the result in `self`'s original variant.
+    pub fn map_left<F, M>(self, f: F) -> EitherOrBoth<M, B>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(A) -> M,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Both(a, b) => Both(f(a), b),
+            Left(a) => Left(f(a)),
+            Right(b) => Right(b),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Apply the function `f` on the value `b` in `Right(b)` or `Both(a, b)` variants.
+    /// If it is present rewrapping the result in `self`'s original variant.
+    pub fn map_right<F, M>(self, f: F) -> EitherOrBoth<A, M>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(B) -> M,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Left(a) => Left(a),
+            Right(b) => Right(f(b)),
+            Both(a, b) => Both(a, f(b)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Apply the functions `f` and `g` on the value `a` and `b` respectively;
+    /// found in `Left(a)`, `Right(b)`, or `Both(a, b)` variants.
+    /// The Result is rewrapped `self`'s original variant.
+    pub fn map_any<F, L, G, R>(self, f: F, g: G) -> EitherOrBoth<L, R>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(A) -> L,
+        G: FnOnce(B) -> R,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Left(a) => Left(f(a)),
+            Right(b) => Right(g(b)),
+            Both(a, b) => Both(f(a), g(b)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Apply the function `f` on the value `a` in `Left(a)` or `Both(a, _)` variants if it is
+    /// present.
+    pub fn left_and_then<F, L>(self, f: F) -> EitherOrBoth<L, B>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(A) -> EitherOrBoth<L, B>,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Left(a) | Both(a, _) => f(a),
+            Right(b) => Right(b),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Apply the function `f` on the value `b`
+    /// in `Right(b)` or `Both(_, b)` variants if it is present.
+    pub fn right_and_then<F, R>(self, f: F) -> EitherOrBoth<A, R>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(B) -> EitherOrBoth<A, R>,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Left(a) => Left(a),
+            Right(b) | Both(_, b) => f(b),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a tuple consisting of the `l` and `r` in `Both(l, r)`, if present.
+    /// Otherwise, returns the wrapped value for the present element, and the supplied
+    /// value for the other. The first (`l`) argument is used for a missing `Left`
+    /// value. The second (`r`) argument is used for a missing `Right` value.
+    ///
+    /// Arguments passed to `or` are eagerly evaluated; if you are passing
+    /// the result of a function call, it is recommended to use [`or_else`],
+    /// which is lazily evaluated.
+    ///
+    /// [`or_else`]: EitherOrBoth::or_else
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use itertools::EitherOrBoth;
+    /// assert_eq!(EitherOrBoth::Both("tree", 1).or("stone", 5), ("tree", 1));
+    /// assert_eq!(EitherOrBoth::Left("tree").or("stone", 5), ("tree", 5));
+    /// assert_eq!(EitherOrBoth::Right(1).or("stone", 5), ("stone", 1));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn or(self, l: A, r: B) -> (A, B) {
+        match self {
+            Left(inner_l) => (inner_l, r),
+            Right(inner_r) => (l, inner_r),
+            Both(inner_l, inner_r) => (inner_l, inner_r),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a tuple consisting of the `l` and `r` in `Both(l, r)`, if present.
+    /// Otherwise, returns the wrapped value for the present element, and the [`default`](Default::default)
+    /// for the other.
+    pub fn or_default(self) -> (A, B)
+    where
+        A: Default,
+        B: Default,
+    {
+        match self {
+            EitherOrBoth::Left(l) => (l, B::default()),
+            EitherOrBoth::Right(r) => (A::default(), r),
+            EitherOrBoth::Both(l, r) => (l, r),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a tuple consisting of the `l` and `r` in `Both(l, r)`, if present.
+    /// Otherwise, returns the wrapped value for the present element, and computes the
+    /// missing value with the supplied closure. The first argument (`l`) is used for a
+    /// missing `Left` value. The second argument (`r`) is used for a missing `Right` value.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use itertools::EitherOrBoth;
+    /// let k = 10;
+    /// assert_eq!(EitherOrBoth::Both("tree", 1).or_else(|| "stone", || 2 * k), ("tree", 1));
+    /// assert_eq!(EitherOrBoth::Left("tree").or_else(|| "stone", || 2 * k), ("tree", 20));
+    /// assert_eq!(EitherOrBoth::Right(1).or_else(|| "stone", || 2 * k), ("stone", 1));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn or_else<L: FnOnce() -> A, R: FnOnce() -> B>(self, l: L, r: R) -> (A, B) {
+        match self {
+            Left(inner_l) => (inner_l, r()),
+            Right(inner_r) => (l(), inner_r),
+            Both(inner_l, inner_r) => (inner_l, inner_r),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a mutable reference to the left value. If the left value is not present,
+    /// it is replaced with `val`.
+    pub fn left_or_insert(&mut self, val: A) -> &mut A {
+        self.left_or_insert_with(|| val)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a mutable reference to the right value. If the right value is not present,
+    /// it is replaced with `val`.
+    pub fn right_or_insert(&mut self, val: B) -> &mut B {
+        self.right_or_insert_with(|| val)
+    }
+
+    /// If the left value is not present, replace it the value computed by the closure `f`.
+    /// Returns a mutable reference to the now-present left value.
+    pub fn left_or_insert_with<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> &mut A
+    where
+        F: FnOnce() -> A,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Left(left) | Both(left, _) => left,
+            Right(_) => self.insert_left(f()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If the right value is not present, replace it the value computed by the closure `f`.
+    /// Returns a mutable reference to the now-present right value.
+    pub fn right_or_insert_with<F>(&mut self, f: F) -> &mut B
+    where
+        F: FnOnce() -> B,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Right(right) | Both(_, right) => right,
+            Left(_) => self.insert_right(f()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the `left` value of this instance, and returns a mutable reference to it.
+    /// Does not affect the `right` value.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    /// ```
+    /// # use itertools::{EitherOrBoth, EitherOrBoth::{Left, Right, Both}};
+    ///
+    /// // Overwriting a pre-existing value.
+    /// let mut either: EitherOrBoth<_, ()> = Left(0_u32);
+    /// assert_eq!(*either.insert_left(69), 69);
+    ///
+    /// // Inserting a second value.
+    /// let mut either = Right("no");
+    /// assert_eq!(*either.insert_left("yes"), "yes");
+    /// assert_eq!(either, Both("yes", "no"));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn insert_left(&mut self, val: A) -> &mut A {
+        match self {
+            Left(left) | Both(left, _) => {
+                *left = val;
+                left
+            }
+            Right(right) => {
+                // This is like a map in place operation. We move out of the reference,
+                // change the value, and then move back into the reference.
+                unsafe {
+                    // SAFETY: We know this pointer is valid for reading since we got it from a reference.
+                    let right = std::ptr::read(right as *mut _);
+                    // SAFETY: Again, we know the pointer is valid since we got it from a reference.
+                    std::ptr::write(self as *mut _, Both(val, right));
+                }
+
+                if let Both(left, _) = self {
+                    left
+                } else {
+                    // SAFETY: The above pattern will always match, since we just
+                    // set `self` equal to `Both`.
+                    unsafe { std::hint::unreachable_unchecked() }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Sets the `right` value of this instance, and returns a mutable reference to it.
+    /// Does not affect the `left` value.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    /// ```
+    /// # use itertools::{EitherOrBoth, EitherOrBoth::{Left, Both}};
+    /// // Overwriting a pre-existing value.
+    /// let mut either: EitherOrBoth<_, ()> = Left(0_u32);
+    /// assert_eq!(*either.insert_left(69), 69);
+    ///
+    /// // Inserting a second value.
+    /// let mut either = Left("what's");
+    /// assert_eq!(*either.insert_right(9 + 10), 21 - 2);
+    /// assert_eq!(either, Both("what's", 9+10));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn insert_right(&mut self, val: B) -> &mut B {
+        match self {
+            Right(right) | Both(_, right) => {
+                *right = val;
+                right
+            }
+            Left(left) => {
+                // This is like a map in place operation. We move out of the reference,
+                // change the value, and then move back into the reference.
+                unsafe {
+                    // SAFETY: We know this pointer is valid for reading since we got it from a reference.
+                    let left = std::ptr::read(left as *mut _);
+                    // SAFETY: Again, we know the pointer is valid since we got it from a reference.
+                    std::ptr::write(self as *mut _, Both(left, val));
+                }
+                if let Both(_, right) = self {
+                    right
+                } else {
+                    // SAFETY: The above pattern will always match, since we just
+                    // set `self` equal to `Both`.
+                    unsafe { std::hint::unreachable_unchecked() }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Set `self` to `Both(..)`, containing the specified left and right values,
+    /// and returns a mutable reference to those values.
+    pub fn insert_both(&mut self, left: A, right: B) -> (&mut A, &mut B) {
+        *self = Both(left, right);
+        if let Both(left, right) = self {
+            (left, right)
+        } else {
+            // SAFETY: The above pattern will always match, since we just
+            // set `self` equal to `Both`.
+            unsafe { std::hint::unreachable_unchecked() }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> EitherOrBoth<T, T> {
+    /// Return either value of left, right, or apply a function `f` to both values if both are present.
+    /// The input function has to return the same type as both Right and Left carry.
+    /// 
+    /// # Examples
+    /// ```
+    /// # use itertools::EitherOrBoth;
+    /// assert_eq!(EitherOrBoth::Both(3, 7).reduce(u32::max), 7);
+    /// assert_eq!(EitherOrBoth::Left(3).reduce(u32::max), 3);
+    /// assert_eq!(EitherOrBoth::Right(7).reduce(u32::max), 7);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn reduce<F>(self, f: F) -> T
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(T, T) -> T,
+    {
+        match self {
+            Left(a) => a,
+            Right(b) => b,
+            Both(a, b) => f(a, b),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<A, B> Into<Option<Either<A, B>>> for EitherOrBoth<A, B> {
+    fn into(self) -> Option<Either<A, B>> {
+        match self {
+            EitherOrBoth::Left(l) => Some(Either::Left(l)),
+            EitherOrBoth::Right(r) => Some(Either::Right(r)),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/exactly_one_err.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/exactly_one_err.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c54ae77ca9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/exactly_one_err.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,110 @@
+#[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::fmt::{Debug, Display, Formatter, Result as FmtResult};
+
+use std::iter::ExactSizeIterator;
+
+use either::Either;
+
+use crate::size_hint;
+
+/// Iterator returned for the error case of `IterTools::exactly_one()`
+/// This iterator yields exactly the same elements as the input iterator.
+///
+/// During the execution of `exactly_one` the iterator must be mutated.  This wrapper
+/// effectively "restores" the state of the input iterator when it's handed back.
+///
+/// This is very similar to `PutBackN` except this iterator only supports 0-2 elements and does not
+/// use a `Vec`.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct ExactlyOneError<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+{
+    first_two: Option<Either<[I::Item; 2], I::Item>>,
+    inner: I,
+}
+
+impl<I> ExactlyOneError<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+{
+    /// Creates a new `ExactlyOneErr` iterator.
+    pub(crate) fn new(first_two: Option<Either<[I::Item; 2], I::Item>>, inner: I) -> Self {
+        Self { first_two, inner }
+    }
+
+    fn additional_len(&self) -> usize {
+        match self.first_two {
+            Some(Either::Left(_)) => 2,
+            Some(Either::Right(_)) => 1,
+            None => 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> Iterator for ExactlyOneError<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        match self.first_two.take() {
+            Some(Either::Left([first, second])) => {
+                self.first_two = Some(Either::Right(second));
+                Some(first)
+            },
+            Some(Either::Right(second)) => {
+                Some(second)
+            }
+            None => {
+                self.inner.next()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        size_hint::add_scalar(self.inner.size_hint(), self.additional_len())
+    }
+}
+
+
+impl<I> ExactSizeIterator for ExactlyOneError<I> where I: ExactSizeIterator {}
+
+impl<I> Display for ExactlyOneError<I> 
+    where I: Iterator,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> FmtResult {
+        let additional = self.additional_len();
+        if additional > 0 {
+            write!(f, "got at least 2 elements when exactly one was expected")
+        } else {
+            write!(f, "got zero elements when exactly one was expected")
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> Debug for ExactlyOneError<I> 
+    where I: Iterator + Debug,
+          I::Item: Debug,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut Formatter) -> FmtResult {
+        match &self.first_two {
+            Some(Either::Left([first, second])) => {
+                write!(f, "ExactlyOneError[First: {:?}, Second: {:?}, RemainingIter: {:?}]", first, second, self.inner)
+            },
+            Some(Either::Right(second)) => {
+                write!(f, "ExactlyOneError[Second: {:?}, RemainingIter: {:?}]", second, self.inner)
+            }
+            None => {
+                write!(f, "ExactlyOneError[RemainingIter: {:?}]", self.inner)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+impl<I> Error for ExactlyOneError<I>  where I: Iterator + Debug, I::Item: Debug, {}
+
+
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/extrema_set.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/extrema_set.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ae128364c5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/extrema_set.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+
+/// Implementation guts for `min_set`, `min_set_by`, and `min_set_by_key`.
+pub fn min_set_impl<I, K, F, Compare>(
+    mut it: I,
+    mut key_for: F,
+    mut compare: Compare,
+) -> Vec<I::Item>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    F: FnMut(&I::Item) -> K,
+    Compare: FnMut(&I::Item, &I::Item, &K, &K) -> Ordering,
+{
+    match it.next() {
+        None => Vec::new(),
+        Some(element) => {
+            let mut current_key = key_for(&element);
+            let mut result = vec![element];
+            it.for_each(|element| {
+                let key = key_for(&element);
+                match compare(&element, &result[0], &key, &current_key) {
+                    Ordering::Less => {
+                        result.clear();
+                        result.push(element);
+                        current_key = key;
+                    }
+                    Ordering::Equal => {
+                        result.push(element);
+                    }
+                    Ordering::Greater => {}
+                }
+            });
+            result
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Implementation guts for `ax_set`, `max_set_by`, and `max_set_by_key`.
+pub fn max_set_impl<I, K, F, Compare>(it: I, key_for: F, mut compare: Compare) -> Vec<I::Item>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    F: FnMut(&I::Item) -> K,
+    Compare: FnMut(&I::Item, &I::Item, &K, &K) -> Ordering,
+{
+    min_set_impl(it, key_for, |it1, it2, key1, key2| {
+        compare(it2, it1, key2, key1)
+    })
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/flatten_ok.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/flatten_ok.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..21ae1f7223
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/flatten_ok.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,165 @@
+use crate::size_hint;
+use std::{
+    fmt,
+    iter::{DoubleEndedIterator, FusedIterator},
+};
+
+pub fn flatten_ok<I, T, E>(iter: I) -> FlattenOk<I, T, E>
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = Result<T, E>>,
+    T: IntoIterator,
+{
+    FlattenOk {
+        iter,
+        inner_front: None,
+        inner_back: None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that flattens `Result::Ok` values and
+/// allows `Result::Err` values through unchanged.
+///
+/// See [`.flatten_ok()`](crate::Itertools::flatten_ok) for more information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct FlattenOk<I, T, E>
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = Result<T, E>>,
+    T: IntoIterator,
+{
+    iter: I,
+    inner_front: Option<T::IntoIter>,
+    inner_back: Option<T::IntoIter>,
+}
+
+impl<I, T, E> Iterator for FlattenOk<I, T, E>
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = Result<T, E>>,
+    T: IntoIterator,
+{
+    type Item = Result<T::Item, E>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        loop {
+            // Handle the front inner iterator.
+            if let Some(inner) = &mut self.inner_front {
+                if let Some(item) = inner.next() {
+                    return Some(Ok(item));
+                }
+
+                // This is necessary for the iterator to implement `FusedIterator`
+                // with only the original iterator being fused.
+                self.inner_front = None;
+            }
+
+            match self.iter.next() {
+                Some(Ok(ok)) => self.inner_front = Some(ok.into_iter()),
+                Some(Err(e)) => return Some(Err(e)),
+                None => {
+                    // Handle the back inner iterator.
+                    if let Some(inner) = &mut self.inner_back {
+                        if let Some(item) = inner.next() {
+                            return Some(Ok(item));
+                        }
+
+                        // This is necessary for the iterator to implement `FusedIterator`
+                        // with only the original iterator being fused.
+                        self.inner_back = None;
+                    } else {
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        let inner_hint = |inner: &Option<T::IntoIter>| {
+            inner
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(Iterator::size_hint)
+                .unwrap_or((0, Some(0)))
+        };
+        let inner_front = inner_hint(&self.inner_front);
+        let inner_back = inner_hint(&self.inner_back);
+        // The outer iterator `Ok` case could be (0, None) as we don't know its size_hint yet.
+        let outer = match self.iter.size_hint() {
+            (0, Some(0)) => (0, Some(0)),
+            _ => (0, None),
+        };
+
+        size_hint::add(size_hint::add(inner_front, inner_back), outer)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, T, E> DoubleEndedIterator for FlattenOk<I, T, E>
+where
+    I: DoubleEndedIterator<Item = Result<T, E>>,
+    T: IntoIterator,
+    T::IntoIter: DoubleEndedIterator,
+{
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        loop {
+            // Handle the back inner iterator.
+            if let Some(inner) = &mut self.inner_back {
+                if let Some(item) = inner.next_back() {
+                    return Some(Ok(item));
+                }
+
+                // This is necessary for the iterator to implement `FusedIterator`
+                // with only the original iterator being fused.
+                self.inner_back = None;
+            }
+
+            match self.iter.next_back() {
+                Some(Ok(ok)) => self.inner_back = Some(ok.into_iter()),
+                Some(Err(e)) => return Some(Err(e)),
+                None => {
+                    // Handle the front inner iterator.
+                    if let Some(inner) = &mut self.inner_front {
+                        if let Some(item) = inner.next_back() {
+                            return Some(Ok(item));
+                        }
+
+                        // This is necessary for the iterator to implement `FusedIterator`
+                        // with only the original iterator being fused.
+                        self.inner_front = None;
+                    } else {
+                        return None;
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, T, E> Clone for FlattenOk<I, T, E>
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = Result<T, E>> + Clone,
+    T: IntoIterator,
+    T::IntoIter: Clone,
+{
+    clone_fields!(iter, inner_front, inner_back);
+}
+
+impl<I, T, E> fmt::Debug for FlattenOk<I, T, E>
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = Result<T, E>> + fmt::Debug,
+    T: IntoIterator,
+    T::IntoIter: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter<'_>) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("FlattenOk")
+            .field("iter", &self.iter)
+            .field("inner_front", &self.inner_front)
+            .field("inner_back", &self.inner_back)
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Only the iterator being flattened needs to implement [`FusedIterator`].
+impl<I, T, E> FusedIterator for FlattenOk<I, T, E>
+where
+    I: FusedIterator<Item = Result<T, E>>,
+    T: IntoIterator,
+{
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/format.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/format.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c4cb65dcb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/format.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,168 @@
+use std::cell::Cell;
+use std::fmt;
+
+/// Format all iterator elements lazily, separated by `sep`.
+///
+/// The format value can only be formatted once, after that the iterator is
+/// exhausted.
+///
+/// See [`.format_with()`](crate::Itertools::format_with) for more information.
+pub struct FormatWith<'a, I, F> {
+    sep: &'a str,
+    /// FormatWith uses interior mutability because Display::fmt takes &self.
+    inner: Cell<Option<(I, F)>>,
+}
+
+/// Format all iterator elements lazily, separated by `sep`.
+///
+/// The format value can only be formatted once, after that the iterator is
+/// exhausted.
+///
+/// See [`.format()`](crate::Itertools::format)
+/// for more information.
+pub struct Format<'a, I> {
+    sep: &'a str,
+    /// Format uses interior mutability because Display::fmt takes &self.
+    inner: Cell<Option<I>>,
+}
+
+pub fn new_format<I, F>(iter: I, separator: &str, f: F) -> FormatWith<'_, I, F>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    F: FnMut(I::Item, &mut dyn FnMut(&dyn fmt::Display) -> fmt::Result) -> fmt::Result,
+{
+    FormatWith {
+        sep: separator,
+        inner: Cell::new(Some((iter, f))),
+    }
+}
+
+pub fn new_format_default<I>(iter: I, separator: &str) -> Format<'_, I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+{
+    Format {
+        sep: separator,
+        inner: Cell::new(Some(iter)),
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, I, F> fmt::Display for FormatWith<'a, I, F>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    F: FnMut(I::Item, &mut dyn FnMut(&dyn fmt::Display) -> fmt::Result) -> fmt::Result,
+{
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        let (mut iter, mut format) = match self.inner.take() {
+            Some(t) => t,
+            None => panic!("FormatWith: was already formatted once"),
+        };
+
+        if let Some(fst) = iter.next() {
+            format(fst, &mut |disp: &dyn fmt::Display| disp.fmt(f))?;
+            iter.try_for_each(|elt| {
+                if !self.sep.is_empty() {
+                    f.write_str(self.sep)?;
+                }
+                format(elt, &mut |disp: &dyn fmt::Display| disp.fmt(f))
+            })?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, I> Format<'a, I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+{
+    fn format(
+        &self,
+        f: &mut fmt::Formatter,
+        cb: fn(&I::Item, &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result,
+    ) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut iter = match self.inner.take() {
+            Some(t) => t,
+            None => panic!("Format: was already formatted once"),
+        };
+
+        if let Some(fst) = iter.next() {
+            cb(&fst, f)?;
+            iter.try_for_each(|elt| {
+                if !self.sep.is_empty() {
+                    f.write_str(self.sep)?;
+                }
+                cb(&elt, f)
+            })?;
+        }
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_format {
+    ($($fmt_trait:ident)*) => {
+        $(
+            impl<'a, I> fmt::$fmt_trait for Format<'a, I>
+                where I: Iterator,
+                      I::Item: fmt::$fmt_trait,
+            {
+                fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+                    self.format(f, fmt::$fmt_trait::fmt)
+                }
+            }
+        )*
+    }
+}
+
+impl_format! {Display Debug UpperExp LowerExp UpperHex LowerHex Octal Binary Pointer}
+
+impl<'a, I, F> Clone for FormatWith<'a, I, F>
+where
+    (I, F): Clone,
+{
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        struct PutBackOnDrop<'r, 'a, I, F> {
+            into: &'r FormatWith<'a, I, F>,
+            inner: Option<(I, F)>,
+        }
+        // This ensures we preserve the state of the original `FormatWith` if `Clone` panics
+        impl<'r, 'a, I, F> Drop for PutBackOnDrop<'r, 'a, I, F> {
+            fn drop(&mut self) {
+                self.into.inner.set(self.inner.take())
+            }
+        }
+        let pbod = PutBackOnDrop {
+            inner: self.inner.take(),
+            into: self,
+        };
+        Self {
+            inner: Cell::new(pbod.inner.clone()),
+            sep: self.sep,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, I> Clone for Format<'a, I>
+where
+    I: Clone,
+{
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        struct PutBackOnDrop<'r, 'a, I> {
+            into: &'r Format<'a, I>,
+            inner: Option<I>,
+        }
+        // This ensures we preserve the state of the original `FormatWith` if `Clone` panics
+        impl<'r, 'a, I> Drop for PutBackOnDrop<'r, 'a, I> {
+            fn drop(&mut self) {
+                self.into.inner.set(self.inner.take())
+            }
+        }
+        let pbod = PutBackOnDrop {
+            inner: self.inner.take(),
+            into: self,
+        };
+        Self {
+            inner: Cell::new(pbod.inner.clone()),
+            sep: self.sep,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/free.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/free.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..19e3e28694
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/free.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,286 @@
+//! Free functions that create iterator adaptors or call iterator methods.
+//!
+//! The benefit of free functions is that they accept any [`IntoIterator`] as
+//! argument, so the resulting code may be easier to read.
+
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+use std::fmt::Display;
+use std::iter::{self, Zip};
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+type VecIntoIter<T> = alloc::vec::IntoIter<T>;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+use alloc::{
+    string::String,
+};
+
+use crate::Itertools;
+use crate::intersperse::{Intersperse, IntersperseWith};
+
+pub use crate::adaptors::{
+    interleave,
+    merge,
+    put_back,
+};
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+pub use crate::put_back_n_impl::put_back_n;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+pub use crate::multipeek_impl::multipeek;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+pub use crate::peek_nth::peek_nth;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+pub use crate::kmerge_impl::kmerge;
+pub use crate::zip_eq_impl::zip_eq;
+pub use crate::merge_join::merge_join_by;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+pub use crate::rciter_impl::rciter;
+
+/// Iterate `iterable` with a particular value inserted between each element.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Iterator::intersperse`].
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::intersperse;
+///
+/// itertools::assert_equal(intersperse((0..3), 8), vec![0, 8, 1, 8, 2]);
+/// ```
+pub fn intersperse<I>(iterable: I, element: I::Item) -> Intersperse<I::IntoIter>
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          <I as IntoIterator>::Item: Clone
+{
+    Itertools::intersperse(iterable.into_iter(), element)
+}
+
+/// Iterate `iterable` with a particular value created by a function inserted
+/// between each element.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Iterator::intersperse_with`].
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::intersperse_with;
+///
+/// let mut i = 10;
+/// itertools::assert_equal(intersperse_with((0..3), || { i -= 1; i }), vec![0, 9, 1, 8, 2]);
+/// assert_eq!(i, 8);
+/// ```
+pub fn intersperse_with<I, F>(iterable: I, element: F) -> IntersperseWith<I::IntoIter, F>
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          F: FnMut() -> I::Item
+{
+    Itertools::intersperse_with(iterable.into_iter(), element)
+}
+
+/// Iterate `iterable` with a running index.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Iterator::enumerate`].
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::enumerate;
+///
+/// for (i, elt) in enumerate(&[1, 2, 3]) {
+///     /* loop body */
+/// }
+/// ```
+pub fn enumerate<I>(iterable: I) -> iter::Enumerate<I::IntoIter>
+    where I: IntoIterator
+{
+    iterable.into_iter().enumerate()
+}
+
+/// Iterate `iterable` in reverse.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Iterator::rev`].
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::rev;
+///
+/// for elt in rev(&[1, 2, 3]) {
+///     /* loop body */
+/// }
+/// ```
+pub fn rev<I>(iterable: I) -> iter::Rev<I::IntoIter>
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          I::IntoIter: DoubleEndedIterator
+{
+    iterable.into_iter().rev()
+}
+
+/// Converts the arguments to iterators and zips them.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Iterator::zip`].
+/// 
+/// ## Example
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::zip;
+///
+/// let mut result: Vec<(i32, char)> = Vec::new();
+///
+/// for (a, b) in zip(&[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], &['a', 'b', 'c']) {
+///     result.push((*a, *b));
+/// }
+/// assert_eq!(result, vec![(1, 'a'),(2, 'b'),(3, 'c')]);
+/// ```
+#[deprecated(note="Use [std::iter::zip](https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/iter/fn.zip.html) instead", since="0.10.4")]
+pub fn zip<I, J>(i: I, j: J) -> Zip<I::IntoIter, J::IntoIter>
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          J: IntoIterator
+{
+    i.into_iter().zip(j)
+}
+
+
+/// Takes two iterables and creates a new iterator over both in sequence. 
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Iterator::chain`].
+///
+/// ## Example
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::chain;
+/// 
+/// let mut result:Vec<i32> = Vec::new();
+///
+/// for element in chain(&[1, 2, 3], &[4]) {
+///     result.push(*element);
+/// }
+/// assert_eq!(result, vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
+/// ```
+pub fn chain<I, J>(i: I, j: J) -> iter::Chain<<I as IntoIterator>::IntoIter, <J as IntoIterator>::IntoIter>
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          J: IntoIterator<Item = I::Item>
+{
+    i.into_iter().chain(j)
+}
+
+/// Create an iterator that clones each element from &T to T
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Iterator::cloned`].
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::cloned;
+///
+/// assert_eq!(cloned(b"abc").next(), Some(b'a'));
+/// ```
+pub fn cloned<'a, I, T: 'a>(iterable: I) -> iter::Cloned<I::IntoIter>
+    where I: IntoIterator<Item=&'a T>,
+          T: Clone,
+{
+    iterable.into_iter().cloned()
+}
+
+/// Perform a fold operation over the iterable.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Iterator::fold`].
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::fold;
+///
+/// assert_eq!(fold(&[1., 2., 3.], 0., |a, &b| f32::max(a, b)), 3.);
+/// ```
+pub fn fold<I, B, F>(iterable: I, init: B, f: F) -> B
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          F: FnMut(B, I::Item) -> B
+{
+    iterable.into_iter().fold(init, f)
+}
+
+/// Test whether the predicate holds for all elements in the iterable.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Iterator::all`].
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::all;
+///
+/// assert!(all(&[1, 2, 3], |elt| *elt > 0));
+/// ```
+pub fn all<I, F>(iterable: I, f: F) -> bool
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          F: FnMut(I::Item) -> bool
+{
+    iterable.into_iter().all(f)
+}
+
+/// Test whether the predicate holds for any elements in the iterable.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Iterator::any`].
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::any;
+///
+/// assert!(any(&[0, -1, 2], |elt| *elt > 0));
+/// ```
+pub fn any<I, F>(iterable: I, f: F) -> bool
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          F: FnMut(I::Item) -> bool
+{
+    iterable.into_iter().any(f)
+}
+
+/// Return the maximum value of the iterable.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Iterator::max`].
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::max;
+///
+/// assert_eq!(max(0..10), Some(9));
+/// ```
+pub fn max<I>(iterable: I) -> Option<I::Item>
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          I::Item: Ord
+{
+    iterable.into_iter().max()
+}
+
+/// Return the minimum value of the iterable.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Iterator::min`].
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::min;
+///
+/// assert_eq!(min(0..10), Some(0));
+/// ```
+pub fn min<I>(iterable: I) -> Option<I::Item>
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          I::Item: Ord
+{
+    iterable.into_iter().min()
+}
+
+
+/// Combine all iterator elements into one String, separated by `sep`.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Itertools::join`].
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::join;
+///
+/// assert_eq!(join(&[1, 2, 3], ", "), "1, 2, 3");
+/// ```
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+pub fn join<I>(iterable: I, sep: &str) -> String
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          I::Item: Display
+{
+    iterable.into_iter().join(sep)
+}
+
+/// Sort all iterator elements into a new iterator in ascending order.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Itertools::sorted`].
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::sorted;
+/// use itertools::assert_equal;
+///
+/// assert_equal(sorted("rust".chars()), "rstu".chars());
+/// ```
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+pub fn sorted<I>(iterable: I) -> VecIntoIter<I::Item>
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          I::Item: Ord
+{
+    iterable.into_iter().sorted()
+}
+
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/group_map.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/group_map.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a2d0ebb2ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/group_map.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,32 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::hash::Hash;
+use std::iter::Iterator;
+
+/// Return a `HashMap` of keys mapped to a list of their corresponding values.
+///
+/// See [`.into_group_map()`](crate::Itertools::into_group_map)
+/// for more information.
+pub fn into_group_map<I, K, V>(iter: I) -> HashMap<K, Vec<V>>
+    where I: Iterator<Item=(K, V)>,
+          K: Hash + Eq,
+{
+    let mut lookup = HashMap::new();
+
+    iter.for_each(|(key, val)| {
+        lookup.entry(key).or_insert_with(Vec::new).push(val);
+    });
+
+    lookup
+}
+
+pub fn into_group_map_by<I, K, V>(iter: I, f: impl Fn(&V) -> K) -> HashMap<K, Vec<V>>
+    where
+        I: Iterator<Item=V>,
+        K: Hash + Eq,
+{
+    into_group_map(
+        iter.map(|v| (f(&v), v))
+    )
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/groupbylazy.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/groupbylazy.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..80c6f09f32
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/groupbylazy.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,579 @@
+use std::cell::{Cell, RefCell};
+use alloc::vec::{self, Vec};
+
+/// A trait to unify `FnMut` for `GroupBy` with the chunk key in `IntoChunks`
+trait KeyFunction<A> {
+    type Key;
+    fn call_mut(&mut self, arg: A) -> Self::Key;
+}
+
+impl<A, K, F: ?Sized> KeyFunction<A> for F
+    where F: FnMut(A) -> K
+{
+    type Key = K;
+    #[inline]
+    fn call_mut(&mut self, arg: A) -> Self::Key {
+        (*self)(arg)
+    }
+}
+
+
+/// `ChunkIndex` acts like the grouping key function for `IntoChunks`
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+struct ChunkIndex {
+    size: usize,
+    index: usize,
+    key: usize,
+}
+
+impl ChunkIndex {
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn new(size: usize) -> Self {
+        ChunkIndex {
+            size,
+            index: 0,
+            key: 0,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<A> KeyFunction<A> for ChunkIndex {
+    type Key = usize;
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn call_mut(&mut self, _arg: A) -> Self::Key {
+        if self.index == self.size {
+            self.key += 1;
+            self.index = 0;
+        }
+        self.index += 1;
+        self.key
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+struct GroupInner<K, I, F>
+    where I: Iterator
+{
+    key: F,
+    iter: I,
+    current_key: Option<K>,
+    current_elt: Option<I::Item>,
+    /// flag set if iterator is exhausted
+    done: bool,
+    /// Index of group we are currently buffering or visiting
+    top_group: usize,
+    /// Least index for which we still have elements buffered
+    oldest_buffered_group: usize,
+    /// Group index for `buffer[0]` -- the slots
+    /// bottom_group..oldest_buffered_group are unused and will be erased when
+    /// that range is large enough.
+    bottom_group: usize,
+    /// Buffered groups, from `bottom_group` (index 0) to `top_group`.
+    buffer: Vec<vec::IntoIter<I::Item>>,
+    /// index of last group iter that was dropped, usize::MAX == none
+    dropped_group: usize,
+}
+
+impl<K, I, F> GroupInner<K, I, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          F: for<'a> KeyFunction<&'a I::Item, Key=K>,
+          K: PartialEq,
+{
+    /// `client`: Index of group that requests next element
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn step(&mut self, client: usize) -> Option<I::Item> {
+        /*
+        println!("client={}, bottom_group={}, oldest_buffered_group={}, top_group={}, buffers=[{}]",
+                 client, self.bottom_group, self.oldest_buffered_group,
+                 self.top_group,
+                 self.buffer.iter().map(|elt| elt.len()).format(", "));
+        */
+        if client < self.oldest_buffered_group {
+            None
+        } else if client < self.top_group ||
+            (client == self.top_group &&
+             self.buffer.len() > self.top_group - self.bottom_group)
+        {
+            self.lookup_buffer(client)
+        } else if self.done {
+            None
+        } else if self.top_group == client {
+            self.step_current()
+        } else {
+            self.step_buffering(client)
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline(never)]
+    fn lookup_buffer(&mut self, client: usize) -> Option<I::Item> {
+        // if `bufidx` doesn't exist in self.buffer, it might be empty
+        let bufidx = client - self.bottom_group;
+        if client < self.oldest_buffered_group {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let elt = self.buffer.get_mut(bufidx).and_then(|queue| queue.next());
+        if elt.is_none() && client == self.oldest_buffered_group {
+            // FIXME: VecDeque is unfortunately not zero allocation when empty,
+            // so we do this job manually.
+            // `bottom_group..oldest_buffered_group` is unused, and if it's large enough, erase it.
+            self.oldest_buffered_group += 1;
+            // skip forward further empty queues too
+            while self.buffer.get(self.oldest_buffered_group - self.bottom_group)
+                             .map_or(false, |buf| buf.len() == 0)
+            {
+                self.oldest_buffered_group += 1;
+            }
+
+            let nclear = self.oldest_buffered_group - self.bottom_group;
+            if nclear > 0 && nclear >= self.buffer.len() / 2 {
+                let mut i = 0;
+                self.buffer.retain(|buf| {
+                    i += 1;
+                    debug_assert!(buf.len() == 0 || i > nclear);
+                    i > nclear
+                });
+                self.bottom_group = self.oldest_buffered_group;
+            }
+        }
+        elt
+    }
+
+    /// Take the next element from the iterator, and set the done
+    /// flag if exhausted. Must not be called after done.
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn next_element(&mut self) -> Option<I::Item> {
+        debug_assert!(!self.done);
+        match self.iter.next() {
+            None => { self.done = true; None }
+            otherwise => otherwise,
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    #[inline(never)]
+    fn step_buffering(&mut self, client: usize) -> Option<I::Item> {
+        // requested a later group -- walk through the current group up to
+        // the requested group index, and buffer the elements (unless
+        // the group is marked as dropped).
+        // Because the `Groups` iterator is always the first to request
+        // each group index, client is the next index efter top_group.
+        debug_assert!(self.top_group + 1 == client);
+        let mut group = Vec::new();
+
+        if let Some(elt) = self.current_elt.take() {
+            if self.top_group != self.dropped_group {
+                group.push(elt);
+            }
+        }
+        let mut first_elt = None; // first element of the next group
+
+        while let Some(elt) = self.next_element() {
+            let key = self.key.call_mut(&elt);
+            match self.current_key.take() {
+                None => {}
+                Some(old_key) => if old_key != key {
+                    self.current_key = Some(key);
+                    first_elt = Some(elt);
+                    break;
+                },
+            }
+            self.current_key = Some(key);
+            if self.top_group != self.dropped_group {
+                group.push(elt);
+            }
+        }
+
+        if self.top_group != self.dropped_group {
+            self.push_next_group(group);
+        }
+        if first_elt.is_some() {
+            self.top_group += 1;
+            debug_assert!(self.top_group == client);
+        }
+        first_elt
+    }
+
+    fn push_next_group(&mut self, group: Vec<I::Item>) {
+        // When we add a new buffered group, fill up slots between oldest_buffered_group and top_group
+        while self.top_group - self.bottom_group > self.buffer.len() {
+            if self.buffer.is_empty() {
+                self.bottom_group += 1;
+                self.oldest_buffered_group += 1;
+            } else {
+                self.buffer.push(Vec::new().into_iter());
+            }
+        }
+        self.buffer.push(group.into_iter());
+        debug_assert!(self.top_group + 1 - self.bottom_group == self.buffer.len());
+    }
+
+    /// This is the immediate case, where we use no buffering
+    #[inline]
+    fn step_current(&mut self) -> Option<I::Item> {
+        debug_assert!(!self.done);
+        if let elt @ Some(..) = self.current_elt.take() {
+            return elt;
+        }
+        match self.next_element() {
+            None => None,
+            Some(elt) => {
+                let key = self.key.call_mut(&elt);
+                match self.current_key.take() {
+                    None => {}
+                    Some(old_key) => if old_key != key {
+                        self.current_key = Some(key);
+                        self.current_elt = Some(elt);
+                        self.top_group += 1;
+                        return None;
+                    },
+                }
+                self.current_key = Some(key);
+                Some(elt)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Request the just started groups' key.
+    ///
+    /// `client`: Index of group
+    ///
+    /// **Panics** if no group key is available.
+    fn group_key(&mut self, client: usize) -> K {
+        // This can only be called after we have just returned the first
+        // element of a group.
+        // Perform this by simply buffering one more element, grabbing the
+        // next key.
+        debug_assert!(!self.done);
+        debug_assert!(client == self.top_group);
+        debug_assert!(self.current_key.is_some());
+        debug_assert!(self.current_elt.is_none());
+        let old_key = self.current_key.take().unwrap();
+        if let Some(elt) = self.next_element() {
+            let key = self.key.call_mut(&elt);
+            if old_key != key {
+                self.top_group += 1;
+            }
+            self.current_key = Some(key);
+            self.current_elt = Some(elt);
+        }
+        old_key
+    }
+}
+
+impl<K, I, F> GroupInner<K, I, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+{
+    /// Called when a group is dropped
+    fn drop_group(&mut self, client: usize) {
+        // It's only useful to track the maximal index
+        if self.dropped_group == !0 || client > self.dropped_group {
+            self.dropped_group = client;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// `GroupBy` is the storage for the lazy grouping operation.
+///
+/// If the groups are consumed in their original order, or if each
+/// group is dropped without keeping it around, then `GroupBy` uses
+/// no allocations. It needs allocations only if several group iterators
+/// are alive at the same time.
+///
+/// This type implements [`IntoIterator`] (it is **not** an iterator
+/// itself), because the group iterators need to borrow from this
+/// value. It should be stored in a local variable or temporary and
+/// iterated.
+///
+/// See [`.group_by()`](crate::Itertools::group_by) for more information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct GroupBy<K, I, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+{
+    inner: RefCell<GroupInner<K, I, F>>,
+    // the group iterator's current index. Keep this in the main value
+    // so that simultaneous iterators all use the same state.
+    index: Cell<usize>,
+}
+
+/// Create a new
+pub fn new<K, J, F>(iter: J, f: F) -> GroupBy<K, J::IntoIter, F>
+    where J: IntoIterator,
+          F: FnMut(&J::Item) -> K,
+{
+    GroupBy {
+        inner: RefCell::new(GroupInner {
+            key: f,
+            iter: iter.into_iter(),
+            current_key: None,
+            current_elt: None,
+            done: false,
+            top_group: 0,
+            oldest_buffered_group: 0,
+            bottom_group: 0,
+            buffer: Vec::new(),
+            dropped_group: !0,
+        }),
+        index: Cell::new(0),
+    }
+}
+
+impl<K, I, F> GroupBy<K, I, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+{
+    /// `client`: Index of group that requests next element
+    fn step(&self, client: usize) -> Option<I::Item>
+        where F: FnMut(&I::Item) -> K,
+              K: PartialEq,
+    {
+        self.inner.borrow_mut().step(client)
+    }
+
+    /// `client`: Index of group
+    fn drop_group(&self, client: usize) {
+        self.inner.borrow_mut().drop_group(client);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, I, F> IntoIterator for &'a GroupBy<K, I, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          I::Item: 'a,
+          F: FnMut(&I::Item) -> K,
+          K: PartialEq
+{
+    type Item = (K, Group<'a, K, I, F>);
+    type IntoIter = Groups<'a, K, I, F>;
+
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        Groups { parent: self }
+    }
+}
+
+
+/// An iterator that yields the Group iterators.
+///
+/// Iterator element type is `(K, Group)`:
+/// the group's key `K` and the group's iterator.
+///
+/// See [`.group_by()`](crate::Itertools::group_by) for more information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct Groups<'a, K: 'a, I: 'a, F: 'a>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          I::Item: 'a
+{
+    parent: &'a GroupBy<K, I, F>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, I, F> Iterator for Groups<'a, K, I, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          I::Item: 'a,
+          F: FnMut(&I::Item) -> K,
+          K: PartialEq
+{
+    type Item = (K, Group<'a, K, I, F>);
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let index = self.parent.index.get();
+        self.parent.index.set(index + 1);
+        let inner = &mut *self.parent.inner.borrow_mut();
+        inner.step(index).map(|elt| {
+            let key = inner.group_key(index);
+            (key, Group {
+                parent: self.parent,
+                index,
+                first: Some(elt),
+            })
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator for the elements in a single group.
+///
+/// Iterator element type is `I::Item`.
+pub struct Group<'a, K: 'a, I: 'a, F: 'a>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          I::Item: 'a,
+{
+    parent: &'a GroupBy<K, I, F>,
+    index: usize,
+    first: Option<I::Item>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, I, F> Drop for Group<'a, K, I, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          I::Item: 'a,
+{
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.parent.drop_group(self.index);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, K, I, F> Iterator for Group<'a, K, I, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          I::Item: 'a,
+          F: FnMut(&I::Item) -> K,
+          K: PartialEq,
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if let elt @ Some(..) = self.first.take() {
+            return elt;
+        }
+        self.parent.step(self.index)
+    }
+}
+
+///// IntoChunks /////
+
+/// Create a new
+pub fn new_chunks<J>(iter: J, size: usize) -> IntoChunks<J::IntoIter>
+    where J: IntoIterator,
+{
+    IntoChunks {
+        inner: RefCell::new(GroupInner {
+            key: ChunkIndex::new(size),
+            iter: iter.into_iter(),
+            current_key: None,
+            current_elt: None,
+            done: false,
+            top_group: 0,
+            oldest_buffered_group: 0,
+            bottom_group: 0,
+            buffer: Vec::new(),
+            dropped_group: !0,
+        }),
+        index: Cell::new(0),
+    }
+}
+
+
+/// `ChunkLazy` is the storage for a lazy chunking operation.
+///
+/// `IntoChunks` behaves just like `GroupBy`: it is iterable, and
+/// it only buffers if several chunk iterators are alive at the same time.
+///
+/// This type implements [`IntoIterator`] (it is **not** an iterator
+/// itself), because the chunk iterators need to borrow from this
+/// value. It should be stored in a local variable or temporary and
+/// iterated.
+///
+/// Iterator element type is `Chunk`, each chunk's iterator.
+///
+/// See [`.chunks()`](crate::Itertools::chunks) for more information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct IntoChunks<I>
+    where I: Iterator,
+{
+    inner: RefCell<GroupInner<usize, I, ChunkIndex>>,
+    // the chunk iterator's current index. Keep this in the main value
+    // so that simultaneous iterators all use the same state.
+    index: Cell<usize>,
+}
+
+impl<I> Clone for IntoChunks<I>
+    where I: Clone + Iterator,
+          I::Item: Clone,
+{
+    clone_fields!(inner, index);
+}
+
+
+impl<I> IntoChunks<I>
+    where I: Iterator,
+{
+    /// `client`: Index of chunk that requests next element
+    fn step(&self, client: usize) -> Option<I::Item> {
+        self.inner.borrow_mut().step(client)
+    }
+
+    /// `client`: Index of chunk
+    fn drop_group(&self, client: usize) {
+        self.inner.borrow_mut().drop_group(client);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, I> IntoIterator for &'a IntoChunks<I>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          I::Item: 'a,
+{
+    type Item = Chunk<'a, I>;
+    type IntoIter = Chunks<'a, I>;
+
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        Chunks {
+            parent: self,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+
+/// An iterator that yields the Chunk iterators.
+///
+/// Iterator element type is `Chunk`.
+///
+/// See [`.chunks()`](crate::Itertools::chunks) for more information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Chunks<'a, I: 'a>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          I::Item: 'a,
+{
+    parent: &'a IntoChunks<I>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, I> Iterator for Chunks<'a, I>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          I::Item: 'a,
+{
+    type Item = Chunk<'a, I>;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let index = self.parent.index.get();
+        self.parent.index.set(index + 1);
+        let inner = &mut *self.parent.inner.borrow_mut();
+        inner.step(index).map(|elt| {
+            Chunk {
+                parent: self.parent,
+                index,
+                first: Some(elt),
+            }
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator for the elements in a single chunk.
+///
+/// Iterator element type is `I::Item`.
+pub struct Chunk<'a, I: 'a>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          I::Item: 'a,
+{
+    parent: &'a IntoChunks<I>,
+    index: usize,
+    first: Option<I::Item>,
+}
+
+impl<'a, I> Drop for Chunk<'a, I>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          I::Item: 'a,
+{
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        self.parent.drop_group(self.index);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, I> Iterator for Chunk<'a, I>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          I::Item: 'a,
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if let elt @ Some(..) = self.first.take() {
+            return elt;
+        }
+        self.parent.step(self.index)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/grouping_map.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/grouping_map.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bb5b582c92
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/grouping_map.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,535 @@
+#![cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+
+use crate::MinMaxResult;
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+use std::hash::Hash;
+use std::iter::Iterator;
+use std::ops::{Add, Mul};
+
+/// A wrapper to allow for an easy [`into_grouping_map_by`](crate::Itertools::into_grouping_map_by)
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct MapForGrouping<I, F>(I, F);
+
+impl<I, F> MapForGrouping<I, F> {
+    pub(crate) fn new(iter: I, key_mapper: F) -> Self {
+        Self(iter, key_mapper)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<K, V, I, F> Iterator for MapForGrouping<I, F>
+    where I: Iterator<Item = V>,
+          K: Hash + Eq,
+          F: FnMut(&V) -> K,
+{
+    type Item = (K, V);
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.0.next().map(|val| ((self.1)(&val), val))
+    }
+}
+
+/// Creates a new `GroupingMap` from `iter`
+pub fn new<I, K, V>(iter: I) -> GroupingMap<I>
+    where I: Iterator<Item = (K, V)>,
+          K: Hash + Eq,
+{
+    GroupingMap { iter }
+}
+
+/// `GroupingMapBy` is an intermediate struct for efficient group-and-fold operations.
+/// 
+/// See [`GroupingMap`] for more informations.
+pub type GroupingMapBy<I, F> = GroupingMap<MapForGrouping<I, F>>;
+
+/// `GroupingMap` is an intermediate struct for efficient group-and-fold operations.
+/// It groups elements by their key and at the same time fold each group
+/// using some aggregating operation.
+/// 
+/// No method on this struct performs temporary allocations.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[must_use = "GroupingMap is lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct GroupingMap<I> {
+    iter: I,
+}
+
+impl<I, K, V> GroupingMap<I>
+    where I: Iterator<Item = (K, V)>,
+          K: Hash + Eq,
+{
+    /// This is the generic way to perform any operation on a `GroupingMap`.
+    /// It's suggested to use this method only to implement custom operations
+    /// when the already provided ones are not enough.
+    /// 
+    /// Groups elements from the `GroupingMap` source by key and applies `operation` to the elements
+    /// of each group sequentially, passing the previously accumulated value, a reference to the key
+    /// and the current element as arguments, and stores the results in an `HashMap`.
+    ///
+    /// The `operation` function is invoked on each element with the following parameters:
+    ///  - the current value of the accumulator of the group if there is currently one;
+    ///  - a reference to the key of the group this element belongs to;
+    ///  - the element from the source being aggregated;
+    /// 
+    /// If `operation` returns `Some(element)` then the accumulator is updated with `element`,
+    /// otherwise the previous accumulation is discarded.
+    ///
+    /// Return a `HashMap` associating the key of each group with the result of aggregation of
+    /// that group's elements. If the aggregation of the last element of a group discards the
+    /// accumulator then there won't be an entry associated to that group's key.
+    /// 
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// 
+    /// let data = vec![2, 8, 5, 7, 9, 0, 4, 10];
+    /// let lookup = data.into_iter()
+    ///     .into_grouping_map_by(|&n| n % 4)
+    ///     .aggregate(|acc, _key, val| {
+    ///         if val == 0 || val == 10 {
+    ///             None
+    ///         } else {
+    ///             Some(acc.unwrap_or(0) + val)
+    ///         }
+    ///     });
+    /// 
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&0], 4);        // 0 resets the accumulator so only 4 is summed
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&1], 5 + 9);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup.get(&2), None); // 10 resets the accumulator and nothing is summed afterward
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&3], 7);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup.len(), 3);      // The final keys are only 0, 1 and 2
+    /// ```
+    pub fn aggregate<FO, R>(self, mut operation: FO) -> HashMap<K, R>
+        where FO: FnMut(Option<R>, &K, V) -> Option<R>,
+    {
+        let mut destination_map = HashMap::new();
+
+        self.iter.for_each(|(key, val)| {
+            let acc = destination_map.remove(&key);
+            if let Some(op_res) = operation(acc, &key, val) {
+                destination_map.insert(key, op_res);
+            }
+        });
+
+        destination_map
+    }
+
+    /// Groups elements from the `GroupingMap` source by key and applies `operation` to the elements
+    /// of each group sequentially, passing the previously accumulated value, a reference to the key
+    /// and the current element as arguments, and stores the results in a new map.
+    ///
+    /// `init` is the value from which will be cloned the initial value of each accumulator.
+    ///
+    /// `operation` is a function that is invoked on each element with the following parameters:
+    ///  - the current value of the accumulator of the group;
+    ///  - a reference to the key of the group this element belongs to;
+    ///  - the element from the source being accumulated.
+    ///
+    /// Return a `HashMap` associating the key of each group with the result of folding that group's elements.
+    /// 
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// 
+    /// let lookup = (1..=7)
+    ///     .into_grouping_map_by(|&n| n % 3)
+    ///     .fold(0, |acc, _key, val| acc + val);
+    /// 
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&0], 3 + 6);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&1], 1 + 4 + 7);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&2], 2 + 5);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup.len(), 3);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn fold<FO, R>(self, init: R, mut operation: FO) -> HashMap<K, R>
+        where R: Clone,
+              FO: FnMut(R, &K, V) -> R,
+    {
+        self.aggregate(|acc, key, val| {
+            let acc = acc.unwrap_or_else(|| init.clone());
+            Some(operation(acc, key, val))
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Groups elements from the `GroupingMap` source by key and applies `operation` to the elements
+    /// of each group sequentially, passing the previously accumulated value, a reference to the key
+    /// and the current element as arguments, and stores the results in a new map.
+    ///
+    /// This is similar to [`fold`] but the initial value of the accumulator is the first element of the group.
+    ///
+    /// `operation` is a function that is invoked on each element with the following parameters:
+    ///  - the current value of the accumulator of the group;
+    ///  - a reference to the key of the group this element belongs to;
+    ///  - the element from the source being accumulated.
+    ///
+    /// Return a `HashMap` associating the key of each group with the result of folding that group's elements.
+    /// 
+    /// [`fold`]: GroupingMap::fold
+    /// 
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// 
+    /// let lookup = (1..=7)
+    ///     .into_grouping_map_by(|&n| n % 3)
+    ///     .fold_first(|acc, _key, val| acc + val);
+    /// 
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&0], 3 + 6);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&1], 1 + 4 + 7);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&2], 2 + 5);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup.len(), 3);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn fold_first<FO>(self, mut operation: FO) -> HashMap<K, V>
+        where FO: FnMut(V, &K, V) -> V,
+    {
+        self.aggregate(|acc, key, val| {
+            Some(match acc {
+                Some(acc) => operation(acc, key, val),
+                None => val,
+            })
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Groups elements from the `GroupingMap` source by key and collects the elements of each group in
+    /// an instance of `C`. The iteration order is preserved when inserting elements. 
+    /// 
+    /// Return a `HashMap` associating the key of each group with the collection containing that group's elements.
+    /// 
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// use std::collections::HashSet;
+    /// 
+    /// let lookup = vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 2, 3, 6].into_iter()
+    ///     .into_grouping_map_by(|&n| n % 3)
+    ///     .collect::<HashSet<_>>();
+    /// 
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&0], vec![0, 3, 6].into_iter().collect::<HashSet<_>>());
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&1], vec![1, 4].into_iter().collect::<HashSet<_>>());
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&2], vec![2, 5].into_iter().collect::<HashSet<_>>());
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup.len(), 3);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn collect<C>(self) -> HashMap<K, C>
+        where C: Default + Extend<V>,
+    {
+        let mut destination_map = HashMap::new();
+
+        self.iter.for_each(|(key, val)| {
+            destination_map.entry(key).or_insert_with(C::default).extend(Some(val));
+        });
+
+        destination_map
+    }
+
+    /// Groups elements from the `GroupingMap` source by key and finds the maximum of each group.
+    /// 
+    /// If several elements are equally maximum, the last element is picked.
+    /// 
+    /// Returns a `HashMap` associating the key of each group with the maximum of that group's elements.
+    /// 
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// 
+    /// let lookup = vec![1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12].into_iter()
+    ///     .into_grouping_map_by(|&n| n % 3)
+    ///     .max();
+    /// 
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&0], 12);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&1], 7);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&2], 8);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup.len(), 3);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn max(self) -> HashMap<K, V>
+        where V: Ord,
+    {
+        self.max_by(|_, v1, v2| V::cmp(v1, v2))
+    }
+
+    /// Groups elements from the `GroupingMap` source by key and finds the maximum of each group
+    /// with respect to the specified comparison function.
+    /// 
+    /// If several elements are equally maximum, the last element is picked.
+    /// 
+    /// Returns a `HashMap` associating the key of each group with the maximum of that group's elements.
+    /// 
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// 
+    /// let lookup = vec![1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12].into_iter()
+    ///     .into_grouping_map_by(|&n| n % 3)
+    ///     .max_by(|_key, x, y| y.cmp(x));
+    /// 
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&0], 3);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&1], 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&2], 5);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup.len(), 3);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn max_by<F>(self, mut compare: F) -> HashMap<K, V>
+        where F: FnMut(&K, &V, &V) -> Ordering,
+    {
+        self.fold_first(|acc, key, val| match compare(key, &acc, &val) {
+            Ordering::Less | Ordering::Equal => val,
+            Ordering::Greater => acc
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Groups elements from the `GroupingMap` source by key and finds the element of each group
+    /// that gives the maximum from the specified function.
+    /// 
+    /// If several elements are equally maximum, the last element is picked.
+    /// 
+    /// Returns a `HashMap` associating the key of each group with the maximum of that group's elements.
+    /// 
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// 
+    /// let lookup = vec![1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12].into_iter()
+    ///     .into_grouping_map_by(|&n| n % 3)
+    ///     .max_by_key(|_key, &val| val % 4);
+    /// 
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&0], 3);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&1], 7);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&2], 5);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup.len(), 3);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn max_by_key<F, CK>(self, mut f: F) -> HashMap<K, V>
+        where F: FnMut(&K, &V) -> CK,
+              CK: Ord,
+    {
+        self.max_by(|key, v1, v2| f(key, v1).cmp(&f(key, v2)))
+    }
+
+    /// Groups elements from the `GroupingMap` source by key and finds the minimum of each group.
+    /// 
+    /// If several elements are equally minimum, the first element is picked.
+    /// 
+    /// Returns a `HashMap` associating the key of each group with the minimum of that group's elements.
+    /// 
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// 
+    /// let lookup = vec![1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12].into_iter()
+    ///     .into_grouping_map_by(|&n| n % 3)
+    ///     .min();
+    /// 
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&0], 3);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&1], 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&2], 5);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup.len(), 3);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn min(self) -> HashMap<K, V>
+        where V: Ord,
+    {
+        self.min_by(|_, v1, v2| V::cmp(v1, v2))
+    }
+
+    /// Groups elements from the `GroupingMap` source by key and finds the minimum of each group
+    /// with respect to the specified comparison function.
+    /// 
+    /// If several elements are equally minimum, the first element is picked.
+    /// 
+    /// Returns a `HashMap` associating the key of each group with the minimum of that group's elements.
+    /// 
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// 
+    /// let lookup = vec![1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12].into_iter()
+    ///     .into_grouping_map_by(|&n| n % 3)
+    ///     .min_by(|_key, x, y| y.cmp(x));
+    /// 
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&0], 12);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&1], 7);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&2], 8);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup.len(), 3);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn min_by<F>(self, mut compare: F) -> HashMap<K, V>
+        where F: FnMut(&K, &V, &V) -> Ordering,
+    {
+        self.fold_first(|acc, key, val| match compare(key, &acc, &val) {
+            Ordering::Less | Ordering::Equal => acc,
+            Ordering::Greater => val
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Groups elements from the `GroupingMap` source by key and finds the element of each group
+    /// that gives the minimum from the specified function.
+    /// 
+    /// If several elements are equally minimum, the first element is picked.
+    /// 
+    /// Returns a `HashMap` associating the key of each group with the minimum of that group's elements.
+    /// 
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// 
+    /// let lookup = vec![1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12].into_iter()
+    ///     .into_grouping_map_by(|&n| n % 3)
+    ///     .min_by_key(|_key, &val| val % 4);
+    /// 
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&0], 12);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&1], 4);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&2], 8);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup.len(), 3);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn min_by_key<F, CK>(self, mut f: F) -> HashMap<K, V>
+        where F: FnMut(&K, &V) -> CK,
+              CK: Ord,
+    {
+        self.min_by(|key, v1, v2| f(key, v1).cmp(&f(key, v2)))
+    }
+
+    /// Groups elements from the `GroupingMap` source by key and find the maximum and minimum of
+    /// each group.
+    /// 
+    /// If several elements are equally maximum, the last element is picked.
+    /// If several elements are equally minimum, the first element is picked.
+    /// 
+    /// See [.minmax()](crate::Itertools::minmax) for the non-grouping version.
+    /// 
+    /// Differences from the non grouping version:
+    /// - It never produces a `MinMaxResult::NoElements`
+    /// - It doesn't have any speedup
+    /// 
+    /// Returns a `HashMap` associating the key of each group with the minimum and maximum of that group's elements.
+    /// 
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// use itertools::MinMaxResult::{OneElement, MinMax};
+    /// 
+    /// let lookup = vec![1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12].into_iter()
+    ///     .into_grouping_map_by(|&n| n % 3)
+    ///     .minmax();
+    /// 
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&0], MinMax(3, 12));
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&1], MinMax(1, 7));
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&2], OneElement(5));
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup.len(), 3);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn minmax(self) -> HashMap<K, MinMaxResult<V>>
+        where V: Ord,
+    {
+        self.minmax_by(|_, v1, v2| V::cmp(v1, v2))
+    }
+
+    /// Groups elements from the `GroupingMap` source by key and find the maximum and minimum of
+    /// each group with respect to the specified comparison function.
+    /// 
+    /// If several elements are equally maximum, the last element is picked.
+    /// If several elements are equally minimum, the first element is picked.
+    /// 
+    /// It has the same differences from the non-grouping version as `minmax`.
+    /// 
+    /// Returns a `HashMap` associating the key of each group with the minimum and maximum of that group's elements.
+    /// 
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// use itertools::MinMaxResult::{OneElement, MinMax};
+    /// 
+    /// let lookup = vec![1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12].into_iter()
+    ///     .into_grouping_map_by(|&n| n % 3)
+    ///     .minmax_by(|_key, x, y| y.cmp(x));
+    /// 
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&0], MinMax(12, 3));
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&1], MinMax(7, 1));
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&2], OneElement(5));
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup.len(), 3);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn minmax_by<F>(self, mut compare: F) -> HashMap<K, MinMaxResult<V>>
+        where F: FnMut(&K, &V, &V) -> Ordering,
+    {
+        self.aggregate(|acc, key, val| {
+            Some(match acc {
+                Some(MinMaxResult::OneElement(e)) => {
+                    if compare(key, &val, &e) == Ordering::Less {
+                        MinMaxResult::MinMax(val, e)
+                    } else {
+                        MinMaxResult::MinMax(e, val)
+                    }
+                }
+                Some(MinMaxResult::MinMax(min, max)) => {
+                    if compare(key, &val, &min) == Ordering::Less {
+                        MinMaxResult::MinMax(val, max)
+                    } else if compare(key, &val, &max) != Ordering::Less {
+                        MinMaxResult::MinMax(min, val)
+                    } else {
+                        MinMaxResult::MinMax(min, max)
+                    }
+                }
+                None => MinMaxResult::OneElement(val),
+                Some(MinMaxResult::NoElements) => unreachable!(),
+            })
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Groups elements from the `GroupingMap` source by key and find the elements of each group
+    /// that gives the minimum and maximum from the specified function.
+    /// 
+    /// If several elements are equally maximum, the last element is picked.
+    /// If several elements are equally minimum, the first element is picked.
+    /// 
+    /// It has the same differences from the non-grouping version as `minmax`.
+    /// 
+    /// Returns a `HashMap` associating the key of each group with the minimum and maximum of that group's elements.
+    /// 
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// use itertools::MinMaxResult::{OneElement, MinMax};
+    /// 
+    /// let lookup = vec![1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9, 12].into_iter()
+    ///     .into_grouping_map_by(|&n| n % 3)
+    ///     .minmax_by_key(|_key, &val| val % 4);
+    /// 
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&0], MinMax(12, 3));
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&1], MinMax(4, 7));
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&2], OneElement(5));
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup.len(), 3);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn minmax_by_key<F, CK>(self, mut f: F) -> HashMap<K, MinMaxResult<V>>
+        where F: FnMut(&K, &V) -> CK,
+              CK: Ord,
+    {
+        self.minmax_by(|key, v1, v2| f(key, v1).cmp(&f(key, v2)))
+    }
+    
+    /// Groups elements from the `GroupingMap` source by key and sums them.
+    /// 
+    /// This is just a shorthand for `self.fold_first(|acc, _, val| acc + val)`.
+    /// It is more limited than `Iterator::sum` since it doesn't use the `Sum` trait.
+    /// 
+    /// Returns a `HashMap` associating the key of each group with the sum of that group's elements.
+    /// 
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// 
+    /// let lookup = vec![1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12].into_iter()
+    ///     .into_grouping_map_by(|&n| n % 3)
+    ///     .sum();
+    /// 
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&0], 3 + 9 + 12);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&1], 1 + 4 + 7);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&2], 5 + 8);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup.len(), 3);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn sum(self) -> HashMap<K, V>
+        where V: Add<V, Output = V>
+    {
+        self.fold_first(|acc, _, val| acc + val)
+    }
+
+    /// Groups elements from the `GroupingMap` source by key and multiply them.
+    /// 
+    /// This is just a shorthand for `self.fold_first(|acc, _, val| acc * val)`.
+    /// It is more limited than `Iterator::product` since it doesn't use the `Product` trait.
+    /// 
+    /// Returns a `HashMap` associating the key of each group with the product of that group's elements.
+    /// 
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// 
+    /// let lookup = vec![1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 12].into_iter()
+    ///     .into_grouping_map_by(|&n| n % 3)
+    ///     .product();
+    /// 
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&0], 3 * 9 * 12);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&1], 1 * 4 * 7);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&2], 5 * 8);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup.len(), 3);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn product(self) -> HashMap<K, V>
+        where V: Mul<V, Output = V>,
+    {
+        self.fold_first(|acc, _, val| acc * val)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/impl_macros.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/impl_macros.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a029843b05
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/impl_macros.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+//! 
+//! Implementation's internal macros
+
+macro_rules! debug_fmt_fields {
+    ($tyname:ident, $($($field:tt/*TODO ideally we would accept ident or tuple element here*/).+),*) => {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut ::std::fmt::Formatter) -> ::std::fmt::Result {
+            f.debug_struct(stringify!($tyname))
+                $(
+              .field(stringify!($($field).+), &self.$($field).+)
+              )*
+              .finish()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! clone_fields {
+    ($($field:ident),*) => {
+        #[inline] // TODO is this sensible?
+        fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+            Self {
+                $($field: self.$field.clone(),)*
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! ignore_ident{
+    ($id:ident, $($t:tt)*) => {$($t)*};
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/intersperse.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/intersperse.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..10a3a5389c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/intersperse.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,118 @@
+use std::iter::{Fuse, FusedIterator};
+use super::size_hint;
+
+pub trait IntersperseElement<Item> {
+    fn generate(&mut self) -> Item;
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct IntersperseElementSimple<Item>(Item);
+
+impl<Item: Clone> IntersperseElement<Item> for IntersperseElementSimple<Item> {
+    fn generate(&mut self) -> Item {
+        self.0.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator adaptor to insert a particular value
+/// between each element of the adapted iterator.
+///
+/// Iterator element type is `I::Item`
+///
+/// This iterator is *fused*.
+///
+/// See [`.intersperse()`](crate::Itertools::intersperse) for more information.
+pub type Intersperse<I> = IntersperseWith<I, IntersperseElementSimple<<I as Iterator>::Item>>;
+
+/// Create a new Intersperse iterator
+pub fn intersperse<I>(iter: I, elt: I::Item) -> Intersperse<I>
+    where I: Iterator,
+{
+    intersperse_with(iter, IntersperseElementSimple(elt))
+}
+
+impl<Item, F: FnMut()->Item> IntersperseElement<Item> for F {
+    fn generate(&mut self) -> Item {
+        self()
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator adaptor to insert a particular value created by a function
+/// between each element of the adapted iterator.
+///
+/// Iterator element type is `I::Item`
+///
+/// This iterator is *fused*.
+///
+/// See [`.intersperse_with()`](crate::Itertools::intersperse_with) for more information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct IntersperseWith<I, ElemF>
+    where I: Iterator,
+{
+    element: ElemF,
+    iter: Fuse<I>,
+    peek: Option<I::Item>,
+}
+
+/// Create a new `IntersperseWith` iterator
+pub fn intersperse_with<I, ElemF>(iter: I, elt: ElemF) -> IntersperseWith<I, ElemF>
+    where I: Iterator,
+{
+    let mut iter = iter.fuse();
+    IntersperseWith {
+        peek: iter.next(),
+        iter,
+        element: elt,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, ElemF> Iterator for IntersperseWith<I, ElemF>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          ElemF: IntersperseElement<I::Item>
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if self.peek.is_some() {
+            self.peek.take()
+        } else {
+            self.peek = self.iter.next();
+            if self.peek.is_some() {
+                Some(self.element.generate())
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        // 2 * SH + { 1 or 0 }
+        let has_peek = self.peek.is_some() as usize;
+        let sh = self.iter.size_hint();
+        size_hint::add_scalar(size_hint::add(sh, sh), has_peek)
+    }
+
+    fn fold<B, F>(mut self, init: B, mut f: F) -> B where
+        Self: Sized, F: FnMut(B, Self::Item) -> B,
+    {
+        let mut accum = init;
+
+        if let Some(x) = self.peek.take() {
+            accum = f(accum, x);
+        }
+
+        let element = &mut self.element;
+
+        self.iter.fold(accum,
+            |accum, x| {
+                let accum = f(accum, element.generate());
+                f(accum, x)
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, ElemF> FusedIterator for IntersperseWith<I, ElemF>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          ElemF: IntersperseElement<I::Item>
+{}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/k_smallest.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/k_smallest.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..acaea5941c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/k_smallest.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+use alloc::collections::BinaryHeap;
+use core::cmp::Ord;
+
+pub(crate) fn k_smallest<T: Ord, I: Iterator<Item = T>>(mut iter: I, k: usize) -> BinaryHeap<T> {
+    if k == 0 { return BinaryHeap::new(); }
+
+    let mut heap = iter.by_ref().take(k).collect::<BinaryHeap<_>>();
+
+    iter.for_each(|i| {
+        debug_assert_eq!(heap.len(), k);
+        // Equivalent to heap.push(min(i, heap.pop())) but more efficient.
+        // This should be done with a single `.peek_mut().unwrap()` but
+        //  `PeekMut` sifts-down unconditionally on Rust 1.46.0 and prior.
+        if *heap.peek().unwrap() > i {
+            *heap.peek_mut().unwrap() = i;
+        }
+    });
+
+    heap
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/kmerge_impl.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/kmerge_impl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..509d5fc6a3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/kmerge_impl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+use crate::size_hint;
+use crate::Itertools;
+
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+use std::iter::FusedIterator;
+use std::mem::replace;
+use std::fmt;
+
+/// Head element and Tail iterator pair
+///
+/// `PartialEq`, `Eq`, `PartialOrd` and `Ord` are implemented by comparing sequences based on
+/// first items (which are guaranteed to exist).
+///
+/// The meanings of `PartialOrd` and `Ord` are reversed so as to turn the heap used in
+/// `KMerge` into a min-heap.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct HeadTail<I>
+    where I: Iterator
+{
+    head: I::Item,
+    tail: I,
+}
+
+impl<I> HeadTail<I>
+    where I: Iterator
+{
+    /// Constructs a `HeadTail` from an `Iterator`. Returns `None` if the `Iterator` is empty.
+    fn new(mut it: I) -> Option<HeadTail<I>> {
+        let head = it.next();
+        head.map(|h| {
+            HeadTail {
+                head: h,
+                tail: it,
+            }
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Get the next element and update `head`, returning the old head in `Some`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` when the tail is exhausted (only `head` then remains).
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<I::Item> {
+        if let Some(next) = self.tail.next() {
+            Some(replace(&mut self.head, next))
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Hints at the size of the sequence, same as the `Iterator` method.
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        size_hint::add_scalar(self.tail.size_hint(), 1)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> Clone for HeadTail<I>
+    where I: Iterator + Clone,
+          I::Item: Clone
+{
+    clone_fields!(head, tail);
+}
+
+/// Make `data` a heap (min-heap w.r.t the sorting).
+fn heapify<T, S>(data: &mut [T], mut less_than: S)
+    where S: FnMut(&T, &T) -> bool
+{
+    for i in (0..data.len() / 2).rev() {
+        sift_down(data, i, &mut less_than);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Sift down element at `index` (`heap` is a min-heap wrt the ordering)
+fn sift_down<T, S>(heap: &mut [T], index: usize, mut less_than: S)
+    where S: FnMut(&T, &T) -> bool
+{
+    debug_assert!(index <= heap.len());
+    let mut pos = index;
+    let mut child = 2 * pos + 1;
+    // Require the right child to be present
+    // This allows to find the index of the smallest child without a branch
+    // that wouldn't be predicted if present
+    while child + 1 < heap.len() {
+        // pick the smaller of the two children
+        // use arithmetic to avoid an unpredictable branch
+        child += less_than(&heap[child+1], &heap[child]) as usize;
+
+        // sift down is done if we are already in order
+        if !less_than(&heap[child], &heap[pos]) {
+            return;
+        }
+        heap.swap(pos, child);
+        pos = child;
+        child = 2 * pos + 1;
+    }
+    // Check if the last (left) child was an only child
+    // if it is then it has to be compared with the parent
+    if child + 1 == heap.len() && less_than(&heap[child], &heap[pos]) {
+        heap.swap(pos, child);
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that merges an abitrary number of base iterators in ascending order.
+/// If all base iterators are sorted (ascending), the result is sorted.
+///
+/// Iterator element type is `I::Item`.
+///
+/// See [`.kmerge()`](crate::Itertools::kmerge) for more information.
+pub type KMerge<I> = KMergeBy<I, KMergeByLt>;
+
+pub trait KMergePredicate<T> {
+    fn kmerge_pred(&mut self, a: &T, b: &T) -> bool;
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct KMergeByLt;
+
+impl<T: PartialOrd> KMergePredicate<T> for KMergeByLt {
+    fn kmerge_pred(&mut self, a: &T, b: &T) -> bool {
+        a < b
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, F: FnMut(&T, &T)->bool> KMergePredicate<T> for F {
+    fn kmerge_pred(&mut self, a: &T, b: &T) -> bool {
+        self(a, b)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Create an iterator that merges elements of the contained iterators using
+/// the ordering function.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Itertools::kmerge`].
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::kmerge;
+///
+/// for elt in kmerge(vec![vec![0, 2, 4], vec![1, 3, 5], vec![6, 7]]) {
+///     /* loop body */
+/// }
+/// ```
+pub fn kmerge<I>(iterable: I) -> KMerge<<I::Item as IntoIterator>::IntoIter>
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          I::Item: IntoIterator,
+          <<I as IntoIterator>::Item as IntoIterator>::Item: PartialOrd
+{
+    kmerge_by(iterable, KMergeByLt)
+}
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that merges an abitrary number of base iterators
+/// according to an ordering function.
+///
+/// Iterator element type is `I::Item`.
+///
+/// See [`.kmerge_by()`](crate::Itertools::kmerge_by) for more
+/// information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct KMergeBy<I, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+{
+    heap: Vec<HeadTail<I>>,
+    less_than: F,
+}
+
+impl<I, F> fmt::Debug for KMergeBy<I, F>
+    where I: Iterator + fmt::Debug,
+          I::Item: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(KMergeBy, heap);
+}
+
+/// Create an iterator that merges elements of the contained iterators.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Itertools::kmerge_by`].
+pub fn kmerge_by<I, F>(iterable: I, mut less_than: F)
+    -> KMergeBy<<I::Item as IntoIterator>::IntoIter, F>
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          I::Item: IntoIterator,
+          F: KMergePredicate<<<I as IntoIterator>::Item as IntoIterator>::Item>,
+{
+    let iter = iterable.into_iter();
+    let (lower, _) = iter.size_hint();
+    let mut heap: Vec<_> = Vec::with_capacity(lower);
+    heap.extend(iter.filter_map(|it| HeadTail::new(it.into_iter())));
+    heapify(&mut heap, |a, b| less_than.kmerge_pred(&a.head, &b.head));
+    KMergeBy { heap, less_than }
+}
+
+impl<I, F> Clone for KMergeBy<I, F>
+    where I: Iterator + Clone,
+          I::Item: Clone,
+          F: Clone,
+{
+    clone_fields!(heap, less_than);
+}
+
+impl<I, F> Iterator for KMergeBy<I, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          F: KMergePredicate<I::Item>
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if self.heap.is_empty() {
+            return None;
+        }
+        let result = if let Some(next) = self.heap[0].next() {
+            next
+        } else {
+            self.heap.swap_remove(0).head
+        };
+        let less_than = &mut self.less_than;
+        sift_down(&mut self.heap, 0, |a, b| less_than.kmerge_pred(&a.head, &b.head));
+        Some(result)
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        #[allow(deprecated)] //TODO: once msrv hits 1.51. replace `fold1` with `reduce`
+        self.heap.iter()
+                 .map(|i| i.size_hint())
+                 .fold1(size_hint::add)
+                 .unwrap_or((0, Some(0)))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, F> FusedIterator for KMergeBy<I, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          F: KMergePredicate<I::Item>
+{}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/lazy_buffer.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/lazy_buffer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ca24062aab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/lazy_buffer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+use std::ops::Index;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct LazyBuffer<I: Iterator> {
+    pub it: I,
+    done: bool,
+    buffer: Vec<I::Item>,
+}
+
+impl<I> LazyBuffer<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+{
+    pub fn new(it: I) -> LazyBuffer<I> {
+        LazyBuffer {
+            it,
+            done: false,
+            buffer: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.buffer.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_next(&mut self) -> bool {
+        if self.done {
+            return false;
+        }
+        if let Some(x) = self.it.next() {
+            self.buffer.push(x);
+            true
+        } else {
+            self.done = true;
+            false
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn prefill(&mut self, len: usize) {
+        let buffer_len = self.buffer.len();
+
+        if !self.done && len > buffer_len {
+            let delta = len - buffer_len;
+
+            self.buffer.extend(self.it.by_ref().take(delta));
+            self.done = self.buffer.len() < len;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, J> Index<J> for LazyBuffer<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    I::Item: Sized,
+    Vec<I::Item>: Index<J>
+{
+    type Output = <Vec<I::Item> as Index<J>>::Output;
+
+    fn index(&self, index: J) -> &Self::Output {
+        self.buffer.index(index)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/lib.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c23a65db5c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3967 @@
+#![warn(missing_docs)]
+#![crate_name="itertools"]
+#![cfg_attr(not(feature = "use_std"), no_std)]
+
+//! Extra iterator adaptors, functions and macros.
+//!
+//! To extend [`Iterator`] with methods in this crate, import
+//! the [`Itertools`] trait:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use itertools::Itertools;
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Now, new methods like [`interleave`](Itertools::interleave)
+//! are available on all iterators:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use itertools::Itertools;
+//!
+//! let it = (1..3).interleave(vec![-1, -2]);
+//! itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![1, -1, 2, -2]);
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Most iterator methods are also provided as functions (with the benefit
+//! that they convert parameters using [`IntoIterator`]):
+//!
+//! ```
+//! use itertools::interleave;
+//!
+//! for elt in interleave(&[1, 2, 3], &[2, 3, 4]) {
+//!     /* loop body */
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ## Crate Features
+//!
+//! - `use_std`
+//!   - Enabled by default.
+//!   - Disable to compile itertools using `#![no_std]`. This disables
+//!     any items that depend on collections (like `group_by`, `unique`,
+//!     `kmerge`, `join` and many more).
+//!
+//! ## Rust Version
+//!
+//! This version of itertools requires Rust 1.32 or later.
+#![doc(html_root_url="https://docs.rs/itertools/0.8/")]
+
+#[cfg(not(feature = "use_std"))]
+extern crate core as std;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+extern crate alloc;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+use alloc::{
+    string::String,
+    vec::Vec,
+};
+
+pub use either::Either;
+
+use core::borrow::Borrow;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::iter::{IntoIterator, once};
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+use std::fmt;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+use std::collections::HashSet;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+use std::hash::Hash;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+use std::fmt::Write;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+type VecIntoIter<T> = alloc::vec::IntoIter<T>;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+use std::iter::FromIterator;
+
+#[macro_use]
+mod impl_macros;
+
+// for compatibility with no std and macros
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub use std::iter as __std_iter;
+
+/// The concrete iterator types.
+pub mod structs {
+    pub use crate::adaptors::{
+        Dedup,
+        DedupBy,
+        DedupWithCount,
+        DedupByWithCount,
+        Interleave,
+        InterleaveShortest,
+        FilterMapOk,
+        FilterOk,
+        Product,
+        PutBack,
+        Batching,
+        MapInto,
+        MapOk,
+        Merge,
+        MergeBy,
+        TakeWhileRef,
+        WhileSome,
+        Coalesce,
+        TupleCombinations,
+        Positions,
+        Update,
+    };
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    pub use crate::adaptors::{MapResults, Step};
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    pub use crate::adaptors::MultiProduct;
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    pub use crate::combinations::Combinations;
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    pub use crate::combinations_with_replacement::CombinationsWithReplacement;
+    pub use crate::cons_tuples_impl::ConsTuples;
+    pub use crate::exactly_one_err::ExactlyOneError;
+    pub use crate::format::{Format, FormatWith};
+    pub use crate::flatten_ok::FlattenOk;
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+    pub use crate::grouping_map::{GroupingMap, GroupingMapBy};
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    pub use crate::groupbylazy::{IntoChunks, Chunk, Chunks, GroupBy, Group, Groups};
+    pub use crate::intersperse::{Intersperse, IntersperseWith};
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    pub use crate::kmerge_impl::{KMerge, KMergeBy};
+    pub use crate::merge_join::MergeJoinBy;
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    pub use crate::multipeek_impl::MultiPeek;
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    pub use crate::peek_nth::PeekNth;
+    pub use crate::pad_tail::PadUsing;
+    pub use crate::peeking_take_while::PeekingTakeWhile;
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    pub use crate::permutations::Permutations;
+    pub use crate::process_results_impl::ProcessResults;
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    pub use crate::powerset::Powerset;
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    pub use crate::put_back_n_impl::PutBackN;
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    pub use crate::rciter_impl::RcIter;
+    pub use crate::repeatn::RepeatN;
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    pub use crate::sources::{RepeatCall, Unfold, Iterate};
+    pub use crate::take_while_inclusive::TakeWhileInclusive;
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    pub use crate::tee::Tee;
+    pub use crate::tuple_impl::{TupleBuffer, TupleWindows, CircularTupleWindows, Tuples};
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+    pub use crate::duplicates_impl::{Duplicates, DuplicatesBy};
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+    pub use crate::unique_impl::{Unique, UniqueBy};
+    pub use crate::with_position::WithPosition;
+    pub use crate::zip_eq_impl::ZipEq;
+    pub use crate::zip_longest::ZipLongest;
+    pub use crate::ziptuple::Zip;
+}
+
+/// Traits helpful for using certain `Itertools` methods in generic contexts.
+pub mod traits {
+    pub use crate::tuple_impl::HomogeneousTuple;
+}
+
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+pub use crate::structs::*;
+pub use crate::concat_impl::concat;
+pub use crate::cons_tuples_impl::cons_tuples;
+pub use crate::diff::diff_with;
+pub use crate::diff::Diff;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+pub use crate::kmerge_impl::{kmerge_by};
+pub use crate::minmax::MinMaxResult;
+pub use crate::peeking_take_while::PeekingNext;
+pub use crate::process_results_impl::process_results;
+pub use crate::repeatn::repeat_n;
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+pub use crate::sources::{repeat_call, unfold, iterate};
+pub use crate::with_position::Position;
+pub use crate::unziptuple::{multiunzip, MultiUnzip};
+pub use crate::ziptuple::multizip;
+mod adaptors;
+mod either_or_both;
+pub use crate::either_or_both::EitherOrBoth;
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub mod free;
+#[doc(inline)]
+pub use crate::free::*;
+mod concat_impl;
+mod cons_tuples_impl;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+mod combinations;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+mod combinations_with_replacement;
+mod exactly_one_err;
+mod diff;
+mod flatten_ok;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+mod extrema_set;
+mod format;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+mod grouping_map;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+mod group_map;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+mod groupbylazy;
+mod intersperse;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+mod k_smallest;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+mod kmerge_impl;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+mod lazy_buffer;
+mod merge_join;
+mod minmax;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+mod multipeek_impl;
+mod pad_tail;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+mod peek_nth;
+mod peeking_take_while;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+mod permutations;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+mod powerset;
+mod process_results_impl;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+mod put_back_n_impl;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+mod rciter_impl;
+mod repeatn;
+mod size_hint;
+mod sources;
+mod take_while_inclusive;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+mod tee;
+mod tuple_impl;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+mod duplicates_impl;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+mod unique_impl;
+mod unziptuple;
+mod with_position;
+mod zip_eq_impl;
+mod zip_longest;
+mod ziptuple;
+
+#[macro_export]
+/// Create an iterator over the “cartesian product” of iterators.
+///
+/// Iterator element type is like `(A, B, ..., E)` if formed
+/// from iterators `(I, J, ..., M)` with element types `I::Item = A`, `J::Item = B`, etc.
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use itertools::iproduct;
+/// #
+/// # fn main() {
+/// // Iterate over the coordinates of a 4 x 4 x 4 grid
+/// // from (0, 0, 0), (0, 0, 1), .., (0, 1, 0), (0, 1, 1), .. etc until (3, 3, 3)
+/// for (i, j, k) in iproduct!(0..4, 0..4, 0..4) {
+///    // ..
+/// }
+/// # }
+/// ```
+macro_rules! iproduct {
+    (@flatten $I:expr,) => (
+        $I
+    );
+    (@flatten $I:expr, $J:expr, $($K:expr,)*) => (
+        $crate::iproduct!(@flatten $crate::cons_tuples($crate::iproduct!($I, $J)), $($K,)*)
+    );
+    ($I:expr) => (
+        $crate::__std_iter::IntoIterator::into_iter($I)
+    );
+    ($I:expr, $J:expr) => (
+        $crate::Itertools::cartesian_product($crate::iproduct!($I), $crate::iproduct!($J))
+    );
+    ($I:expr, $J:expr, $($K:expr),+) => (
+        $crate::iproduct!(@flatten $crate::iproduct!($I, $J), $($K,)+)
+    );
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+/// Create an iterator running multiple iterators in lockstep.
+///
+/// The `izip!` iterator yields elements until any subiterator
+/// returns `None`.
+///
+/// This is a version of the standard ``.zip()`` that's supporting more than
+/// two iterators. The iterator element type is a tuple with one element
+/// from each of the input iterators. Just like ``.zip()``, the iteration stops
+/// when the shortest of the inputs reaches its end.
+///
+/// **Note:** The result of this macro is in the general case an iterator
+/// composed of repeated `.zip()` and a `.map()`; it has an anonymous type.
+/// The special cases of one and two arguments produce the equivalent of
+/// `$a.into_iter()` and `$a.into_iter().zip($b)` respectively.
+///
+/// Prefer this macro `izip!()` over [`multizip`] for the performance benefits
+/// of using the standard library `.zip()`.
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use itertools::izip;
+/// #
+/// # fn main() {
+///
+/// // iterate over three sequences side-by-side
+/// let mut results = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+/// let inputs = [3, 7, 9, 6];
+///
+/// for (r, index, input) in izip!(&mut results, 0..10, &inputs) {
+///     *r = index * 10 + input;
+/// }
+///
+/// assert_eq!(results, [0 + 3, 10 + 7, 29, 36]);
+/// # }
+/// ```
+macro_rules! izip {
+    // @closure creates a tuple-flattening closure for .map() call. usage:
+    // @closure partial_pattern => partial_tuple , rest , of , iterators
+    // eg. izip!( @closure ((a, b), c) => (a, b, c) , dd , ee )
+    ( @closure $p:pat => $tup:expr ) => {
+        |$p| $tup
+    };
+
+    // The "b" identifier is a different identifier on each recursion level thanks to hygiene.
+    ( @closure $p:pat => ( $($tup:tt)* ) , $_iter:expr $( , $tail:expr )* ) => {
+        $crate::izip!(@closure ($p, b) => ( $($tup)*, b ) $( , $tail )*)
+    };
+
+    // unary
+    ($first:expr $(,)*) => {
+        $crate::__std_iter::IntoIterator::into_iter($first)
+    };
+
+    // binary
+    ($first:expr, $second:expr $(,)*) => {
+        $crate::izip!($first)
+            .zip($second)
+    };
+
+    // n-ary where n > 2
+    ( $first:expr $( , $rest:expr )* $(,)* ) => {
+        $crate::izip!($first)
+            $(
+                .zip($rest)
+            )*
+            .map(
+                $crate::izip!(@closure a => (a) $( , $rest )*)
+            )
+    };
+}
+
+#[macro_export]
+/// [Chain][`chain`] zero or more iterators together into one sequence.
+///
+/// The comma-separated arguments must implement [`IntoIterator`].
+/// The final argument may be followed by a trailing comma.
+///
+/// [`chain`]: Iterator::chain
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// Empty invocations of `chain!` expand to an invocation of [`std::iter::empty`]:
+/// ```
+/// use std::iter;
+/// use itertools::chain;
+///
+/// let _: iter::Empty<()> = chain!();
+/// let _: iter::Empty<i8> = chain!();
+/// ```
+///
+/// Invocations of `chain!` with one argument expand to [`arg.into_iter()`](IntoIterator):
+/// ```
+/// use std::{ops::Range, slice};
+/// use itertools::chain;
+/// let _: <Range<_> as IntoIterator>::IntoIter = chain!((2..6),); // trailing comma optional!
+/// let _:     <&[_] as IntoIterator>::IntoIter = chain!(&[2, 3, 4]);
+/// ```
+///
+/// Invocations of `chain!` with multiple arguments [`.into_iter()`](IntoIterator) each
+/// argument, and then [`chain`] them together:
+/// ```
+/// use std::{iter::*, ops::Range, slice};
+/// use itertools::{assert_equal, chain};
+///
+/// // e.g., this:
+/// let with_macro:  Chain<Chain<Once<_>, Take<Repeat<_>>>, slice::Iter<_>> =
+///     chain![once(&0), repeat(&1).take(2), &[2, 3, 5],];
+///
+/// // ...is equivalent to this:
+/// let with_method: Chain<Chain<Once<_>, Take<Repeat<_>>>, slice::Iter<_>> =
+///     once(&0)
+///         .chain(repeat(&1).take(2))
+///         .chain(&[2, 3, 5]);
+///
+/// assert_equal(with_macro, with_method);
+/// ```
+macro_rules! chain {
+    () => {
+        core::iter::empty()
+    };
+    ($first:expr $(, $rest:expr )* $(,)?) => {
+        {
+            let iter = core::iter::IntoIterator::into_iter($first);
+            $(
+                let iter =
+                    core::iter::Iterator::chain(
+                        iter,
+                        core::iter::IntoIterator::into_iter($rest));
+            )*
+            iter
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+/// An [`Iterator`] blanket implementation that provides extra adaptors and
+/// methods.
+///
+/// This trait defines a number of methods. They are divided into two groups:
+///
+/// * *Adaptors* take an iterator and parameter as input, and return
+/// a new iterator value. These are listed first in the trait. An example
+/// of an adaptor is [`.interleave()`](Itertools::interleave)
+///
+/// * *Regular methods* are those that don't return iterators and instead
+/// return a regular value of some other kind.
+/// [`.next_tuple()`](Itertools::next_tuple) is an example and the first regular
+/// method in the list.
+pub trait Itertools : Iterator {
+    // adaptors
+
+    /// Alternate elements from two iterators until both have run out.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `Self::Item`.
+    ///
+    /// This iterator is *fused*.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let it = (1..7).interleave(vec![-1, -2]);
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![1, -1, 2, -2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
+    /// ```
+    fn interleave<J>(self, other: J) -> Interleave<Self, J::IntoIter>
+        where J: IntoIterator<Item = Self::Item>,
+              Self: Sized
+    {
+        interleave(self, other)
+    }
+
+    /// Alternate elements from two iterators until at least one of them has run
+    /// out.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `Self::Item`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let it = (1..7).interleave_shortest(vec![-1, -2]);
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![1, -1, 2, -2, 3]);
+    /// ```
+    fn interleave_shortest<J>(self, other: J) -> InterleaveShortest<Self, J::IntoIter>
+        where J: IntoIterator<Item = Self::Item>,
+              Self: Sized
+    {
+        adaptors::interleave_shortest(self, other.into_iter())
+    }
+
+    /// An iterator adaptor to insert a particular value
+    /// between each element of the adapted iterator.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `Self::Item`.
+    ///
+    /// This iterator is *fused*.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// itertools::assert_equal((0..3).intersperse(8), vec![0, 8, 1, 8, 2]);
+    /// ```
+    fn intersperse(self, element: Self::Item) -> Intersperse<Self>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self::Item: Clone
+    {
+        intersperse::intersperse(self, element)
+    }
+
+    /// An iterator adaptor to insert a particular value created by a function
+    /// between each element of the adapted iterator.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `Self::Item`.
+    ///
+    /// This iterator is *fused*.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let mut i = 10;
+    /// itertools::assert_equal((0..3).intersperse_with(|| { i -= 1; i }), vec![0, 9, 1, 8, 2]);
+    /// assert_eq!(i, 8);
+    /// ```
+    fn intersperse_with<F>(self, element: F) -> IntersperseWith<Self, F>
+        where Self: Sized,
+        F: FnMut() -> Self::Item
+    {
+        intersperse::intersperse_with(self, element)
+    }
+
+    /// Create an iterator which iterates over both this and the specified
+    /// iterator simultaneously, yielding pairs of two optional elements.
+    ///
+    /// This iterator is *fused*.
+    ///
+    /// As long as neither input iterator is exhausted yet, it yields two values
+    /// via `EitherOrBoth::Both`.
+    ///
+    /// When the parameter iterator is exhausted, it only yields a value from the
+    /// `self` iterator via `EitherOrBoth::Left`.
+    ///
+    /// When the `self` iterator is exhausted, it only yields a value from the
+    /// parameter iterator via `EitherOrBoth::Right`.
+    ///
+    /// When both iterators return `None`, all further invocations of `.next()`
+    /// will return `None`.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is
+    /// [`EitherOrBoth<Self::Item, J::Item>`](EitherOrBoth).
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use itertools::EitherOrBoth::{Both, Right};
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// let it = (0..1).zip_longest(1..3);
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![Both(0, 1), Right(2)]);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    fn zip_longest<J>(self, other: J) -> ZipLongest<Self, J::IntoIter>
+        where J: IntoIterator,
+              Self: Sized
+    {
+        zip_longest::zip_longest(self, other.into_iter())
+    }
+
+    /// Create an iterator which iterates over both this and the specified
+    /// iterator simultaneously, yielding pairs of elements.
+    ///
+    /// **Panics** if the iterators reach an end and they are not of equal
+    /// lengths.
+    #[inline]
+    fn zip_eq<J>(self, other: J) -> ZipEq<Self, J::IntoIter>
+        where J: IntoIterator,
+              Self: Sized
+    {
+        zip_eq(self, other)
+    }
+
+    /// A “meta iterator adaptor”. Its closure receives a reference to the
+    /// iterator and may pick off as many elements as it likes, to produce the
+    /// next iterator element.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `B`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// // An adaptor that gathers elements in pairs
+    /// let pit = (0..4).batching(|it| {
+    ///            match it.next() {
+    ///                None => None,
+    ///                Some(x) => match it.next() {
+    ///                    None => None,
+    ///                    Some(y) => Some((x, y)),
+    ///                }
+    ///            }
+    ///        });
+    ///
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(pit, vec![(0, 1), (2, 3)]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    fn batching<B, F>(self, f: F) -> Batching<Self, F>
+        where F: FnMut(&mut Self) -> Option<B>,
+              Self: Sized
+    {
+        adaptors::batching(self, f)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an *iterable* that can group iterator elements.
+    /// Consecutive elements that map to the same key (“runs”), are assigned
+    /// to the same group.
+    ///
+    /// `GroupBy` is the storage for the lazy grouping operation.
+    ///
+    /// If the groups are consumed in order, or if each group's iterator is
+    /// dropped without keeping it around, then `GroupBy` uses no
+    /// allocations.  It needs allocations only if several group iterators
+    /// are alive at the same time.
+    ///
+    /// This type implements [`IntoIterator`] (it is **not** an iterator
+    /// itself), because the group iterators need to borrow from this
+    /// value. It should be stored in a local variable or temporary and
+    /// iterated.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `(K, Group)`: the group's key and the
+    /// group iterator.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// // group data into runs of larger than zero or not.
+    /// let data = vec![1, 3, -2, -2, 1, 0, 1, 2];
+    /// // groups:     |---->|------>|--------->|
+    ///
+    /// // Note: The `&` is significant here, `GroupBy` is iterable
+    /// // only by reference. You can also call `.into_iter()` explicitly.
+    /// let mut data_grouped = Vec::new();
+    /// for (key, group) in &data.into_iter().group_by(|elt| *elt >= 0) {
+    ///     data_grouped.push((key, group.collect()));
+    /// }
+    /// assert_eq!(data_grouped, vec![(true, vec![1, 3]), (false, vec![-2, -2]), (true, vec![1, 0, 1, 2])]);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn group_by<K, F>(self, key: F) -> GroupBy<K, Self, F>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> K,
+              K: PartialEq,
+    {
+        groupbylazy::new(self, key)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an *iterable* that can chunk the iterator.
+    ///
+    /// Yield subiterators (chunks) that each yield a fixed number elements,
+    /// determined by `size`. The last chunk will be shorter if there aren't
+    /// enough elements.
+    ///
+    /// `IntoChunks` is based on `GroupBy`: it is iterable (implements
+    /// `IntoIterator`, **not** `Iterator`), and it only buffers if several
+    /// chunk iterators are alive at the same time.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `Chunk`, each chunk's iterator.
+    ///
+    /// **Panics** if `size` is 0.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let data = vec![1, 1, 2, -2, 6, 0, 3, 1];
+    /// //chunk size=3 |------->|-------->|--->|
+    ///
+    /// // Note: The `&` is significant here, `IntoChunks` is iterable
+    /// // only by reference. You can also call `.into_iter()` explicitly.
+    /// for chunk in &data.into_iter().chunks(3) {
+    ///     // Check that the sum of each chunk is 4.
+    ///     assert_eq!(4, chunk.sum());
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn chunks(self, size: usize) -> IntoChunks<Self>
+        where Self: Sized,
+    {
+        assert!(size != 0);
+        groupbylazy::new_chunks(self, size)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator over all contiguous windows producing tuples of
+    /// a specific size (up to 12).
+    ///
+    /// `tuple_windows` clones the iterator elements so that they can be
+    /// part of successive windows, this makes it most suited for iterators
+    /// of references and other values that are cheap to copy.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// let mut v = Vec::new();
+    ///
+    /// // pairwise iteration
+    /// for (a, b) in (1..5).tuple_windows() {
+    ///     v.push((a, b));
+    /// }
+    /// assert_eq!(v, vec![(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4)]);
+    ///
+    /// let mut it = (1..5).tuple_windows();
+    /// assert_eq!(Some((1, 2, 3)), it.next());
+    /// assert_eq!(Some((2, 3, 4)), it.next());
+    /// assert_eq!(None, it.next());
+    ///
+    /// // this requires a type hint
+    /// let it = (1..5).tuple_windows::<(_, _, _)>();
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![(1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4)]);
+    ///
+    /// // you can also specify the complete type
+    /// use itertools::TupleWindows;
+    /// use std::ops::Range;
+    ///
+    /// let it: TupleWindows<Range<u32>, (u32, u32, u32)> = (1..5).tuple_windows();
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![(1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4)]);
+    /// ```
+    fn tuple_windows<T>(self) -> TupleWindows<Self, T>
+        where Self: Sized + Iterator<Item = T::Item>,
+              T: traits::HomogeneousTuple,
+              T::Item: Clone
+    {
+        tuple_impl::tuple_windows(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator over all windows, wrapping back to the first
+    /// elements when the window would otherwise exceed the length of the
+    /// iterator, producing tuples of a specific size (up to 12).
+    ///
+    /// `circular_tuple_windows` clones the iterator elements so that they can be
+    /// part of successive windows, this makes it most suited for iterators
+    /// of references and other values that are cheap to copy.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// let mut v = Vec::new();
+    /// for (a, b) in (1..5).circular_tuple_windows() {
+    ///     v.push((a, b));
+    /// }
+    /// assert_eq!(v, vec![(1, 2), (2, 3), (3, 4), (4, 1)]);
+    ///
+    /// let mut it = (1..5).circular_tuple_windows();
+    /// assert_eq!(Some((1, 2, 3)), it.next());
+    /// assert_eq!(Some((2, 3, 4)), it.next());
+    /// assert_eq!(Some((3, 4, 1)), it.next());
+    /// assert_eq!(Some((4, 1, 2)), it.next());
+    /// assert_eq!(None, it.next());
+    ///
+    /// // this requires a type hint
+    /// let it = (1..5).circular_tuple_windows::<(_, _, _)>();
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![(1, 2, 3), (2, 3, 4), (3, 4, 1), (4, 1, 2)]);
+    /// ```
+    fn circular_tuple_windows<T>(self) -> CircularTupleWindows<Self, T>
+        where Self: Sized + Clone + Iterator<Item = T::Item> + ExactSizeIterator,
+              T: tuple_impl::TupleCollect + Clone,
+              T::Item: Clone
+    {
+        tuple_impl::circular_tuple_windows(self)
+    }
+    /// Return an iterator that groups the items in tuples of a specific size
+    /// (up to 12).
+    ///
+    /// See also the method [`.next_tuple()`](Itertools::next_tuple).
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// let mut v = Vec::new();
+    /// for (a, b) in (1..5).tuples() {
+    ///     v.push((a, b));
+    /// }
+    /// assert_eq!(v, vec![(1, 2), (3, 4)]);
+    ///
+    /// let mut it = (1..7).tuples();
+    /// assert_eq!(Some((1, 2, 3)), it.next());
+    /// assert_eq!(Some((4, 5, 6)), it.next());
+    /// assert_eq!(None, it.next());
+    ///
+    /// // this requires a type hint
+    /// let it = (1..7).tuples::<(_, _, _)>();
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]);
+    ///
+    /// // you can also specify the complete type
+    /// use itertools::Tuples;
+    /// use std::ops::Range;
+    ///
+    /// let it: Tuples<Range<u32>, (u32, u32, u32)> = (1..7).tuples();
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6)]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// See also [`Tuples::into_buffer`].
+    fn tuples<T>(self) -> Tuples<Self, T>
+        where Self: Sized + Iterator<Item = T::Item>,
+              T: traits::HomogeneousTuple
+    {
+        tuple_impl::tuples(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Split into an iterator pair that both yield all elements from
+    /// the original iterator.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** If the iterator is clonable, prefer using that instead
+    /// of using this method. Cloning is likely to be more efficient.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `Self::Item`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// let xs = vec![0, 1, 2, 3];
+    ///
+    /// let (mut t1, t2) = xs.into_iter().tee();
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(t1.next(), Some(0));
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(t2, 0..4);
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(t1, 1..4);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn tee(self) -> (Tee<Self>, Tee<Self>)
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self::Item: Clone
+    {
+        tee::new(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that steps `n` elements in the base iterator
+    /// for each iteration.
+    ///
+    /// The iterator steps by yielding the next element from the base iterator,
+    /// then skipping forward `n - 1` elements.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `Self::Item`.
+    ///
+    /// **Panics** if the step is 0.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let it = (0..8).step(3);
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![0, 3, 6]);
+    /// ```
+    #[deprecated(note="Use std .step_by() instead", since="0.8.0")]
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    fn step(self, n: usize) -> Step<Self>
+        where Self: Sized
+    {
+        adaptors::step(self, n)
+    }
+
+    /// Convert each item of the iterator using the [`Into`] trait.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// (1i32..42i32).map_into::<f64>().collect_vec();
+    /// ```
+    fn map_into<R>(self) -> MapInto<Self, R>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self::Item: Into<R>,
+    {
+        adaptors::map_into(self)
+    }
+
+    /// See [`.map_ok()`](Itertools::map_ok).
+    #[deprecated(note="Use .map_ok() instead", since="0.10.0")]
+    fn map_results<F, T, U, E>(self, f: F) -> MapOk<Self, F>
+        where Self: Iterator<Item = Result<T, E>> + Sized,
+              F: FnMut(T) -> U,
+    {
+        self.map_ok(f)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that applies the provided closure
+    /// to every `Result::Ok` value. `Result::Err` values are
+    /// unchanged.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let input = vec![Ok(41), Err(false), Ok(11)];
+    /// let it = input.into_iter().map_ok(|i| i + 1);
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![Ok(42), Err(false), Ok(12)]);
+    /// ```
+    fn map_ok<F, T, U, E>(self, f: F) -> MapOk<Self, F>
+        where Self: Iterator<Item = Result<T, E>> + Sized,
+              F: FnMut(T) -> U,
+    {
+        adaptors::map_ok(self, f)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that filters every `Result::Ok`
+    /// value with the provided closure. `Result::Err` values are
+    /// unchanged.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let input = vec![Ok(22), Err(false), Ok(11)];
+    /// let it = input.into_iter().filter_ok(|&i| i > 20);
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![Ok(22), Err(false)]);
+    /// ```
+    fn filter_ok<F, T, E>(self, f: F) -> FilterOk<Self, F>
+        where Self: Iterator<Item = Result<T, E>> + Sized,
+              F: FnMut(&T) -> bool,
+    {
+        adaptors::filter_ok(self, f)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that filters and transforms every
+    /// `Result::Ok` value with the provided closure. `Result::Err`
+    /// values are unchanged.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let input = vec![Ok(22), Err(false), Ok(11)];
+    /// let it = input.into_iter().filter_map_ok(|i| if i > 20 { Some(i * 2) } else { None });
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![Ok(44), Err(false)]);
+    /// ```
+    fn filter_map_ok<F, T, U, E>(self, f: F) -> FilterMapOk<Self, F>
+        where Self: Iterator<Item = Result<T, E>> + Sized,
+              F: FnMut(T) -> Option<U>,
+    {
+        adaptors::filter_map_ok(self, f)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that flattens every `Result::Ok` value into
+    /// a series of `Result::Ok` values. `Result::Err` values are unchanged.
+    ///
+    /// This is useful when you have some common error type for your crate and
+    /// need to propagate it upwards, but the `Result::Ok` case needs to be flattened.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let input = vec![Ok(0..2), Err(false), Ok(2..4)];
+    /// let it = input.iter().cloned().flatten_ok();
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it.clone(), vec![Ok(0), Ok(1), Err(false), Ok(2), Ok(3)]);
+    ///
+    /// // This can also be used to propagate errors when collecting.
+    /// let output_result: Result<Vec<i32>, bool> = it.collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(output_result, Err(false));
+    /// ```
+    fn flatten_ok<T, E>(self) -> FlattenOk<Self, T, E>
+        where Self: Iterator<Item = Result<T, E>> + Sized,
+              T: IntoIterator
+    {
+        flatten_ok::flatten_ok(self)
+    }
+
+    /// “Lift” a function of the values of the current iterator so as to process
+    /// an iterator of `Result` values instead.
+    ///
+    /// `processor` is a closure that receives an adapted version of the iterator
+    /// as the only argument — the adapted iterator produces elements of type `T`,
+    /// as long as the original iterator produces `Ok` values.
+    ///
+    /// If the original iterable produces an error at any point, the adapted
+    /// iterator ends and it will return the error iself.
+    ///
+    /// Otherwise, the return value from the closure is returned wrapped
+    /// inside `Ok`.
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// type Item = Result<i32, &'static str>;
+    ///
+    /// let first_values: Vec<Item> = vec![Ok(1), Ok(0), Ok(3)];
+    /// let second_values: Vec<Item> = vec![Ok(2), Ok(1), Err("overflow")];
+    ///
+    /// // “Lift” the iterator .max() method to work on the Ok-values.
+    /// let first_max = first_values.into_iter().process_results(|iter| iter.max().unwrap_or(0));
+    /// let second_max = second_values.into_iter().process_results(|iter| iter.max().unwrap_or(0));
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(first_max, Ok(3));
+    /// assert!(second_max.is_err());
+    /// ```
+    fn process_results<F, T, E, R>(self, processor: F) -> Result<R, E>
+        where Self: Iterator<Item = Result<T, E>> + Sized,
+              F: FnOnce(ProcessResults<Self, E>) -> R
+    {
+        process_results(self, processor)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that merges the two base iterators in
+    /// ascending order.  If both base iterators are sorted (ascending), the
+    /// result is sorted.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `Self::Item`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let a = (0..11).step_by(3);
+    /// let b = (0..11).step_by(5);
+    /// let it = a.merge(b);
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![0, 0, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10]);
+    /// ```
+    fn merge<J>(self, other: J) -> Merge<Self, J::IntoIter>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self::Item: PartialOrd,
+              J: IntoIterator<Item = Self::Item>
+    {
+        merge(self, other)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that merges the two base iterators in order.
+    /// This is much like [`.merge()`](Itertools::merge) but allows for a custom ordering.
+    ///
+    /// This can be especially useful for sequences of tuples.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `Self::Item`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let a = (0..).zip("bc".chars());
+    /// let b = (0..).zip("ad".chars());
+    /// let it = a.merge_by(b, |x, y| x.1 <= y.1);
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![(0, 'a'), (0, 'b'), (1, 'c'), (1, 'd')]);
+    /// ```
+
+    fn merge_by<J, F>(self, other: J, is_first: F) -> MergeBy<Self, J::IntoIter, F>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              J: IntoIterator<Item = Self::Item>,
+              F: FnMut(&Self::Item, &Self::Item) -> bool
+    {
+        adaptors::merge_by_new(self, other.into_iter(), is_first)
+    }
+
+    /// Create an iterator that merges items from both this and the specified
+    /// iterator in ascending order.
+    ///
+    /// The function can either return an `Ordering` variant or a boolean.
+    ///
+    /// If `cmp_fn` returns `Ordering`,
+    /// it chooses whether to pair elements based on the `Ordering` returned by the
+    /// specified compare function. At any point, inspecting the tip of the
+    /// iterators `I` and `J` as items `i` of type `I::Item` and `j` of type
+    /// `J::Item` respectively, the resulting iterator will:
+    ///
+    /// - Emit `EitherOrBoth::Left(i)` when `i < j`,
+    ///   and remove `i` from its source iterator
+    /// - Emit `EitherOrBoth::Right(j)` when `i > j`,
+    ///   and remove `j` from its source iterator
+    /// - Emit `EitherOrBoth::Both(i, j)` when  `i == j`,
+    ///   and remove both `i` and `j` from their respective source iterators
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// use itertools::EitherOrBoth::{Left, Right, Both};
+    ///
+    /// let a = vec![0, 2, 4, 6, 1].into_iter();
+    /// let b = (0..10).step_by(3);
+    ///
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(
+    ///     a.merge_join_by(b, |i, j| i.cmp(j)),
+    ///     vec![Both(0, 0), Left(2), Right(3), Left(4), Both(6, 6), Left(1), Right(9)]
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// If `cmp_fn` returns `bool`,
+    /// it chooses whether to pair elements based on the boolean returned by the
+    /// specified function. At any point, inspecting the tip of the
+    /// iterators `I` and `J` as items `i` of type `I::Item` and `j` of type
+    /// `J::Item` respectively, the resulting iterator will:
+    ///
+    /// - Emit `Either::Left(i)` when `true`,
+    ///   and remove `i` from its source iterator
+    /// - Emit `Either::Right(j)` when `false`,
+    ///   and remove `j` from its source iterator
+    ///
+    /// It is similar to the `Ordering` case if the first argument is considered
+    /// "less" than the second argument.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// use itertools::Either::{Left, Right};
+    ///
+    /// let a = vec![0, 2, 4, 6, 1].into_iter();
+    /// let b = (0..10).step_by(3);
+    ///
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(
+    ///     a.merge_join_by(b, |i, j| i <= j),
+    ///     vec![Left(0), Right(0), Left(2), Right(3), Left(4), Left(6), Left(1), Right(6), Right(9)]
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    fn merge_join_by<J, F, T>(self, other: J, cmp_fn: F) -> MergeJoinBy<Self, J::IntoIter, F>
+        where J: IntoIterator,
+              F: FnMut(&Self::Item, &J::Item) -> T,
+              T: merge_join::OrderingOrBool<Self::Item, J::Item>,
+              Self: Sized
+    {
+        merge_join_by(self, other, cmp_fn)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that flattens an iterator of iterators by
+    /// merging them in ascending order.
+    ///
+    /// If all base iterators are sorted (ascending), the result is sorted.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `Self::Item`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let a = (0..6).step_by(3);
+    /// let b = (1..6).step_by(3);
+    /// let c = (2..6).step_by(3);
+    /// let it = vec![a, b, c].into_iter().kmerge();
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn kmerge(self) -> KMerge<<Self::Item as IntoIterator>::IntoIter>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self::Item: IntoIterator,
+              <Self::Item as IntoIterator>::Item: PartialOrd,
+    {
+        kmerge(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that flattens an iterator of iterators by
+    /// merging them according to the given closure.
+    ///
+    /// The closure `first` is called with two elements *a*, *b* and should
+    /// return `true` if *a* is ordered before *b*.
+    ///
+    /// If all base iterators are sorted according to `first`, the result is
+    /// sorted.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `Self::Item`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let a = vec![-1f64, 2., 3., -5., 6., -7.];
+    /// let b = vec![0., 2., -4.];
+    /// let mut it = vec![a, b].into_iter().kmerge_by(|a, b| a.abs() < b.abs());
+    /// assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(0.));
+    /// assert_eq!(it.last(), Some(-7.));
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn kmerge_by<F>(self, first: F)
+        -> KMergeBy<<Self::Item as IntoIterator>::IntoIter, F>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self::Item: IntoIterator,
+              F: FnMut(&<Self::Item as IntoIterator>::Item,
+                       &<Self::Item as IntoIterator>::Item) -> bool
+    {
+        kmerge_by(self, first)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that iterates over the cartesian product of
+    /// the element sets of two iterators `self` and `J`.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `(Self::Item, J::Item)`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let it = (0..2).cartesian_product("αβ".chars());
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![(0, 'α'), (0, 'β'), (1, 'α'), (1, 'β')]);
+    /// ```
+    fn cartesian_product<J>(self, other: J) -> Product<Self, J::IntoIter>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self::Item: Clone,
+              J: IntoIterator,
+              J::IntoIter: Clone
+    {
+        adaptors::cartesian_product(self, other.into_iter())
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that iterates over the cartesian product of
+    /// all subiterators returned by meta-iterator `self`.
+    ///
+    /// All provided iterators must yield the same `Item` type. To generate
+    /// the product of iterators yielding multiple types, use the
+    /// [`iproduct`] macro instead.
+    ///
+    ///
+    /// The iterator element type is `Vec<T>`, where `T` is the iterator element
+    /// of the subiterators.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// let mut multi_prod = (0..3).map(|i| (i * 2)..(i * 2 + 2))
+    ///     .multi_cartesian_product();
+    /// assert_eq!(multi_prod.next(), Some(vec![0, 2, 4]));
+    /// assert_eq!(multi_prod.next(), Some(vec![0, 2, 5]));
+    /// assert_eq!(multi_prod.next(), Some(vec![0, 3, 4]));
+    /// assert_eq!(multi_prod.next(), Some(vec![0, 3, 5]));
+    /// assert_eq!(multi_prod.next(), Some(vec![1, 2, 4]));
+    /// assert_eq!(multi_prod.next(), Some(vec![1, 2, 5]));
+    /// assert_eq!(multi_prod.next(), Some(vec![1, 3, 4]));
+    /// assert_eq!(multi_prod.next(), Some(vec![1, 3, 5]));
+    /// assert_eq!(multi_prod.next(), None);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn multi_cartesian_product(self) -> MultiProduct<<Self::Item as IntoIterator>::IntoIter>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self::Item: IntoIterator,
+              <Self::Item as IntoIterator>::IntoIter: Clone,
+              <Self::Item as IntoIterator>::Item: Clone
+    {
+        adaptors::multi_cartesian_product(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that uses the passed-in closure to
+    /// optionally merge together consecutive elements.
+    ///
+    /// The closure `f` is passed two elements, `previous` and `current` and may
+    /// return either (1) `Ok(combined)` to merge the two values or
+    /// (2) `Err((previous', current'))` to indicate they can't be merged.
+    /// In (2), the value `previous'` is emitted by the iterator.
+    /// Either (1) `combined` or (2) `current'` becomes the previous value
+    /// when coalesce continues with the next pair of elements to merge. The
+    /// value that remains at the end is also emitted by the iterator.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `Self::Item`.
+    ///
+    /// This iterator is *fused*.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// // sum same-sign runs together
+    /// let data = vec![-1., -2., -3., 3., 1., 0., -1.];
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(data.into_iter().coalesce(|x, y|
+    ///         if (x >= 0.) == (y >= 0.) {
+    ///             Ok(x + y)
+    ///         } else {
+    ///             Err((x, y))
+    ///         }),
+    ///         vec![-6., 4., -1.]);
+    /// ```
+    fn coalesce<F>(self, f: F) -> Coalesce<Self, F>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              F: FnMut(Self::Item, Self::Item)
+                       -> Result<Self::Item, (Self::Item, Self::Item)>
+    {
+        adaptors::coalesce(self, f)
+    }
+
+    /// Remove duplicates from sections of consecutive identical elements.
+    /// If the iterator is sorted, all elements will be unique.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `Self::Item`.
+    ///
+    /// This iterator is *fused*.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let data = vec![1., 1., 2., 3., 3., 2., 2.];
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(data.into_iter().dedup(),
+    ///                         vec![1., 2., 3., 2.]);
+    /// ```
+    fn dedup(self) -> Dedup<Self>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self::Item: PartialEq,
+    {
+        adaptors::dedup(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Remove duplicates from sections of consecutive identical elements,
+    /// determining equality using a comparison function.
+    /// If the iterator is sorted, all elements will be unique.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `Self::Item`.
+    ///
+    /// This iterator is *fused*.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let data = vec![(0, 1.), (1, 1.), (0, 2.), (0, 3.), (1, 3.), (1, 2.), (2, 2.)];
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(data.into_iter().dedup_by(|x, y| x.1 == y.1),
+    ///                         vec![(0, 1.), (0, 2.), (0, 3.), (1, 2.)]);
+    /// ```
+    fn dedup_by<Cmp>(self, cmp: Cmp) -> DedupBy<Self, Cmp>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Cmp: FnMut(&Self::Item, &Self::Item)->bool,
+    {
+        adaptors::dedup_by(self, cmp)
+    }
+
+    /// Remove duplicates from sections of consecutive identical elements, while keeping a count of
+    /// how many repeated elements were present.
+    /// If the iterator is sorted, all elements will be unique.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `(usize, Self::Item)`.
+    ///
+    /// This iterator is *fused*.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let data = vec!['a', 'a', 'b', 'c', 'c', 'b', 'b'];
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(data.into_iter().dedup_with_count(),
+    ///                         vec![(2, 'a'), (1, 'b'), (2, 'c'), (2, 'b')]);
+    /// ```
+    fn dedup_with_count(self) -> DedupWithCount<Self>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        adaptors::dedup_with_count(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Remove duplicates from sections of consecutive identical elements, while keeping a count of
+    /// how many repeated elements were present.
+    /// This will determine equality using a comparison function.
+    /// If the iterator is sorted, all elements will be unique.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `(usize, Self::Item)`.
+    ///
+    /// This iterator is *fused*.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let data = vec![(0, 'a'), (1, 'a'), (0, 'b'), (0, 'c'), (1, 'c'), (1, 'b'), (2, 'b')];
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(data.into_iter().dedup_by_with_count(|x, y| x.1 == y.1),
+    ///                         vec![(2, (0, 'a')), (1, (0, 'b')), (2, (0, 'c')), (2, (1, 'b'))]);
+    /// ```
+    fn dedup_by_with_count<Cmp>(self, cmp: Cmp) -> DedupByWithCount<Self, Cmp>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+        Cmp: FnMut(&Self::Item, &Self::Item) -> bool,
+    {
+        adaptors::dedup_by_with_count(self, cmp)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that produces elements that appear more than once during the
+    /// iteration. Duplicates are detected using hash and equality.
+    ///
+    /// The iterator is stable, returning the duplicate items in the order in which they occur in
+    /// the adapted iterator. Each duplicate item is returned exactly once. If an item appears more
+    /// than twice, the second item is the item retained and the rest are discarded.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let data = vec![10, 20, 30, 20, 40, 10, 50];
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(data.into_iter().duplicates(),
+    ///                         vec![20, 10]);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+    fn duplicates(self) -> Duplicates<Self>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self::Item: Eq + Hash
+    {
+        duplicates_impl::duplicates(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that produces elements that appear more than once during the
+    /// iteration. Duplicates are detected using hash and equality.
+    ///
+    /// Duplicates are detected by comparing the key they map to with the keying function `f` by
+    /// hash and equality. The keys are stored in a hash map in the iterator.
+    ///
+    /// The iterator is stable, returning the duplicate items in the order in which they occur in
+    /// the adapted iterator. Each duplicate item is returned exactly once. If an item appears more
+    /// than twice, the second item is the item retained and the rest are discarded.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let data = vec!["a", "bb", "aa", "c", "ccc"];
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(data.into_iter().duplicates_by(|s| s.len()),
+    ///                         vec!["aa", "c"]);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+    fn duplicates_by<V, F>(self, f: F) -> DuplicatesBy<Self, V, F>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              V: Eq + Hash,
+              F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> V
+    {
+        duplicates_impl::duplicates_by(self, f)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that filters out elements that have
+    /// already been produced once during the iteration. Duplicates
+    /// are detected using hash and equality.
+    ///
+    /// Clones of visited elements are stored in a hash set in the
+    /// iterator.
+    ///
+    /// The iterator is stable, returning the non-duplicate items in the order
+    /// in which they occur in the adapted iterator. In a set of duplicate
+    /// items, the first item encountered is the item retained.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let data = vec![10, 20, 30, 20, 40, 10, 50];
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(data.into_iter().unique(),
+    ///                         vec![10, 20, 30, 40, 50]);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+    fn unique(self) -> Unique<Self>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self::Item: Clone + Eq + Hash
+    {
+        unique_impl::unique(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that filters out elements that have
+    /// already been produced once during the iteration.
+    ///
+    /// Duplicates are detected by comparing the key they map to
+    /// with the keying function `f` by hash and equality.
+    /// The keys are stored in a hash set in the iterator.
+    ///
+    /// The iterator is stable, returning the non-duplicate items in the order
+    /// in which they occur in the adapted iterator. In a set of duplicate
+    /// items, the first item encountered is the item retained.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let data = vec!["a", "bb", "aa", "c", "ccc"];
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(data.into_iter().unique_by(|s| s.len()),
+    ///                         vec!["a", "bb", "ccc"]);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+    fn unique_by<V, F>(self, f: F) -> UniqueBy<Self, V, F>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              V: Eq + Hash,
+              F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> V
+    {
+        unique_impl::unique_by(self, f)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that borrows from this iterator and
+    /// takes items while the closure `accept` returns `true`.
+    ///
+    /// This adaptor can only be used on iterators that implement `PeekingNext`
+    /// like `.peekable()`, `put_back` and a few other collection iterators.
+    ///
+    /// The last and rejected element (first `false`) is still available when
+    /// `peeking_take_while` is done.
+    ///
+    ///
+    /// See also [`.take_while_ref()`](Itertools::take_while_ref)
+    /// which is a similar adaptor.
+    fn peeking_take_while<F>(&mut self, accept: F) -> PeekingTakeWhile<Self, F>
+        where Self: Sized + PeekingNext,
+              F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,
+    {
+        peeking_take_while::peeking_take_while(self, accept)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that borrows from a `Clone`-able iterator
+    /// to only pick off elements while the predicate `accept` returns `true`.
+    ///
+    /// It uses the `Clone` trait to restore the original iterator so that the
+    /// last and rejected element (first `false`) is still available when
+    /// `take_while_ref` is done.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let mut hexadecimals = "0123456789abcdef".chars();
+    ///
+    /// let decimals = hexadecimals.take_while_ref(|c| c.is_numeric())
+    ///                            .collect::<String>();
+    /// assert_eq!(decimals, "0123456789");
+    /// assert_eq!(hexadecimals.next(), Some('a'));
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    fn take_while_ref<F>(&mut self, accept: F) -> TakeWhileRef<Self, F>
+        where Self: Clone,
+              F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool
+    {
+        adaptors::take_while_ref(self, accept)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an iterator adaptor that consumes elements while the given
+    /// predicate is `true`, *including* the element for which the predicate
+    /// first returned `false`.
+    ///
+    /// The [`.take_while()`][std::iter::Iterator::take_while] adaptor is useful
+    /// when you want items satisfying a predicate, but to know when to stop
+    /// taking elements, we have to consume that first element that doesn't
+    /// satisfy the predicate. This adaptor includes that element where
+    /// [`.take_while()`][std::iter::Iterator::take_while] would drop it.
+    ///
+    /// The [`.take_while_ref()`][crate::Itertools::take_while_ref] adaptor
+    /// serves a similar purpose, but this adaptor doesn't require [`Clone`]ing
+    /// the underlying elements.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// let items = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+    /// let filtered: Vec<_> = items
+    ///     .into_iter()
+    ///     .take_while_inclusive(|&n| n % 3 != 0)
+    ///     .collect();
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(filtered, vec![1, 2, 3]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// let items = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+    ///
+    /// let take_while_inclusive_result: Vec<_> = items
+    ///     .iter()
+    ///     .copied()
+    ///     .take_while_inclusive(|&n| n % 3 != 0)
+    ///     .collect();
+    /// let take_while_result: Vec<_> = items
+    ///     .into_iter()
+    ///     .take_while(|&n| n % 3 != 0)
+    ///     .collect();
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(take_while_inclusive_result, vec![1, 2, 3]);
+    /// assert_eq!(take_while_result, vec![1, 2]);
+    /// // both iterators have the same items remaining at this point---the 3
+    /// // is lost from the `take_while` vec
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// # use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// #[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+    /// struct NoCloneImpl(i32);
+    ///
+    /// let non_clonable_items: Vec<_> = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
+    ///     .into_iter()
+    ///     .map(NoCloneImpl)
+    ///     .collect();
+    /// let filtered: Vec<_> = non_clonable_items
+    ///     .into_iter()
+    ///     .take_while_inclusive(|n| n.0 % 3 != 0)
+    ///     .collect();
+    /// let expected: Vec<_> = vec![1, 2, 3].into_iter().map(NoCloneImpl).collect();
+    /// assert_eq!(filtered, expected);
+    fn take_while_inclusive<F>(&mut self, accept: F) -> TakeWhileInclusive<Self, F>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+        F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,
+    {
+        take_while_inclusive::TakeWhileInclusive::new(self, accept)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that filters `Option<A>` iterator elements
+    /// and produces `A`. Stops on the first `None` encountered.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `A`, the unwrapped element.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// // List all hexadecimal digits
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(
+    ///     (0..).map(|i| std::char::from_digit(i, 16)).while_some(),
+    ///     "0123456789abcdef".chars());
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    fn while_some<A>(self) -> WhileSome<Self>
+        where Self: Sized + Iterator<Item = Option<A>>
+    {
+        adaptors::while_some(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that iterates over the combinations of the
+    /// elements from an iterator.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element can be any homogeneous tuple of type `Self::Item` with
+    /// size up to 12.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let mut v = Vec::new();
+    /// for (a, b) in (1..5).tuple_combinations() {
+    ///     v.push((a, b));
+    /// }
+    /// assert_eq!(v, vec![(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 4)]);
+    ///
+    /// let mut it = (1..5).tuple_combinations();
+    /// assert_eq!(Some((1, 2, 3)), it.next());
+    /// assert_eq!(Some((1, 2, 4)), it.next());
+    /// assert_eq!(Some((1, 3, 4)), it.next());
+    /// assert_eq!(Some((2, 3, 4)), it.next());
+    /// assert_eq!(None, it.next());
+    ///
+    /// // this requires a type hint
+    /// let it = (1..5).tuple_combinations::<(_, _, _)>();
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![(1, 2, 3), (1, 2, 4), (1, 3, 4), (2, 3, 4)]);
+    ///
+    /// // you can also specify the complete type
+    /// use itertools::TupleCombinations;
+    /// use std::ops::Range;
+    ///
+    /// let it: TupleCombinations<Range<u32>, (u32, u32, u32)> = (1..5).tuple_combinations();
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![(1, 2, 3), (1, 2, 4), (1, 3, 4), (2, 3, 4)]);
+    /// ```
+    fn tuple_combinations<T>(self) -> TupleCombinations<Self, T>
+        where Self: Sized + Clone,
+              Self::Item: Clone,
+              T: adaptors::HasCombination<Self>,
+    {
+        adaptors::tuple_combinations(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that iterates over the `k`-length combinations of
+    /// the elements from an iterator.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `Vec<Self::Item>`. The iterator produces a new Vec per iteration,
+    /// and clones the iterator elements.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let it = (1..5).combinations(3);
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![
+    ///     vec![1, 2, 3],
+    ///     vec![1, 2, 4],
+    ///     vec![1, 3, 4],
+    ///     vec![2, 3, 4],
+    /// ]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Note: Combinations does not take into account the equality of the iterated values.
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let it = vec![1, 2, 2].into_iter().combinations(2);
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![
+    ///     vec![1, 2], // Note: these are the same
+    ///     vec![1, 2], // Note: these are the same
+    ///     vec![2, 2],
+    /// ]);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn combinations(self, k: usize) -> Combinations<Self>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self::Item: Clone
+    {
+        combinations::combinations(self, k)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator that iterates over the `k`-length combinations of
+    /// the elements from an iterator, with replacement.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `Vec<Self::Item>`. The iterator produces a new Vec per iteration,
+    /// and clones the iterator elements.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let it = (1..4).combinations_with_replacement(2);
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![
+    ///     vec![1, 1],
+    ///     vec![1, 2],
+    ///     vec![1, 3],
+    ///     vec![2, 2],
+    ///     vec![2, 3],
+    ///     vec![3, 3],
+    /// ]);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn combinations_with_replacement(self, k: usize) -> CombinationsWithReplacement<Self>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+        Self::Item: Clone,
+    {
+        combinations_with_replacement::combinations_with_replacement(self, k)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that iterates over all k-permutations of the
+    /// elements from an iterator.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `Vec<Self::Item>` with length `k`. The iterator
+    /// produces a new Vec per iteration, and clones the iterator elements.
+    ///
+    /// If `k` is greater than the length of the input iterator, the resultant
+    /// iterator adaptor will be empty.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let perms = (5..8).permutations(2);
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(perms, vec![
+    ///     vec![5, 6],
+    ///     vec![5, 7],
+    ///     vec![6, 5],
+    ///     vec![6, 7],
+    ///     vec![7, 5],
+    ///     vec![7, 6],
+    /// ]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Note: Permutations does not take into account the equality of the iterated values.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let it = vec![2, 2].into_iter().permutations(2);
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![
+    ///     vec![2, 2], // Note: these are the same
+    ///     vec![2, 2], // Note: these are the same
+    /// ]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Note: The source iterator is collected lazily, and will not be
+    /// re-iterated if the permutations adaptor is completed and re-iterated.
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn permutations(self, k: usize) -> Permutations<Self>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self::Item: Clone
+    {
+        permutations::permutations(self, k)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator that iterates through the powerset of the elements from an
+    /// iterator.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `Vec<Self::Item>`. The iterator produces a new `Vec`
+    /// per iteration, and clones the iterator elements.
+    ///
+    /// The powerset of a set contains all subsets including the empty set and the full
+    /// input set. A powerset has length _2^n_ where _n_ is the length of the input
+    /// set.
+    ///
+    /// Each `Vec` produced by this iterator represents a subset of the elements
+    /// produced by the source iterator.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let sets = (1..4).powerset().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(sets, vec![
+    ///     vec![],
+    ///     vec![1],
+    ///     vec![2],
+    ///     vec![3],
+    ///     vec![1, 2],
+    ///     vec![1, 3],
+    ///     vec![2, 3],
+    ///     vec![1, 2, 3],
+    /// ]);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn powerset(self) -> Powerset<Self>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self::Item: Clone,
+    {
+        powerset::powerset(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that pads the sequence to a minimum length of
+    /// `min` by filling missing elements using a closure `f`.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is `Self::Item`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let it = (0..5).pad_using(10, |i| 2*i);
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18]);
+    ///
+    /// let it = (0..10).pad_using(5, |i| 2*i);
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9]);
+    ///
+    /// let it = (0..5).pad_using(10, |i| 2*i).rev();
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![18, 16, 14, 12, 10, 4, 3, 2, 1, 0]);
+    /// ```
+    fn pad_using<F>(self, min: usize, f: F) -> PadUsing<Self, F>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              F: FnMut(usize) -> Self::Item
+    {
+        pad_tail::pad_using(self, min, f)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that combines each element with a `Position` to
+    /// ease special-case handling of the first or last elements.
+    ///
+    /// Iterator element type is
+    /// [`(Position, Self::Item)`](Position)
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::{Itertools, Position};
+    ///
+    /// let it = (0..4).with_position();
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it,
+    ///                         vec![(Position::First, 0),
+    ///                              (Position::Middle, 1),
+    ///                              (Position::Middle, 2),
+    ///                              (Position::Last, 3)]);
+    ///
+    /// let it = (0..1).with_position();
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![(Position::Only, 0)]);
+    /// ```
+    fn with_position(self) -> WithPosition<Self>
+        where Self: Sized,
+    {
+        with_position::with_position(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that yields the indices of all elements
+    /// satisfying a predicate, counted from the start of the iterator.
+    ///
+    /// Equivalent to `iter.enumerate().filter(|(_, v)| predicate(v)).map(|(i, _)| i)`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let data = vec![1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 6, 7, 9];
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(data.iter().positions(|v| v % 2 == 0), vec![1, 4, 5]);
+    ///
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(data.iter().positions(|v| v % 2 == 1).rev(), vec![7, 6, 3, 2, 0]);
+    /// ```
+    fn positions<P>(self, predicate: P) -> Positions<Self, P>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              P: FnMut(Self::Item) -> bool,
+    {
+        adaptors::positions(self, predicate)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an iterator adaptor that applies a mutating function
+    /// to each element before yielding it.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let input = vec![vec![1], vec![3, 2, 1]];
+    /// let it = input.into_iter().update(|mut v| v.push(0));
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(it, vec![vec![1, 0], vec![3, 2, 1, 0]]);
+    /// ```
+    fn update<F>(self, updater: F) -> Update<Self, F>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              F: FnMut(&mut Self::Item),
+    {
+        adaptors::update(self, updater)
+    }
+
+    // non-adaptor methods
+    /// Advances the iterator and returns the next items grouped in a tuple of
+    /// a specific size (up to 12).
+    ///
+    /// If there are enough elements to be grouped in a tuple, then the tuple is
+    /// returned inside `Some`, otherwise `None` is returned.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let mut iter = 1..5;
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(Some((1, 2)), iter.next_tuple());
+    /// ```
+    fn next_tuple<T>(&mut self) -> Option<T>
+        where Self: Sized + Iterator<Item = T::Item>,
+              T: traits::HomogeneousTuple
+    {
+        T::collect_from_iter_no_buf(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Collects all items from the iterator into a tuple of a specific size
+    /// (up to 12).
+    ///
+    /// If the number of elements inside the iterator is **exactly** equal to
+    /// the tuple size, then the tuple is returned inside `Some`, otherwise
+    /// `None` is returned.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let iter = 1..3;
+    ///
+    /// if let Some((x, y)) = iter.collect_tuple() {
+    ///     assert_eq!((x, y), (1, 2))
+    /// } else {
+    ///     panic!("Expected two elements")
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    fn collect_tuple<T>(mut self) -> Option<T>
+        where Self: Sized + Iterator<Item = T::Item>,
+              T: traits::HomogeneousTuple
+    {
+        match self.next_tuple() {
+            elt @ Some(_) => match self.next() {
+                Some(_) => None,
+                None => elt,
+            },
+            _ => None
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    /// Find the position and value of the first element satisfying a predicate.
+    ///
+    /// The iterator is not advanced past the first element found.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let text = "Hα";
+    /// assert_eq!(text.chars().find_position(|ch| ch.is_lowercase()), Some((1, 'α')));
+    /// ```
+    fn find_position<P>(&mut self, mut pred: P) -> Option<(usize, Self::Item)>
+        where P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool
+    {
+        for (index, elt) in self.enumerate() {
+            if pred(&elt) {
+                return Some((index, elt));
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+    /// Find the value of the first element satisfying a predicate or return the last element, if any.
+    ///
+    /// The iterator is not advanced past the first element found.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4];
+    /// assert_eq!(numbers.iter().find_or_last(|&&x| x > 5), Some(&4));
+    /// assert_eq!(numbers.iter().find_or_last(|&&x| x > 2), Some(&3));
+    /// assert_eq!(std::iter::empty::<i32>().find_or_last(|&x| x > 5), None);
+    /// ```
+    fn find_or_last<P>(mut self, mut predicate: P) -> Option<Self::Item>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,
+    {
+        let mut prev = None;
+        self.find_map(|x| if predicate(&x) { Some(x) } else { prev = Some(x); None })
+            .or(prev)
+    }
+    /// Find the value of the first element satisfying a predicate or return the first element, if any.
+    ///
+    /// The iterator is not advanced past the first element found.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4];
+    /// assert_eq!(numbers.iter().find_or_first(|&&x| x > 5), Some(&1));
+    /// assert_eq!(numbers.iter().find_or_first(|&&x| x > 2), Some(&3));
+    /// assert_eq!(std::iter::empty::<i32>().find_or_first(|&x| x > 5), None);
+    /// ```
+    fn find_or_first<P>(mut self, mut predicate: P) -> Option<Self::Item>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              P: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> bool,
+    {
+        let first = self.next()?;
+        Some(if predicate(&first) {
+            first
+        } else {
+            self.find(|x| predicate(x)).unwrap_or(first)
+        })
+    }
+    /// Returns `true` if the given item is present in this iterator.
+    ///
+    /// This method is short-circuiting. If the given item is present in this
+    /// iterator, this method will consume the iterator up-to-and-including
+    /// the item. If the given item is not present in this iterator, the
+    /// iterator will be exhausted.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+    /// enum Enum { A, B, C, D, E, }
+    ///
+    /// let mut iter = vec![Enum::A, Enum::B, Enum::C, Enum::D].into_iter();
+    ///
+    /// // search `iter` for `B`
+    /// assert_eq!(iter.contains(&Enum::B), true);
+    /// // `B` was found, so the iterator now rests at the item after `B` (i.e, `C`).
+    /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(Enum::C));
+    ///
+    /// // search `iter` for `E`
+    /// assert_eq!(iter.contains(&Enum::E), false);
+    /// // `E` wasn't found, so `iter` is now exhausted
+    /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);
+    /// ```
+    fn contains<Q>(&mut self, query: &Q) -> bool
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+        Self::Item: Borrow<Q>,
+        Q: PartialEq,
+    {
+        self.any(|x| x.borrow() == query)
+    }
+
+    /// Check whether all elements compare equal.
+    ///
+    /// Empty iterators are considered to have equal elements:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let data = vec![1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5];
+    /// assert!(!data.iter().all_equal());
+    /// assert!(data[0..3].iter().all_equal());
+    /// assert!(data[3..5].iter().all_equal());
+    /// assert!(data[5..8].iter().all_equal());
+    ///
+    /// let data : Option<usize> = None;
+    /// assert!(data.into_iter().all_equal());
+    /// ```
+    fn all_equal(&mut self) -> bool
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self::Item: PartialEq,
+    {
+        match self.next() {
+            None => true,
+            Some(a) => self.all(|x| a == x),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If there are elements and they are all equal, return a single copy of that element.
+    /// If there are no elements, return an Error containing None.
+    /// If there are elements and they are not all equal, return a tuple containing the first
+    /// two non-equal elements found.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let data = vec![1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5];
+    /// assert_eq!(data.iter().all_equal_value(), Err(Some((&1, &2))));
+    /// assert_eq!(data[0..3].iter().all_equal_value(), Ok(&1));
+    /// assert_eq!(data[3..5].iter().all_equal_value(), Ok(&2));
+    /// assert_eq!(data[5..8].iter().all_equal_value(), Ok(&3));
+    ///
+    /// let data : Option<usize> = None;
+    /// assert_eq!(data.into_iter().all_equal_value(), Err(None));
+    /// ```
+    fn all_equal_value(&mut self) -> Result<Self::Item, Option<(Self::Item, Self::Item)>>
+        where
+            Self: Sized,
+            Self::Item: PartialEq
+    {
+        let first = self.next().ok_or(None)?;
+        let other = self.find(|x| x != &first);
+        if let Some(other) = other {
+            Err(Some((first, other)))
+        } else {
+            Ok(first)
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Check whether all elements are unique (non equal).
+    ///
+    /// Empty iterators are considered to have unique elements:
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let data = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 1, 5];
+    /// assert!(!data.iter().all_unique());
+    /// assert!(data[0..4].iter().all_unique());
+    /// assert!(data[1..6].iter().all_unique());
+    ///
+    /// let data : Option<usize> = None;
+    /// assert!(data.into_iter().all_unique());
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+    fn all_unique(&mut self) -> bool
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self::Item: Eq + Hash
+    {
+        let mut used = HashSet::new();
+        self.all(move |elt| used.insert(elt))
+    }
+
+    /// Consume the first `n` elements from the iterator eagerly,
+    /// and return the same iterator again.
+    ///
+    /// It works similarly to *.skip(* `n` *)* except it is eager and
+    /// preserves the iterator type.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let mut iter = "αβγ".chars().dropping(2);
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(iter, "γ".chars());
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// *Fusing notes: if the iterator is exhausted by dropping,
+    /// the result of calling `.next()` again depends on the iterator implementation.*
+    fn dropping(mut self, n: usize) -> Self
+        where Self: Sized
+    {
+        if n > 0 {
+            self.nth(n - 1);
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Consume the last `n` elements from the iterator eagerly,
+    /// and return the same iterator again.
+    ///
+    /// This is only possible on double ended iterators. `n` may be
+    /// larger than the number of elements.
+    ///
+    /// Note: This method is eager, dropping the back elements immediately and
+    /// preserves the iterator type.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let init = vec![0, 3, 6, 9].into_iter().dropping_back(1);
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(init, vec![0, 3, 6]);
+    /// ```
+    fn dropping_back(mut self, n: usize) -> Self
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self: DoubleEndedIterator
+    {
+        if n > 0 {
+            (&mut self).rev().nth(n - 1);
+        }
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Run the closure `f` eagerly on each element of the iterator.
+    ///
+    /// Consumes the iterator until its end.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::sync::mpsc::channel;
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let (tx, rx) = channel();
+    ///
+    /// // use .foreach() to apply a function to each value -- sending it
+    /// (0..5).map(|x| x * 2 + 1).foreach(|x| { tx.send(x).unwrap(); } );
+    ///
+    /// drop(tx);
+    ///
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(rx.iter(), vec![1, 3, 5, 7, 9]);
+    /// ```
+    #[deprecated(note="Use .for_each() instead", since="0.8.0")]
+    fn foreach<F>(self, f: F)
+        where F: FnMut(Self::Item),
+              Self: Sized,
+    {
+        self.for_each(f);
+    }
+
+    /// Combine all an iterator's elements into one element by using [`Extend`].
+    ///
+    /// This combinator will extend the first item with each of the rest of the
+    /// items of the iterator. If the iterator is empty, the default value of
+    /// `I::Item` is returned.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let input = vec![vec![1], vec![2, 3], vec![4, 5, 6]];
+    /// assert_eq!(input.into_iter().concat(),
+    ///            vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
+    /// ```
+    fn concat(self) -> Self::Item
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self::Item: Extend<<<Self as Iterator>::Item as IntoIterator>::Item> + IntoIterator + Default
+    {
+        concat(self)
+    }
+
+    /// `.collect_vec()` is simply a type specialization of [`Iterator::collect`],
+    /// for convenience.
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn collect_vec(self) -> Vec<Self::Item>
+        where Self: Sized
+    {
+        self.collect()
+    }
+
+    /// `.try_collect()` is more convenient way of writing
+    /// `.collect::<Result<_, _>>()`
+    ///
+    /// # Example
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::{fs, io};
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// fn process_dir_entries(entries: &[fs::DirEntry]) {
+    ///     // ...
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// fn do_stuff() -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    ///     let entries: Vec<_> = fs::read_dir(".")?.try_collect()?;
+    ///     process_dir_entries(&entries);
+    ///
+    ///     Ok(())
+    /// }
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn try_collect<T, U, E>(self) -> Result<U, E>
+    where
+        Self: Sized + Iterator<Item = Result<T, E>>,
+        Result<U, E>: FromIterator<Result<T, E>>,
+    {
+        self.collect()
+    }
+
+    /// Assign to each reference in `self` from the `from` iterator,
+    /// stopping at the shortest of the two iterators.
+    ///
+    /// The `from` iterator is queried for its next element before the `self`
+    /// iterator, and if either is exhausted the method is done.
+    ///
+    /// Return the number of elements written.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let mut xs = [0; 4];
+    /// xs.iter_mut().set_from(1..);
+    /// assert_eq!(xs, [1, 2, 3, 4]);
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    fn set_from<'a, A: 'a, J>(&mut self, from: J) -> usize
+        where Self: Iterator<Item = &'a mut A>,
+              J: IntoIterator<Item = A>
+    {
+        let mut count = 0;
+        for elt in from {
+            match self.next() {
+                None => break,
+                Some(ptr) => *ptr = elt,
+            }
+            count += 1;
+        }
+        count
+    }
+
+    /// Combine all iterator elements into one String, separated by `sep`.
+    ///
+    /// Use the `Display` implementation of each element.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(["a", "b", "c"].iter().join(", "), "a, b, c");
+    /// assert_eq!([1, 2, 3].iter().join(", "), "1, 2, 3");
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn join(&mut self, sep: &str) -> String
+        where Self::Item: std::fmt::Display
+    {
+        match self.next() {
+            None => String::new(),
+            Some(first_elt) => {
+                // estimate lower bound of capacity needed
+                let (lower, _) = self.size_hint();
+                let mut result = String::with_capacity(sep.len() * lower);
+                write!(&mut result, "{}", first_elt).unwrap();
+                self.for_each(|elt| {
+                    result.push_str(sep);
+                    write!(&mut result, "{}", elt).unwrap();
+                });
+                result
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Format all iterator elements, separated by `sep`.
+    ///
+    /// All elements are formatted (any formatting trait)
+    /// with `sep` inserted between each element.
+    ///
+    /// **Panics** if the formatter helper is formatted more than once.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let data = [1.1, 2.71828, -3.];
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     format!("{:.2}", data.iter().format(", ")),
+    ///            "1.10, 2.72, -3.00");
+    /// ```
+    fn format(self, sep: &str) -> Format<Self>
+        where Self: Sized,
+    {
+        format::new_format_default(self, sep)
+    }
+
+    /// Format all iterator elements, separated by `sep`.
+    ///
+    /// This is a customizable version of [`.format()`](Itertools::format).
+    ///
+    /// The supplied closure `format` is called once per iterator element,
+    /// with two arguments: the element and a callback that takes a
+    /// `&Display` value, i.e. any reference to type that implements `Display`.
+    ///
+    /// Using `&format_args!(...)` is the most versatile way to apply custom
+    /// element formatting. The callback can be called multiple times if needed.
+    ///
+    /// **Panics** if the formatter helper is formatted more than once.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let data = [1.1, 2.71828, -3.];
+    /// let data_formatter = data.iter().format_with(", ", |elt, f| f(&format_args!("{:.2}", elt)));
+    /// assert_eq!(format!("{}", data_formatter),
+    ///            "1.10, 2.72, -3.00");
+    ///
+    /// // .format_with() is recursively composable
+    /// let matrix = [[1., 2., 3.],
+    ///               [4., 5., 6.]];
+    /// let matrix_formatter = matrix.iter().format_with("\n", |row, f| {
+    ///                                 f(&row.iter().format_with(", ", |elt, g| g(&elt)))
+    ///                              });
+    /// assert_eq!(format!("{}", matrix_formatter),
+    ///            "1, 2, 3\n4, 5, 6");
+    ///
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    fn format_with<F>(self, sep: &str, format: F) -> FormatWith<Self, F>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              F: FnMut(Self::Item, &mut dyn FnMut(&dyn fmt::Display) -> fmt::Result) -> fmt::Result,
+    {
+        format::new_format(self, sep, format)
+    }
+
+    /// See [`.fold_ok()`](Itertools::fold_ok).
+    #[deprecated(note="Use .fold_ok() instead", since="0.10.0")]
+    fn fold_results<A, E, B, F>(&mut self, start: B, f: F) -> Result<B, E>
+        where Self: Iterator<Item = Result<A, E>>,
+              F: FnMut(B, A) -> B
+    {
+        self.fold_ok(start, f)
+    }
+
+    /// Fold `Result` values from an iterator.
+    ///
+    /// Only `Ok` values are folded. If no error is encountered, the folded
+    /// value is returned inside `Ok`. Otherwise, the operation terminates
+    /// and returns the first `Err` value it encounters. No iterator elements are
+    /// consumed after the first error.
+    ///
+    /// The first accumulator value is the `start` parameter.
+    /// Each iteration passes the accumulator value and the next value inside `Ok`
+    /// to the fold function `f` and its return value becomes the new accumulator value.
+    ///
+    /// For example the sequence *Ok(1), Ok(2), Ok(3)* will result in a
+    /// computation like this:
+    ///
+    /// ```ignore
+    /// let mut accum = start;
+    /// accum = f(accum, 1);
+    /// accum = f(accum, 2);
+    /// accum = f(accum, 3);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// With a `start` value of 0 and an addition as folding function,
+    /// this effectively results in *((0 + 1) + 2) + 3*
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::ops::Add;
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let values = [1, 2, -2, -1, 2, 1];
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     values.iter()
+    ///           .map(Ok::<_, ()>)
+    ///           .fold_ok(0, Add::add),
+    ///     Ok(3)
+    /// );
+    /// assert!(
+    ///     values.iter()
+    ///           .map(|&x| if x >= 0 { Ok(x) } else { Err("Negative number") })
+    ///           .fold_ok(0, Add::add)
+    ///           .is_err()
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    fn fold_ok<A, E, B, F>(&mut self, mut start: B, mut f: F) -> Result<B, E>
+        where Self: Iterator<Item = Result<A, E>>,
+              F: FnMut(B, A) -> B
+    {
+        for elt in self {
+            match elt {
+                Ok(v) => start = f(start, v),
+                Err(u) => return Err(u),
+            }
+        }
+        Ok(start)
+    }
+
+    /// Fold `Option` values from an iterator.
+    ///
+    /// Only `Some` values are folded. If no `None` is encountered, the folded
+    /// value is returned inside `Some`. Otherwise, the operation terminates
+    /// and returns `None`. No iterator elements are consumed after the `None`.
+    ///
+    /// This is the `Option` equivalent to [`fold_ok`](Itertools::fold_ok).
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use std::ops::Add;
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let mut values = vec![Some(1), Some(2), Some(-2)].into_iter();
+    /// assert_eq!(values.fold_options(5, Add::add), Some(5 + 1 + 2 - 2));
+    ///
+    /// let mut more_values = vec![Some(2), None, Some(0)].into_iter();
+    /// assert!(more_values.fold_options(0, Add::add).is_none());
+    /// assert_eq!(more_values.next().unwrap(), Some(0));
+    /// ```
+    fn fold_options<A, B, F>(&mut self, mut start: B, mut f: F) -> Option<B>
+        where Self: Iterator<Item = Option<A>>,
+              F: FnMut(B, A) -> B
+    {
+        for elt in self {
+            match elt {
+                Some(v) => start = f(start, v),
+                None => return None,
+            }
+        }
+        Some(start)
+    }
+
+    /// Accumulator of the elements in the iterator.
+    ///
+    /// Like `.fold()`, without a base case. If the iterator is
+    /// empty, return `None`. With just one element, return it.
+    /// Otherwise elements are accumulated in sequence using the closure `f`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!((0..10).fold1(|x, y| x + y).unwrap_or(0), 45);
+    /// assert_eq!((0..0).fold1(|x, y| x * y), None);
+    /// ```
+    #[deprecated(since = "0.10.2", note = "Use `Iterator::reduce` instead")]
+    fn fold1<F>(mut self, f: F) -> Option<Self::Item>
+        where F: FnMut(Self::Item, Self::Item) -> Self::Item,
+              Self: Sized,
+    {
+        self.next().map(move |x| self.fold(x, f))
+    }
+
+    /// Accumulate the elements in the iterator in a tree-like manner.
+    ///
+    /// You can think of it as, while there's more than one item, repeatedly
+    /// combining adjacent items.  It does so in bottom-up-merge-sort order,
+    /// however, so that it needs only logarithmic stack space.
+    ///
+    /// This produces a call tree like the following (where the calls under
+    /// an item are done after reading that item):
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+    /// │ │ │ │ │ │ │
+    /// └─f └─f └─f │
+    ///   │   │   │ │
+    ///   └───f   └─f
+    ///       │     │
+    ///       └─────f
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// Which, for non-associative functions, will typically produce a different
+    /// result than the linear call tree used by [`Iterator::reduce`]:
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
+    /// │ │ │ │ │ │ │
+    /// └─f─f─f─f─f─f
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// If `f` is associative, prefer the normal [`Iterator::reduce`] instead.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// // The same tree as above
+    /// let num_strings = (1..8).map(|x| x.to_string());
+    /// assert_eq!(num_strings.tree_fold1(|x, y| format!("f({}, {})", x, y)),
+    ///     Some(String::from("f(f(f(1, 2), f(3, 4)), f(f(5, 6), 7))")));
+    ///
+    /// // Like fold1, an empty iterator produces None
+    /// assert_eq!((0..0).tree_fold1(|x, y| x * y), None);
+    ///
+    /// // tree_fold1 matches fold1 for associative operations...
+    /// assert_eq!((0..10).tree_fold1(|x, y| x + y),
+    ///     (0..10).fold1(|x, y| x + y));
+    /// // ...but not for non-associative ones
+    /// assert_ne!((0..10).tree_fold1(|x, y| x - y),
+    ///     (0..10).fold1(|x, y| x - y));
+    /// ```
+    fn tree_fold1<F>(mut self, mut f: F) -> Option<Self::Item>
+        where F: FnMut(Self::Item, Self::Item) -> Self::Item,
+              Self: Sized,
+    {
+        type State<T> = Result<T, Option<T>>;
+
+        fn inner0<T, II, FF>(it: &mut II, f: &mut FF) -> State<T>
+            where
+                II: Iterator<Item = T>,
+                FF: FnMut(T, T) -> T
+        {
+            // This function could be replaced with `it.next().ok_or(None)`,
+            // but half the useful tree_fold1 work is combining adjacent items,
+            // so put that in a form that LLVM is more likely to optimize well.
+
+            let a =
+                if let Some(v) = it.next() { v }
+                else { return Err(None) };
+            let b =
+                if let Some(v) = it.next() { v }
+                else { return Err(Some(a)) };
+            Ok(f(a, b))
+        }
+
+        fn inner<T, II, FF>(stop: usize, it: &mut II, f: &mut FF) -> State<T>
+            where
+                II: Iterator<Item = T>,
+                FF: FnMut(T, T) -> T
+        {
+            let mut x = inner0(it, f)?;
+            for height in 0..stop {
+                // Try to get another tree the same size with which to combine it,
+                // creating a new tree that's twice as big for next time around.
+                let next =
+                    if height == 0 {
+                        inner0(it, f)
+                    } else {
+                        inner(height, it, f)
+                    };
+                match next {
+                    Ok(y) => x = f(x, y),
+
+                    // If we ran out of items, combine whatever we did manage
+                    // to get.  It's better combined with the current value
+                    // than something in a parent frame, because the tree in
+                    // the parent is always as least as big as this one.
+                    Err(None) => return Err(Some(x)),
+                    Err(Some(y)) => return Err(Some(f(x, y))),
+                }
+            }
+            Ok(x)
+        }
+
+        match inner(usize::max_value(), &mut self, &mut f) {
+            Err(x) => x,
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// An iterator method that applies a function, producing a single, final value.
+    ///
+    /// `fold_while()` is basically equivalent to [`Iterator::fold`] but with additional support for
+    /// early exit via short-circuiting.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// use itertools::FoldWhile::{Continue, Done};
+    ///
+    /// let numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];
+    ///
+    /// let mut result = 0;
+    ///
+    /// // for loop:
+    /// for i in &numbers {
+    ///     if *i > 5 {
+    ///         break;
+    ///     }
+    ///     result = result + i;
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// // fold:
+    /// let result2 = numbers.iter().fold(0, |acc, x| {
+    ///     if *x > 5 { acc } else { acc + x }
+    /// });
+    ///
+    /// // fold_while:
+    /// let result3 = numbers.iter().fold_while(0, |acc, x| {
+    ///     if *x > 5 { Done(acc) } else { Continue(acc + x) }
+    /// }).into_inner();
+    ///
+    /// // they're the same
+    /// assert_eq!(result, result2);
+    /// assert_eq!(result2, result3);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The big difference between the computations of `result2` and `result3` is that while
+    /// `fold()` called the provided closure for every item of the callee iterator,
+    /// `fold_while()` actually stopped iterating as soon as it encountered `Fold::Done(_)`.
+    fn fold_while<B, F>(&mut self, init: B, mut f: F) -> FoldWhile<B>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              F: FnMut(B, Self::Item) -> FoldWhile<B>
+    {
+        use Result::{
+            Ok as Continue,
+            Err as Break,
+        };
+
+        let result = self.try_fold(init, #[inline(always)] |acc, v|
+            match f(acc, v) {
+              FoldWhile::Continue(acc) => Continue(acc),
+              FoldWhile::Done(acc) => Break(acc),
+            }
+        );
+
+        match result {
+            Continue(acc) => FoldWhile::Continue(acc),
+            Break(acc) => FoldWhile::Done(acc),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate over the entire iterator and add all the elements.
+    ///
+    /// An empty iterator returns `None`, otherwise `Some(sum)`.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// When calling `sum1()` and a primitive integer type is being returned, this
+    /// method will panic if the computation overflows and debug assertions are
+    /// enabled.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let empty_sum = (1..1).sum1::<i32>();
+    /// assert_eq!(empty_sum, None);
+    ///
+    /// let nonempty_sum = (1..11).sum1::<i32>();
+    /// assert_eq!(nonempty_sum, Some(55));
+    /// ```
+    fn sum1<S>(mut self) -> Option<S>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              S: std::iter::Sum<Self::Item>,
+    {
+        self.next()
+            .map(|first| once(first).chain(self).sum())
+    }
+
+    /// Iterate over the entire iterator and multiply all the elements.
+    ///
+    /// An empty iterator returns `None`, otherwise `Some(product)`.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// When calling `product1()` and a primitive integer type is being returned,
+    /// method will panic if the computation overflows and debug assertions are
+    /// enabled.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let empty_product = (1..1).product1::<i32>();
+    /// assert_eq!(empty_product, None);
+    ///
+    /// let nonempty_product = (1..11).product1::<i32>();
+    /// assert_eq!(nonempty_product, Some(3628800));
+    /// ```
+    fn product1<P>(mut self) -> Option<P>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              P: std::iter::Product<Self::Item>,
+    {
+        self.next()
+            .map(|first| once(first).chain(self).product())
+    }
+
+    /// Sort all iterator elements into a new iterator in ascending order.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** This consumes the entire iterator, uses the
+    /// [`slice::sort_unstable`] method and returns the result as a new
+    /// iterator that owns its elements.
+    /// 
+    /// This sort is unstable (i.e., may reorder equal elements).
+    ///
+    /// The sorted iterator, if directly collected to a `Vec`, is converted
+    /// without any extra copying or allocation cost.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// // sort the letters of the text in ascending order
+    /// let text = "bdacfe";
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(text.chars().sorted_unstable(),
+    ///                         "abcdef".chars());
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn sorted_unstable(self) -> VecIntoIter<Self::Item>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self::Item: Ord
+    {
+        // Use .sort_unstable() directly since it is not quite identical with
+        // .sort_by(Ord::cmp)
+        let mut v = Vec::from_iter(self);
+        v.sort_unstable();
+        v.into_iter()
+    }
+
+    /// Sort all iterator elements into a new iterator in ascending order.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** This consumes the entire iterator, uses the
+    /// [`slice::sort_unstable_by`] method and returns the result as a new
+    /// iterator that owns its elements.
+    /// 
+    /// This sort is unstable (i.e., may reorder equal elements).
+    ///
+    /// The sorted iterator, if directly collected to a `Vec`, is converted
+    /// without any extra copying or allocation cost.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// // sort people in descending order by age
+    /// let people = vec![("Jane", 20), ("John", 18), ("Jill", 30), ("Jack", 27)];
+    ///
+    /// let oldest_people_first = people
+    ///     .into_iter()
+    ///     .sorted_unstable_by(|a, b| Ord::cmp(&b.1, &a.1))
+    ///     .map(|(person, _age)| person);
+    ///
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(oldest_people_first,
+    ///                         vec!["Jill", "Jack", "Jane", "John"]);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn sorted_unstable_by<F>(self, cmp: F) -> VecIntoIter<Self::Item>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              F: FnMut(&Self::Item, &Self::Item) -> Ordering,
+    {
+        let mut v = Vec::from_iter(self);
+        v.sort_unstable_by(cmp);
+        v.into_iter()
+    }
+
+    /// Sort all iterator elements into a new iterator in ascending order.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** This consumes the entire iterator, uses the
+    /// [`slice::sort_unstable_by_key`] method and returns the result as a new
+    /// iterator that owns its elements.
+    /// 
+    /// This sort is unstable (i.e., may reorder equal elements).
+    ///
+    /// The sorted iterator, if directly collected to a `Vec`, is converted
+    /// without any extra copying or allocation cost.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// // sort people in descending order by age
+    /// let people = vec![("Jane", 20), ("John", 18), ("Jill", 30), ("Jack", 27)];
+    ///
+    /// let oldest_people_first = people
+    ///     .into_iter()
+    ///     .sorted_unstable_by_key(|x| -x.1)
+    ///     .map(|(person, _age)| person);
+    ///
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(oldest_people_first,
+    ///                         vec!["Jill", "Jack", "Jane", "John"]);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn sorted_unstable_by_key<K, F>(self, f: F) -> VecIntoIter<Self::Item>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              K: Ord,
+              F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> K,
+    {
+        let mut v = Vec::from_iter(self);
+        v.sort_unstable_by_key(f);
+        v.into_iter()
+    }
+
+    /// Sort all iterator elements into a new iterator in ascending order.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** This consumes the entire iterator, uses the
+    /// [`slice::sort`] method and returns the result as a new
+    /// iterator that owns its elements.
+    /// 
+    /// This sort is stable (i.e., does not reorder equal elements).
+    ///
+    /// The sorted iterator, if directly collected to a `Vec`, is converted
+    /// without any extra copying or allocation cost.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// // sort the letters of the text in ascending order
+    /// let text = "bdacfe";
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(text.chars().sorted(),
+    ///                         "abcdef".chars());
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn sorted(self) -> VecIntoIter<Self::Item>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self::Item: Ord
+    {
+        // Use .sort() directly since it is not quite identical with
+        // .sort_by(Ord::cmp)
+        let mut v = Vec::from_iter(self);
+        v.sort();
+        v.into_iter()
+    }
+
+    /// Sort all iterator elements into a new iterator in ascending order.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** This consumes the entire iterator, uses the
+    /// [`slice::sort_by`] method and returns the result as a new
+    /// iterator that owns its elements.
+    /// 
+    /// This sort is stable (i.e., does not reorder equal elements).
+    ///
+    /// The sorted iterator, if directly collected to a `Vec`, is converted
+    /// without any extra copying or allocation cost.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// // sort people in descending order by age
+    /// let people = vec![("Jane", 20), ("John", 18), ("Jill", 30), ("Jack", 30)];
+    ///
+    /// let oldest_people_first = people
+    ///     .into_iter()
+    ///     .sorted_by(|a, b| Ord::cmp(&b.1, &a.1))
+    ///     .map(|(person, _age)| person);
+    ///
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(oldest_people_first,
+    ///                         vec!["Jill", "Jack", "Jane", "John"]);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn sorted_by<F>(self, cmp: F) -> VecIntoIter<Self::Item>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              F: FnMut(&Self::Item, &Self::Item) -> Ordering,
+    {
+        let mut v = Vec::from_iter(self);
+        v.sort_by(cmp);
+        v.into_iter()
+    }
+
+    /// Sort all iterator elements into a new iterator in ascending order.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** This consumes the entire iterator, uses the
+    /// [`slice::sort_by_key`] method and returns the result as a new
+    /// iterator that owns its elements.
+    /// 
+    /// This sort is stable (i.e., does not reorder equal elements).
+    ///
+    /// The sorted iterator, if directly collected to a `Vec`, is converted
+    /// without any extra copying or allocation cost.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// // sort people in descending order by age
+    /// let people = vec![("Jane", 20), ("John", 18), ("Jill", 30), ("Jack", 30)];
+    ///
+    /// let oldest_people_first = people
+    ///     .into_iter()
+    ///     .sorted_by_key(|x| -x.1)
+    ///     .map(|(person, _age)| person);
+    ///
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(oldest_people_first,
+    ///                         vec!["Jill", "Jack", "Jane", "John"]);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn sorted_by_key<K, F>(self, f: F) -> VecIntoIter<Self::Item>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              K: Ord,
+              F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> K,
+    {
+        let mut v = Vec::from_iter(self);
+        v.sort_by_key(f);
+        v.into_iter()
+    }
+
+    /// Sort all iterator elements into a new iterator in ascending order. The key function is
+    /// called exactly once per key.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** This consumes the entire iterator, uses the
+    /// [`slice::sort_by_cached_key`] method and returns the result as a new
+    /// iterator that owns its elements.
+    /// 
+    /// This sort is stable (i.e., does not reorder equal elements).
+    ///
+    /// The sorted iterator, if directly collected to a `Vec`, is converted
+    /// without any extra copying or allocation cost.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// // sort people in descending order by age
+    /// let people = vec![("Jane", 20), ("John", 18), ("Jill", 30), ("Jack", 30)];
+    ///
+    /// let oldest_people_first = people
+    ///     .into_iter()
+    ///     .sorted_by_cached_key(|x| -x.1)
+    ///     .map(|(person, _age)| person);
+    ///
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(oldest_people_first,
+    ///                         vec!["Jill", "Jack", "Jane", "John"]);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn sorted_by_cached_key<K, F>(self, f: F) -> VecIntoIter<Self::Item>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+        K: Ord,
+        F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> K,
+    {
+        let mut v = Vec::from_iter(self);
+        v.sort_by_cached_key(f);
+        v.into_iter()
+    }
+
+    /// Sort the k smallest elements into a new iterator, in ascending order.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** This consumes the entire iterator, and returns the result
+    /// as a new iterator that owns its elements.  If the input contains
+    /// less than k elements, the result is equivalent to `self.sorted()`.
+    ///
+    /// This is guaranteed to use `k * sizeof(Self::Item) + O(1)` memory
+    /// and `O(n log k)` time, with `n` the number of elements in the input.
+    ///
+    /// The sorted iterator, if directly collected to a `Vec`, is converted
+    /// without any extra copying or allocation cost.
+    ///
+    /// **Note:** This is functionally-equivalent to `self.sorted().take(k)`
+    /// but much more efficient.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// // A random permutation of 0..15
+    /// let numbers = vec![6, 9, 1, 14, 0, 4, 8, 7, 11, 2, 10, 3, 13, 12, 5];
+    ///
+    /// let five_smallest = numbers
+    ///     .into_iter()
+    ///     .k_smallest(5);
+    ///
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(five_smallest, 0..5);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn k_smallest(self, k: usize) -> VecIntoIter<Self::Item>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              Self::Item: Ord
+    {
+        crate::k_smallest::k_smallest(self, k)
+            .into_sorted_vec()
+            .into_iter()
+    }
+
+    /// Collect all iterator elements into one of two
+    /// partitions. Unlike [`Iterator::partition`], each partition may
+    /// have a distinct type.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::{Itertools, Either};
+    ///
+    /// let successes_and_failures = vec![Ok(1), Err(false), Err(true), Ok(2)];
+    ///
+    /// let (successes, failures): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = successes_and_failures
+    ///     .into_iter()
+    ///     .partition_map(|r| {
+    ///         match r {
+    ///             Ok(v) => Either::Left(v),
+    ///             Err(v) => Either::Right(v),
+    ///         }
+    ///     });
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(successes, [1, 2]);
+    /// assert_eq!(failures, [false, true]);
+    /// ```
+    fn partition_map<A, B, F, L, R>(self, mut predicate: F) -> (A, B)
+        where Self: Sized,
+              F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> Either<L, R>,
+              A: Default + Extend<L>,
+              B: Default + Extend<R>,
+    {
+        let mut left = A::default();
+        let mut right = B::default();
+
+        self.for_each(|val| match predicate(val) {
+            Either::Left(v) => left.extend(Some(v)),
+            Either::Right(v) => right.extend(Some(v)),
+        });
+
+        (left, right)
+    }
+
+    /// Partition a sequence of `Result`s into one list of all the `Ok` elements
+    /// and another list of all the `Err` elements.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let successes_and_failures = vec![Ok(1), Err(false), Err(true), Ok(2)];
+    ///
+    /// let (successes, failures): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = successes_and_failures
+    ///     .into_iter()
+    ///     .partition_result();
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(successes, [1, 2]);
+    /// assert_eq!(failures, [false, true]);
+    /// ```
+    fn partition_result<A, B, T, E>(self) -> (A, B)
+        where
+            Self: Iterator<Item = Result<T, E>> + Sized,
+            A: Default + Extend<T>,
+            B: Default + Extend<E>,
+    {
+        self.partition_map(|r| match r {
+            Ok(v) => Either::Left(v),
+            Err(v) => Either::Right(v),
+        })
+    }
+
+    /// Return a `HashMap` of keys mapped to `Vec`s of values. Keys and values
+    /// are taken from `(Key, Value)` tuple pairs yielded by the input iterator.
+    ///
+    /// Essentially a shorthand for `.into_grouping_map().collect::<Vec<_>>()`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let data = vec![(0, 10), (2, 12), (3, 13), (0, 20), (3, 33), (2, 42)];
+    /// let lookup = data.into_iter().into_group_map();
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&0], vec![10, 20]);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup.get(&1), None);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&2], vec![12, 42]);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&3], vec![13, 33]);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+    fn into_group_map<K, V>(self) -> HashMap<K, Vec<V>>
+        where Self: Iterator<Item=(K, V)> + Sized,
+              K: Hash + Eq,
+    {
+        group_map::into_group_map(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Return an `Iterator` on a `HashMap`. Keys mapped to `Vec`s of values. The key is specified
+    /// in the closure.
+    ///
+    /// Essentially a shorthand for `.into_grouping_map_by(f).collect::<Vec<_>>()`.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// use std::collections::HashMap;
+    ///
+    /// let data = vec![(0, 10), (2, 12), (3, 13), (0, 20), (3, 33), (2, 42)];
+    /// let lookup: HashMap<u32,Vec<(u32, u32)>> =
+    ///     data.clone().into_iter().into_group_map_by(|a| a.0);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&0], vec![(0,10),(0,20)]);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup.get(&1), None);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&2], vec![(2,12), (2,42)]);
+    /// assert_eq!(lookup[&3], vec![(3,13), (3,33)]);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(
+    ///     data.into_iter()
+    ///         .into_group_map_by(|x| x.0)
+    ///         .into_iter()
+    ///         .map(|(key, values)| (key, values.into_iter().fold(0,|acc, (_,v)| acc + v )))
+    ///         .collect::<HashMap<u32,u32>>()[&0],
+    ///     30,
+    /// );
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+    fn into_group_map_by<K, V, F>(self, f: F) -> HashMap<K, Vec<V>>
+        where
+            Self: Iterator<Item=V> + Sized,
+            K: Hash + Eq,
+            F: Fn(&V) -> K,
+    {
+        group_map::into_group_map_by(self, f)
+    }
+
+    /// Constructs a `GroupingMap` to be used later with one of the efficient
+    /// group-and-fold operations it allows to perform.
+    ///
+    /// The input iterator must yield item in the form of `(K, V)` where the
+    /// value of type `K` will be used as key to identify the groups and the
+    /// value of type `V` as value for the folding operation.
+    ///
+    /// See [`GroupingMap`] for more informations
+    /// on what operations are available.
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+    fn into_grouping_map<K, V>(self) -> GroupingMap<Self>
+        where Self: Iterator<Item=(K, V)> + Sized,
+              K: Hash + Eq,
+    {
+        grouping_map::new(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Constructs a `GroupingMap` to be used later with one of the efficient
+    /// group-and-fold operations it allows to perform.
+    ///
+    /// The values from this iterator will be used as values for the folding operation
+    /// while the keys will be obtained from the values by calling `key_mapper`.
+    ///
+    /// See [`GroupingMap`] for more informations
+    /// on what operations are available.
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+    fn into_grouping_map_by<K, V, F>(self, key_mapper: F) -> GroupingMapBy<Self, F>
+        where Self: Iterator<Item=V> + Sized,
+              K: Hash + Eq,
+              F: FnMut(&V) -> K
+    {
+        grouping_map::new(grouping_map::MapForGrouping::new(self, key_mapper))
+    }
+
+    /// Return all minimum elements of an iterator.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let a: [i32; 0] = [];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().min_set(), Vec::<&i32>::new());
+    ///
+    /// let a = [1];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().min_set(), vec![&1]);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().min_set(), vec![&1]);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [1, 1, 1, 1];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().min_set(), vec![&1, &1, &1, &1]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The elements can be floats but no particular result is guaranteed
+    /// if an element is NaN.
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+    fn min_set(self) -> Vec<Self::Item>
+        where Self: Sized, Self::Item: Ord
+    {
+        extrema_set::min_set_impl(self, |_| (), |x, y, _, _| x.cmp(y))
+    }
+
+    /// Return all minimum elements of an iterator, as determined by
+    /// the specified function.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use std::cmp::Ordering;
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let a: [(i32, i32); 0] = [];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().min_set_by(|_, _| Ordering::Equal), Vec::<&(i32, i32)>::new());
+    ///
+    /// let a = [(1, 2)];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().min_set_by(|&&(k1,_), &&(k2, _)| k1.cmp(&k2)), vec![&(1, 2)]);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 9), (4, 8), (5, 9)];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().min_set_by(|&&(_,k1), &&(_,k2)| k1.cmp(&k2)), vec![&(1, 2), &(2, 2)]);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5)];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().min_set_by(|&&(k1,_), &&(k2, _)| k1.cmp(&k2)), vec![&(1, 2), &(1, 3), &(1, 4), &(1, 5)]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The elements can be floats but no particular result is guaranteed
+    /// if an element is NaN.
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+    fn min_set_by<F>(self, mut compare: F) -> Vec<Self::Item>
+        where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&Self::Item, &Self::Item) -> Ordering
+    {
+        extrema_set::min_set_impl(
+            self,
+            |_| (),
+            |x, y, _, _| compare(x, y)
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Return all minimum elements of an iterator, as determined by
+    /// the specified function.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let a: [(i32, i32); 0] = [];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().min_set_by_key(|_| ()), Vec::<&(i32, i32)>::new());
+    ///
+    /// let a = [(1, 2)];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().min_set_by_key(|&&(k,_)| k), vec![&(1, 2)]);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 9), (4, 8), (5, 9)];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().min_set_by_key(|&&(_, k)| k), vec![&(1, 2), &(2, 2)]);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5)];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().min_set_by_key(|&&(k, _)| k), vec![&(1, 2), &(1, 3), &(1, 4), &(1, 5)]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The elements can be floats but no particular result is guaranteed
+    /// if an element is NaN.
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+    fn min_set_by_key<K, F>(self, key: F) -> Vec<Self::Item>
+        where Self: Sized, K: Ord, F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> K
+    {
+        extrema_set::min_set_impl(self, key, |_, _, kx, ky| kx.cmp(ky))
+    }
+
+    /// Return all maximum elements of an iterator.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let a: [i32; 0] = [];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().max_set(), Vec::<&i32>::new());
+    ///
+    /// let a = [1];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().max_set(), vec![&1]);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().max_set(), vec![&5]);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [1, 1, 1, 1];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().max_set(), vec![&1, &1, &1, &1]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The elements can be floats but no particular result is guaranteed
+    /// if an element is NaN.
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+    fn max_set(self) -> Vec<Self::Item>
+        where Self: Sized, Self::Item: Ord
+    {
+        extrema_set::max_set_impl(self, |_| (), |x, y, _, _| x.cmp(y))
+    }
+
+    /// Return all maximum elements of an iterator, as determined by
+    /// the specified function.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use std::cmp::Ordering;
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let a: [(i32, i32); 0] = [];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().max_set_by(|_, _| Ordering::Equal), Vec::<&(i32, i32)>::new());
+    ///
+    /// let a = [(1, 2)];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().max_set_by(|&&(k1,_), &&(k2, _)| k1.cmp(&k2)), vec![&(1, 2)]);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 9), (4, 8), (5, 9)];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().max_set_by(|&&(_,k1), &&(_,k2)| k1.cmp(&k2)), vec![&(3, 9), &(5, 9)]);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5)];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().max_set_by(|&&(k1,_), &&(k2, _)| k1.cmp(&k2)), vec![&(1, 2), &(1, 3), &(1, 4), &(1, 5)]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The elements can be floats but no particular result is guaranteed
+    /// if an element is NaN.
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+    fn max_set_by<F>(self, mut compare: F) -> Vec<Self::Item>
+        where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&Self::Item, &Self::Item) -> Ordering
+    {
+        extrema_set::max_set_impl(
+            self,
+            |_| (),
+            |x, y, _, _| compare(x, y)
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Return all maximum elements of an iterator, as determined by
+    /// the specified function.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let a: [(i32, i32); 0] = [];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().max_set_by_key(|_| ()), Vec::<&(i32, i32)>::new());
+    ///
+    /// let a = [(1, 2)];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().max_set_by_key(|&&(k,_)| k), vec![&(1, 2)]);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [(1, 2), (2, 2), (3, 9), (4, 8), (5, 9)];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().max_set_by_key(|&&(_, k)| k), vec![&(3, 9), &(5, 9)]);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [(1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (1, 5)];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().max_set_by_key(|&&(k, _)| k), vec![&(1, 2), &(1, 3), &(1, 4), &(1, 5)]);
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The elements can be floats but no particular result is guaranteed
+    /// if an element is NaN.
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+    fn max_set_by_key<K, F>(self, key: F) -> Vec<Self::Item>
+        where Self: Sized, K: Ord, F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> K
+    {
+        extrema_set::max_set_impl(self, key, |_, _, kx, ky| kx.cmp(ky))
+    }
+
+    /// Return the minimum and maximum elements in the iterator.
+    ///
+    /// The return type `MinMaxResult` is an enum of three variants:
+    ///
+    /// - `NoElements` if the iterator is empty.
+    /// - `OneElement(x)` if the iterator has exactly one element.
+    /// - `MinMax(x, y)` is returned otherwise, where `x <= y`. Two
+    ///    values are equal if and only if there is more than one
+    ///    element in the iterator and all elements are equal.
+    ///
+    /// On an iterator of length `n`, `minmax` does `1.5 * n` comparisons,
+    /// and so is faster than calling `min` and `max` separately which does
+    /// `2 * n` comparisons.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// use itertools::MinMaxResult::{NoElements, OneElement, MinMax};
+    ///
+    /// let a: [i32; 0] = [];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().minmax(), NoElements);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [1];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().minmax(), OneElement(&1));
+    ///
+    /// let a = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().minmax(), MinMax(&1, &5));
+    ///
+    /// let a = [1, 1, 1, 1];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().minmax(), MinMax(&1, &1));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// The elements can be floats but no particular result is guaranteed
+    /// if an element is NaN.
+    fn minmax(self) -> MinMaxResult<Self::Item>
+        where Self: Sized, Self::Item: PartialOrd
+    {
+        minmax::minmax_impl(self, |_| (), |x, y, _, _| x < y)
+    }
+
+    /// Return the minimum and maximum element of an iterator, as determined by
+    /// the specified function.
+    ///
+    /// The return value is a variant of [`MinMaxResult`] like for [`.minmax()`](Itertools::minmax).
+    ///
+    /// For the minimum, the first minimal element is returned.  For the maximum,
+    /// the last maximal element wins.  This matches the behavior of the standard
+    /// [`Iterator::min`] and [`Iterator::max`] methods.
+    ///
+    /// The keys can be floats but no particular result is guaranteed
+    /// if a key is NaN.
+    fn minmax_by_key<K, F>(self, key: F) -> MinMaxResult<Self::Item>
+        where Self: Sized, K: PartialOrd, F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> K
+    {
+        minmax::minmax_impl(self, key, |_, _, xk, yk| xk < yk)
+    }
+
+    /// Return the minimum and maximum element of an iterator, as determined by
+    /// the specified comparison function.
+    ///
+    /// The return value is a variant of [`MinMaxResult`] like for [`.minmax()`](Itertools::minmax).
+    ///
+    /// For the minimum, the first minimal element is returned.  For the maximum,
+    /// the last maximal element wins.  This matches the behavior of the standard
+    /// [`Iterator::min`] and [`Iterator::max`] methods.
+    fn minmax_by<F>(self, mut compare: F) -> MinMaxResult<Self::Item>
+        where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&Self::Item, &Self::Item) -> Ordering
+    {
+        minmax::minmax_impl(
+            self,
+            |_| (),
+            |x, y, _, _| Ordering::Less == compare(x, y)
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Return the position of the maximum element in the iterator.
+    ///
+    /// If several elements are equally maximum, the position of the
+    /// last of them is returned.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let a: [i32; 0] = [];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_max(), None);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [-3, 0, 1, 5, -10];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_max(), Some(3));
+    ///
+    /// let a = [1, 1, -1, -1];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_max(), Some(1));
+    /// ```
+    fn position_max(self) -> Option<usize>
+        where Self: Sized, Self::Item: Ord
+    {
+        self.enumerate()
+            .max_by(|x, y| Ord::cmp(&x.1, &y.1))
+            .map(|x| x.0)
+    }
+
+    /// Return the position of the maximum element in the iterator, as
+    /// determined by the specified function.
+    ///
+    /// If several elements are equally maximum, the position of the
+    /// last of them is returned.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let a: [i32; 0] = [];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_max_by_key(|x| x.abs()), None);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [-3_i32, 0, 1, 5, -10];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_max_by_key(|x| x.abs()), Some(4));
+    ///
+    /// let a = [1_i32, 1, -1, -1];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_max_by_key(|x| x.abs()), Some(3));
+    /// ```
+    fn position_max_by_key<K, F>(self, mut key: F) -> Option<usize>
+        where Self: Sized, K: Ord, F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> K
+    {
+        self.enumerate()
+            .max_by(|x, y| Ord::cmp(&key(&x.1), &key(&y.1)))
+            .map(|x| x.0)
+    }
+
+    /// Return the position of the maximum element in the iterator, as
+    /// determined by the specified comparison function.
+    ///
+    /// If several elements are equally maximum, the position of the
+    /// last of them is returned.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let a: [i32; 0] = [];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_max_by(|x, y| x.cmp(y)), None);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [-3_i32, 0, 1, 5, -10];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_max_by(|x, y| x.cmp(y)), Some(3));
+    ///
+    /// let a = [1_i32, 1, -1, -1];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_max_by(|x, y| x.cmp(y)), Some(1));
+    /// ```
+    fn position_max_by<F>(self, mut compare: F) -> Option<usize>
+        where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&Self::Item, &Self::Item) -> Ordering
+    {
+        self.enumerate()
+            .max_by(|x, y| compare(&x.1, &y.1))
+            .map(|x| x.0)
+    }
+
+    /// Return the position of the minimum element in the iterator.
+    ///
+    /// If several elements are equally minimum, the position of the
+    /// first of them is returned.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let a: [i32; 0] = [];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_min(), None);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [-3, 0, 1, 5, -10];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_min(), Some(4));
+    ///
+    /// let a = [1, 1, -1, -1];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_min(), Some(2));
+    /// ```
+    fn position_min(self) -> Option<usize>
+        where Self: Sized, Self::Item: Ord
+    {
+        self.enumerate()
+            .min_by(|x, y| Ord::cmp(&x.1, &y.1))
+            .map(|x| x.0)
+    }
+
+    /// Return the position of the minimum element in the iterator, as
+    /// determined by the specified function.
+    ///
+    /// If several elements are equally minimum, the position of the
+    /// first of them is returned.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let a: [i32; 0] = [];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_min_by_key(|x| x.abs()), None);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [-3_i32, 0, 1, 5, -10];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_min_by_key(|x| x.abs()), Some(1));
+    ///
+    /// let a = [1_i32, 1, -1, -1];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_min_by_key(|x| x.abs()), Some(0));
+    /// ```
+    fn position_min_by_key<K, F>(self, mut key: F) -> Option<usize>
+        where Self: Sized, K: Ord, F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> K
+    {
+        self.enumerate()
+            .min_by(|x, y| Ord::cmp(&key(&x.1), &key(&y.1)))
+            .map(|x| x.0)
+    }
+
+    /// Return the position of the minimum element in the iterator, as
+    /// determined by the specified comparison function.
+    ///
+    /// If several elements are equally minimum, the position of the
+    /// first of them is returned.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let a: [i32; 0] = [];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_min_by(|x, y| x.cmp(y)), None);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [-3_i32, 0, 1, 5, -10];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_min_by(|x, y| x.cmp(y)), Some(4));
+    ///
+    /// let a = [1_i32, 1, -1, -1];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_min_by(|x, y| x.cmp(y)), Some(2));
+    /// ```
+    fn position_min_by<F>(self, mut compare: F) -> Option<usize>
+        where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&Self::Item, &Self::Item) -> Ordering
+    {
+        self.enumerate()
+            .min_by(|x, y| compare(&x.1, &y.1))
+            .map(|x| x.0)
+    }
+
+    /// Return the positions of the minimum and maximum elements in
+    /// the iterator.
+    ///
+    /// The return type [`MinMaxResult`] is an enum of three variants:
+    ///
+    /// - `NoElements` if the iterator is empty.
+    /// - `OneElement(xpos)` if the iterator has exactly one element.
+    /// - `MinMax(xpos, ypos)` is returned otherwise, where the
+    ///    element at `xpos` ≤ the element at `ypos`. While the
+    ///    referenced elements themselves may be equal, `xpos` cannot
+    ///    be equal to `ypos`.
+    ///
+    /// On an iterator of length `n`, `position_minmax` does `1.5 * n`
+    /// comparisons, and so is faster than calling `position_min` and
+    /// `position_max` separately which does `2 * n` comparisons.
+    ///
+    /// For the minimum, if several elements are equally minimum, the
+    /// position of the first of them is returned. For the maximum, if
+    /// several elements are equally maximum, the position of the last
+    /// of them is returned.
+    ///
+    /// The elements can be floats but no particular result is
+    /// guaranteed if an element is NaN.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// use itertools::MinMaxResult::{NoElements, OneElement, MinMax};
+    ///
+    /// let a: [i32; 0] = [];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_minmax(), NoElements);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [10];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_minmax(), OneElement(0));
+    ///
+    /// let a = [-3, 0, 1, 5, -10];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_minmax(), MinMax(4, 3));
+    ///
+    /// let a = [1, 1, -1, -1];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_minmax(), MinMax(2, 1));
+    /// ```
+    fn position_minmax(self) -> MinMaxResult<usize>
+        where Self: Sized, Self::Item: PartialOrd
+    {
+        use crate::MinMaxResult::{NoElements, OneElement, MinMax};
+        match minmax::minmax_impl(self.enumerate(), |_| (), |x, y, _, _| x.1 < y.1) {
+            NoElements => NoElements,
+            OneElement(x) => OneElement(x.0),
+            MinMax(x, y) => MinMax(x.0, y.0),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return the postions of the minimum and maximum elements of an
+    /// iterator, as determined by the specified function.
+    ///
+    /// The return value is a variant of [`MinMaxResult`] like for
+    /// [`position_minmax`].
+    ///
+    /// For the minimum, if several elements are equally minimum, the
+    /// position of the first of them is returned. For the maximum, if
+    /// several elements are equally maximum, the position of the last
+    /// of them is returned.
+    ///
+    /// The keys can be floats but no particular result is guaranteed
+    /// if a key is NaN.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// use itertools::MinMaxResult::{NoElements, OneElement, MinMax};
+    ///
+    /// let a: [i32; 0] = [];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_minmax_by_key(|x| x.abs()), NoElements);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [10_i32];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_minmax_by_key(|x| x.abs()), OneElement(0));
+    ///
+    /// let a = [-3_i32, 0, 1, 5, -10];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_minmax_by_key(|x| x.abs()), MinMax(1, 4));
+    ///
+    /// let a = [1_i32, 1, -1, -1];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_minmax_by_key(|x| x.abs()), MinMax(0, 3));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`position_minmax`]: Self::position_minmax
+    fn position_minmax_by_key<K, F>(self, mut key: F) -> MinMaxResult<usize>
+        where Self: Sized, K: PartialOrd, F: FnMut(&Self::Item) -> K
+    {
+        use crate::MinMaxResult::{NoElements, OneElement, MinMax};
+        match self.enumerate().minmax_by_key(|e| key(&e.1)) {
+            NoElements => NoElements,
+            OneElement(x) => OneElement(x.0),
+            MinMax(x, y) => MinMax(x.0, y.0),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return the postions of the minimum and maximum elements of an
+    /// iterator, as determined by the specified comparison function.
+    ///
+    /// The return value is a variant of [`MinMaxResult`] like for
+    /// [`position_minmax`].
+    ///
+    /// For the minimum, if several elements are equally minimum, the
+    /// position of the first of them is returned. For the maximum, if
+    /// several elements are equally maximum, the position of the last
+    /// of them is returned.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// use itertools::MinMaxResult::{NoElements, OneElement, MinMax};
+    ///
+    /// let a: [i32; 0] = [];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_minmax_by(|x, y| x.cmp(y)), NoElements);
+    ///
+    /// let a = [10_i32];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_minmax_by(|x, y| x.cmp(y)), OneElement(0));
+    ///
+    /// let a = [-3_i32, 0, 1, 5, -10];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_minmax_by(|x, y| x.cmp(y)), MinMax(4, 3));
+    ///
+    /// let a = [1_i32, 1, -1, -1];
+    /// assert_eq!(a.iter().position_minmax_by(|x, y| x.cmp(y)), MinMax(2, 1));
+    /// ```
+    ///
+    /// [`position_minmax`]: Self::position_minmax
+    fn position_minmax_by<F>(self, mut compare: F) -> MinMaxResult<usize>
+        where Self: Sized, F: FnMut(&Self::Item, &Self::Item) -> Ordering
+    {
+        use crate::MinMaxResult::{NoElements, OneElement, MinMax};
+        match self.enumerate().minmax_by(|x, y| compare(&x.1, &y.1)) {
+            NoElements => NoElements,
+            OneElement(x) => OneElement(x.0),
+            MinMax(x, y) => MinMax(x.0, y.0),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If the iterator yields exactly one element, that element will be returned, otherwise
+    /// an error will be returned containing an iterator that has the same output as the input
+    /// iterator.
+    ///
+    /// This provides an additional layer of validation over just calling `Iterator::next()`.
+    /// If your assumption that there should only be one element yielded is false this provides
+    /// the opportunity to detect and handle that, preventing errors at a distance.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!((0..10).filter(|&x| x == 2).exactly_one().unwrap(), 2);
+    /// assert!((0..10).filter(|&x| x > 1 && x < 4).exactly_one().unwrap_err().eq(2..4));
+    /// assert!((0..10).filter(|&x| x > 1 && x < 5).exactly_one().unwrap_err().eq(2..5));
+    /// assert!((0..10).filter(|&_| false).exactly_one().unwrap_err().eq(0..0));
+    /// ```
+    fn exactly_one(mut self) -> Result<Self::Item, ExactlyOneError<Self>>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        match self.next() {
+            Some(first) => {
+                match self.next() {
+                    Some(second) => {
+                        Err(ExactlyOneError::new(Some(Either::Left([first, second])), self))
+                    }
+                    None => {
+                        Ok(first)
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            None => Err(ExactlyOneError::new(None, self)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// If the iterator yields no elements, Ok(None) will be returned. If the iterator yields
+    /// exactly one element, that element will be returned, otherwise an error will be returned
+    /// containing an iterator that has the same output as the input iterator.
+    ///
+    /// This provides an additional layer of validation over just calling `Iterator::next()`.
+    /// If your assumption that there should be at most one element yielded is false this provides
+    /// the opportunity to detect and handle that, preventing errors at a distance.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!((0..10).filter(|&x| x == 2).at_most_one().unwrap(), Some(2));
+    /// assert!((0..10).filter(|&x| x > 1 && x < 4).at_most_one().unwrap_err().eq(2..4));
+    /// assert!((0..10).filter(|&x| x > 1 && x < 5).at_most_one().unwrap_err().eq(2..5));
+    /// assert_eq!((0..10).filter(|&_| false).at_most_one().unwrap(), None);
+    /// ```
+    fn at_most_one(mut self) -> Result<Option<Self::Item>, ExactlyOneError<Self>>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        match self.next() {
+            Some(first) => {
+                match self.next() {
+                    Some(second) => {
+                        Err(ExactlyOneError::new(Some(Either::Left([first, second])), self))
+                    }
+                    None => {
+                        Ok(Some(first))
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            None => Ok(None),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// An iterator adaptor that allows the user to peek at multiple `.next()`
+    /// values without advancing the base iterator.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let mut iter = (0..10).multipeek();
+    /// assert_eq!(iter.peek(), Some(&0));
+    /// assert_eq!(iter.peek(), Some(&1));
+    /// assert_eq!(iter.peek(), Some(&2));
+    /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(0));
+    /// assert_eq!(iter.peek(), Some(&1));
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+    fn multipeek(self) -> MultiPeek<Self>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+    {
+        multipeek_impl::multipeek(self)
+    }
+
+    /// Collect the items in this iterator and return a `HashMap` which
+    /// contains each item that appears in the iterator and the number
+    /// of times it appears.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    /// ```
+    /// # use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// let counts = [1, 1, 1, 3, 3, 5].into_iter().counts();
+    /// assert_eq!(counts[&1], 3);
+    /// assert_eq!(counts[&3], 2);
+    /// assert_eq!(counts[&5], 1);
+    /// assert_eq!(counts.get(&0), None);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+    fn counts(self) -> HashMap<Self::Item, usize>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+        Self::Item: Eq + Hash,
+    {
+        let mut counts = HashMap::new();
+        self.for_each(|item| *counts.entry(item).or_default() += 1);
+        counts
+    }
+
+    /// Collect the items in this iterator and return a `HashMap` which
+    /// contains each item that appears in the iterator and the number
+    /// of times it appears,
+    /// determining identity using a keying function.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// # use itertools::Itertools;
+    /// struct Character {
+    ///   first_name: &'static str,
+    ///   last_name:  &'static str,
+    /// }
+    ///
+    /// let characters =
+    ///     vec![
+    ///         Character { first_name: "Amy",   last_name: "Pond"      },
+    ///         Character { first_name: "Amy",   last_name: "Wong"      },
+    ///         Character { first_name: "Amy",   last_name: "Santiago"  },
+    ///         Character { first_name: "James", last_name: "Bond"      },
+    ///         Character { first_name: "James", last_name: "Sullivan"  },
+    ///         Character { first_name: "James", last_name: "Norington" },
+    ///         Character { first_name: "James", last_name: "Kirk"      },
+    ///     ];
+    ///
+    /// let first_name_frequency =
+    ///     characters
+    ///         .into_iter()
+    ///         .counts_by(|c| c.first_name);
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(first_name_frequency["Amy"], 3);
+    /// assert_eq!(first_name_frequency["James"], 4);
+    /// assert_eq!(first_name_frequency.contains_key("Asha"), false);
+    /// ```
+    #[cfg(feature = "use_std")]
+    fn counts_by<K, F>(self, f: F) -> HashMap<K, usize>
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+        K: Eq + Hash,
+        F: FnMut(Self::Item) -> K,
+    {
+        self.map(f).counts()
+    }
+
+    /// Converts an iterator of tuples into a tuple of containers.
+    ///
+    /// `unzip()` consumes an entire iterator of n-ary tuples, producing `n` collections, one for each
+    /// column.
+    ///
+    /// This function is, in some sense, the opposite of [`multizip`].
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let inputs = vec![(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9)];
+    ///
+    /// let (a, b, c): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = inputs
+    ///     .into_iter()
+    ///     .multiunzip();
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(a, vec![1, 4, 7]);
+    /// assert_eq!(b, vec![2, 5, 8]);
+    /// assert_eq!(c, vec![3, 6, 9]);
+    /// ```
+    fn multiunzip<FromI>(self) -> FromI
+    where
+        Self: Sized + MultiUnzip<FromI>,
+    {
+        MultiUnzip::multiunzip(self)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: ?Sized> Itertools for T where T: Iterator { }
+
+/// Return `true` if both iterables produce equal sequences
+/// (elements pairwise equal and sequences of the same length),
+/// `false` otherwise.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Iterator::eq`].
+///
+/// ```
+/// assert!(itertools::equal(vec![1, 2, 3], 1..4));
+/// assert!(!itertools::equal(&[0, 0], &[0, 0, 0]));
+/// ```
+pub fn equal<I, J>(a: I, b: J) -> bool
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          J: IntoIterator,
+          I::Item: PartialEq<J::Item>
+{
+    a.into_iter().eq(b)
+}
+
+/// Assert that two iterables produce equal sequences, with the same
+/// semantics as [`equal(a, b)`](equal).
+///
+/// **Panics** on assertion failure with a message that shows the
+/// two iteration elements.
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// assert_equal("exceed".split('c'), "excess".split('c'));
+/// // ^PANIC: panicked at 'Failed assertion Some("eed") == Some("ess") for iteration 1',
+/// ```
+pub fn assert_equal<I, J>(a: I, b: J)
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          J: IntoIterator,
+          I::Item: fmt::Debug + PartialEq<J::Item>,
+          J::Item: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    let mut ia = a.into_iter();
+    let mut ib = b.into_iter();
+    let mut i = 0;
+    loop {
+        match (ia.next(), ib.next()) {
+            (None, None) => return,
+            (a, b) => {
+                let equal = match (&a, &b) {
+                    (&Some(ref a), &Some(ref b)) => a == b,
+                    _ => false,
+                };
+                assert!(equal, "Failed assertion {a:?} == {b:?} for iteration {i}",
+                        i=i, a=a, b=b);
+                i += 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Partition a sequence using predicate `pred` so that elements
+/// that map to `true` are placed before elements which map to `false`.
+///
+/// The order within the partitions is arbitrary.
+///
+/// Return the index of the split point.
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::partition;
+///
+/// # // use repeated numbers to not promise any ordering
+/// let mut data = [7, 1, 1, 7, 1, 1, 7];
+/// let split_index = partition(&mut data, |elt| *elt >= 3);
+///
+/// assert_eq!(data, [7, 7, 7, 1, 1, 1, 1]);
+/// assert_eq!(split_index, 3);
+/// ```
+pub fn partition<'a, A: 'a, I, F>(iter: I, mut pred: F) -> usize
+    where I: IntoIterator<Item = &'a mut A>,
+          I::IntoIter: DoubleEndedIterator,
+          F: FnMut(&A) -> bool
+{
+    let mut split_index = 0;
+    let mut iter = iter.into_iter();
+    'main: while let Some(front) = iter.next() {
+        if !pred(front) {
+            loop {
+                match iter.next_back() {
+                    Some(back) => if pred(back) {
+                        std::mem::swap(front, back);
+                        break;
+                    },
+                    None => break 'main,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        split_index += 1;
+    }
+    split_index
+}
+
+/// An enum used for controlling the execution of `fold_while`.
+///
+/// See [`.fold_while()`](Itertools::fold_while) for more information.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum FoldWhile<T> {
+    /// Continue folding with this value
+    Continue(T),
+    /// Fold is complete and will return this value
+    Done(T),
+}
+
+impl<T> FoldWhile<T> {
+    /// Return the value in the continue or done.
+    pub fn into_inner(self) -> T {
+        match self {
+            FoldWhile::Continue(x) | FoldWhile::Done(x) => x,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Return true if `self` is `Done`, false if it is `Continue`.
+    pub fn is_done(&self) -> bool {
+        match *self {
+            FoldWhile::Continue(_) => false,
+            FoldWhile::Done(_) => true,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/merge_join.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/merge_join.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..84f7d03338
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/merge_join.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,220 @@
+use std::cmp::Ordering;
+use std::iter::Fuse;
+use std::fmt;
+
+use either::Either;
+
+use super::adaptors::{PutBack, put_back};
+use crate::either_or_both::EitherOrBoth;
+use crate::size_hint::{self, SizeHint};
+#[cfg(doc)]
+use crate::Itertools;
+
+/// Return an iterator adaptor that merge-joins items from the two base iterators in ascending order.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Itertools::merge_join_by`].
+pub fn merge_join_by<I, J, F, T>(left: I, right: J, cmp_fn: F)
+    -> MergeJoinBy<I::IntoIter, J::IntoIter, F>
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          J: IntoIterator,
+          F: FnMut(&I::Item, &J::Item) -> T,
+          T: OrderingOrBool<I::Item, J::Item>,
+{
+    MergeJoinBy {
+        left: put_back(left.into_iter().fuse()),
+        right: put_back(right.into_iter().fuse()),
+        cmp_fn,
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that merge-joins items from the two base iterators in ascending order.
+///
+/// See [`.merge_join_by()`](crate::Itertools::merge_join_by) for more information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct MergeJoinBy<I: Iterator, J: Iterator, F> {
+    left: PutBack<Fuse<I>>,
+    right: PutBack<Fuse<J>>,
+    cmp_fn: F,
+}
+
+pub trait OrderingOrBool<L, R> {
+    type MergeResult;
+    fn left(left: L) -> Self::MergeResult;
+    fn right(right: R) -> Self::MergeResult;
+    // "merge" never returns (Some(...), Some(...), ...) so Option<Either<I::Item, J::Item>>
+    // is appealing but it is always followed by two put_backs, so we think the compiler is
+    // smart enough to optimize it. Or we could move put_backs into "merge".
+    fn merge(self, left: L, right: R) -> (Option<L>, Option<R>, Self::MergeResult);
+    fn size_hint(left: SizeHint, right: SizeHint) -> SizeHint;
+}
+
+impl<L, R> OrderingOrBool<L, R> for Ordering {
+    type MergeResult = EitherOrBoth<L, R>;
+    fn left(left: L) -> Self::MergeResult {
+        EitherOrBoth::Left(left)
+    }
+    fn right(right: R) -> Self::MergeResult {
+        EitherOrBoth::Right(right)
+    }
+    fn merge(self, left: L, right: R) -> (Option<L>, Option<R>, Self::MergeResult) {
+        match self {
+            Ordering::Equal => (None, None, EitherOrBoth::Both(left, right)),
+            Ordering::Less => (None, Some(right), EitherOrBoth::Left(left)),
+            Ordering::Greater => (Some(left), None, EitherOrBoth::Right(right)),
+        }
+    }
+    fn size_hint(left: SizeHint, right: SizeHint) -> SizeHint {
+        let (a_lower, a_upper) = left;
+        let (b_lower, b_upper) = right;
+        let lower = ::std::cmp::max(a_lower, b_lower);
+        let upper = match (a_upper, b_upper) {
+            (Some(x), Some(y)) => x.checked_add(y),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        (lower, upper)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<L, R> OrderingOrBool<L, R> for bool {
+    type MergeResult = Either<L, R>;
+    fn left(left: L) -> Self::MergeResult {
+        Either::Left(left)
+    }
+    fn right(right: R) -> Self::MergeResult {
+        Either::Right(right)
+    }
+    fn merge(self, left: L, right: R) -> (Option<L>, Option<R>, Self::MergeResult) {
+        if self {
+            (None, Some(right), Either::Left(left))
+        } else {
+            (Some(left), None, Either::Right(right))
+        }
+    }
+    fn size_hint(left: SizeHint, right: SizeHint) -> SizeHint {
+        // Not ExactSizeIterator because size may be larger than usize
+        size_hint::add(left, right)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, J, F> Clone for MergeJoinBy<I, J, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          J: Iterator,
+          PutBack<Fuse<I>>: Clone,
+          PutBack<Fuse<J>>: Clone,
+          F: Clone,
+{
+    clone_fields!(left, right, cmp_fn);
+}
+
+impl<I, J, F> fmt::Debug for MergeJoinBy<I, J, F>
+    where I: Iterator + fmt::Debug,
+          I::Item: fmt::Debug,
+          J: Iterator + fmt::Debug,
+          J::Item: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(MergeJoinBy, left, right);
+}
+
+impl<I, J, F, T> Iterator for MergeJoinBy<I, J, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          J: Iterator,
+          F: FnMut(&I::Item, &J::Item) -> T,
+          T: OrderingOrBool<I::Item, J::Item>,
+{
+    type Item = T::MergeResult;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        match (self.left.next(), self.right.next()) {
+            (None, None) => None,
+            (Some(left), None) => Some(T::left(left)),
+            (None, Some(right)) => Some(T::right(right)),
+            (Some(left), Some(right)) => {
+                let (left, right, next) = (self.cmp_fn)(&left, &right).merge(left, right);
+                if let Some(left) = left {
+                    self.left.put_back(left);
+                }
+                if let Some(right) = right {
+                    self.right.put_back(right);
+                }
+                Some(next)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> SizeHint {
+        T::size_hint(self.left.size_hint(), self.right.size_hint())
+    }
+
+    fn count(mut self) -> usize {
+        let mut count = 0;
+        loop {
+            match (self.left.next(), self.right.next()) {
+                (None, None) => break count,
+                (Some(_left), None) => break count + 1 + self.left.into_parts().1.count(),
+                (None, Some(_right)) => break count + 1 + self.right.into_parts().1.count(),
+                (Some(left), Some(right)) => {
+                    count += 1;
+                    let (left, right, _) = (self.cmp_fn)(&left, &right).merge(left, right);
+                    if let Some(left) = left {
+                        self.left.put_back(left);
+                    }
+                    if let Some(right) = right {
+                        self.right.put_back(right);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn last(mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let mut previous_element = None;
+        loop {
+            match (self.left.next(), self.right.next()) {
+                (None, None) => break previous_element,
+                (Some(left), None) => {
+                    break Some(T::left(
+                        self.left.into_parts().1.last().unwrap_or(left),
+                    ))
+                }
+                (None, Some(right)) => {
+                    break Some(T::right(
+                        self.right.into_parts().1.last().unwrap_or(right),
+                    ))
+                }
+                (Some(left), Some(right)) => {
+                    let (left, right, elem) = (self.cmp_fn)(&left, &right).merge(left, right);
+                    if let Some(left) = left {
+                        self.left.put_back(left);
+                    }
+                    if let Some(right) = right {
+                        self.right.put_back(right);
+                    }
+                    previous_element = Some(elem);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn nth(&mut self, mut n: usize) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        loop {
+            if n == 0 {
+                break self.next();
+            }
+            n -= 1;
+            match (self.left.next(), self.right.next()) {
+                (None, None) => break None,
+                (Some(_left), None) => break self.left.nth(n).map(T::left),
+                (None, Some(_right)) => break self.right.nth(n).map(T::right),
+                (Some(left), Some(right)) => {
+                    let (left, right, _) = (self.cmp_fn)(&left, &right).merge(left, right);
+                    if let Some(left) = left {
+                        self.left.put_back(left);
+                    }
+                    if let Some(right) = right {
+                        self.right.put_back(right);
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/minmax.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/minmax.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..52b2f115dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/minmax.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+
+/// `MinMaxResult` is an enum returned by `minmax`.
+///
+/// See [`.minmax()`](crate::Itertools::minmax) for more detail.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, PartialEq, Debug)]
+pub enum MinMaxResult<T> {
+    /// Empty iterator
+    NoElements,
+
+    /// Iterator with one element, so the minimum and maximum are the same
+    OneElement(T),
+
+    /// More than one element in the iterator, the first element is not larger
+    /// than the second
+    MinMax(T, T)
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone> MinMaxResult<T> {
+    /// `into_option` creates an `Option` of type `(T, T)`. The returned `Option`
+    /// has variant `None` if and only if the `MinMaxResult` has variant
+    /// `NoElements`. Otherwise `Some((x, y))` is returned where `x <= y`.
+    /// If the `MinMaxResult` has variant `OneElement(x)`, performing this
+    /// operation will make one clone of `x`.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::MinMaxResult::{self, NoElements, OneElement, MinMax};
+    ///
+    /// let r: MinMaxResult<i32> = NoElements;
+    /// assert_eq!(r.into_option(), None);
+    ///
+    /// let r = OneElement(1);
+    /// assert_eq!(r.into_option(), Some((1, 1)));
+    ///
+    /// let r = MinMax(1, 2);
+    /// assert_eq!(r.into_option(), Some((1, 2)));
+    /// ```
+    pub fn into_option(self) -> Option<(T,T)> {
+        match self {
+            MinMaxResult::NoElements => None,
+            MinMaxResult::OneElement(x) => Some((x.clone(), x)),
+            MinMaxResult::MinMax(x, y) => Some((x, y))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Implementation guts for `minmax` and `minmax_by_key`.
+pub fn minmax_impl<I, K, F, L>(mut it: I, mut key_for: F,
+                               mut lt: L) -> MinMaxResult<I::Item>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          F: FnMut(&I::Item) -> K,
+          L: FnMut(&I::Item, &I::Item, &K, &K) -> bool,
+{
+    let (mut min, mut max, mut min_key, mut max_key) = match it.next() {
+        None => return MinMaxResult::NoElements,
+        Some(x) => {
+            match it.next() {
+                None => return MinMaxResult::OneElement(x),
+                Some(y) => {
+                    let xk = key_for(&x);
+                    let yk = key_for(&y);
+                    if !lt(&y, &x, &yk, &xk) {(x, y, xk, yk)} else {(y, x, yk, xk)}
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+
+    loop {
+        // `first` and `second` are the two next elements we want to look
+        // at.  We first compare `first` and `second` (#1). The smaller one
+        // is then compared to current minimum (#2). The larger one is
+        // compared to current maximum (#3). This way we do 3 comparisons
+        // for 2 elements.
+        let first = match it.next() {
+            None => break,
+            Some(x) => x
+        };
+        let second = match it.next() {
+            None => {
+                let first_key = key_for(&first);
+                if lt(&first, &min, &first_key, &min_key) {
+                    min = first;
+                } else if !lt(&first, &max, &first_key, &max_key) {
+                    max = first;
+                }
+                break;
+            }
+            Some(x) => x
+        };
+        let first_key = key_for(&first);
+        let second_key = key_for(&second);
+        if !lt(&second, &first, &second_key, &first_key) {
+            if lt(&first, &min, &first_key, &min_key) {
+                min = first;
+                min_key = first_key;
+            }
+            if !lt(&second, &max, &second_key, &max_key) {
+                max = second;
+                max_key = second_key;
+            }
+        } else {
+            if lt(&second, &min, &second_key, &min_key) {
+                min = second;
+                min_key = second_key;
+            }
+            if !lt(&first, &max, &first_key, &max_key) {
+                max = first;
+                max_key = first_key;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    MinMaxResult::MinMax(min, max)
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/multipeek_impl.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/multipeek_impl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8b49c695eb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/multipeek_impl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,101 @@
+use std::iter::Fuse;
+use alloc::collections::VecDeque;
+use crate::size_hint;
+use crate::PeekingNext;
+#[cfg(doc)]
+use crate::Itertools;
+
+/// See [`multipeek()`] for more information.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct MultiPeek<I>
+    where I: Iterator
+{
+    iter: Fuse<I>,
+    buf: VecDeque<I::Item>,
+    index: usize,
+}
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that allows the user to peek at multiple `.next()`
+/// values without advancing the base iterator.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Itertools::multipeek`].
+pub fn multipeek<I>(iterable: I) -> MultiPeek<I::IntoIter>
+    where I: IntoIterator
+{
+    MultiPeek {
+        iter: iterable.into_iter().fuse(),
+        buf: VecDeque::new(),
+        index: 0,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> MultiPeek<I>
+    where I: Iterator
+{
+    /// Reset the peeking “cursor”
+    pub fn reset_peek(&mut self) {
+        self.index = 0;
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I: Iterator> MultiPeek<I> {
+    /// Works exactly like `.next()` with the only difference that it doesn't
+    /// advance itself. `.peek()` can be called multiple times, to peek
+    /// further ahead.
+    /// When `.next()` is called, reset the peeking “cursor”.
+    pub fn peek(&mut self) -> Option<&I::Item> {
+        let ret = if self.index < self.buf.len() {
+            Some(&self.buf[self.index])
+        } else {
+            match self.iter.next() {
+                Some(x) => {
+                    self.buf.push_back(x);
+                    Some(&self.buf[self.index])
+                }
+                None => return None,
+            }
+        };
+
+        self.index += 1;
+        ret
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> PeekingNext for MultiPeek<I>
+    where I: Iterator,
+{
+    fn peeking_next<F>(&mut self, accept: F) -> Option<Self::Item>
+        where F: FnOnce(&Self::Item) -> bool
+    {
+        if self.buf.is_empty() {
+            if let Some(r) = self.peek() {
+                if !accept(r) { return None }
+            }
+        } else if let Some(r) = self.buf.get(0) {
+            if !accept(r) { return None }
+        }
+        self.next()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> Iterator for MultiPeek<I>
+    where I: Iterator
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.index = 0;
+        self.buf.pop_front().or_else(|| self.iter.next())
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        size_hint::add_scalar(self.iter.size_hint(), self.buf.len())
+    }
+}
+
+// Same size
+impl<I> ExactSizeIterator for MultiPeek<I>
+    where I: ExactSizeIterator
+{}
+
+
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/pad_tail.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/pad_tail.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..248a432436
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/pad_tail.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+use std::iter::{Fuse, FusedIterator};
+use crate::size_hint;
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that pads a sequence to a minimum length by filling
+/// missing elements using a closure.
+///
+/// Iterator element type is `I::Item`.
+///
+/// See [`.pad_using()`](crate::Itertools::pad_using) for more information.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct PadUsing<I, F> {
+    iter: Fuse<I>,
+    min: usize,
+    pos: usize,
+    filler: F,
+}
+
+impl<I, F> std::fmt::Debug for PadUsing<I, F>
+where
+    I: std::fmt::Debug,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(PadUsing, iter, min, pos);
+}
+
+/// Create a new `PadUsing` iterator.
+pub fn pad_using<I, F>(iter: I, min: usize, filler: F) -> PadUsing<I, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          F: FnMut(usize) -> I::Item
+{
+    PadUsing {
+        iter: iter.fuse(),
+        min,
+        pos: 0,
+        filler,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, F> Iterator for PadUsing<I, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          F: FnMut(usize) -> I::Item
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        match self.iter.next() {
+            None => {
+                if self.pos < self.min {
+                    let e = Some((self.filler)(self.pos));
+                    self.pos += 1;
+                    e
+                } else {
+                    None
+                }
+            },
+            e => {
+                self.pos += 1;
+                e
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        let tail = self.min.saturating_sub(self.pos);
+        size_hint::max(self.iter.size_hint(), (tail, Some(tail)))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, F> DoubleEndedIterator for PadUsing<I, F>
+    where I: DoubleEndedIterator + ExactSizeIterator,
+          F: FnMut(usize) -> I::Item
+{
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if self.min == 0 {
+            self.iter.next_back()
+        } else if self.iter.len() >= self.min {
+            self.min -= 1;
+            self.iter.next_back()
+        } else {
+            self.min -= 1;
+            Some((self.filler)(self.min))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, F> ExactSizeIterator for PadUsing<I, F>
+    where I: ExactSizeIterator,
+          F: FnMut(usize) -> I::Item
+{}
+
+
+impl<I, F> FusedIterator for PadUsing<I, F>
+    where I: FusedIterator,
+          F: FnMut(usize) -> I::Item
+{}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/peek_nth.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/peek_nth.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bcca45838e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/peek_nth.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,102 @@
+use crate::size_hint;
+use crate::PeekingNext;
+use alloc::collections::VecDeque;
+use std::iter::Fuse;
+
+/// See [`peek_nth()`] for more information.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct PeekNth<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+{
+    iter: Fuse<I>,
+    buf: VecDeque<I::Item>,
+}
+
+/// A drop-in replacement for [`std::iter::Peekable`] which adds a `peek_nth`
+/// method allowing the user to `peek` at a value several iterations forward
+/// without advancing the base iterator.
+///
+/// This differs from `multipeek` in that subsequent calls to `peek` or
+/// `peek_nth` will always return the same value until `next` is called
+/// (making `reset_peek` unnecessary).
+pub fn peek_nth<I>(iterable: I) -> PeekNth<I::IntoIter>
+where
+    I: IntoIterator,
+{
+    PeekNth {
+        iter: iterable.into_iter().fuse(),
+        buf: VecDeque::new(),
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> PeekNth<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+{
+    /// Works exactly like the `peek` method in `std::iter::Peekable`
+    pub fn peek(&mut self) -> Option<&I::Item> {
+        self.peek_nth(0)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a reference to the `nth` value without advancing the iterator.
+    ///
+    /// # Examples
+    ///
+    /// Basic usage:
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use itertools::peek_nth;
+    ///
+    /// let xs = vec![1,2,3];
+    /// let mut iter = peek_nth(xs.iter());
+    ///
+    /// assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(0), Some(&&1));
+    /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&1));
+    ///
+    /// // The iterator does not advance even if we call `peek_nth` multiple times
+    /// assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(0), Some(&&2));
+    /// assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(1), Some(&&3));
+    /// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(&2));
+    ///
+    /// // Calling `peek_nth` past the end of the iterator will return `None`
+    /// assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(1), None);
+    /// ```
+    pub fn peek_nth(&mut self, n: usize) -> Option<&I::Item> {
+        let unbuffered_items = (n + 1).saturating_sub(self.buf.len());
+
+        self.buf.extend(self.iter.by_ref().take(unbuffered_items));
+
+        self.buf.get(n)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> Iterator for PeekNth<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.buf.pop_front().or_else(|| self.iter.next())
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        size_hint::add_scalar(self.iter.size_hint(), self.buf.len())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> ExactSizeIterator for PeekNth<I> where I: ExactSizeIterator {}
+
+impl<I> PeekingNext for PeekNth<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+{
+    fn peeking_next<F>(&mut self, accept: F) -> Option<Self::Item>
+    where
+        F: FnOnce(&Self::Item) -> bool,
+    {
+        self.peek().filter(|item| accept(item))?;
+        self.next()
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/peeking_take_while.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/peeking_take_while.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a37228122
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/peeking_take_while.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,177 @@
+use std::iter::Peekable;
+use crate::PutBack;
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+use crate::PutBackN;
+
+/// An iterator that allows peeking at an element before deciding to accept it.
+///
+/// See [`.peeking_take_while()`](crate::Itertools::peeking_take_while)
+/// for more information.
+///
+/// This is implemented by peeking adaptors like peekable and put back,
+/// but also by a few iterators that can be peeked natively, like the slice’s
+/// by reference iterator (`std::slice::Iter`).
+pub trait PeekingNext : Iterator {
+    /// Pass a reference to the next iterator element to the closure `accept`;
+    /// if `accept` returns true, return it as the next element,
+    /// else None.
+    fn peeking_next<F>(&mut self, accept: F) -> Option<Self::Item>
+        where Self: Sized,
+              F: FnOnce(&Self::Item) -> bool;
+}
+
+impl<'a, I> PeekingNext for &'a mut I
+    where I: PeekingNext,
+{
+    fn peeking_next<F>(&mut self, accept: F) -> Option<Self::Item>
+        where F: FnOnce(&Self::Item) -> bool
+    {
+        (*self).peeking_next(accept)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> PeekingNext for Peekable<I>
+    where I: Iterator,
+{
+    fn peeking_next<F>(&mut self, accept: F) -> Option<Self::Item>
+        where F: FnOnce(&Self::Item) -> bool
+    {
+        if let Some(r) = self.peek() {
+            if !accept(r) {
+                return None;
+            }
+        }
+        self.next()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> PeekingNext for PutBack<I>
+    where I: Iterator,
+{
+    fn peeking_next<F>(&mut self, accept: F) -> Option<Self::Item>
+        where F: FnOnce(&Self::Item) -> bool
+    {
+        if let Some(r) = self.next() {
+            if !accept(&r) {
+                self.put_back(r);
+                return None;
+            }
+            Some(r)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+impl<I> PeekingNext for PutBackN<I>
+    where I: Iterator,
+{
+    fn peeking_next<F>(&mut self, accept: F) -> Option<Self::Item>
+        where F: FnOnce(&Self::Item) -> bool
+    {
+        if let Some(r) = self.next() {
+            if !accept(&r) {
+                self.put_back(r);
+                return None;
+            }
+            Some(r)
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that takes items while a closure returns `true`.
+///
+/// See [`.peeking_take_while()`](crate::Itertools::peeking_take_while)
+/// for more information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct PeekingTakeWhile<'a, I: 'a, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+{
+    iter: &'a mut I,
+    f: F,
+}
+
+impl<'a, I: 'a, F> std::fmt::Debug for PeekingTakeWhile<'a, I, F>
+where
+    I: Iterator + std::fmt::Debug,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(PeekingTakeWhile, iter);
+}
+
+/// Create a `PeekingTakeWhile`
+pub fn peeking_take_while<I, F>(iter: &mut I, f: F) -> PeekingTakeWhile<I, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+{
+    PeekingTakeWhile {
+        iter,
+        f,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, I, F> Iterator for PeekingTakeWhile<'a, I, F>
+    where I: PeekingNext,
+          F: FnMut(&I::Item) -> bool,
+
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.peeking_next(&mut self.f)
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        (0, self.iter.size_hint().1)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, I, F> PeekingNext for PeekingTakeWhile<'a, I, F>
+    where I: PeekingNext,
+          F: FnMut(&I::Item) -> bool,
+{
+    fn peeking_next<G>(&mut self, g: G) -> Option<Self::Item>
+        where G: FnOnce(&Self::Item) -> bool,
+    {
+        let f = &mut self.f;
+        self.iter.peeking_next(|r| f(r) && g(r))
+    }
+}
+
+// Some iterators are so lightweight we can simply clone them to save their
+// state and use that for peeking.
+macro_rules! peeking_next_by_clone {
+    ([$($typarm:tt)*] $type_:ty) => {
+        impl<$($typarm)*> PeekingNext for $type_ {
+            fn peeking_next<F>(&mut self, accept: F) -> Option<Self::Item>
+                where F: FnOnce(&Self::Item) -> bool
+            {
+                let saved_state = self.clone();
+                if let Some(r) = self.next() {
+                    if !accept(&r) {
+                        *self = saved_state;
+                    } else {
+                        return Some(r)
+                    }
+                }
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+peeking_next_by_clone! { ['a, T] ::std::slice::Iter<'a, T> }
+peeking_next_by_clone! { ['a] ::std::str::Chars<'a> }
+peeking_next_by_clone! { ['a] ::std::str::CharIndices<'a> }
+peeking_next_by_clone! { ['a] ::std::str::Bytes<'a> }
+peeking_next_by_clone! { ['a, T] ::std::option::Iter<'a, T> }
+peeking_next_by_clone! { ['a, T] ::std::result::Iter<'a, T> }
+peeking_next_by_clone! { [T] ::std::iter::Empty<T> }
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+peeking_next_by_clone! { ['a, T] alloc::collections::linked_list::Iter<'a, T> }
+#[cfg(feature = "use_alloc")]
+peeking_next_by_clone! { ['a, T] alloc::collections::vec_deque::Iter<'a, T> }
+
+// cloning a Rev has no extra overhead; peekable and put backs are never DEI.
+peeking_next_by_clone! { [I: Clone + PeekingNext + DoubleEndedIterator]
+                         ::std::iter::Rev<I> }
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/permutations.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/permutations.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d03b852626
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/permutations.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,277 @@
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::iter::once;
+
+use super::lazy_buffer::LazyBuffer;
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that iterates through all the `k`-permutations of the
+/// elements from an iterator.
+///
+/// See [`.permutations()`](crate::Itertools::permutations) for
+/// more information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct Permutations<I: Iterator> {
+    vals: LazyBuffer<I>,
+    state: PermutationState,
+}
+
+impl<I> Clone for Permutations<I>
+    where I: Clone + Iterator,
+          I::Item: Clone,
+{
+    clone_fields!(vals, state);
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+enum PermutationState {
+    StartUnknownLen {
+        k: usize,
+    },
+    OngoingUnknownLen {
+        k: usize,
+        min_n: usize,
+    },
+    Complete(CompleteState),
+    Empty,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+enum CompleteState {
+    Start {
+        n: usize,
+        k: usize,
+    },
+    Ongoing {
+        indices: Vec<usize>,
+        cycles: Vec<usize>,
+    }
+}
+
+enum CompleteStateRemaining {
+    Known(usize),
+    Overflow,
+}
+
+impl<I> fmt::Debug for Permutations<I>
+    where I: Iterator + fmt::Debug,
+          I::Item: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(Permutations, vals, state);
+}
+
+pub fn permutations<I: Iterator>(iter: I, k: usize) -> Permutations<I> {
+    let mut vals = LazyBuffer::new(iter);
+
+    if k == 0 {
+        // Special case, yields single empty vec; `n` is irrelevant
+        let state = PermutationState::Complete(CompleteState::Start { n: 0, k: 0 });
+
+        return Permutations {
+            vals,
+            state
+        };
+    }
+
+    let mut enough_vals = true;
+
+    while vals.len() < k {
+        if !vals.get_next() {
+            enough_vals = false;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    let state = if enough_vals {
+        PermutationState::StartUnknownLen { k }
+    } else {
+        PermutationState::Empty
+    };
+
+    Permutations {
+        vals,
+        state
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> Iterator for Permutations<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    I::Item: Clone
+{
+    type Item = Vec<I::Item>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.advance();
+
+        let &mut Permutations { ref vals, ref state } = self;
+
+        match *state {
+            PermutationState::StartUnknownLen { .. } => panic!("unexpected iterator state"),
+            PermutationState::OngoingUnknownLen { k, min_n } => {
+                let latest_idx = min_n - 1;
+                let indices = (0..(k - 1)).chain(once(latest_idx));
+
+                Some(indices.map(|i| vals[i].clone()).collect())
+            }
+            PermutationState::Complete(CompleteState::Ongoing { ref indices, ref cycles }) => {
+                let k = cycles.len();
+                Some(indices[0..k].iter().map(|&i| vals[i].clone()).collect())
+            },
+            PermutationState::Complete(CompleteState::Start { .. }) | PermutationState::Empty => None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn count(self) -> usize {
+        fn from_complete(complete_state: CompleteState) -> usize {
+            match complete_state.remaining() {
+                CompleteStateRemaining::Known(count) => count,
+                CompleteStateRemaining::Overflow => {
+                    panic!("Iterator count greater than usize::MAX");
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        let Permutations { vals, state } = self;
+        match state {
+            PermutationState::StartUnknownLen { k } => {
+                let n = vals.len() + vals.it.count();
+                let complete_state = CompleteState::Start { n, k };
+
+                from_complete(complete_state)
+            }
+            PermutationState::OngoingUnknownLen { k, min_n } => {
+                let prev_iteration_count = min_n - k + 1;
+                let n = vals.len() + vals.it.count();
+                let complete_state = CompleteState::Start { n, k };
+
+                from_complete(complete_state) - prev_iteration_count
+            },
+            PermutationState::Complete(state) => from_complete(state),
+            PermutationState::Empty => 0
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        match self.state {
+            PermutationState::StartUnknownLen { .. } |
+            PermutationState::OngoingUnknownLen { .. } => (0, None), // TODO can we improve this lower bound?
+            PermutationState::Complete(ref state) => match state.remaining() {
+                CompleteStateRemaining::Known(count) => (count, Some(count)),
+                CompleteStateRemaining::Overflow => (::std::usize::MAX, None)
+            }
+            PermutationState::Empty => (0, Some(0))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> Permutations<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    I::Item: Clone
+{
+    fn advance(&mut self) {
+        let &mut Permutations { ref mut vals, ref mut state } = self;
+
+        *state = match *state {
+            PermutationState::StartUnknownLen { k } => {
+                PermutationState::OngoingUnknownLen { k, min_n: k }
+            }
+            PermutationState::OngoingUnknownLen { k, min_n } => {
+                if vals.get_next() {
+                    PermutationState::OngoingUnknownLen { k, min_n: min_n + 1 }
+                } else {
+                    let n = min_n;
+                    let prev_iteration_count = n - k + 1;
+                    let mut complete_state = CompleteState::Start { n, k };
+
+                    // Advance the complete-state iterator to the correct point
+                    for _ in 0..(prev_iteration_count + 1) {
+                        complete_state.advance();
+                    }
+
+                    PermutationState::Complete(complete_state)
+                }
+            }
+            PermutationState::Complete(ref mut state) => {
+                state.advance();
+
+                return;
+            }
+            PermutationState::Empty => { return; }
+        };
+    }
+}
+
+impl CompleteState {
+    fn advance(&mut self) {
+        *self = match *self {
+            CompleteState::Start { n, k } => {
+                let indices = (0..n).collect();
+                let cycles = ((n - k)..n).rev().collect();
+
+                CompleteState::Ongoing {
+                    cycles,
+                    indices
+                }
+            },
+            CompleteState::Ongoing { ref mut indices, ref mut cycles } => {
+                let n = indices.len();
+                let k = cycles.len();
+
+                for i in (0..k).rev() {
+                    if cycles[i] == 0 {
+                        cycles[i] = n - i - 1;
+
+                        let to_push = indices.remove(i);
+                        indices.push(to_push);
+                    } else {
+                        let swap_index = n - cycles[i];
+                        indices.swap(i, swap_index);
+
+                        cycles[i] -= 1;
+                        return;
+                    }
+                }
+
+                CompleteState::Start { n, k }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn remaining(&self) -> CompleteStateRemaining {
+        use self::CompleteStateRemaining::{Known, Overflow};
+
+        match *self {
+            CompleteState::Start { n, k } => {
+                if n < k {
+                    return Known(0);
+                }
+
+                let count: Option<usize> = (n - k + 1..n + 1).fold(Some(1), |acc, i| {
+                    acc.and_then(|acc| acc.checked_mul(i))
+                });
+
+                match count {
+                    Some(count) => Known(count),
+                    None => Overflow
+                }
+            }
+            CompleteState::Ongoing { ref indices, ref cycles } => {
+                let mut count: usize = 0;
+
+                for (i, &c) in cycles.iter().enumerate() {
+                    let radix = indices.len() - i;
+                    let next_count = count.checked_mul(radix)
+                        .and_then(|count| count.checked_add(c));
+
+                    count = match next_count {
+                        Some(count) => count,
+                        None => { return Overflow; }
+                    };
+                }
+
+                Known(count)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/powerset.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/powerset.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4d7685b12a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/powerset.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,90 @@
+use std::fmt;
+use std::iter::FusedIterator;
+use std::usize;
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+use super::combinations::{Combinations, combinations};
+use super::size_hint;
+
+/// An iterator to iterate through the powerset of the elements from an iterator.
+///
+/// See [`.powerset()`](crate::Itertools::powerset) for more
+/// information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct Powerset<I: Iterator> {
+    combs: Combinations<I>,
+    // Iterator `position` (equal to count of yielded elements).
+    pos: usize,
+}
+
+impl<I> Clone for Powerset<I>
+    where I: Clone + Iterator,
+          I::Item: Clone,
+{
+    clone_fields!(combs, pos);
+}
+
+impl<I> fmt::Debug for Powerset<I>
+    where I: Iterator + fmt::Debug,
+          I::Item: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(Powerset, combs, pos);
+}
+
+/// Create a new `Powerset` from a clonable iterator.
+pub fn powerset<I>(src: I) -> Powerset<I>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          I::Item: Clone,
+{
+    Powerset {
+        combs: combinations(src, 0),
+        pos: 0,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> Iterator for Powerset<I>
+    where
+        I: Iterator,
+        I::Item: Clone,
+{
+    type Item = Vec<I::Item>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if let Some(elt) = self.combs.next() {
+            self.pos = self.pos.saturating_add(1);
+            Some(elt)
+        } else if self.combs.k() < self.combs.n()
+            || self.combs.k() == 0
+        {
+            self.combs.reset(self.combs.k() + 1);
+            self.combs.next().map(|elt| {
+                self.pos = self.pos.saturating_add(1);
+                elt
+            })
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        // Total bounds for source iterator.
+        let src_total = size_hint::add_scalar(self.combs.src().size_hint(), self.combs.n());
+
+        // Total bounds for self ( length(powerset(set) == 2 ^ length(set) )
+        let self_total = size_hint::pow_scalar_base(2, src_total);
+
+        if self.pos < usize::MAX {
+            // Subtract count of elements already yielded from total.
+            size_hint::sub_scalar(self_total, self.pos)
+        } else {
+            // Fallback: self.pos is saturated and no longer reliable.
+            (0, self_total.1)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> FusedIterator for Powerset<I>
+    where
+        I: Iterator,
+        I::Item: Clone,
+{}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/process_results_impl.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/process_results_impl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..713db45514
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/process_results_impl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+#[cfg(doc)]
+use crate::Itertools;
+
+/// An iterator that produces only the `T` values as long as the
+/// inner iterator produces `Ok(T)`.
+///
+/// Used by [`process_results`](crate::process_results), see its docs
+/// for more information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct ProcessResults<'a, I, E: 'a> {
+    error: &'a mut Result<(), E>,
+    iter: I,
+}
+
+impl<'a, I, T, E> Iterator for ProcessResults<'a, I, E>
+    where I: Iterator<Item = Result<T, E>>
+{
+    type Item = T;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        match self.iter.next() {
+            Some(Ok(x)) => Some(x),
+            Some(Err(e)) => {
+                *self.error = Err(e);
+                None
+            }
+            None => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        (0, self.iter.size_hint().1)
+    }
+
+    fn fold<B, F>(mut self, init: B, mut f: F) -> B
+    where
+        Self: Sized,
+        F: FnMut(B, Self::Item) -> B,
+    {
+        let error = self.error;
+        self.iter
+            .try_fold(init, |acc, opt| match opt {
+                Ok(x) => Ok(f(acc, x)),
+                Err(e) => {
+                    *error = Err(e);
+                    Err(acc)
+                }
+            })
+            .unwrap_or_else(|e| e)
+    }
+}
+
+/// “Lift” a function of the values of an iterator so that it can process
+/// an iterator of `Result` values instead.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Itertools::process_results`].
+pub fn process_results<I, F, T, E, R>(iterable: I, processor: F) -> Result<R, E>
+    where I: IntoIterator<Item = Result<T, E>>,
+          F: FnOnce(ProcessResults<I::IntoIter, E>) -> R
+{
+    let iter = iterable.into_iter();
+    let mut error = Ok(());
+
+    let result = processor(ProcessResults { error: &mut error, iter });
+
+    error.map(|_| result)
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/put_back_n_impl.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/put_back_n_impl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..60ea8e6495
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/put_back_n_impl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,61 @@
+use alloc::vec::Vec;
+
+use crate::size_hint;
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that allows putting multiple
+/// items in front of the iterator.
+///
+/// Iterator element type is `I::Item`.
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct PutBackN<I: Iterator> {
+    top: Vec<I::Item>,
+    iter: I,
+}
+
+/// Create an iterator where you can put back multiple values to the front
+/// of the iteration.
+///
+/// Iterator element type is `I::Item`.
+pub fn put_back_n<I>(iterable: I) -> PutBackN<I::IntoIter>
+    where I: IntoIterator
+{
+    PutBackN {
+        top: Vec::new(),
+        iter: iterable.into_iter(),
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I: Iterator> PutBackN<I> {
+    /// Puts x in front of the iterator.
+    /// The values are yielded in order of the most recently put back
+    /// values first.
+    ///
+    /// ```rust
+    /// use itertools::put_back_n;
+    ///
+    /// let mut it = put_back_n(1..5);
+    /// it.next();
+    /// it.put_back(1);
+    /// it.put_back(0);
+    ///
+    /// assert!(itertools::equal(it, 0..5));
+    /// ```
+    #[inline]
+    pub fn put_back(&mut self, x: I::Item) {
+        self.top.push(x);
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I: Iterator> Iterator for PutBackN<I> {
+    type Item = I::Item;
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.top.pop().or_else(|| self.iter.next())
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        size_hint::add_scalar(self.iter.size_hint(), self.top.len())
+    }
+}
+
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/rciter_impl.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/rciter_impl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7298350a88
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/rciter_impl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,99 @@
+
+use std::iter::{FusedIterator, IntoIterator};
+use alloc::rc::Rc;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+
+/// A wrapper for `Rc<RefCell<I>>`, that implements the `Iterator` trait.
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct RcIter<I> {
+    /// The boxed iterator.
+    pub rciter: Rc<RefCell<I>>,
+}
+
+/// Return an iterator inside a `Rc<RefCell<_>>` wrapper.
+///
+/// The returned `RcIter` can be cloned, and each clone will refer back to the
+/// same original iterator.
+///
+/// `RcIter` allows doing interesting things like using `.zip()` on an iterator with
+/// itself, at the cost of runtime borrow checking which may have a performance
+/// penalty.
+///
+/// Iterator element type is `Self::Item`.
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::rciter;
+/// use itertools::zip;
+///
+/// // In this example a range iterator is created and we iterate it using
+/// // three separate handles (two of them given to zip).
+/// // We also use the IntoIterator implementation for `&RcIter`.
+///
+/// let mut iter = rciter(0..9);
+/// let mut z = zip(&iter, &iter);
+///
+/// assert_eq!(z.next(), Some((0, 1)));
+/// assert_eq!(z.next(), Some((2, 3)));
+/// assert_eq!(z.next(), Some((4, 5)));
+/// assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(6));
+/// assert_eq!(z.next(), Some((7, 8)));
+/// assert_eq!(z.next(), None);
+/// ```
+///
+/// **Panics** in iterator methods if a borrow error is encountered in the
+/// iterator methods. It can only happen if the `RcIter` is reentered in
+/// `.next()`, i.e. if it somehow participates in an “iterator knot”
+/// where it is an adaptor of itself.
+pub fn rciter<I>(iterable: I) -> RcIter<I::IntoIter>
+    where I: IntoIterator
+{
+    RcIter { rciter: Rc::new(RefCell::new(iterable.into_iter())) }
+}
+
+impl<I> Clone for RcIter<I> {
+    clone_fields!(rciter);
+}
+
+impl<A, I> Iterator for RcIter<I>
+    where I: Iterator<Item = A>
+{
+    type Item = A;
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.rciter.borrow_mut().next()
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        // To work sanely with other API that assume they own an iterator,
+        // so it can't change in other places, we can't guarantee as much
+        // in our size_hint. Other clones may drain values under our feet.
+        (0, self.rciter.borrow().size_hint().1)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> DoubleEndedIterator for RcIter<I>
+    where I: DoubleEndedIterator
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.rciter.borrow_mut().next_back()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Return an iterator from `&RcIter<I>` (by simply cloning it).
+impl<'a, I> IntoIterator for &'a RcIter<I>
+    where I: Iterator
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+    type IntoIter = RcIter<I>;
+
+    fn into_iter(self) -> RcIter<I> {
+        self.clone()
+    }
+}
+
+
+impl<A, I> FusedIterator for RcIter<I>
+    where I: FusedIterator<Item = A>
+{}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/repeatn.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/repeatn.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e025f6f6a5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/repeatn.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,59 @@
+use std::iter::FusedIterator;
+
+/// An iterator that produces *n* repetitions of an element.
+///
+/// See [`repeat_n()`](crate::repeat_n) for more information.
+#[must_use = "iterators are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct RepeatN<A> {
+    elt: Option<A>,
+    n: usize,
+}
+
+/// Create an iterator that produces `n` repetitions of `element`.
+pub fn repeat_n<A>(element: A, n: usize) -> RepeatN<A>
+    where A: Clone,
+{
+    if n == 0 {
+        RepeatN { elt: None, n, }
+    } else {
+        RepeatN { elt: Some(element), n, }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<A> Iterator for RepeatN<A>
+    where A: Clone
+{
+    type Item = A;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if self.n > 1 {
+            self.n -= 1;
+            self.elt.as_ref().cloned()
+        } else {
+            self.n = 0;
+            self.elt.take()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        (self.n, Some(self.n))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<A> DoubleEndedIterator for RepeatN<A>
+    where A: Clone
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.next()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<A> ExactSizeIterator for RepeatN<A>
+    where A: Clone
+{}
+
+impl<A> FusedIterator for RepeatN<A>
+    where A: Clone
+{}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/size_hint.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/size_hint.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..71ea1412b5
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/size_hint.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,119 @@
+//! Arithmetic on `Iterator.size_hint()` values.
+//!
+
+use std::usize;
+use std::cmp;
+use std::u32;
+
+/// `SizeHint` is the return type of `Iterator::size_hint()`.
+pub type SizeHint = (usize, Option<usize>);
+
+/// Add `SizeHint` correctly.
+#[inline]
+pub fn add(a: SizeHint, b: SizeHint) -> SizeHint {
+    let min = a.0.saturating_add(b.0);
+    let max = match (a.1, b.1) {
+        (Some(x), Some(y)) => x.checked_add(y),
+        _ => None,
+    };
+
+    (min, max)
+}
+
+/// Add `x` correctly to a `SizeHint`.
+#[inline]
+pub fn add_scalar(sh: SizeHint, x: usize) -> SizeHint {
+    let (mut low, mut hi) = sh;
+    low = low.saturating_add(x);
+    hi = hi.and_then(|elt| elt.checked_add(x));
+    (low, hi)
+}
+
+/// Subtract `x` correctly from a `SizeHint`.
+#[inline]
+#[allow(dead_code)]
+pub fn sub_scalar(sh: SizeHint, x: usize) -> SizeHint {
+    let (mut low, mut hi) = sh;
+    low = low.saturating_sub(x);
+    hi = hi.map(|elt| elt.saturating_sub(x));
+    (low, hi)
+}
+
+
+/// Multiply `SizeHint` correctly
+///
+/// ```ignore
+/// use std::usize;
+/// use itertools::size_hint;
+///
+/// assert_eq!(size_hint::mul((3, Some(4)), (3, Some(4))),
+///            (9, Some(16)));
+///
+/// assert_eq!(size_hint::mul((3, Some(4)), (usize::MAX, None)),
+///            (usize::MAX, None));
+///
+/// assert_eq!(size_hint::mul((3, None), (0, Some(0))),
+///            (0, Some(0)));
+/// ```
+#[inline]
+pub fn mul(a: SizeHint, b: SizeHint) -> SizeHint {
+    let low = a.0.saturating_mul(b.0);
+    let hi = match (a.1, b.1) {
+        (Some(x), Some(y)) => x.checked_mul(y),
+        (Some(0), None) | (None, Some(0)) => Some(0),
+        _ => None,
+    };
+    (low, hi)
+}
+
+/// Multiply `x` correctly with a `SizeHint`.
+#[inline]
+pub fn mul_scalar(sh: SizeHint, x: usize) -> SizeHint {
+    let (mut low, mut hi) = sh;
+    low = low.saturating_mul(x);
+    hi = hi.and_then(|elt| elt.checked_mul(x));
+    (low, hi)
+}
+
+/// Raise `base` correctly by a `SizeHint` exponent.
+#[inline]
+pub fn pow_scalar_base(base: usize, exp: SizeHint) -> SizeHint {
+    let exp_low = cmp::min(exp.0, u32::MAX as usize) as u32;
+    let low = base.saturating_pow(exp_low);
+
+    let hi = exp.1.and_then(|exp| {
+        let exp_hi = cmp::min(exp, u32::MAX as usize) as u32;
+        base.checked_pow(exp_hi)
+    });
+
+    (low, hi)
+}
+
+/// Return the maximum
+#[inline]
+pub fn max(a: SizeHint, b: SizeHint) -> SizeHint {
+    let (a_lower, a_upper) = a;
+    let (b_lower, b_upper) = b;
+
+    let lower = cmp::max(a_lower, b_lower);
+
+    let upper = match (a_upper, b_upper) {
+        (Some(x), Some(y)) => Some(cmp::max(x, y)),
+        _ => None,
+    };
+
+    (lower, upper)
+}
+
+/// Return the minimum
+#[inline]
+pub fn min(a: SizeHint, b: SizeHint) -> SizeHint {
+    let (a_lower, a_upper) = a;
+    let (b_lower, b_upper) = b;
+    let lower = cmp::min(a_lower, b_lower);
+    let upper = match (a_upper, b_upper) {
+        (Some(u1), Some(u2)) => Some(cmp::min(u1, u2)),
+        _ => a_upper.or(b_upper),
+    };
+    (lower, upper)
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/sources.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/sources.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3877ce3c8b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/sources.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,183 @@
+//! Iterators that are sources (produce elements from parameters,
+//! not from another iterator).
+#![allow(deprecated)]
+
+use std::fmt;
+use std::mem;
+
+/// See [`repeat_call`](crate::repeat_call) for more information.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+#[deprecated(note="Use std repeat_with() instead", since="0.8.0")]
+pub struct RepeatCall<F> {
+    f: F,
+}
+
+impl<F> fmt::Debug for RepeatCall<F>
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(RepeatCall, );
+}
+
+/// An iterator source that produces elements indefinitely by calling
+/// a given closure.
+///
+/// Iterator element type is the return type of the closure.
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::repeat_call;
+/// use itertools::Itertools;
+/// use std::collections::BinaryHeap;
+///
+/// let mut heap = BinaryHeap::from(vec![2, 5, 3, 7, 8]);
+///
+/// // extract each element in sorted order
+/// for element in repeat_call(|| heap.pop()).while_some() {
+///     print!("{}", element);
+/// }
+///
+/// itertools::assert_equal(
+///     repeat_call(|| 1).take(5),
+///     vec![1, 1, 1, 1, 1]
+/// );
+/// ```
+#[deprecated(note="Use std repeat_with() instead", since="0.8.0")]
+pub fn repeat_call<F, A>(function: F) -> RepeatCall<F>
+    where F: FnMut() -> A
+{
+    RepeatCall { f: function }
+}
+
+impl<A, F> Iterator for RepeatCall<F>
+    where F: FnMut() -> A
+{
+    type Item = A;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        Some((self.f)())
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        (usize::max_value(), None)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Creates a new unfold source with the specified closure as the "iterator
+/// function" and an initial state to eventually pass to the closure
+///
+/// `unfold` is a general iterator builder: it has a mutable state value,
+/// and a closure with access to the state that produces the next value.
+///
+/// This more or less equivalent to a regular struct with an [`Iterator`]
+/// implementation, and is useful for one-off iterators.
+///
+/// ```
+/// // an iterator that yields sequential Fibonacci numbers,
+/// // and stops at the maximum representable value.
+///
+/// use itertools::unfold;
+///
+/// let mut fibonacci = unfold((1u32, 1u32), |(x1, x2)| {
+///     // Attempt to get the next Fibonacci number
+///     let next = x1.saturating_add(*x2);
+///
+///     // Shift left: ret <- x1 <- x2 <- next
+///     let ret = *x1;
+///     *x1 = *x2;
+///     *x2 = next;
+///
+///     // If addition has saturated at the maximum, we are finished
+///     if ret == *x1 && ret > 1 {
+///         None
+///     } else {
+///         Some(ret)
+///     }
+/// });
+///
+/// itertools::assert_equal(fibonacci.by_ref().take(8),
+///                         vec![1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21]);
+/// assert_eq!(fibonacci.last(), Some(2_971_215_073))
+/// ```
+pub fn unfold<A, St, F>(initial_state: St, f: F) -> Unfold<St, F>
+    where F: FnMut(&mut St) -> Option<A>
+{
+    Unfold {
+        f,
+        state: initial_state,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<St, F> fmt::Debug for Unfold<St, F>
+    where St: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(Unfold, state);
+}
+
+/// See [`unfold`](crate::unfold) for more information.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+#[must_use = "iterators are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct Unfold<St, F> {
+    f: F,
+    /// Internal state that will be passed to the closure on the next iteration
+    pub state: St,
+}
+
+impl<A, St, F> Iterator for Unfold<St, F>
+    where F: FnMut(&mut St) -> Option<A>
+{
+    type Item = A;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        (self.f)(&mut self.state)
+    }
+}
+
+/// An iterator that infinitely applies function to value and yields results.
+///
+/// This `struct` is created by the [`iterate()`](crate::iterate) function.
+/// See its documentation for more.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+#[must_use = "iterators are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct Iterate<St, F> {
+    state: St,
+    f: F,
+}
+
+impl<St, F> fmt::Debug for Iterate<St, F>
+    where St: fmt::Debug,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(Iterate, state);
+}
+
+impl<St, F> Iterator for Iterate<St, F>
+    where F: FnMut(&St) -> St
+{
+    type Item = St;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let next_state = (self.f)(&self.state);
+        Some(mem::replace(&mut self.state, next_state))
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        (usize::max_value(), None)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Creates a new iterator that infinitely applies function to value and yields results.
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::iterate;
+///
+/// itertools::assert_equal(iterate(1, |&i| i * 3).take(5), vec![1, 3, 9, 27, 81]);
+/// ```
+pub fn iterate<St, F>(initial_value: St, f: F) -> Iterate<St, F>
+    where F: FnMut(&St) -> St
+{
+    Iterate {
+        state: initial_value,
+        f,
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/take_while_inclusive.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/take_while_inclusive.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e2a7479e0b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/take_while_inclusive.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,68 @@
+use core::iter::FusedIterator;
+use std::fmt;
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that consumes elements while the given predicate is
+/// `true`, including the element for which the predicate first returned
+/// `false`.
+///
+/// See [`.take_while_inclusive()`](crate::Itertools::take_while_inclusive)
+/// for more information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct TakeWhileInclusive<'a, I: 'a, F> {
+    iter: &'a mut I,
+    predicate: F,
+    done: bool,
+}
+
+impl<'a, I, F> TakeWhileInclusive<'a, I, F>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    F: FnMut(&I::Item) -> bool,
+{
+    /// Create a new [`TakeWhileInclusive`] from an iterator and a predicate.
+    pub fn new(iter: &'a mut I, predicate: F) -> Self {
+        Self { iter, predicate, done: false}
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, I, F> fmt::Debug for TakeWhileInclusive<'a, I, F>
+    where I: Iterator + fmt::Debug,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(TakeWhileInclusive, iter);
+}
+
+impl<'a, I, F> Iterator for TakeWhileInclusive<'a, I, F>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    F: FnMut(&I::Item) -> bool
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if self.done {
+            None
+        } else {
+            self.iter.next().map(|item| {
+                if !(self.predicate)(&item) {
+                    self.done = true;
+                }
+                item
+            })
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        if self.done {
+            (0, Some(0))
+        } else {
+            (0, self.iter.size_hint().1)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, F> FusedIterator for TakeWhileInclusive<'_, I, F>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    F: FnMut(&I::Item) -> bool
+{
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/tee.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/tee.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ea4752906f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/tee.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,78 @@
+use super::size_hint;
+
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use alloc::collections::VecDeque;
+use alloc::rc::Rc;
+
+/// Common buffer object for the two tee halves
+#[derive(Debug)]
+struct TeeBuffer<A, I> {
+    backlog: VecDeque<A>,
+    iter: I,
+    /// The owner field indicates which id should read from the backlog
+    owner: bool,
+}
+
+/// One half of an iterator pair where both return the same elements.
+///
+/// See [`.tee()`](crate::Itertools::tee) for more information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Tee<I>
+    where I: Iterator
+{
+    rcbuffer: Rc<RefCell<TeeBuffer<I::Item, I>>>,
+    id: bool,
+}
+
+pub fn new<I>(iter: I) -> (Tee<I>, Tee<I>)
+    where I: Iterator
+{
+    let buffer = TeeBuffer{backlog: VecDeque::new(), iter, owner: false};
+    let t1 = Tee{rcbuffer: Rc::new(RefCell::new(buffer)), id: true};
+    let t2 = Tee{rcbuffer: t1.rcbuffer.clone(), id: false};
+    (t1, t2)
+}
+
+impl<I> Iterator for Tee<I>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          I::Item: Clone
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        // .borrow_mut may fail here -- but only if the user has tied some kind of weird
+        // knot where the iterator refers back to itself.
+        let mut buffer = self.rcbuffer.borrow_mut();
+        if buffer.owner == self.id {
+            match buffer.backlog.pop_front() {
+                None => {}
+                some_elt => return some_elt,
+            }
+        }
+        match buffer.iter.next() {
+            None => None,
+            Some(elt) => {
+                buffer.backlog.push_back(elt.clone());
+                buffer.owner = !self.id;
+                Some(elt)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        let buffer = self.rcbuffer.borrow();
+        let sh = buffer.iter.size_hint();
+
+        if buffer.owner == self.id {
+            let log_len = buffer.backlog.len();
+            size_hint::add_scalar(sh, log_len)
+        } else {
+            sh
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> ExactSizeIterator for Tee<I>
+    where I: ExactSizeIterator,
+          I::Item: Clone
+{}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/tuple_impl.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/tuple_impl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fdf0865856
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/tuple_impl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,331 @@
+//! Some iterator that produces tuples
+
+use std::iter::Fuse;
+use std::iter::FusedIterator;
+use std::iter::Take;
+use std::iter::Cycle;
+use std::marker::PhantomData;
+
+// `HomogeneousTuple` is a public facade for `TupleCollect`, allowing
+// tuple-related methods to be used by clients in generic contexts, while
+// hiding the implementation details of `TupleCollect`.
+// See https://github.com/rust-itertools/itertools/issues/387
+
+/// Implemented for homogeneous tuples of size up to 12.
+pub trait HomogeneousTuple
+    : TupleCollect
+{}
+
+impl<T: TupleCollect> HomogeneousTuple for T {}
+
+/// An iterator over a incomplete tuple.
+///
+/// See [`.tuples()`](crate::Itertools::tuples) and
+/// [`Tuples::into_buffer()`].
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct TupleBuffer<T>
+    where T: HomogeneousTuple
+{
+    cur: usize,
+    buf: T::Buffer,
+}
+
+impl<T> TupleBuffer<T>
+    where T: HomogeneousTuple
+{
+    fn new(buf: T::Buffer) -> Self {
+        TupleBuffer {
+            cur: 0,
+            buf,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Iterator for TupleBuffer<T>
+    where T: HomogeneousTuple
+{
+    type Item = T::Item;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        let s = self.buf.as_mut();
+        if let Some(ref mut item) = s.get_mut(self.cur) {
+            self.cur += 1;
+            item.take()
+        } else {
+            None
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        let buffer = &self.buf.as_ref()[self.cur..];
+        let len = if buffer.is_empty() {
+            0
+        } else {
+            buffer.iter()
+                  .position(|x| x.is_none())
+                  .unwrap_or_else(|| buffer.len())
+        };
+        (len, Some(len))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> ExactSizeIterator for TupleBuffer<T>
+    where T: HomogeneousTuple
+{
+}
+
+/// An iterator that groups the items in tuples of a specific size.
+///
+/// See [`.tuples()`](crate::Itertools::tuples) for more information.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct Tuples<I, T>
+    where I: Iterator<Item = T::Item>,
+          T: HomogeneousTuple
+{
+    iter: Fuse<I>,
+    buf: T::Buffer,
+}
+
+/// Create a new tuples iterator.
+pub fn tuples<I, T>(iter: I) -> Tuples<I, T>
+    where I: Iterator<Item = T::Item>,
+          T: HomogeneousTuple
+{
+    Tuples {
+        iter: iter.fuse(),
+        buf: Default::default(),
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, T> Iterator for Tuples<I, T>
+    where I: Iterator<Item = T::Item>,
+          T: HomogeneousTuple
+{
+    type Item = T;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        T::collect_from_iter(&mut self.iter, &mut self.buf)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, T> Tuples<I, T>
+    where I: Iterator<Item = T::Item>,
+          T: HomogeneousTuple
+{
+    /// Return a buffer with the produced items that was not enough to be grouped in a tuple.
+    ///
+    /// ```
+    /// use itertools::Itertools;
+    ///
+    /// let mut iter = (0..5).tuples();
+    /// assert_eq!(Some((0, 1, 2)), iter.next());
+    /// assert_eq!(None, iter.next());
+    /// itertools::assert_equal(vec![3, 4], iter.into_buffer());
+    /// ```
+    pub fn into_buffer(self) -> TupleBuffer<T> {
+        TupleBuffer::new(self.buf)
+    }
+}
+
+
+/// An iterator over all contiguous windows that produces tuples of a specific size.
+///
+/// See [`.tuple_windows()`](crate::Itertools::tuple_windows) for more
+/// information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+pub struct TupleWindows<I, T>
+    where I: Iterator<Item = T::Item>,
+          T: HomogeneousTuple
+{
+    iter: I,
+    last: Option<T>,
+}
+
+/// Create a new tuple windows iterator.
+pub fn tuple_windows<I, T>(mut iter: I) -> TupleWindows<I, T>
+    where I: Iterator<Item = T::Item>,
+          T: HomogeneousTuple,
+          T::Item: Clone
+{
+    use std::iter::once;
+
+    let mut last = None;
+    if T::num_items() != 1 {
+        // put in a duplicate item in front of the tuple; this simplifies
+        // .next() function.
+        if let Some(item) = iter.next() {
+            let iter = once(item.clone()).chain(once(item)).chain(&mut iter);
+            last = T::collect_from_iter_no_buf(iter);
+        }
+    }
+
+    TupleWindows {
+        iter,
+        last,
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, T> Iterator for TupleWindows<I, T>
+    where I: Iterator<Item = T::Item>,
+          T: HomogeneousTuple + Clone,
+          T::Item: Clone
+{
+    type Item = T;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if T::num_items() == 1 {
+            return T::collect_from_iter_no_buf(&mut self.iter)
+        }
+        if let Some(ref mut last) = self.last {
+            if let Some(new) = self.iter.next() {
+                last.left_shift_push(new);
+                return Some(last.clone());
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, T> FusedIterator for TupleWindows<I, T>
+    where I: FusedIterator<Item = T::Item>,
+          T: HomogeneousTuple + Clone,
+          T::Item: Clone
+{}
+
+/// An iterator over all windows, wrapping back to the first elements when the
+/// window would otherwise exceed the length of the iterator, producing tuples
+/// of a specific size.
+///
+/// See [`.circular_tuple_windows()`](crate::Itertools::circular_tuple_windows) for more
+/// information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub struct CircularTupleWindows<I, T: Clone>
+    where I: Iterator<Item = T::Item> + Clone,
+          T: TupleCollect + Clone
+{
+    iter: Take<TupleWindows<Cycle<I>, T>>,
+    phantom_data: PhantomData<T>
+}
+
+pub fn circular_tuple_windows<I, T>(iter: I) -> CircularTupleWindows<I, T>
+    where I: Iterator<Item = T::Item> + Clone + ExactSizeIterator,
+          T: TupleCollect + Clone,
+          T::Item: Clone
+{
+    let len = iter.len();
+    let iter = tuple_windows(iter.cycle()).take(len);
+
+    CircularTupleWindows {
+        iter,
+        phantom_data: PhantomData{}
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, T> Iterator for CircularTupleWindows<I, T>
+    where I: Iterator<Item = T::Item> + Clone,
+          T: TupleCollect + Clone,
+          T::Item: Clone
+{
+    type Item = T;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.iter.next()
+    }
+}
+
+pub trait TupleCollect: Sized {
+    type Item;
+    type Buffer: Default + AsRef<[Option<Self::Item>]> + AsMut<[Option<Self::Item>]>;
+
+    fn collect_from_iter<I>(iter: I, buf: &mut Self::Buffer) -> Option<Self>
+        where I: IntoIterator<Item = Self::Item>;
+
+    fn collect_from_iter_no_buf<I>(iter: I) -> Option<Self>
+        where I: IntoIterator<Item = Self::Item>;
+
+    fn num_items() -> usize;
+
+    fn left_shift_push(&mut self, item: Self::Item);
+}
+
+macro_rules! count_ident{
+    () => {0};
+    ($i0:ident, $($i:ident,)*) => {1 + count_ident!($($i,)*)};
+}
+macro_rules! rev_for_each_ident{
+    ($m:ident, ) => {};
+    ($m:ident, $i0:ident, $($i:ident,)*) => {
+        rev_for_each_ident!($m, $($i,)*);
+        $m!($i0);
+    };
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_tuple_collect {
+    ($dummy:ident,) => {}; // stop
+    ($dummy:ident, $($Y:ident,)*) => (
+        impl_tuple_collect!($($Y,)*);
+        impl<A> TupleCollect for ($(ignore_ident!($Y, A),)*) {
+            type Item = A;
+            type Buffer = [Option<A>; count_ident!($($Y,)*) - 1];
+
+            #[allow(unused_assignments, unused_mut)]
+            fn collect_from_iter<I>(iter: I, buf: &mut Self::Buffer) -> Option<Self>
+                where I: IntoIterator<Item = A>
+            {
+                let mut iter = iter.into_iter();
+                $(
+                    let mut $Y = None;
+                )*
+
+                loop {
+                    $(
+                        $Y = iter.next();
+                        if $Y.is_none() {
+                            break
+                        }
+                    )*
+                    return Some(($($Y.unwrap()),*,))
+                }
+
+                let mut i = 0;
+                let mut s = buf.as_mut();
+                $(
+                    if i < s.len() {
+                        s[i] = $Y;
+                        i += 1;
+                    }
+                )*
+                return None;
+            }
+
+            fn collect_from_iter_no_buf<I>(iter: I) -> Option<Self>
+                where I: IntoIterator<Item = A>
+            {
+                let mut iter = iter.into_iter();
+
+                Some(($(
+                    { let $Y = iter.next()?; $Y },
+                )*))
+            }
+
+            fn num_items() -> usize {
+                count_ident!($($Y,)*)
+            }
+
+            fn left_shift_push(&mut self, mut item: A) {
+                use std::mem::replace;
+
+                let &mut ($(ref mut $Y),*,) = self;
+                macro_rules! replace_item{($i:ident) => {
+                    item = replace($i, item);
+                }}
+                rev_for_each_ident!(replace_item, $($Y,)*);
+                drop(item);
+            }
+        }
+    )
+}
+impl_tuple_collect!(dummy, a, b, c, d, e, f, g, h, i, j, k, l,);
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/unique_impl.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/unique_impl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4e81e78ec0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/unique_impl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,179 @@
+use std::collections::HashMap;
+use std::collections::hash_map::Entry;
+use std::hash::Hash;
+use std::fmt;
+use std::iter::FusedIterator;
+
+/// An iterator adapter to filter out duplicate elements.
+///
+/// See [`.unique_by()`](crate::Itertools::unique) for more information.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct UniqueBy<I: Iterator, V, F> {
+    iter: I,
+    // Use a Hashmap for the Entry API in order to prevent hashing twice.
+    // This can maybe be replaced with a HashSet once `get_or_insert_with`
+    // or a proper Entry API for Hashset is stable and meets this msrv
+    used: HashMap<V, ()>,
+    f: F,
+}
+
+impl<I, V, F> fmt::Debug for UniqueBy<I, V, F>
+    where I: Iterator + fmt::Debug,
+          V: fmt::Debug + Hash + Eq,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(UniqueBy, iter, used);
+}
+
+/// Create a new `UniqueBy` iterator.
+pub fn unique_by<I, V, F>(iter: I, f: F) -> UniqueBy<I, V, F>
+    where V: Eq + Hash,
+          F: FnMut(&I::Item) -> V,
+          I: Iterator,
+{
+    UniqueBy {
+        iter,
+        used: HashMap::new(),
+        f,
+    }
+}
+
+// count the number of new unique keys in iterable (`used` is the set already seen)
+fn count_new_keys<I, K>(mut used: HashMap<K, ()>, iterable: I) -> usize
+    where I: IntoIterator<Item=K>,
+          K: Hash + Eq,
+{
+    let iter = iterable.into_iter();
+    let current_used = used.len();
+    used.extend(iter.map(|key| (key, ())));
+    used.len() - current_used
+}
+
+impl<I, V, F> Iterator for UniqueBy<I, V, F>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          V: Eq + Hash,
+          F: FnMut(&I::Item) -> V
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        while let Some(v) = self.iter.next() {
+            let key = (self.f)(&v);
+            if self.used.insert(key, ()).is_none() {
+                return Some(v);
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        let (low, hi) = self.iter.size_hint();
+        ((low > 0 && self.used.is_empty()) as usize, hi)
+    }
+
+    fn count(self) -> usize {
+        let mut key_f = self.f;
+        count_new_keys(self.used, self.iter.map(move |elt| key_f(&elt)))
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, V, F> DoubleEndedIterator for UniqueBy<I, V, F>
+    where I: DoubleEndedIterator,
+          V: Eq + Hash,
+          F: FnMut(&I::Item) -> V
+{
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        while let Some(v) = self.iter.next_back() {
+            let key = (self.f)(&v);
+            if self.used.insert(key, ()).is_none() {
+                return Some(v);
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, V, F> FusedIterator for UniqueBy<I, V, F>
+    where I: FusedIterator,
+          V: Eq + Hash,
+          F: FnMut(&I::Item) -> V
+{}
+
+impl<I> Iterator for Unique<I>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          I::Item: Eq + Hash + Clone
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        while let Some(v) = self.iter.iter.next() {
+            if let Entry::Vacant(entry) = self.iter.used.entry(v) {
+                let elt = entry.key().clone();
+                entry.insert(());
+                return Some(elt);
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        let (low, hi) = self.iter.iter.size_hint();
+        ((low > 0 && self.iter.used.is_empty()) as usize, hi)
+    }
+
+    fn count(self) -> usize {
+        count_new_keys(self.iter.used, self.iter.iter)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> DoubleEndedIterator for Unique<I>
+    where I: DoubleEndedIterator,
+          I::Item: Eq + Hash + Clone
+{
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        while let Some(v) = self.iter.iter.next_back() {
+            if let Entry::Vacant(entry) = self.iter.used.entry(v) {
+                let elt = entry.key().clone();
+                entry.insert(());
+                return Some(elt);
+            }
+        }
+        None
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> FusedIterator for Unique<I>
+    where I: FusedIterator,
+          I::Item: Eq + Hash + Clone
+{}
+
+/// An iterator adapter to filter out duplicate elements.
+///
+/// See [`.unique()`](crate::Itertools::unique) for more information.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct Unique<I: Iterator> {
+    iter: UniqueBy<I, I::Item, ()>,
+}
+
+impl<I> fmt::Debug for Unique<I>
+    where I: Iterator + fmt::Debug,
+          I::Item: Hash + Eq + fmt::Debug,
+{
+    debug_fmt_fields!(Unique, iter);
+}
+
+pub fn unique<I>(iter: I) -> Unique<I>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          I::Item: Eq + Hash,
+{
+    Unique {
+        iter: UniqueBy {
+            iter,
+            used: HashMap::new(),
+            f: (),
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/unziptuple.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/unziptuple.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7af29ec4ab
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/unziptuple.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+/// Converts an iterator of tuples into a tuple of containers.
+///
+/// `unzip()` consumes an entire iterator of n-ary tuples, producing `n` collections, one for each
+/// column.
+///
+/// This function is, in some sense, the opposite of [`multizip`].
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::multiunzip;
+///
+/// let inputs = vec![(1, 2, 3), (4, 5, 6), (7, 8, 9)];
+///
+/// let (a, b, c): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = multiunzip(inputs);
+///
+/// assert_eq!(a, vec![1, 4, 7]);
+/// assert_eq!(b, vec![2, 5, 8]);
+/// assert_eq!(c, vec![3, 6, 9]);
+/// ```
+///
+/// [`multizip`]: crate::multizip
+pub fn multiunzip<FromI, I>(i: I) -> FromI
+where
+    I: IntoIterator,
+    I::IntoIter: MultiUnzip<FromI>,
+{
+    i.into_iter().multiunzip()
+}
+
+/// An iterator that can be unzipped into multiple collections.
+///
+/// See [`.multiunzip()`](crate::Itertools::multiunzip) for more information.
+pub trait MultiUnzip<FromI>: Iterator {
+    /// Unzip this iterator into multiple collections.
+    fn multiunzip(self) -> FromI;
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_unzip_iter {
+    ($($T:ident => $FromT:ident),*) => (
+        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+        impl<IT: Iterator<Item = ($($T,)*)>, $($T, $FromT: Default + Extend<$T>),* > MultiUnzip<($($FromT,)*)> for IT {
+            fn multiunzip(self) -> ($($FromT,)*) {
+                // This implementation mirrors the logic of Iterator::unzip resp. Extend for (A, B) as close as possible.
+                // Unfortunately a lot of the used api there is still unstable (https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/72631).
+                //
+                // Iterator::unzip: https://doc.rust-lang.org/src/core/iter/traits/iterator.rs.html#2825-2865
+                // Extend for (A, B): https://doc.rust-lang.org/src/core/iter/traits/collect.rs.html#370-411
+
+                let mut res = ($($FromT::default(),)*);
+                let ($($FromT,)*) = &mut res;
+
+                // Still unstable #72631
+                // let (lower_bound, _) = self.size_hint();
+                // if lower_bound > 0 {
+                //     $($FromT.extend_reserve(lower_bound);)*
+                // }
+
+                self.fold((), |(), ($($T,)*)| {
+                    // Still unstable #72631
+                    // $( $FromT.extend_one($T); )*
+                    $( $FromT.extend(std::iter::once($T)); )*
+                });
+                res
+            }
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+impl_unzip_iter!();
+impl_unzip_iter!(A => FromA);
+impl_unzip_iter!(A => FromA, B => FromB);
+impl_unzip_iter!(A => FromA, B => FromB, C => FromC);
+impl_unzip_iter!(A => FromA, B => FromB, C => FromC, D => FromD);
+impl_unzip_iter!(A => FromA, B => FromB, C => FromC, D => FromD, E => FromE);
+impl_unzip_iter!(A => FromA, B => FromB, C => FromC, D => FromD, E => FromE, F => FromF);
+impl_unzip_iter!(A => FromA, B => FromB, C => FromC, D => FromD, E => FromE, F => FromF, G => FromG);
+impl_unzip_iter!(A => FromA, B => FromB, C => FromC, D => FromD, E => FromE, F => FromF, G => FromG, H => FromH);
+impl_unzip_iter!(A => FromA, B => FromB, C => FromC, D => FromD, E => FromE, F => FromF, G => FromG, H => FromH, I => FromI);
+impl_unzip_iter!(A => FromA, B => FromB, C => FromC, D => FromD, E => FromE, F => FromF, G => FromG, H => FromH, I => FromI, J => FromJ);
+impl_unzip_iter!(A => FromA, B => FromB, C => FromC, D => FromD, E => FromE, F => FromF, G => FromG, H => FromH, I => FromI, J => FromJ, K => FromK);
+impl_unzip_iter!(A => FromA, B => FromB, C => FromC, D => FromD, E => FromE, F => FromF, G => FromG, H => FromH, I => FromI, J => FromJ, K => FromK, L => FromL);
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/with_position.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/with_position.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dda9b25dc3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/with_position.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,88 @@
+use std::iter::{Fuse,Peekable, FusedIterator};
+
+/// An iterator adaptor that wraps each element in an [`Position`].
+///
+/// Iterator element type is `(Position, I::Item)`.
+///
+/// See [`.with_position()`](crate::Itertools::with_position) for more information.
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct WithPosition<I>
+    where I: Iterator,
+{
+    handled_first: bool,
+    peekable: Peekable<Fuse<I>>,
+}
+
+impl<I> Clone for WithPosition<I>
+    where I: Clone + Iterator,
+          I::Item: Clone,
+{
+    clone_fields!(handled_first, peekable);
+}
+
+/// Create a new `WithPosition` iterator.
+pub fn with_position<I>(iter: I) -> WithPosition<I>
+    where I: Iterator,
+{
+    WithPosition {
+        handled_first: false,
+        peekable: iter.fuse().peekable(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// The first component of the value yielded by `WithPosition`.
+/// Indicates the position of this element in the iterator results.
+///
+/// See [`.with_position()`](crate::Itertools::with_position) for more information.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Position {
+    /// This is the first element.
+    First,
+    /// This is neither the first nor the last element.
+    Middle,
+    /// This is the last element.
+    Last,
+    /// This is the only element.
+    Only,
+}
+
+impl<I: Iterator> Iterator for WithPosition<I> {
+    type Item = (Position, I::Item);
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        match self.peekable.next() {
+            Some(item) => {
+                if !self.handled_first {
+                    // Haven't seen the first item yet, and there is one to give.
+                    self.handled_first = true;
+                    // Peek to see if this is also the last item,
+                    // in which case tag it as `Only`.
+                    match self.peekable.peek() {
+                        Some(_) => Some((Position::First, item)),
+                        None => Some((Position::Only, item)),
+                    }
+                } else {
+                    // Have seen the first item, and there's something left.
+                    // Peek to see if this is the last item.
+                    match self.peekable.peek() {
+                        Some(_) => Some((Position::Middle, item)),
+                        None => Some((Position::Last, item)),
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            // Iterator is finished.
+            None => None,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        self.peekable.size_hint()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I> ExactSizeIterator for WithPosition<I>
+    where I: ExactSizeIterator,
+{ }
+
+impl<I: Iterator> FusedIterator for WithPosition<I> 
+{}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/zip_eq_impl.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/zip_eq_impl.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a079b326a4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/zip_eq_impl.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,60 @@
+use super::size_hint;
+
+/// An iterator which iterates two other iterators simultaneously
+///
+/// See [`.zip_eq()`](crate::Itertools::zip_eq) for more information.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct ZipEq<I, J> {
+    a: I,
+    b: J,
+}
+
+/// Iterate `i` and `j` in lock step.
+///
+/// **Panics** if the iterators are not of the same length.
+///
+/// [`IntoIterator`] enabled version of [`Itertools::zip_eq`](crate::Itertools::zip_eq).
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::zip_eq;
+///
+/// let data = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+/// for (a, b) in zip_eq(&data[..data.len() - 1], &data[1..]) {
+///     /* loop body */
+/// }
+/// ```
+pub fn zip_eq<I, J>(i: I, j: J) -> ZipEq<I::IntoIter, J::IntoIter>
+    where I: IntoIterator,
+          J: IntoIterator
+{
+    ZipEq {
+        a: i.into_iter(),
+        b: j.into_iter(),
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, J> Iterator for ZipEq<I, J>
+    where I: Iterator,
+          J: Iterator
+{
+    type Item = (I::Item, J::Item);
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        match (self.a.next(), self.b.next()) {
+            (None, None) => None,
+            (Some(a), Some(b)) => Some((a, b)),
+            (None, Some(_)) | (Some(_), None) =>
+            panic!("itertools: .zip_eq() reached end of one iterator before the other")
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        size_hint::min(self.a.size_hint(), self.b.size_hint())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<I, J> ExactSizeIterator for ZipEq<I, J>
+    where I: ExactSizeIterator,
+          J: ExactSizeIterator
+{}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/zip_longest.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/zip_longest.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cb9a7bacb2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/zip_longest.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,83 @@
+use std::cmp::Ordering::{Equal, Greater, Less};
+use super::size_hint;
+use std::iter::{Fuse, FusedIterator};
+
+use crate::either_or_both::EitherOrBoth;
+
+// ZipLongest originally written by SimonSapin,
+// and dedicated to itertools https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/19283
+
+/// An iterator which iterates two other iterators simultaneously
+///
+/// This iterator is *fused*.
+///
+/// See [`.zip_longest()`](crate::Itertools::zip_longest) for more information.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct ZipLongest<T, U> {
+    a: Fuse<T>,
+    b: Fuse<U>,
+}
+
+/// Create a new `ZipLongest` iterator.
+pub fn zip_longest<T, U>(a: T, b: U) -> ZipLongest<T, U>
+    where T: Iterator,
+          U: Iterator
+{
+    ZipLongest {
+        a: a.fuse(),
+        b: b.fuse(),
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, U> Iterator for ZipLongest<T, U>
+    where T: Iterator,
+          U: Iterator
+{
+    type Item = EitherOrBoth<T::Item, U::Item>;
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        match (self.a.next(), self.b.next()) {
+            (None, None) => None,
+            (Some(a), None) => Some(EitherOrBoth::Left(a)),
+            (None, Some(b)) => Some(EitherOrBoth::Right(b)),
+            (Some(a), Some(b)) => Some(EitherOrBoth::Both(a, b)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[inline]
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        size_hint::max(self.a.size_hint(), self.b.size_hint())
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, U> DoubleEndedIterator for ZipLongest<T, U>
+    where T: DoubleEndedIterator + ExactSizeIterator,
+          U: DoubleEndedIterator + ExactSizeIterator
+{
+    #[inline]
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        match self.a.len().cmp(&self.b.len()) {
+            Equal => match (self.a.next_back(), self.b.next_back()) {
+                (None, None) => None,
+                (Some(a), Some(b)) => Some(EitherOrBoth::Both(a, b)),
+                // These can only happen if .len() is inconsistent with .next_back()
+                (Some(a), None) => Some(EitherOrBoth::Left(a)),
+                (None, Some(b)) => Some(EitherOrBoth::Right(b)),
+            },
+            Greater => self.a.next_back().map(EitherOrBoth::Left),
+            Less => self.b.next_back().map(EitherOrBoth::Right),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, U> ExactSizeIterator for ZipLongest<T, U>
+    where T: ExactSizeIterator,
+          U: ExactSizeIterator
+{}
+
+impl<T, U> FusedIterator for ZipLongest<T, U>
+    where T: Iterator,
+          U: Iterator
+{}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/ziptuple.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/ziptuple.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6d3a584c49
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/src/ziptuple.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,138 @@
+use super::size_hint;
+
+/// See [`multizip`] for more information.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+#[must_use = "iterator adaptors are lazy and do nothing unless consumed"]
+pub struct Zip<T> {
+    t: T,
+}
+
+/// An iterator that generalizes *.zip()* and allows running multiple iterators in lockstep.
+///
+/// The iterator `Zip<(I, J, ..., M)>` is formed from a tuple of iterators (or values that
+/// implement [`IntoIterator`]) and yields elements
+/// until any of the subiterators yields `None`.
+///
+/// The iterator element type is a tuple like like `(A, B, ..., E)` where `A` to `E` are the
+/// element types of the subiterator.
+///
+/// **Note:** The result of this macro is a value of a named type (`Zip<(I, J,
+/// ..)>` of each component iterator `I, J, ...`) if each component iterator is
+/// nameable.
+///
+/// Prefer [`izip!()`] over `multizip` for the performance benefits of using the
+/// standard library `.zip()`. Prefer `multizip` if a nameable type is needed.
+///
+/// ```
+/// use itertools::multizip;
+///
+/// // iterate over three sequences side-by-side
+/// let mut results = [0, 0, 0, 0];
+/// let inputs = [3, 7, 9, 6];
+///
+/// for (r, index, input) in multizip((&mut results, 0..10, &inputs)) {
+///     *r = index * 10 + input;
+/// }
+///
+/// assert_eq!(results, [0 + 3, 10 + 7, 29, 36]);
+/// ```
+/// [`izip!()`]: crate::izip
+pub fn multizip<T, U>(t: U) -> Zip<T>
+    where Zip<T>: From<U>,
+          Zip<T>: Iterator,
+{
+    Zip::from(t)
+}
+
+macro_rules! impl_zip_iter {
+    ($($B:ident),*) => (
+        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+        impl<$($B: IntoIterator),*> From<($($B,)*)> for Zip<($($B::IntoIter,)*)> {
+            fn from(t: ($($B,)*)) -> Self {
+                let ($($B,)*) = t;
+                Zip { t: ($($B.into_iter(),)*) }
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+        #[allow(unused_assignments)]
+        impl<$($B),*> Iterator for Zip<($($B,)*)>
+            where
+            $(
+                $B: Iterator,
+            )*
+        {
+            type Item = ($($B::Item,)*);
+
+            fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item>
+            {
+                let ($(ref mut $B,)*) = self.t;
+
+                // NOTE: Just like iter::Zip, we check the iterators
+                // for None in order. We may finish unevenly (some
+                // iterators gave n + 1 elements, some only n).
+                $(
+                    let $B = match $B.next() {
+                        None => return None,
+                        Some(elt) => elt
+                    };
+                )*
+                Some(($($B,)*))
+            }
+
+            fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>)
+            {
+                let sh = (::std::usize::MAX, None);
+                let ($(ref $B,)*) = self.t;
+                $(
+                    let sh = size_hint::min($B.size_hint(), sh);
+                )*
+                sh
+            }
+        }
+
+        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+        impl<$($B),*> ExactSizeIterator for Zip<($($B,)*)> where
+            $(
+                $B: ExactSizeIterator,
+            )*
+        { }
+
+        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+        impl<$($B),*> DoubleEndedIterator for Zip<($($B,)*)> where
+            $(
+                $B: DoubleEndedIterator + ExactSizeIterator,
+            )*
+        {
+            #[inline]
+            fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+                let ($(ref mut $B,)*) = self.t;
+                let size = *[$( $B.len(), )*].iter().min().unwrap();
+
+                $(
+                    if $B.len() != size {
+                        for _ in 0..$B.len() - size { $B.next_back(); }
+                    }
+                )*
+
+                match ($($B.next_back(),)*) {
+                    ($(Some($B),)*) => Some(($($B,)*)),
+                    _ => None,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    );
+}
+
+impl_zip_iter!(A);
+impl_zip_iter!(A, B);
+impl_zip_iter!(A, B, C);
+impl_zip_iter!(A, B, C, D);
+impl_zip_iter!(A, B, C, D, E);
+impl_zip_iter!(A, B, C, D, E, F);
+impl_zip_iter!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G);
+impl_zip_iter!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H);
+impl_zip_iter!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I);
+impl_zip_iter!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J);
+impl_zip_iter!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K);
+impl_zip_iter!(A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L);
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/adaptors_no_collect.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/adaptors_no_collect.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..103db23f1e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/adaptors_no_collect.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+struct PanickingCounter {
+    curr: usize,
+    max: usize,
+}
+
+impl Iterator for PanickingCounter {
+    type Item = ();
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.curr += 1;
+
+        assert_ne!(
+            self.curr, self.max,
+            "Input iterator reached maximum of {} suggesting collection by adaptor",
+            self.max
+        );
+
+        Some(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn no_collect_test<A, T>(to_adaptor: T)
+    where A: Iterator, T: Fn(PanickingCounter) -> A
+{
+    let counter = PanickingCounter { curr: 0, max: 10_000 };
+    let adaptor = to_adaptor(counter);
+
+    for _ in adaptor.take(5) {}
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn permutations_no_collect() {
+    no_collect_test(|iter| iter.permutations(5))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn combinations_no_collect() {
+    no_collect_test(|iter| iter.combinations(5))
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn combinations_with_replacement_no_collect() {
+    no_collect_test(|iter| iter.combinations_with_replacement(5))
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/flatten_ok.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/flatten_ok.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bf835b5d70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/flatten_ok.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,76 @@
+use itertools::{assert_equal, Itertools};
+use std::{ops::Range, vec::IntoIter};
+
+fn mix_data() -> IntoIter<Result<Range<i32>, bool>> {
+    vec![Ok(0..2), Err(false), Ok(2..4), Err(true), Ok(4..6)].into_iter()
+}
+
+fn ok_data() -> IntoIter<Result<Range<i32>, bool>> {
+    vec![Ok(0..2), Ok(2..4), Ok(4..6)].into_iter()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flatten_ok_mixed_expected_forward() {
+    assert_equal(
+        mix_data().flatten_ok(),
+        vec![
+            Ok(0),
+            Ok(1),
+            Err(false),
+            Ok(2),
+            Ok(3),
+            Err(true),
+            Ok(4),
+            Ok(5),
+        ],
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flatten_ok_mixed_expected_reverse() {
+    assert_equal(
+        mix_data().flatten_ok().rev(),
+        vec![
+            Ok(5),
+            Ok(4),
+            Err(true),
+            Ok(3),
+            Ok(2),
+            Err(false),
+            Ok(1),
+            Ok(0),
+        ],
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flatten_ok_collect_mixed_forward() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        mix_data().flatten_ok().collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>(),
+        Err(false)
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flatten_ok_collect_mixed_reverse() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        mix_data().flatten_ok().rev().collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>(),
+        Err(true)
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flatten_ok_collect_ok_forward() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        ok_data().flatten_ok().collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>(),
+        Ok((0..6).collect())
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn flatten_ok_collect_ok_reverse() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        ok_data().flatten_ok().rev().collect::<Result<Vec<_>, _>>(),
+        Ok((0..6).rev().collect())
+    );
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/macros_hygiene.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/macros_hygiene.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d1111245d6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/macros_hygiene.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+#[test]
+fn iproduct_hygiene() {
+    let _ = itertools::iproduct!(0..6);
+    let _ = itertools::iproduct!(0..6, 0..9);
+    let _ = itertools::iproduct!(0..6, 0..9, 0..12);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn izip_hygiene() {
+    let _ = itertools::izip!(0..6);
+    let _ = itertools::izip!(0..6, 0..9);
+    let _ = itertools::izip!(0..6, 0..9, 0..12);
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/merge_join.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/merge_join.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3280b7d4ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/merge_join.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,108 @@
+use itertools::EitherOrBoth;
+use itertools::free::merge_join_by;
+
+#[test]
+fn empty() {
+    let left: Vec<u32> = vec![];
+    let right: Vec<u32> = vec![];
+    let expected_result: Vec<EitherOrBoth<u32, u32>> = vec![];
+    let actual_result = merge_join_by(left, right, |l, r| l.cmp(r))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(expected_result, actual_result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn left_only() {
+    let left: Vec<u32> = vec![1,2,3];
+    let right: Vec<u32> = vec![];
+    let expected_result: Vec<EitherOrBoth<u32, u32>> = vec![
+        EitherOrBoth::Left(1),
+        EitherOrBoth::Left(2),
+        EitherOrBoth::Left(3)
+    ];
+    let actual_result = merge_join_by(left, right, |l, r| l.cmp(r))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(expected_result, actual_result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn right_only() {
+    let left: Vec<u32> = vec![];
+    let right: Vec<u32> = vec![1,2,3];
+    let expected_result: Vec<EitherOrBoth<u32, u32>> = vec![
+        EitherOrBoth::Right(1),
+        EitherOrBoth::Right(2),
+        EitherOrBoth::Right(3)
+    ];
+    let actual_result = merge_join_by(left, right, |l, r| l.cmp(r))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(expected_result, actual_result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn first_left_then_right() {
+    let left: Vec<u32> = vec![1,2,3];
+    let right: Vec<u32> = vec![4,5,6];
+    let expected_result: Vec<EitherOrBoth<u32, u32>> = vec![
+        EitherOrBoth::Left(1),
+        EitherOrBoth::Left(2),
+        EitherOrBoth::Left(3),
+        EitherOrBoth::Right(4),
+        EitherOrBoth::Right(5),
+        EitherOrBoth::Right(6)
+    ];
+    let actual_result = merge_join_by(left, right, |l, r| l.cmp(r))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(expected_result, actual_result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn first_right_then_left() {
+    let left: Vec<u32> = vec![4,5,6];
+    let right: Vec<u32> = vec![1,2,3];
+    let expected_result: Vec<EitherOrBoth<u32, u32>> = vec![
+        EitherOrBoth::Right(1),
+        EitherOrBoth::Right(2),
+        EitherOrBoth::Right(3),
+        EitherOrBoth::Left(4),
+        EitherOrBoth::Left(5),
+        EitherOrBoth::Left(6)
+    ];
+    let actual_result = merge_join_by(left, right, |l, r| l.cmp(r))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(expected_result, actual_result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn interspersed_left_and_right() {
+    let left: Vec<u32> = vec![1,3,5];
+    let right: Vec<u32> = vec![2,4,6];
+    let expected_result: Vec<EitherOrBoth<u32, u32>> = vec![
+        EitherOrBoth::Left(1),
+        EitherOrBoth::Right(2),
+        EitherOrBoth::Left(3),
+        EitherOrBoth::Right(4),
+        EitherOrBoth::Left(5),
+        EitherOrBoth::Right(6)
+    ];
+    let actual_result = merge_join_by(left, right, |l, r| l.cmp(r))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(expected_result, actual_result);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn overlapping_left_and_right() {
+    let left: Vec<u32> = vec![1,3,4,6];
+    let right: Vec<u32> = vec![2,3,4,5];
+    let expected_result: Vec<EitherOrBoth<u32, u32>> = vec![
+        EitherOrBoth::Left(1),
+        EitherOrBoth::Right(2),
+        EitherOrBoth::Both(3, 3),
+        EitherOrBoth::Both(4, 4),
+        EitherOrBoth::Right(5),
+        EitherOrBoth::Left(6)
+    ];
+    let actual_result = merge_join_by(left, right, |l, r| l.cmp(r))
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    assert_eq!(expected_result, actual_result);
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/peeking_take_while.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/peeking_take_while.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..5be97271dd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/peeking_take_while.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use itertools::{put_back, put_back_n};
+
+#[test]
+fn peeking_take_while_peekable() {
+    let mut r = (0..10).peekable();
+    r.peeking_take_while(|x| *x <= 3).count();
+    assert_eq!(r.next(), Some(4));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn peeking_take_while_put_back() {
+    let mut r = put_back(0..10);
+    r.peeking_take_while(|x| *x <= 3).count();
+    assert_eq!(r.next(), Some(4));
+    r.peeking_take_while(|_| true).count();
+    assert_eq!(r.next(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn peeking_take_while_put_back_n() {
+    let mut r = put_back_n(6..10);
+    for elt in (0..6).rev() {
+        r.put_back(elt);
+    }
+    r.peeking_take_while(|x| *x <= 3).count();
+    assert_eq!(r.next(), Some(4));
+    r.peeking_take_while(|_| true).count();
+    assert_eq!(r.next(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn peeking_take_while_slice_iter() {
+    let v = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
+    let mut r = v.iter();
+    r.peeking_take_while(|x| **x <= 3).count();
+    assert_eq!(r.next(), Some(&4));
+    r.peeking_take_while(|_| true).count();
+    assert_eq!(r.next(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn peeking_take_while_slice_iter_rev() {
+    let v = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
+    let mut r = v.iter().rev();
+    r.peeking_take_while(|x| **x >= 3).count();
+    assert_eq!(r.next(), Some(&2));
+    r.peeking_take_while(|_| true).count();
+    assert_eq!(r.next(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn peeking_take_while_nested() {
+    let mut xs = (0..10).peekable();
+    let ys: Vec<_> = xs
+        .peeking_take_while(|x| *x < 6)
+        .peeking_take_while(|x| *x != 3)
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(ys, vec![0, 1, 2]);
+    assert_eq!(xs.next(), Some(3));
+
+    let mut xs = (4..10).peekable();
+    let ys: Vec<_> = xs
+        .peeking_take_while(|x| *x != 3)
+        .peeking_take_while(|x| *x < 6)
+        .collect();
+    assert_eq!(ys, vec![4, 5]);
+    assert_eq!(xs.next(), Some(6));
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/quick.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/quick.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c19af6c1ea
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/quick.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1849 @@
+//! The purpose of these tests is to cover corner cases of iterators
+//! and adaptors.
+//!
+//! In particular we test the tedious size_hint and exact size correctness.
+
+use quickcheck as qc;
+use std::default::Default;
+use std::num::Wrapping;
+use std::ops::Range;
+use std::cmp::{max, min, Ordering};
+use std::collections::{HashMap, HashSet};
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use itertools::{
+    multizip,
+    EitherOrBoth,
+    iproduct,
+    izip,
+};
+use itertools::free::{
+    cloned,
+    enumerate,
+    multipeek,
+    peek_nth,
+    put_back,
+    put_back_n,
+    rciter,
+    zip,
+    zip_eq,
+};
+
+use rand::Rng;
+use rand::seq::SliceRandom;
+use quickcheck::TestResult;
+
+/// Trait for size hint modifier types
+trait HintKind: Copy + Send + qc::Arbitrary {
+    fn loosen_bounds(&self, org_hint: (usize, Option<usize>)) -> (usize, Option<usize>);
+}
+
+/// Exact size hint variant that leaves hints unchanged
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+struct Exact {}
+
+impl HintKind for Exact {
+    fn loosen_bounds(&self, org_hint: (usize, Option<usize>)) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        org_hint
+    }
+}
+
+impl qc::Arbitrary for Exact {
+    fn arbitrary<G: qc::Gen>(_: &mut G) -> Self {
+        Exact {}
+    }
+}
+
+/// Inexact size hint variant to simulate imprecise (but valid) size hints
+///
+/// Will always decrease the lower bound and increase the upper bound
+/// of the size hint by set amounts.
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, Debug)]
+struct Inexact {
+    underestimate: usize,
+    overestimate: usize,
+}
+
+impl HintKind for Inexact {
+    fn loosen_bounds(&self, org_hint: (usize, Option<usize>)) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        let (org_lower, org_upper) = org_hint;
+        (org_lower.saturating_sub(self.underestimate),
+         org_upper.and_then(move |x| x.checked_add(self.overestimate)))
+    }
+}
+
+impl qc::Arbitrary for Inexact {
+    fn arbitrary<G: qc::Gen>(g: &mut G) -> Self {
+        let ue_value = usize::arbitrary(g);
+        let oe_value = usize::arbitrary(g);
+        // Compensate for quickcheck using extreme values too rarely
+        let ue_choices = &[0, ue_value, usize::max_value()];
+        let oe_choices = &[0, oe_value, usize::max_value()];
+        Inexact {
+            underestimate: *ue_choices.choose(g).unwrap(),
+            overestimate: *oe_choices.choose(g).unwrap(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn shrink(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item=Self>> {
+        let underestimate_value = self.underestimate;
+        let overestimate_value = self.overestimate;
+        Box::new(
+            underestimate_value.shrink().flat_map(move |ue_value|
+                overestimate_value.shrink().map(move |oe_value|
+                    Inexact {
+                        underestimate: ue_value,
+                        overestimate: oe_value,
+                    }
+                )
+            )
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// Our base iterator that we can impl Arbitrary for
+///
+/// By default we'll return inexact bounds estimates for size_hint
+/// to make tests harder to pass.
+///
+/// NOTE: Iter is tricky and is not fused, to help catch bugs.
+/// At the end it will return None once, then return Some(0),
+/// then return None again.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+struct Iter<T, SK: HintKind = Inexact> {
+    iterator: Range<T>,
+    // fuse/done flag
+    fuse_flag: i32,
+    hint_kind: SK,
+}
+
+impl<T, HK> Iter<T, HK> where HK: HintKind
+{
+    fn new(it: Range<T>, hint_kind: HK) -> Self {
+        Iter {
+            iterator: it,
+            fuse_flag: 0,
+            hint_kind,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, HK> Iterator for Iter<T, HK>
+    where Range<T>: Iterator,
+          <Range<T> as Iterator>::Item: Default,
+          HK: HintKind,
+{
+    type Item = <Range<T> as Iterator>::Item;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item>
+    {
+        let elt = self.iterator.next();
+        if elt.is_none() {
+            self.fuse_flag += 1;
+            // check fuse flag
+            if self.fuse_flag == 2 {
+                return Some(Default::default())
+            }
+        }
+        elt
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>)
+    {
+        let org_hint = self.iterator.size_hint();
+        self.hint_kind.loosen_bounds(org_hint)
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T, HK> DoubleEndedIterator for Iter<T, HK>
+    where Range<T>: DoubleEndedIterator,
+          <Range<T> as Iterator>::Item: Default,
+          HK: HintKind
+{
+    fn next_back(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> { self.iterator.next_back() }
+}
+
+impl<T> ExactSizeIterator for Iter<T, Exact> where Range<T>: ExactSizeIterator,
+    <Range<T> as Iterator>::Item: Default,
+{ }
+
+impl<T, HK> qc::Arbitrary for Iter<T, HK>
+    where T: qc::Arbitrary,
+          HK: HintKind,
+{
+    fn arbitrary<G: qc::Gen>(g: &mut G) -> Self
+    {
+        Iter::new(T::arbitrary(g)..T::arbitrary(g), HK::arbitrary(g))
+    }
+
+    fn shrink(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item=Iter<T, HK>>>
+    {
+        let r = self.iterator.clone();
+        let hint_kind = self.hint_kind;
+        Box::new(
+            r.start.shrink().flat_map(move |a|
+                r.end.shrink().map(move |b|
+                    Iter::new(a.clone()..b, hint_kind)
+                )
+            )
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+/// A meta-iterator which yields `Iter<i32>`s whose start/endpoints are
+/// increased or decreased linearly on each iteration.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+struct ShiftRange<HK = Inexact> {
+    range_start: i32,
+    range_end: i32,
+    start_step: i32,
+    end_step: i32,
+    iter_count: u32,
+    hint_kind: HK,
+}
+
+impl<HK> Iterator for ShiftRange<HK> where HK: HintKind {
+    type Item = Iter<i32, HK>;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        if self.iter_count == 0 {
+            return None;
+        }
+
+        let iter = Iter::new(self.range_start..self.range_end, self.hint_kind);
+
+        self.range_start += self.start_step;
+        self.range_end += self.end_step;
+        self.iter_count -= 1;
+
+        Some(iter)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ExactSizeIterator for ShiftRange<Exact> { }
+
+impl<HK> qc::Arbitrary for ShiftRange<HK>
+    where HK: HintKind
+{
+    fn arbitrary<G: qc::Gen>(g: &mut G) -> Self {
+        const MAX_STARTING_RANGE_DIFF: i32 = 32;
+        const MAX_STEP_MODULO: i32 = 8;
+        const MAX_ITER_COUNT: u32 = 3;
+
+        let range_start = qc::Arbitrary::arbitrary(g);
+        let range_end = range_start + g.gen_range(0, MAX_STARTING_RANGE_DIFF + 1);
+        let start_step = g.gen_range(-MAX_STEP_MODULO, MAX_STEP_MODULO + 1);
+        let end_step = g.gen_range(-MAX_STEP_MODULO, MAX_STEP_MODULO + 1);
+        let iter_count = g.gen_range(0, MAX_ITER_COUNT + 1);
+        let hint_kind = qc::Arbitrary::arbitrary(g);
+
+        ShiftRange {
+            range_start,
+            range_end,
+            start_step,
+            end_step,
+            iter_count,
+            hint_kind,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn correct_count<I, F>(get_it: F) -> bool
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+    F: Fn() -> I
+{
+    let mut counts = vec![get_it().count()];
+
+    'outer: loop {
+        let mut it = get_it();
+
+        for _ in 0..(counts.len() - 1) {
+            #[allow(clippy::manual_assert)]
+            if it.next().is_none() {
+                panic!("Iterator shouldn't be finished, may not be deterministic");
+            }
+        }
+
+        if it.next().is_none() {
+            break 'outer;
+        }
+
+        counts.push(it.count());
+    }
+
+    let total_actual_count = counts.len() - 1;
+
+    for (i, returned_count) in counts.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        let actual_count = total_actual_count - i;
+        if actual_count != returned_count {
+            println!("Total iterations: {} True count: {} returned count: {}", i, actual_count, returned_count);
+
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+
+    true
+}
+
+fn correct_size_hint<I: Iterator>(mut it: I) -> bool {
+    // record size hint at each iteration
+    let initial_hint = it.size_hint();
+    let mut hints = Vec::with_capacity(initial_hint.0 + 1);
+    hints.push(initial_hint);
+    while let Some(_) = it.next() {
+        hints.push(it.size_hint())
+    }
+
+    let mut true_count = hints.len(); // start off +1 too much
+
+    // check all the size hints
+    for &(low, hi) in &hints {
+        true_count -= 1;
+        if low > true_count ||
+            (hi.is_some() && hi.unwrap() < true_count)
+        {
+            println!("True size: {:?}, size hint: {:?}", true_count, (low, hi));
+            //println!("All hints: {:?}", hints);
+            return false
+        }
+    }
+    true
+}
+
+fn exact_size<I: ExactSizeIterator>(mut it: I) -> bool {
+    // check every iteration
+    let (mut low, mut hi) = it.size_hint();
+    if Some(low) != hi { return false; }
+    while let Some(_) = it.next() {
+        let (xlow, xhi) = it.size_hint();
+        if low != xlow + 1 { return false; }
+        low = xlow;
+        hi = xhi;
+        if Some(low) != hi { return false; }
+    }
+    let (low, hi) = it.size_hint();
+    low == 0 && hi == Some(0)
+}
+
+// Exact size for this case, without ExactSizeIterator
+fn exact_size_for_this<I: Iterator>(mut it: I) -> bool {
+    // check every iteration
+    let (mut low, mut hi) = it.size_hint();
+    if Some(low) != hi { return false; }
+    while let Some(_) = it.next() {
+        let (xlow, xhi) = it.size_hint();
+        if low != xlow + 1 { return false; }
+        low = xlow;
+        hi = xhi;
+        if Some(low) != hi { return false; }
+    }
+    let (low, hi) = it.size_hint();
+    low == 0 && hi == Some(0)
+}
+
+/*
+ * NOTE: Range<i8> is broken!
+ * (all signed ranges are)
+#[quickcheck]
+fn size_range_i8(a: Iter<i8>) -> bool {
+    exact_size(a)
+}
+
+#[quickcheck]
+fn size_range_i16(a: Iter<i16>) -> bool {
+    exact_size(a)
+}
+
+#[quickcheck]
+fn size_range_u8(a: Iter<u8>) -> bool {
+    exact_size(a)
+}
+ */
+
+macro_rules! quickcheck {
+    // accept several property function definitions
+    // The property functions can use pattern matching and `mut` as usual
+    // in the function arguments, but the functions can not be generic.
+    {$($(#$attr:tt)* fn $fn_name:ident($($arg:tt)*) -> $ret:ty { $($code:tt)* })*} => (
+        $(
+            #[test]
+            $(#$attr)*
+            fn $fn_name() {
+                fn prop($($arg)*) -> $ret {
+                    $($code)*
+                }
+                ::quickcheck::quickcheck(quickcheck!(@fn prop [] $($arg)*));
+            }
+        )*
+    );
+    // parse argument list (with patterns allowed) into prop as fn(_, _) -> _
+    (@fn $f:ident [$($t:tt)*]) => {
+        $f as fn($($t),*) -> _
+    };
+    (@fn $f:ident [$($p:tt)*] : $($tail:tt)*) => {
+        quickcheck!(@fn $f [$($p)* _] $($tail)*)
+    };
+    (@fn $f:ident [$($p:tt)*] $t:tt $($tail:tt)*) => {
+        quickcheck!(@fn $f [$($p)*] $($tail)*)
+    };
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+
+    fn size_product(a: Iter<u16>, b: Iter<u16>) -> bool {
+        correct_size_hint(a.cartesian_product(b))
+    }
+    fn size_product3(a: Iter<u16>, b: Iter<u16>, c: Iter<u16>) -> bool {
+        correct_size_hint(iproduct!(a, b, c))
+    }
+
+    fn correct_cartesian_product3(a: Iter<u16>, b: Iter<u16>, c: Iter<u16>,
+                                  take_manual: usize) -> ()
+    {
+        // test correctness of iproduct through regular iteration (take)
+        // and through fold.
+        let ac = a.clone();
+        let br = &b.clone();
+        let cr = &c.clone();
+        let answer: Vec<_> = ac.flat_map(move |ea| br.clone().flat_map(move |eb| cr.clone().map(move |ec| (ea, eb, ec)))).collect();
+        let mut product_iter = iproduct!(a, b, c);
+        let mut actual = Vec::new();
+
+        actual.extend((&mut product_iter).take(take_manual));
+        if actual.len() == take_manual {
+            product_iter.fold((), |(), elt| actual.push(elt));
+        }
+        assert_eq!(answer, actual);
+    }
+
+    fn size_multi_product(a: ShiftRange) -> bool {
+        correct_size_hint(a.multi_cartesian_product())
+    }
+    fn correct_multi_product3(a: ShiftRange, take_manual: usize) -> () {
+        // Fix no. of iterators at 3
+        let a = ShiftRange { iter_count: 3, ..a };
+
+        // test correctness of MultiProduct through regular iteration (take)
+        // and through fold.
+        let mut iters = a.clone();
+        let i0 = iters.next().unwrap();
+        let i1r = &iters.next().unwrap();
+        let i2r = &iters.next().unwrap();
+        let answer: Vec<_> = i0.flat_map(move |ei0| i1r.clone().flat_map(move |ei1| i2r.clone().map(move |ei2| vec![ei0, ei1, ei2]))).collect();
+        let mut multi_product = a.clone().multi_cartesian_product();
+        let mut actual = Vec::new();
+
+        actual.extend((&mut multi_product).take(take_manual));
+        if actual.len() == take_manual {
+            multi_product.fold((), |(), elt| actual.push(elt));
+        }
+        assert_eq!(answer, actual);
+
+        assert_eq!(answer.into_iter().last(), a.multi_cartesian_product().last());
+    }
+
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    fn size_step(a: Iter<i16, Exact>, s: usize) -> bool {
+        let mut s = s;
+        if s == 0 {
+            s += 1; // never zero
+        }
+        let filt = a.clone().dedup();
+        correct_size_hint(filt.step(s)) &&
+            exact_size(a.step(s))
+    }
+
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    fn equal_step(a: Iter<i16>, s: usize) -> bool {
+        let mut s = s;
+        if s == 0 {
+            s += 1; // never zero
+        }
+        let mut i = 0;
+        itertools::equal(a.clone().step(s), a.filter(|_| {
+            let keep = i % s == 0;
+            i += 1;
+            keep
+        }))
+    }
+
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    fn equal_step_vec(a: Vec<i16>, s: usize) -> bool {
+        let mut s = s;
+        if s == 0 {
+            s += 1; // never zero
+        }
+        let mut i = 0;
+        itertools::equal(a.iter().step(s), a.iter().filter(|_| {
+            let keep = i % s == 0;
+            i += 1;
+            keep
+        }))
+    }
+
+    fn size_multipeek(a: Iter<u16, Exact>, s: u8) -> bool {
+        let mut it = multipeek(a);
+        // peek a few times
+        for _ in 0..s {
+            it.peek();
+        }
+        exact_size(it)
+    }
+
+    fn size_peek_nth(a: Iter<u16, Exact>, s: u8) -> bool {
+        let mut it = peek_nth(a);
+        // peek a few times
+        for n in 0..s {
+            it.peek_nth(n as usize);
+        }
+        exact_size(it)
+    }
+
+    fn equal_merge(mut a: Vec<i16>, mut b: Vec<i16>) -> bool {
+        a.sort();
+        b.sort();
+        let mut merged = a.clone();
+        merged.extend(b.iter().cloned());
+        merged.sort();
+        itertools::equal(&merged, a.iter().merge(&b))
+    }
+    fn size_merge(a: Iter<u16>, b: Iter<u16>) -> bool {
+        correct_size_hint(a.merge(b))
+    }
+    fn size_zip(a: Iter<i16, Exact>, b: Iter<i16, Exact>, c: Iter<i16, Exact>) -> bool {
+        let filt = a.clone().dedup();
+        correct_size_hint(multizip((filt, b.clone(), c.clone()))) &&
+            exact_size(multizip((a, b, c)))
+    }
+    fn size_zip_rc(a: Iter<i16>, b: Iter<i16>) -> bool {
+        let rc = rciter(a);
+        correct_size_hint(multizip((&rc, &rc, b)))
+    }
+
+    fn size_zip_macro(a: Iter<i16, Exact>, b: Iter<i16, Exact>, c: Iter<i16, Exact>) -> bool {
+        let filt = a.clone().dedup();
+        correct_size_hint(izip!(filt, b.clone(), c.clone())) &&
+            exact_size(izip!(a, b, c))
+    }
+    fn equal_kmerge(mut a: Vec<i16>, mut b: Vec<i16>, mut c: Vec<i16>) -> bool {
+        use itertools::free::kmerge;
+        a.sort();
+        b.sort();
+        c.sort();
+        let mut merged = a.clone();
+        merged.extend(b.iter().cloned());
+        merged.extend(c.iter().cloned());
+        merged.sort();
+        itertools::equal(merged.into_iter(), kmerge(vec![a, b, c]))
+    }
+
+    // Any number of input iterators
+    fn equal_kmerge_2(mut inputs: Vec<Vec<i16>>) -> bool {
+        use itertools::free::kmerge;
+        // sort the inputs
+        for input in &mut inputs {
+            input.sort();
+        }
+        let mut merged = inputs.concat();
+        merged.sort();
+        itertools::equal(merged.into_iter(), kmerge(inputs))
+    }
+
+    // Any number of input iterators
+    fn equal_kmerge_by_ge(mut inputs: Vec<Vec<i16>>) -> bool {
+        // sort the inputs
+        for input in &mut inputs {
+            input.sort();
+            input.reverse();
+        }
+        let mut merged = inputs.concat();
+        merged.sort();
+        merged.reverse();
+        itertools::equal(merged.into_iter(),
+                         inputs.into_iter().kmerge_by(|x, y| x >= y))
+    }
+
+    // Any number of input iterators
+    fn equal_kmerge_by_lt(mut inputs: Vec<Vec<i16>>) -> bool {
+        // sort the inputs
+        for input in &mut inputs {
+            input.sort();
+        }
+        let mut merged = inputs.concat();
+        merged.sort();
+        itertools::equal(merged.into_iter(),
+                         inputs.into_iter().kmerge_by(|x, y| x < y))
+    }
+
+    // Any number of input iterators
+    fn equal_kmerge_by_le(mut inputs: Vec<Vec<i16>>) -> bool {
+        // sort the inputs
+        for input in &mut inputs {
+            input.sort();
+        }
+        let mut merged = inputs.concat();
+        merged.sort();
+        itertools::equal(merged.into_iter(),
+                         inputs.into_iter().kmerge_by(|x, y| x <= y))
+    }
+    fn size_kmerge(a: Iter<i16>, b: Iter<i16>, c: Iter<i16>) -> bool {
+        use itertools::free::kmerge;
+        correct_size_hint(kmerge(vec![a, b, c]))
+    }
+    fn equal_zip_eq(a: Vec<i32>, b: Vec<i32>) -> bool {
+        let len = std::cmp::min(a.len(), b.len());
+        let a = &a[..len];
+        let b = &b[..len];
+        itertools::equal(zip_eq(a, b), zip(a, b))
+    }
+    fn size_zip_longest(a: Iter<i16, Exact>, b: Iter<i16, Exact>) -> bool {
+        let filt = a.clone().dedup();
+        let filt2 = b.clone().dedup();
+        correct_size_hint(filt.zip_longest(b.clone())) &&
+        correct_size_hint(a.clone().zip_longest(filt2)) &&
+            exact_size(a.zip_longest(b))
+    }
+    fn size_2_zip_longest(a: Iter<i16>, b: Iter<i16>) -> bool {
+        let it = a.clone().zip_longest(b.clone());
+        let jt = a.clone().zip_longest(b.clone());
+        itertools::equal(a,
+                         it.filter_map(|elt| match elt {
+                             EitherOrBoth::Both(x, _) => Some(x),
+                             EitherOrBoth::Left(x) => Some(x),
+                             _ => None,
+                         }
+                         ))
+            &&
+        itertools::equal(b,
+                         jt.filter_map(|elt| match elt {
+                             EitherOrBoth::Both(_, y) => Some(y),
+                             EitherOrBoth::Right(y) => Some(y),
+                             _ => None,
+                         }
+                         ))
+    }
+    fn size_interleave(a: Iter<i16>, b: Iter<i16>) -> bool {
+        correct_size_hint(a.interleave(b))
+    }
+    fn exact_interleave(a: Iter<i16, Exact>, b: Iter<i16, Exact>) -> bool {
+        exact_size_for_this(a.interleave(b))
+    }
+    fn size_interleave_shortest(a: Iter<i16>, b: Iter<i16>) -> bool {
+        correct_size_hint(a.interleave_shortest(b))
+    }
+    fn exact_interleave_shortest(a: Vec<()>, b: Vec<()>) -> bool {
+        exact_size_for_this(a.iter().interleave_shortest(&b))
+    }
+    fn size_intersperse(a: Iter<i16>, x: i16) -> bool {
+        correct_size_hint(a.intersperse(x))
+    }
+    fn equal_intersperse(a: Vec<i32>, x: i32) -> bool {
+        let mut inter = false;
+        let mut i = 0;
+        for elt in a.iter().cloned().intersperse(x) {
+            if inter {
+                if elt != x { return false }
+            } else {
+                if elt != a[i] { return false }
+                i += 1;
+            }
+            inter = !inter;
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn equal_combinations_2(a: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let mut v = Vec::new();
+        for (i, x) in enumerate(&a) {
+            for y in &a[i + 1..] {
+                v.push((x, y));
+            }
+        }
+        itertools::equal(a.iter().tuple_combinations::<(_, _)>(), v)
+    }
+
+    fn collect_tuple_matches_size(a: Iter<i16>) -> bool {
+        let size = a.clone().count();
+        a.collect_tuple::<(_, _, _)>().is_some() == (size == 3)
+    }
+
+    fn correct_permutations(vals: HashSet<i32>, k: usize) -> () {
+        // Test permutations only on iterators of distinct integers, to prevent
+        // false positives.
+
+        const MAX_N: usize = 5;
+
+        let n = min(vals.len(), MAX_N);
+        let vals: HashSet<i32> = vals.into_iter().take(n).collect();
+
+        let perms = vals.iter().permutations(k);
+
+        let mut actual = HashSet::new();
+
+        for perm in perms {
+            assert_eq!(perm.len(), k);
+
+            let all_items_valid = perm.iter().all(|p| vals.contains(p));
+            assert!(all_items_valid, "perm contains value not from input: {:?}", perm);
+
+            // Check that all perm items are distinct
+            let distinct_len = {
+                let perm_set: HashSet<_> = perm.iter().collect();
+                perm_set.len()
+            };
+            assert_eq!(perm.len(), distinct_len);
+
+            // Check that the perm is new
+            assert!(actual.insert(perm.clone()), "perm already encountered: {:?}", perm);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn permutations_lexic_order(a: usize, b: usize) -> () {
+        let a = a % 6;
+        let b = b % 6;
+
+        let n = max(a, b);
+        let k = min (a, b);
+
+        let expected_first: Vec<usize> = (0..k).collect();
+        let expected_last: Vec<usize> = ((n - k)..n).rev().collect();
+
+        let mut perms = (0..n).permutations(k);
+
+        let mut curr_perm = match perms.next() {
+            Some(p) => p,
+            None => { return; }
+        };
+
+        assert_eq!(expected_first, curr_perm);
+
+        for next_perm in perms {
+            assert!(
+                next_perm > curr_perm,
+                "next perm isn't greater-than current; next_perm={:?} curr_perm={:?} n={}",
+                next_perm, curr_perm, n
+            );
+
+            curr_perm = next_perm;
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(expected_last, curr_perm);
+
+    }
+
+    fn permutations_count(n: usize, k: usize) -> bool {
+        let n = n % 6;
+
+        correct_count(|| (0..n).permutations(k))
+    }
+
+    fn permutations_size(a: Iter<i32>, k: usize) -> bool {
+        correct_size_hint(a.take(5).permutations(k))
+    }
+
+    fn permutations_k0_yields_once(n: usize) -> () {
+        let k = 0;
+        let expected: Vec<Vec<usize>> = vec![vec![]];
+        let actual = (0..n).permutations(k).collect_vec();
+
+        assert_eq!(expected, actual);
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn dedup_via_coalesce(a: Vec<i32>) -> bool {
+        let mut b = a.clone();
+        b.dedup();
+        itertools::equal(
+            &b,
+            a
+                .iter()
+                .coalesce(|x, y| {
+                    if x==y {
+                        Ok(x)
+                    } else {
+                        Err((x, y))
+                    }
+                })
+                .fold(vec![], |mut v, n| {
+                    v.push(n);
+                    v
+                })
+        )
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn equal_dedup(a: Vec<i32>) -> bool {
+        let mut b = a.clone();
+        b.dedup();
+        itertools::equal(&b, a.iter().dedup())
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn equal_dedup_by(a: Vec<(i32, i32)>) -> bool {
+        let mut b = a.clone();
+        b.dedup_by(|x, y| x.0==y.0);
+        itertools::equal(&b, a.iter().dedup_by(|x, y| x.0==y.0))
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn size_dedup(a: Vec<i32>) -> bool {
+        correct_size_hint(a.iter().dedup())
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn size_dedup_by(a: Vec<(i32, i32)>) -> bool {
+        correct_size_hint(a.iter().dedup_by(|x, y| x.0==y.0))
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn exact_repeatn((n, x): (usize, i32)) -> bool {
+        let it = itertools::repeat_n(x, n);
+        exact_size(it)
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn size_put_back(a: Vec<u8>, x: Option<u8>) -> bool {
+        let mut it = put_back(a.into_iter());
+        match x {
+            Some(t) => it.put_back(t),
+            None => {}
+        }
+        correct_size_hint(it)
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn size_put_backn(a: Vec<u8>, b: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let mut it = put_back_n(a.into_iter());
+        for elt in b {
+            it.put_back(elt)
+        }
+        correct_size_hint(it)
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn merge_join_by_ordering_vs_bool(a: Vec<u8>, b: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        use either::Either;
+        use itertools::free::merge_join_by;
+        let mut has_equal = false;
+        let it_ord = merge_join_by(a.clone(), b.clone(), Ord::cmp).flat_map(|v| match v {
+            EitherOrBoth::Both(l, r) => {
+                has_equal = true;
+                vec![Either::Left(l), Either::Right(r)]
+            }
+            EitherOrBoth::Left(l) => vec![Either::Left(l)],
+            EitherOrBoth::Right(r) => vec![Either::Right(r)],
+        });
+        let it_bool = merge_join_by(a, b, PartialOrd::le);
+        itertools::equal(it_ord, it_bool) || has_equal
+    }
+    fn merge_join_by_bool_unwrapped_is_merge_by(a: Vec<u8>, b: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        use either::Either;
+        use itertools::free::merge_join_by;
+        let it = a.clone().into_iter().merge_by(b.clone(), PartialOrd::ge);
+        let it_join = merge_join_by(a, b, PartialOrd::ge).map(Either::into_inner);
+        itertools::equal(it, it_join)
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn size_tee(a: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let (mut t1, mut t2) = a.iter().tee();
+        t1.next();
+        t1.next();
+        t2.next();
+        exact_size(t1) && exact_size(t2)
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn size_tee_2(a: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let (mut t1, mut t2) = a.iter().dedup().tee();
+        t1.next();
+        t1.next();
+        t2.next();
+        correct_size_hint(t1) && correct_size_hint(t2)
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn size_take_while_ref(a: Vec<u8>, stop: u8) -> bool {
+        correct_size_hint(a.iter().take_while_ref(|x| **x != stop))
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn equal_partition(a: Vec<i32>) -> bool {
+        let mut a = a;
+        let mut ap = a.clone();
+        let split_index = itertools::partition(&mut ap, |x| *x >= 0);
+        let parted = (0..split_index).all(|i| ap[i] >= 0) &&
+            (split_index..a.len()).all(|i| ap[i] < 0);
+
+        a.sort();
+        ap.sort();
+        parted && (a == ap)
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn size_combinations(it: Iter<i16>) -> bool {
+        correct_size_hint(it.tuple_combinations::<(_, _)>())
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn equal_combinations(it: Iter<i16>) -> bool {
+        let values = it.clone().collect_vec();
+        let mut cmb = it.tuple_combinations();
+        for i in 0..values.len() {
+            for j in i+1..values.len() {
+                let pair = (values[i], values[j]);
+                if pair != cmb.next().unwrap() {
+                    return false;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        cmb.next() == None
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn size_pad_tail(it: Iter<i8>, pad: u8) -> bool {
+        correct_size_hint(it.clone().pad_using(pad as usize, |_| 0)) &&
+            correct_size_hint(it.dropping(1).rev().pad_using(pad as usize, |_| 0))
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn size_pad_tail2(it: Iter<i8, Exact>, pad: u8) -> bool {
+        exact_size(it.pad_using(pad as usize, |_| 0))
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn size_powerset(it: Iter<u8, Exact>) -> bool {
+        // Powerset cardinality gets large very quickly, limit input to keep test fast.
+        correct_size_hint(it.take(12).powerset())
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn size_duplicates(it: Iter<i8>) -> bool {
+        correct_size_hint(it.duplicates())
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn size_unique(it: Iter<i8>) -> bool {
+        correct_size_hint(it.unique())
+    }
+
+    fn count_unique(it: Vec<i8>, take_first: u8) -> () {
+        let answer = {
+            let mut v = it.clone();
+            v.sort(); v.dedup();
+            v.len()
+        };
+        let mut iter = cloned(&it).unique();
+        let first_count = (&mut iter).take(take_first as usize).count();
+        let rest_count = iter.count();
+        assert_eq!(answer, first_count + rest_count);
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn fuzz_group_by_lazy_1(it: Iter<u8>) -> bool {
+        let jt = it.clone();
+        let groups = it.group_by(|k| *k);
+        itertools::equal(jt, groups.into_iter().flat_map(|(_, x)| x))
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn fuzz_group_by_lazy_2(data: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let groups = data.iter().group_by(|k| *k / 10);
+        let res = itertools::equal(data.iter(), groups.into_iter().flat_map(|(_, x)| x));
+        res
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn fuzz_group_by_lazy_3(data: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let grouper = data.iter().group_by(|k| *k / 10);
+        let groups = grouper.into_iter().collect_vec();
+        let res = itertools::equal(data.iter(), groups.into_iter().flat_map(|(_, x)| x));
+        res
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn fuzz_group_by_lazy_duo(data: Vec<u8>, order: Vec<(bool, bool)>) -> bool {
+        let grouper = data.iter().group_by(|k| *k / 3);
+        let mut groups1 = grouper.into_iter();
+        let mut groups2 = grouper.into_iter();
+        let mut elts = Vec::<&u8>::new();
+        let mut old_groups = Vec::new();
+
+        let tup1 = |(_, b)| b;
+        for &(ord, consume_now) in &order {
+            let iter = &mut [&mut groups1, &mut groups2][ord as usize];
+            match iter.next() {
+                Some((_, gr)) => if consume_now {
+                    for og in old_groups.drain(..) {
+                        elts.extend(og);
+                    }
+                    elts.extend(gr);
+                } else {
+                    old_groups.push(gr);
+                },
+                None => break,
+            }
+        }
+        for og in old_groups.drain(..) {
+            elts.extend(og);
+        }
+        for gr in groups1.map(&tup1) { elts.extend(gr); }
+        for gr in groups2.map(&tup1) { elts.extend(gr); }
+        itertools::assert_equal(&data, elts);
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn chunk_clone_equal(a: Vec<u8>, size: u8) -> () {
+        let mut size = size;
+        if size == 0 {
+            size += 1;
+        }
+        let it = a.chunks(size as usize);
+        itertools::assert_equal(it.clone(), it);
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn equal_chunks_lazy(a: Vec<u8>, size: u8) -> bool {
+        let mut size = size;
+        if size == 0 {
+            size += 1;
+        }
+        let chunks = a.iter().chunks(size as usize);
+        let it = a.chunks(size as usize);
+        for (a, b) in chunks.into_iter().zip(it) {
+            if !itertools::equal(a, b) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        true
+    }
+}
+
+// tuple iterators
+quickcheck! {
+    fn equal_circular_tuple_windows_1(a: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let x = a.iter().map(|e| (e,) );
+        let y = a.iter().circular_tuple_windows::<(_,)>();
+        itertools::assert_equal(x,y);
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn equal_circular_tuple_windows_2(a: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let x = (0..a.len()).map(|start_idx| (
+            &a[start_idx],
+            &a[(start_idx + 1) % a.len()],
+        ));
+        let y = a.iter().circular_tuple_windows::<(_, _)>();
+        itertools::assert_equal(x,y);
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn equal_circular_tuple_windows_3(a: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let x = (0..a.len()).map(|start_idx| (
+            &a[start_idx],
+            &a[(start_idx + 1) % a.len()],
+            &a[(start_idx + 2) % a.len()],
+        ));
+        let y = a.iter().circular_tuple_windows::<(_, _, _)>();
+        itertools::assert_equal(x,y);
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn equal_circular_tuple_windows_4(a: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let x = (0..a.len()).map(|start_idx| (
+            &a[start_idx],
+            &a[(start_idx + 1) % a.len()],
+            &a[(start_idx + 2) % a.len()],
+            &a[(start_idx + 3) % a.len()],
+        ));
+        let y = a.iter().circular_tuple_windows::<(_, _, _, _)>();
+        itertools::assert_equal(x,y);
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn equal_cloned_circular_tuple_windows(a: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let x = a.iter().circular_tuple_windows::<(_, _, _, _)>();
+        let y = x.clone();
+        itertools::assert_equal(x,y);
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn equal_cloned_circular_tuple_windows_noninitial(a: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let mut x = a.iter().circular_tuple_windows::<(_, _, _, _)>();
+        let _ = x.next();
+        let y = x.clone();
+        itertools::assert_equal(x,y);
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn equal_cloned_circular_tuple_windows_complete(a: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let mut x = a.iter().circular_tuple_windows::<(_, _, _, _)>();
+        for _ in x.by_ref() {}
+        let y = x.clone();
+        itertools::assert_equal(x,y);
+        true
+    }
+
+    fn equal_tuple_windows_1(a: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let x = a.windows(1).map(|s| (&s[0], ));
+        let y = a.iter().tuple_windows::<(_,)>();
+        itertools::equal(x, y)
+    }
+
+    fn equal_tuple_windows_2(a: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let x = a.windows(2).map(|s| (&s[0], &s[1]));
+        let y = a.iter().tuple_windows::<(_, _)>();
+        itertools::equal(x, y)
+    }
+
+    fn equal_tuple_windows_3(a: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let x = a.windows(3).map(|s| (&s[0], &s[1], &s[2]));
+        let y = a.iter().tuple_windows::<(_, _, _)>();
+        itertools::equal(x, y)
+    }
+
+    fn equal_tuple_windows_4(a: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let x = a.windows(4).map(|s| (&s[0], &s[1], &s[2], &s[3]));
+        let y = a.iter().tuple_windows::<(_, _, _, _)>();
+        itertools::equal(x, y)
+    }
+
+    fn equal_tuples_1(a: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let x = a.chunks(1).map(|s| (&s[0], ));
+        let y = a.iter().tuples::<(_,)>();
+        itertools::equal(x, y)
+    }
+
+    fn equal_tuples_2(a: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let x = a.chunks(2).filter(|s| s.len() == 2).map(|s| (&s[0], &s[1]));
+        let y = a.iter().tuples::<(_, _)>();
+        itertools::equal(x, y)
+    }
+
+    fn equal_tuples_3(a: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let x = a.chunks(3).filter(|s| s.len() == 3).map(|s| (&s[0], &s[1], &s[2]));
+        let y = a.iter().tuples::<(_, _, _)>();
+        itertools::equal(x, y)
+    }
+
+    fn equal_tuples_4(a: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let x = a.chunks(4).filter(|s| s.len() == 4).map(|s| (&s[0], &s[1], &s[2], &s[3]));
+        let y = a.iter().tuples::<(_, _, _, _)>();
+        itertools::equal(x, y)
+    }
+
+    fn exact_tuple_buffer(a: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        let mut iter = a.iter().tuples::<(_, _, _, _)>();
+        (&mut iter).last();
+        let buffer = iter.into_buffer();
+        assert_eq!(buffer.len(), a.len() % 4);
+        exact_size(buffer)
+    }
+}
+
+// with_position
+quickcheck! {
+    fn with_position_exact_size_1(a: Vec<u8>) -> bool {
+        exact_size_for_this(a.iter().with_position())
+    }
+    fn with_position_exact_size_2(a: Iter<u8, Exact>) -> bool {
+        exact_size_for_this(a.with_position())
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn correct_group_map_modulo_key(a: Vec<u8>, modulo: u8) -> () {
+        let modulo = if modulo == 0 { 1 } else { modulo }; // Avoid `% 0`
+        let count = a.len();
+        let lookup = a.into_iter().map(|i| (i % modulo, i)).into_group_map();
+
+        assert_eq!(lookup.values().flat_map(|vals| vals.iter()).count(), count);
+
+        for (&key, vals) in lookup.iter() {
+            assert!(vals.iter().all(|&val| val % modulo == key));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A peculiar type: Equality compares both tuple items, but ordering only the
+/// first item.  This is so we can check the stability property easily.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+struct Val(u32, u32);
+
+impl PartialOrd<Val> for Val {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Val) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        self.0.partial_cmp(&other.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for Val {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Val) -> Ordering {
+        self.0.cmp(&other.0)
+    }
+}
+
+impl qc::Arbitrary for Val {
+    fn arbitrary<G: qc::Gen>(g: &mut G) -> Self {
+        let (x, y) = <(u32, u32)>::arbitrary(g);
+        Val(x, y)
+    }
+    fn shrink(&self) -> Box<dyn Iterator<Item = Self>> {
+        Box::new((self.0, self.1).shrink().map(|(x, y)| Val(x, y)))
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn minmax(a: Vec<Val>) -> bool {
+        use itertools::MinMaxResult;
+
+
+        let minmax = a.iter().minmax();
+        let expected = match a.len() {
+            0 => MinMaxResult::NoElements,
+            1 => MinMaxResult::OneElement(&a[0]),
+            _ => MinMaxResult::MinMax(a.iter().min().unwrap(),
+                                      a.iter().max().unwrap()),
+        };
+        minmax == expected
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn minmax_f64(a: Vec<f64>) -> TestResult {
+        use itertools::MinMaxResult;
+
+        if a.iter().any(|x| x.is_nan()) {
+            return TestResult::discard();
+        }
+
+        let min = cloned(&a).fold1(f64::min);
+        let max = cloned(&a).fold1(f64::max);
+
+        let minmax = cloned(&a).minmax();
+        let expected = match a.len() {
+            0 => MinMaxResult::NoElements,
+            1 => MinMaxResult::OneElement(min.unwrap()),
+            _ => MinMaxResult::MinMax(min.unwrap(), max.unwrap()),
+        };
+        TestResult::from_bool(minmax == expected)
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    #[allow(deprecated)]
+    fn tree_fold1_f64(mut a: Vec<f64>) -> TestResult {
+        fn collapse_adjacent<F>(x: Vec<f64>, mut f: F) -> Vec<f64>
+            where F: FnMut(f64, f64) -> f64
+        {
+            let mut out = Vec::new();
+            for i in (0..x.len()).step(2) {
+                if i == x.len()-1 {
+                    out.push(x[i])
+                } else {
+                    out.push(f(x[i], x[i+1]));
+                }
+            }
+            out
+        }
+
+        if a.iter().any(|x| x.is_nan()) {
+            return TestResult::discard();
+        }
+
+        let actual = a.iter().cloned().tree_fold1(f64::atan2);
+
+        while a.len() > 1 {
+            a = collapse_adjacent(a, f64::atan2);
+        }
+        let expected = a.pop();
+
+        TestResult::from_bool(actual == expected)
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn exactly_one_i32(a: Vec<i32>) -> TestResult {
+        let ret = a.iter().cloned().exactly_one();
+        match a.len() {
+            1 => TestResult::from_bool(ret.unwrap() == a[0]),
+            _ => TestResult::from_bool(ret.unwrap_err().eq(a.iter().cloned())),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn at_most_one_i32(a: Vec<i32>) -> TestResult {
+        let ret = a.iter().cloned().at_most_one();
+        match a.len() {
+            0 => TestResult::from_bool(ret.unwrap() == None),
+            1 => TestResult::from_bool(ret.unwrap() == Some(a[0])),
+            _ => TestResult::from_bool(ret.unwrap_err().eq(a.iter().cloned())),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn consistent_grouping_map_with_by(a: Vec<u8>, modulo: u8) -> () {
+        let modulo = if modulo == 0 { 1 } else { modulo }; // Avoid `% 0`
+
+        let lookup_grouping_map = a.iter().copied().map(|i| (i % modulo, i)).into_grouping_map().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let lookup_grouping_map_by = a.iter().copied().into_grouping_map_by(|i| i % modulo).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+
+        assert_eq!(lookup_grouping_map, lookup_grouping_map_by);
+    }
+
+    fn correct_grouping_map_by_aggregate_modulo_key(a: Vec<u8>, modulo: u8) -> () {
+        let modulo = if modulo < 2 { 2 } else { modulo } as u64; // Avoid `% 0`
+        let lookup = a.iter()
+            .map(|&b| b as u64) // Avoid overflows
+            .into_grouping_map_by(|i| i % modulo)
+            .aggregate(|acc, &key, val| {
+                assert!(val % modulo == key);
+                if val % (modulo - 1) == 0 {
+                    None
+                } else {
+                    Some(acc.unwrap_or(0) + val)
+                }
+            });
+        
+        let group_map_lookup = a.iter()
+            .map(|&b| b as u64)
+            .map(|i| (i % modulo, i))
+            .into_group_map()
+            .into_iter()
+            .filter_map(|(key, vals)| {
+                vals.into_iter().fold(None, |acc, val| {
+                    if val % (modulo - 1) == 0 {
+                        None
+                    } else {
+                        Some(acc.unwrap_or(0) + val)
+                    }
+                }).map(|new_val| (key, new_val))
+            })
+            .collect::<HashMap<_,_>>();
+        assert_eq!(lookup, group_map_lookup);
+
+        for m in 0..modulo {
+            assert_eq!(
+                lookup.get(&m).copied(), 
+                a.iter()
+                    .map(|&b| b as u64)
+                    .filter(|&val| val % modulo == m)
+                    .fold(None, |acc, val| {
+                        if val % (modulo - 1) == 0 {
+                            None
+                        } else {
+                            Some(acc.unwrap_or(0) + val)
+                        }
+                    })
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn correct_grouping_map_by_fold_modulo_key(a: Vec<u8>, modulo: u8) -> () {
+        let modulo = if modulo == 0 { 1 } else { modulo } as u64; // Avoid `% 0`
+        let lookup = a.iter().map(|&b| b as u64) // Avoid overflows
+            .into_grouping_map_by(|i| i % modulo)
+            .fold(0u64, |acc, &key, val| {
+                assert!(val % modulo == key);
+                acc + val
+            });
+
+        let group_map_lookup = a.iter()
+            .map(|&b| b as u64)
+            .map(|i| (i % modulo, i))
+            .into_group_map()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(key, vals)| (key, vals.into_iter().sum()))
+            .collect::<HashMap<_,_>>();
+        assert_eq!(lookup, group_map_lookup);
+
+        for (&key, &sum) in lookup.iter() {
+            assert_eq!(sum, a.iter().map(|&b| b as u64).filter(|&val| val % modulo == key).sum::<u64>());
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn correct_grouping_map_by_fold_first_modulo_key(a: Vec<u8>, modulo: u8) -> () {
+        let modulo = if modulo == 0 { 1 } else { modulo } as u64; // Avoid `% 0`
+        let lookup = a.iter().map(|&b| b as u64) // Avoid overflows
+            .into_grouping_map_by(|i| i % modulo)
+            .fold_first(|acc, &key, val| {
+                assert!(val % modulo == key);
+                acc + val
+            });
+
+        // TODO: Swap `fold1` with stdlib's `fold_first` when it's stabilized
+        let group_map_lookup = a.iter()
+            .map(|&b| b as u64)
+            .map(|i| (i % modulo, i))
+            .into_group_map()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(key, vals)| (key, vals.into_iter().fold1(|acc, val| acc + val).unwrap()))
+            .collect::<HashMap<_,_>>();
+        assert_eq!(lookup, group_map_lookup);
+
+        for (&key, &sum) in lookup.iter() {
+            assert_eq!(sum, a.iter().map(|&b| b as u64).filter(|&val| val % modulo == key).sum::<u64>());
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn correct_grouping_map_by_collect_modulo_key(a: Vec<u8>, modulo: u8) -> () {
+        let modulo = if modulo == 0 { 1 } else { modulo }; // Avoid `% 0`
+        let lookup_grouping_map = a.iter().copied().into_grouping_map_by(|i| i % modulo).collect::<Vec<_>>();
+        let lookup_group_map = a.iter().copied().map(|i| (i % modulo, i)).into_group_map();
+
+        assert_eq!(lookup_grouping_map, lookup_group_map);
+    }
+
+    fn correct_grouping_map_by_max_modulo_key(a: Vec<u8>, modulo: u8) -> () {
+        let modulo = if modulo == 0 { 1 } else { modulo }; // Avoid `% 0`
+        let lookup = a.iter().copied().into_grouping_map_by(|i| i % modulo).max();
+
+        let group_map_lookup = a.iter().copied()
+            .map(|i| (i % modulo, i))
+            .into_group_map()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(key, vals)| (key, vals.into_iter().max().unwrap()))
+            .collect::<HashMap<_,_>>();
+        assert_eq!(lookup, group_map_lookup);
+
+        for (&key, &max) in lookup.iter() {
+            assert_eq!(Some(max), a.iter().copied().filter(|&val| val % modulo == key).max());
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn correct_grouping_map_by_max_by_modulo_key(a: Vec<u8>, modulo: u8) -> () {
+        let modulo = if modulo == 0 { 1 } else { modulo }; // Avoid `% 0`
+        let lookup = a.iter().copied().into_grouping_map_by(|i| i % modulo).max_by(|_, v1, v2| v1.cmp(v2));
+
+        let group_map_lookup = a.iter().copied()
+            .map(|i| (i % modulo, i))
+            .into_group_map()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(key, vals)| (key, vals.into_iter().max_by(|v1, v2| v1.cmp(v2)).unwrap()))
+            .collect::<HashMap<_,_>>();
+        assert_eq!(lookup, group_map_lookup);
+
+        for (&key, &max) in lookup.iter() {
+            assert_eq!(Some(max), a.iter().copied().filter(|&val| val % modulo == key).max_by(|v1, v2| v1.cmp(v2)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn correct_grouping_map_by_max_by_key_modulo_key(a: Vec<u8>, modulo: u8) -> () {
+        let modulo = if modulo == 0 { 1 } else { modulo }; // Avoid `% 0`
+        let lookup = a.iter().copied().into_grouping_map_by(|i| i % modulo).max_by_key(|_, &val| val);
+
+        let group_map_lookup = a.iter().copied()
+            .map(|i| (i % modulo, i))
+            .into_group_map()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(key, vals)| (key, vals.into_iter().max_by_key(|&val| val).unwrap()))
+            .collect::<HashMap<_,_>>();
+        assert_eq!(lookup, group_map_lookup);
+
+        for (&key, &max) in lookup.iter() {
+            assert_eq!(Some(max), a.iter().copied().filter(|&val| val % modulo == key).max_by_key(|&val| val));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    fn correct_grouping_map_by_min_modulo_key(a: Vec<u8>, modulo: u8) -> () {
+        let modulo = if modulo == 0 { 1 } else { modulo }; // Avoid `% 0`
+        let lookup = a.iter().copied().into_grouping_map_by(|i| i % modulo).min();
+
+        let group_map_lookup = a.iter().copied()
+            .map(|i| (i % modulo, i))
+            .into_group_map()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(key, vals)| (key, vals.into_iter().min().unwrap()))
+            .collect::<HashMap<_,_>>();
+        assert_eq!(lookup, group_map_lookup);
+
+        for (&key, &min) in lookup.iter() {
+            assert_eq!(Some(min), a.iter().copied().filter(|&val| val % modulo == key).min());
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn correct_grouping_map_by_min_by_modulo_key(a: Vec<u8>, modulo: u8) -> () {
+        let modulo = if modulo == 0 { 1 } else { modulo }; // Avoid `% 0`
+        let lookup = a.iter().copied().into_grouping_map_by(|i| i % modulo).min_by(|_, v1, v2| v1.cmp(v2));
+
+        let group_map_lookup = a.iter().copied()
+            .map(|i| (i % modulo, i))
+            .into_group_map()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(key, vals)| (key, vals.into_iter().min_by(|v1, v2| v1.cmp(v2)).unwrap()))
+            .collect::<HashMap<_,_>>();
+        assert_eq!(lookup, group_map_lookup);
+
+        for (&key, &min) in lookup.iter() {
+            assert_eq!(Some(min), a.iter().copied().filter(|&val| val % modulo == key).min_by(|v1, v2| v1.cmp(v2)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn correct_grouping_map_by_min_by_key_modulo_key(a: Vec<u8>, modulo: u8) -> () {
+        let modulo = if modulo == 0 { 1 } else { modulo }; // Avoid `% 0`
+        let lookup = a.iter().copied().into_grouping_map_by(|i| i % modulo).min_by_key(|_, &val| val);
+
+        let group_map_lookup = a.iter().copied()
+            .map(|i| (i % modulo, i))
+            .into_group_map()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(key, vals)| (key, vals.into_iter().min_by_key(|&val| val).unwrap()))
+            .collect::<HashMap<_,_>>();
+        assert_eq!(lookup, group_map_lookup);
+
+        for (&key, &min) in lookup.iter() {
+            assert_eq!(Some(min), a.iter().copied().filter(|&val| val % modulo == key).min_by_key(|&val| val));
+        }
+    }
+    
+    fn correct_grouping_map_by_minmax_modulo_key(a: Vec<u8>, modulo: u8) -> () {
+        let modulo = if modulo == 0 { 1 } else { modulo }; // Avoid `% 0`
+        let lookup = a.iter().copied().into_grouping_map_by(|i| i % modulo).minmax();
+
+        let group_map_lookup = a.iter().copied()
+            .map(|i| (i % modulo, i))
+            .into_group_map()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(key, vals)| (key, vals.into_iter().minmax()))
+            .collect::<HashMap<_,_>>();
+        assert_eq!(lookup, group_map_lookup);
+
+        for (&key, &minmax) in lookup.iter() {
+            assert_eq!(minmax, a.iter().copied().filter(|&val| val % modulo == key).minmax());
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn correct_grouping_map_by_minmax_by_modulo_key(a: Vec<u8>, modulo: u8) -> () {
+        let modulo = if modulo == 0 { 1 } else { modulo }; // Avoid `% 0`
+        let lookup = a.iter().copied().into_grouping_map_by(|i| i % modulo).minmax_by(|_, v1, v2| v1.cmp(v2));
+
+        let group_map_lookup = a.iter().copied()
+            .map(|i| (i % modulo, i))
+            .into_group_map()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(key, vals)| (key, vals.into_iter().minmax_by(|v1, v2| v1.cmp(v2))))
+            .collect::<HashMap<_,_>>();
+        assert_eq!(lookup, group_map_lookup);
+
+        for (&key, &minmax) in lookup.iter() {
+            assert_eq!(minmax, a.iter().copied().filter(|&val| val % modulo == key).minmax_by(|v1, v2| v1.cmp(v2)));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn correct_grouping_map_by_minmax_by_key_modulo_key(a: Vec<u8>, modulo: u8) -> () {
+        let modulo = if modulo == 0 { 1 } else { modulo }; // Avoid `% 0`
+        let lookup = a.iter().copied().into_grouping_map_by(|i| i % modulo).minmax_by_key(|_, &val| val);
+
+        let group_map_lookup = a.iter().copied()
+            .map(|i| (i % modulo, i))
+            .into_group_map()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(key, vals)| (key, vals.into_iter().minmax_by_key(|&val| val)))
+            .collect::<HashMap<_,_>>();
+        assert_eq!(lookup, group_map_lookup);
+
+        for (&key, &minmax) in lookup.iter() {
+            assert_eq!(minmax, a.iter().copied().filter(|&val| val % modulo == key).minmax_by_key(|&val| val));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn correct_grouping_map_by_sum_modulo_key(a: Vec<u8>, modulo: u8) -> () {
+        let modulo = if modulo == 0 { 1 } else { modulo } as u64; // Avoid `% 0`
+        let lookup = a.iter().map(|&b| b as u64) // Avoid overflows
+            .into_grouping_map_by(|i| i % modulo)
+            .sum();
+
+        let group_map_lookup = a.iter().map(|&b| b as u64)
+            .map(|i| (i % modulo, i))
+            .into_group_map()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(key, vals)| (key, vals.into_iter().sum()))
+            .collect::<HashMap<_,_>>();
+        assert_eq!(lookup, group_map_lookup);
+
+        for (&key, &sum) in lookup.iter() {
+            assert_eq!(sum, a.iter().map(|&b| b as u64).filter(|&val| val % modulo == key).sum::<u64>());
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn correct_grouping_map_by_product_modulo_key(a: Vec<u8>, modulo: u8) -> () {
+        let modulo = Wrapping(if modulo == 0 { 1 } else { modulo } as u64); // Avoid `% 0`
+        let lookup = a.iter().map(|&b| Wrapping(b as u64)) // Avoid overflows
+            .into_grouping_map_by(|i| i % modulo)
+            .product();
+
+        let group_map_lookup = a.iter().map(|&b| Wrapping(b as u64))
+            .map(|i| (i % modulo, i))
+            .into_group_map()
+            .into_iter()
+            .map(|(key, vals)| (key, vals.into_iter().product::<Wrapping<u64>>()))
+            .collect::<HashMap<_,_>>();
+        assert_eq!(lookup, group_map_lookup);
+
+        for (&key, &prod) in lookup.iter() {
+            assert_eq!(
+                prod,
+                a.iter()
+                    .map(|&b| Wrapping(b as u64))
+                    .filter(|&val| val % modulo == key)
+                    .product::<Wrapping<u64>>()
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    // This should check that if multiple elements are equally minimum or maximum
+    // then `max`, `min` and `minmax` pick the first minimum and the last maximum.
+    // This is to be consistent with `std::iter::max` and `std::iter::min`.
+    fn correct_grouping_map_by_min_max_minmax_order_modulo_key() -> () {
+        use itertools::MinMaxResult;
+
+        let lookup = (0..=10)
+            .into_grouping_map_by(|_| 0)
+            .max_by(|_, _, _| Ordering::Equal);
+
+        assert_eq!(lookup[&0], 10);
+
+        let lookup = (0..=10)
+            .into_grouping_map_by(|_| 0)
+            .min_by(|_, _, _| Ordering::Equal);
+
+        assert_eq!(lookup[&0], 0);
+        
+        let lookup = (0..=10)
+            .into_grouping_map_by(|_| 0)
+            .minmax_by(|_, _, _| Ordering::Equal);
+
+        assert_eq!(lookup[&0], MinMaxResult::MinMax(0, 10));
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn counts(nums: Vec<isize>) -> TestResult {
+        let counts = nums.iter().counts();
+        for (&item, &count) in counts.iter() {
+            #[allow(clippy::absurd_extreme_comparisons)]
+            if count <= 0 {
+                return TestResult::failed();
+            }
+            if count != nums.iter().filter(|&x| x == item).count() {
+                return TestResult::failed();
+            }
+        }
+        for item in nums.iter() {
+            if !counts.contains_key(item) {
+                return TestResult::failed();
+            }
+        }
+        TestResult::passed()
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn test_double_ended_zip_2(a: Vec<u8>, b: Vec<u8>) -> TestResult {
+        let mut x =
+          multizip((a.clone().into_iter(), b.clone().into_iter()))
+            .collect_vec();
+        x.reverse();
+
+        let y =
+          multizip((a.into_iter(), b.into_iter()))
+          .rfold(Vec::new(), |mut vec, e| { vec.push(e); vec });
+
+        TestResult::from_bool(itertools::equal(x, y))
+    }
+
+    fn test_double_ended_zip_3(a: Vec<u8>, b: Vec<u8>, c: Vec<u8>) -> TestResult {
+        let mut x =
+          multizip((a.clone().into_iter(), b.clone().into_iter(), c.clone().into_iter()))
+            .collect_vec();
+        x.reverse();
+
+        let y =
+          multizip((a.into_iter(), b.into_iter(), c.into_iter()))
+          .rfold(Vec::new(), |mut vec, e| { vec.push(e); vec });
+
+        TestResult::from_bool(itertools::equal(x, y))
+    }
+}
+
+
+fn is_fused<I: Iterator>(mut it: I) -> bool
+{
+    for _ in it.by_ref() {}
+    for _ in 0..10{
+        if it.next().is_some(){
+            return false;
+        }
+    }
+    true
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn fused_combination(a: Iter<i16>) -> bool
+    {
+        is_fused(a.clone().combinations(1)) &&
+        is_fused(a.combinations(3))
+    }
+
+    fn fused_combination_with_replacement(a: Iter<i16>) -> bool
+    {
+        is_fused(a.clone().combinations_with_replacement(1)) &&
+        is_fused(a.combinations_with_replacement(3))
+    }
+
+    fn fused_tuple_combination(a: Iter<i16>) -> bool
+    {
+        is_fused(a.clone().fuse().tuple_combinations::<(_,)>()) &&
+        is_fused(a.fuse().tuple_combinations::<(_,_,_)>())
+    }
+
+    fn fused_unique(a: Iter<i16>) -> bool
+    {
+        is_fused(a.fuse().unique())
+    }
+
+    fn fused_unique_by(a: Iter<i16>) -> bool
+    {
+        is_fused(a.fuse().unique_by(|x| x % 100))
+    }
+
+    fn fused_interleave_shortest(a: Iter<i16>, b: Iter<i16>) -> bool
+    {
+        !is_fused(a.clone().interleave_shortest(b.clone())) &&
+        is_fused(a.fuse().interleave_shortest(b.fuse()))
+    }
+    
+    fn fused_product(a: Iter<i16>, b: Iter<i16>) -> bool
+    {
+        is_fused(a.fuse().cartesian_product(b.fuse()))
+    }
+
+    fn fused_merge(a: Iter<i16>, b: Iter<i16>) -> bool
+    {
+        is_fused(a.fuse().merge(b.fuse()))
+    }
+
+    fn fused_filter_ok(a: Iter<i16>) -> bool
+    {
+        is_fused(a.map(|x| if x % 2 == 0 {Ok(x)} else {Err(x)} )
+                 .filter_ok(|x| x % 3 == 0)
+                 .fuse())
+    }
+
+    fn fused_filter_map_ok(a: Iter<i16>) -> bool
+    {
+        is_fused(a.map(|x| if x % 2 == 0 {Ok(x)} else {Err(x)} )
+                 .filter_map_ok(|x| if x % 3 == 0 {Some(x / 3)} else {None})
+                 .fuse())
+    }
+
+    fn fused_positions(a: Iter<i16>) -> bool
+    {
+        !is_fused(a.clone().positions(|x|x%2==0)) &&
+        is_fused(a.fuse().positions(|x|x%2==0))
+    }
+
+    fn fused_update(a: Iter<i16>) -> bool
+    {
+        !is_fused(a.clone().update(|x|*x+=1)) &&
+        is_fused(a.fuse().update(|x|*x+=1))
+    }
+
+    fn fused_tuple_windows(a: Iter<i16>) -> bool
+    {
+        is_fused(a.fuse().tuple_windows::<(_,_)>())
+    }
+
+    fn fused_pad_using(a: Iter<i16>) -> bool
+    {
+        is_fused(a.fuse().pad_using(100,|_|0))
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn min_set_contains_min(a: Vec<(usize, char)>) -> bool {
+        let result_set = a.iter().min_set();
+        if let Some(result_element) = a.iter().min() {
+            result_set.contains(&result_element)
+        } else {
+            result_set.is_empty()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn min_set_by_contains_min(a: Vec<(usize, char)>) -> bool {
+        let compare = |x: &&(usize, char), y: &&(usize, char)| x.1.cmp(&y.1);
+        let result_set = a.iter().min_set_by(compare);
+        if let Some(result_element) = a.iter().min_by(compare) {
+            result_set.contains(&result_element)
+        } else {
+            result_set.is_empty()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn min_set_by_key_contains_min(a: Vec<(usize, char)>) -> bool {
+        let key = |x: &&(usize, char)| x.1;
+        let result_set = a.iter().min_set_by_key(&key);
+        if let Some(result_element) = a.iter().min_by_key(&key) {
+            result_set.contains(&result_element)
+        } else {
+            result_set.is_empty()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn max_set_contains_max(a: Vec<(usize, char)>) -> bool {
+        let result_set = a.iter().max_set();
+        if let Some(result_element) = a.iter().max() {
+            result_set.contains(&result_element)
+        } else {
+            result_set.is_empty()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn max_set_by_contains_max(a: Vec<(usize, char)>) -> bool {
+        let compare = |x: &&(usize, char), y: &&(usize, char)| x.1.cmp(&y.1);
+        let result_set = a.iter().max_set_by(compare);
+        if let Some(result_element) = a.iter().max_by(compare) {
+            result_set.contains(&result_element)
+        } else {
+            result_set.is_empty()
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn max_set_by_key_contains_max(a: Vec<(usize, char)>) -> bool {
+        let key = |x: &&(usize, char)| x.1;
+        let result_set = a.iter().max_set_by_key(&key);
+        if let Some(result_element) = a.iter().max_by_key(&key) {
+            result_set.contains(&result_element)
+        } else {
+            result_set.is_empty()
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/specializations.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/specializations.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..057e11c9f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/specializations.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,153 @@
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use std::fmt::Debug;
+use quickcheck::quickcheck;
+
+struct Unspecialized<I>(I);
+impl<I> Iterator for Unspecialized<I>
+where
+    I: Iterator,
+{
+    type Item = I::Item;
+
+    #[inline(always)]
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.0.next()
+    }
+}
+
+macro_rules! check_specialized {
+    ($src:expr, |$it:pat| $closure:expr) => {
+        let $it = $src.clone();
+        let v1 = $closure;
+
+        let $it = Unspecialized($src.clone());
+        let v2 = $closure;
+
+        assert_eq!(v1, v2);
+    }
+}
+
+fn test_specializations<IterItem, Iter>(
+    it: &Iter,
+) where
+    IterItem: Eq + Debug + Clone,
+    Iter: Iterator<Item = IterItem> + Clone,
+{
+    check_specialized!(it, |i| i.count());
+    check_specialized!(it, |i| i.last());
+    check_specialized!(it, |i| i.collect::<Vec<_>>());
+    check_specialized!(it, |i| {
+        let mut parameters_from_fold = vec![];
+        let fold_result = i.fold(vec![], |mut acc, v: IterItem| {
+            parameters_from_fold.push((acc.clone(), v.clone()));
+            acc.push(v);
+            acc
+        });
+        (parameters_from_fold, fold_result)
+    });
+    check_specialized!(it, |mut i| {
+        let mut parameters_from_all = vec![];
+        let first = i.next();
+        let all_result = i.all(|x| {
+            parameters_from_all.push(x.clone());
+            Some(x)==first
+        });
+        (parameters_from_all, all_result)
+    });
+    let size = it.clone().count();
+    for n in 0..size + 2 {
+        check_specialized!(it, |mut i| i.nth(n));
+    }
+    // size_hint is a bit harder to check
+    let mut it_sh = it.clone();
+    for n in 0..size + 2 {
+        let len = it_sh.clone().count();
+        let (min, max) = it_sh.size_hint();
+        assert_eq!(size - n.min(size), len);
+        assert!(min <= len);
+        if let Some(max) = max {
+            assert!(len <= max);
+        }
+        it_sh.next();
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn intersperse(v: Vec<u8>) -> () {
+        test_specializations(&v.into_iter().intersperse(0));
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn put_back_qc(test_vec: Vec<i32>) -> () {
+        test_specializations(&itertools::put_back(test_vec.iter()));
+        let mut pb = itertools::put_back(test_vec.into_iter());
+        pb.put_back(1);
+        test_specializations(&pb);
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn merge_join_by_qc(i1: Vec<usize>, i2: Vec<usize>) -> () {
+        test_specializations(&i1.into_iter().merge_join_by(i2.into_iter(), std::cmp::Ord::cmp));
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn map_into(v: Vec<u8>) -> () {
+        test_specializations(&v.into_iter().map_into::<u32>());
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn map_ok(v: Vec<Result<u8, char>>) -> () {
+        test_specializations(&v.into_iter().map_ok(|u| u.checked_add(1)));
+    }
+}
+
+quickcheck! {
+    fn process_results(v: Vec<Result<u8, u8>>) -> () {
+        helper(v.iter().copied());
+        helper(v.iter().copied().filter(Result::is_ok));
+
+        fn helper(it: impl Iterator<Item = Result<u8, u8>> + Clone) {
+            macro_rules! check_results_specialized {
+                ($src:expr, |$it:pat| $closure:expr) => {
+                    assert_eq!(
+                        itertools::process_results($src.clone(), |$it| $closure),
+                        itertools::process_results($src.clone(), |i| {
+                            let $it = Unspecialized(i);
+                            $closure
+                        }),
+                    )
+                }
+            }
+
+            check_results_specialized!(it, |i| i.count());
+            check_results_specialized!(it, |i| i.last());
+            check_results_specialized!(it, |i| i.collect::<Vec<_>>());
+            check_results_specialized!(it, |i| {
+                let mut parameters_from_fold = vec![];
+                let fold_result = i.fold(vec![], |mut acc, v| {
+                    parameters_from_fold.push((acc.clone(), v));
+                    acc.push(v);
+                    acc
+                });
+                (parameters_from_fold, fold_result)
+            });
+            check_results_specialized!(it, |mut i| {
+                let mut parameters_from_all = vec![];
+                let first = i.next();
+                let all_result = i.all(|x| {
+                    parameters_from_all.push(x);
+                    Some(x)==first
+                });
+                (parameters_from_all, all_result)
+            });
+            let size = it.clone().count();
+            for n in 0..size + 2 {
+                check_results_specialized!(it, |mut i| i.nth(n));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/test_core.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/test_core.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..df94eb665f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/test_core.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,317 @@
+//! Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0
+//! https://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0 or the MIT license
+//! https://opensource.org/licenses/MIT, at your
+//! option. This file may not be copied, modified, or distributed
+//! except according to those terms.
+#![no_std]
+
+use core::iter;
+use itertools as it;
+use crate::it::Itertools;
+use crate::it::interleave;
+use crate::it::intersperse;
+use crate::it::intersperse_with;
+use crate::it::multizip;
+use crate::it::free::put_back;
+use crate::it::iproduct;
+use crate::it::izip;
+use crate::it::chain;
+
+#[test]
+fn product2() {
+    let s = "αβ";
+
+    let mut prod = iproduct!(s.chars(), 0..2);
+    assert!(prod.next() == Some(('α', 0)));
+    assert!(prod.next() == Some(('α', 1)));
+    assert!(prod.next() == Some(('β', 0)));
+    assert!(prod.next() == Some(('β', 1)));
+    assert!(prod.next() == None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn product_temporary() {
+    for (_x, _y, _z) in iproduct!(
+        [0, 1, 2].iter().cloned(),
+        [0, 1, 2].iter().cloned(),
+        [0, 1, 2].iter().cloned())
+    {
+        // ok
+    }
+}
+
+
+#[test]
+fn izip_macro() {
+    let mut zip = izip!(2..3);
+    assert!(zip.next() == Some(2));
+    assert!(zip.next().is_none());
+
+    let mut zip = izip!(0..3, 0..2, 0..2i8);
+    for i in 0..2 {
+        assert!((i as usize, i, i as i8) == zip.next().unwrap());
+    }
+    assert!(zip.next().is_none());
+
+    let xs: [isize; 0] = [];
+    let mut zip = izip!(0..3, 0..2, 0..2i8, &xs);
+    assert!(zip.next().is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn izip2() {
+    let _zip1: iter::Zip<_, _> = izip!(1.., 2..);
+    let _zip2: iter::Zip<_, _> = izip!(1.., 2.., );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn izip3() {
+    let mut zip: iter::Map<iter::Zip<_, _>, _> = izip!(0..3, 0..2, 0..2i8);
+    for i in 0..2 {
+        assert!((i as usize, i, i as i8) == zip.next().unwrap());
+    }
+    assert!(zip.next().is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multizip3() {
+    let mut zip = multizip((0..3, 0..2, 0..2i8));
+    for i in 0..2 {
+        assert!((i as usize, i, i as i8) == zip.next().unwrap());
+    }
+    assert!(zip.next().is_none());
+
+    let xs: [isize; 0] = [];
+    let mut zip = multizip((0..3, 0..2, 0..2i8, xs.iter()));
+    assert!(zip.next().is_none());
+
+    for (_, _, _, _, _) in multizip((0..3, 0..2, xs.iter(), &xs, xs.to_vec())) {
+        /* test compiles */
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn chain_macro() {
+    let mut chain = chain!(2..3);
+    assert!(chain.next() == Some(2));
+    assert!(chain.next().is_none());
+
+    let mut chain = chain!(0..2, 2..3, 3..5i8);
+    for i in 0..5i8 {
+        assert_eq!(Some(i), chain.next());
+    }
+    assert!(chain.next().is_none());
+
+    let mut chain = chain!();
+    assert_eq!(chain.next(), Option::<()>::None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn chain2() {
+    let _ = chain!(1.., 2..);
+    let _ = chain!(1.., 2.., );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn write_to() {
+    let xs = [7, 9, 8];
+    let mut ys = [0; 5];
+    let cnt = ys.iter_mut().set_from(xs.iter().copied());
+    assert!(cnt == xs.len());
+    assert!(ys == [7, 9, 8, 0, 0]);
+
+    let cnt = ys.iter_mut().set_from(0..10);
+    assert!(cnt == ys.len());
+    assert!(ys == [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_interleave() {
+    let xs: [u8; 0]  = [];
+    let ys = [7u8, 9, 8, 10];
+    let zs = [2u8, 77];
+    let it = interleave(xs.iter(), ys.iter());
+    it::assert_equal(it, ys.iter());
+
+    let rs = [7u8, 2, 9, 77, 8, 10];
+    let it = interleave(ys.iter(), zs.iter());
+    it::assert_equal(it, rs.iter());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_intersperse() {
+    let xs = [1u8, 2, 3];
+    let ys = [1u8, 0, 2, 0, 3];
+    let it = intersperse(&xs, &0);
+    it::assert_equal(it, ys.iter());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_intersperse_with() {
+    let xs = [1u8, 2, 3];
+    let ys = [1u8, 10, 2, 10, 3];
+    let i = 10;
+    let it = intersperse_with(&xs, || &i);
+    it::assert_equal(it, ys.iter());
+}
+
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+#[test]
+fn foreach() {
+    let xs = [1i32, 2, 3];
+    let mut sum = 0;
+    xs.iter().foreach(|elt| sum += *elt);
+    assert!(sum == 6);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dropping() {
+    let xs = [1, 2, 3];
+    let mut it = xs.iter().dropping(2);
+    assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(&3));
+    assert!(it.next().is_none());
+    let mut it = xs.iter().dropping(5);
+    assert!(it.next().is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn batching() {
+    let xs = [0, 1, 2, 1, 3];
+    let ys = [(0, 1), (2, 1)];
+
+    // An iterator that gathers elements up in pairs
+    let pit = xs
+        .iter()
+        .cloned()
+        .batching(|it| it.next().and_then(|x| it.next().map(|y| (x, y))));
+    it::assert_equal(pit, ys.iter().cloned());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_put_back() {
+    let xs = [0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 3];
+    let mut pb = put_back(xs.iter().cloned());
+    pb.next();
+    pb.put_back(1);
+    pb.put_back(0);
+    it::assert_equal(pb, xs.iter().cloned());
+}
+
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+#[test]
+fn step() {
+    it::assert_equal((0..10).step(1), 0..10);
+    it::assert_equal((0..10).step(2), (0..10).filter(|x: &i32| *x % 2 == 0));
+    it::assert_equal((0..10).step(10), 0..1);
+}
+
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+#[test]
+fn merge() {
+    it::assert_equal((0..10).step(2).merge((1..10).step(2)), 0..10);
+}
+
+
+#[test]
+fn repeatn() {
+    let s = "α";
+    let mut it = it::repeat_n(s, 3);
+    assert_eq!(it.len(), 3);
+    assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(s));
+    assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(s));
+    assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(s));
+    assert_eq!(it.next(), None);
+    assert_eq!(it.next(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn count_clones() {
+    // Check that RepeatN only clones N - 1 times.
+
+    use core::cell::Cell;
+    #[derive(PartialEq, Debug)]
+    struct Foo {
+        n: Cell<usize>
+    }
+
+    impl Clone for Foo
+    {
+        fn clone(&self) -> Self
+        {
+            let n = self.n.get();
+            self.n.set(n + 1);
+            Foo { n: Cell::new(n + 1) }
+        }
+    }
+
+
+    for n in 0..10 {
+        let f = Foo{n: Cell::new(0)};
+        let it = it::repeat_n(f, n);
+        // drain it
+        let last = it.last();
+        if n == 0 {
+            assert_eq!(last, None);
+        } else {
+            assert_eq!(last, Some(Foo{n: Cell::new(n - 1)}));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn part() {
+    let mut data = [7, 1, 1, 9, 1, 1, 3];
+    let i = it::partition(&mut data, |elt| *elt >= 3);
+    assert_eq!(i, 3);
+    assert_eq!(data, [7, 3, 9, 1, 1, 1, 1]);
+
+    let i = it::partition(&mut data, |elt| *elt == 1);
+    assert_eq!(i, 4);
+    assert_eq!(data, [1, 1, 1, 1, 9, 3, 7]);
+
+    let mut data = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
+    let i = it::partition(&mut data, |elt| *elt % 3 == 0);
+    assert_eq!(i, 3);
+    assert_eq!(data, [9, 6, 3, 4, 5, 2, 7, 8, 1]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn tree_fold1() {
+    for i in 0..100 {
+        assert_eq!((0..i).tree_fold1(|x, y| x + y), (0..i).fold1(|x, y| x + y));
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn exactly_one() {
+    assert_eq!((0..10).filter(|&x| x == 2).exactly_one().unwrap(), 2);
+    assert!((0..10).filter(|&x| x > 1 && x < 4).exactly_one().unwrap_err().eq(2..4));
+    assert!((0..10).filter(|&x| x > 1 && x < 5).exactly_one().unwrap_err().eq(2..5));
+    assert!((0..10).filter(|&_| false).exactly_one().unwrap_err().eq(0..0));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn at_most_one() {
+    assert_eq!((0..10).filter(|&x| x == 2).at_most_one().unwrap(), Some(2));
+    assert!((0..10).filter(|&x| x > 1 && x < 4).at_most_one().unwrap_err().eq(2..4));
+    assert!((0..10).filter(|&x| x > 1 && x < 5).at_most_one().unwrap_err().eq(2..5));
+    assert_eq!((0..10).filter(|&_| false).at_most_one().unwrap(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sum1() {
+    let v: &[i32] = &[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];
+    assert_eq!(v[..0].iter().cloned().sum1::<i32>(), None);
+    assert_eq!(v[1..2].iter().cloned().sum1::<i32>(), Some(1));
+    assert_eq!(v[1..3].iter().cloned().sum1::<i32>(), Some(3));
+    assert_eq!(v.iter().cloned().sum1::<i32>(), Some(55));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn product1() {
+    let v: &[i32] = &[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];
+    assert_eq!(v[..0].iter().cloned().product1::<i32>(), None);
+    assert_eq!(v[..1].iter().cloned().product1::<i32>(), Some(0));
+    assert_eq!(v[1..3].iter().cloned().product1::<i32>(), Some(2));
+    assert_eq!(v[1..5].iter().cloned().product1::<i32>(), Some(24));
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/test_std.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/test_std.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..77207d87e3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/test_std.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1184 @@
+use quickcheck as qc;
+use rand::{distributions::{Distribution, Standard}, Rng, SeedableRng, rngs::StdRng};
+use rand::{seq::SliceRandom, thread_rng};
+use std::{cmp::min, fmt::Debug, marker::PhantomData};
+use itertools as it;
+use crate::it::Itertools;
+use crate::it::ExactlyOneError;
+use crate::it::multizip;
+use crate::it::multipeek;
+use crate::it::peek_nth;
+use crate::it::free::rciter;
+use crate::it::free::put_back_n;
+use crate::it::FoldWhile;
+use crate::it::cloned;
+use crate::it::iproduct;
+use crate::it::izip;
+
+#[test]
+fn product3() {
+    let prod = iproduct!(0..3, 0..2, 0..2);
+    assert_eq!(prod.size_hint(), (12, Some(12)));
+    let v = prod.collect_vec();
+    for i in 0..3 {
+        for j in 0..2 {
+            for k in 0..2 {
+                assert!((i, j, k) == v[(i * 2 * 2 + j * 2 + k) as usize]);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    for (_, _, _, _) in iproduct!(0..3, 0..2, 0..2, 0..3) {
+        /* test compiles */
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn interleave_shortest() {
+    let v0: Vec<i32> = vec![0, 2, 4];
+    let v1: Vec<i32> = vec![1, 3, 5, 7];
+    let it = v0.into_iter().interleave_shortest(v1.into_iter());
+    assert_eq!(it.size_hint(), (6, Some(6)));
+    assert_eq!(it.collect_vec(), vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]);
+
+    let v0: Vec<i32> = vec![0, 2, 4, 6, 8];
+    let v1: Vec<i32> = vec![1, 3, 5];
+    let it = v0.into_iter().interleave_shortest(v1.into_iter());
+    assert_eq!(it.size_hint(), (7, Some(7)));
+    assert_eq!(it.collect_vec(), vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]);
+
+    let i0 = ::std::iter::repeat(0);
+    let v1: Vec<_> = vec![1, 3, 5];
+    let it = i0.interleave_shortest(v1.into_iter());
+    assert_eq!(it.size_hint(), (7, Some(7)));
+
+    let v0: Vec<_> = vec![0, 2, 4];
+    let i1 = ::std::iter::repeat(1);
+    let it = v0.into_iter().interleave_shortest(i1);
+    assert_eq!(it.size_hint(), (6, Some(6)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn duplicates_by() {
+    let xs = ["aaa", "bbbbb", "aa", "ccc", "bbbb", "aaaaa", "cccc"];
+    let ys = ["aa", "bbbb", "cccc"];
+    it::assert_equal(ys.iter(), xs.iter().duplicates_by(|x| x[..2].to_string()));
+    it::assert_equal(ys.iter(), xs.iter().rev().duplicates_by(|x| x[..2].to_string()).rev());
+    let ys_rev = ["ccc", "aa", "bbbbb"];
+    it::assert_equal(ys_rev.iter(), xs.iter().duplicates_by(|x| x[..2].to_string()).rev());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn duplicates() {
+    let xs = [0, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 3];
+    let ys = [2, 1, 3];
+    it::assert_equal(ys.iter(), xs.iter().duplicates());
+    it::assert_equal(ys.iter(), xs.iter().rev().duplicates().rev());
+    let ys_rev = [3, 2, 1];
+    it::assert_equal(ys_rev.iter(), xs.iter().duplicates().rev());
+
+    let xs = [0, 1, 0, 1];
+    let ys = [0, 1];
+    it::assert_equal(ys.iter(), xs.iter().duplicates());
+    it::assert_equal(ys.iter(), xs.iter().rev().duplicates().rev());
+    let ys_rev = [1, 0];
+    it::assert_equal(ys_rev.iter(), xs.iter().duplicates().rev());
+
+    let xs = vec![0, 1, 2, 1, 2];
+    let ys = vec![1, 2];
+    assert_eq!(ys, xs.iter().duplicates().cloned().collect_vec());
+    assert_eq!(ys, xs.iter().rev().duplicates().rev().cloned().collect_vec());
+    let ys_rev = vec![2, 1];
+    assert_eq!(ys_rev, xs.iter().duplicates().rev().cloned().collect_vec());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unique_by() {
+    let xs = ["aaa", "bbbbb", "aa", "ccc", "bbbb", "aaaaa", "cccc"];
+    let ys = ["aaa", "bbbbb", "ccc"];
+    it::assert_equal(ys.iter(), xs.iter().unique_by(|x| x[..2].to_string()));
+    it::assert_equal(ys.iter(), xs.iter().rev().unique_by(|x| x[..2].to_string()).rev());
+    let ys_rev = ["cccc", "aaaaa", "bbbb"];
+    it::assert_equal(ys_rev.iter(), xs.iter().unique_by(|x| x[..2].to_string()).rev());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unique() {
+    let xs = [0, 1, 2, 3, 2, 1, 3];
+    let ys = [0, 1, 2, 3];
+    it::assert_equal(ys.iter(), xs.iter().unique());
+    it::assert_equal(ys.iter(), xs.iter().rev().unique().rev());
+    let ys_rev = [3, 1, 2, 0];
+    it::assert_equal(ys_rev.iter(), xs.iter().unique().rev());
+
+    let xs = [0, 1];
+    let ys = [0, 1];
+    it::assert_equal(ys.iter(), xs.iter().unique());
+    it::assert_equal(ys.iter(), xs.iter().rev().unique().rev());
+    let ys_rev = [1, 0];
+    it::assert_equal(ys_rev.iter(), xs.iter().unique().rev());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn intersperse() {
+    let xs = ["a", "", "b", "c"];
+    let v: Vec<&str> = xs.iter().cloned().intersperse(", ").collect();
+    let text: String = v.concat();
+    assert_eq!(text, "a, , b, c".to_string());
+
+    let ys = [0, 1, 2, 3];
+    let mut it = ys[..0].iter().copied().intersperse(1);
+    assert!(it.next() == None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dedup() {
+    let xs = [0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 3];
+    let ys = [0, 1, 2, 1, 3];
+    it::assert_equal(ys.iter(), xs.iter().dedup());
+    let xs = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
+    let ys = [0];
+    it::assert_equal(ys.iter(), xs.iter().dedup());
+
+    let xs = [0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 3];
+    let ys = [0, 1, 2, 1, 3];
+    let mut xs_d = Vec::new();
+    xs.iter().dedup().fold((), |(), &elt| xs_d.push(elt));
+    assert_eq!(&xs_d, &ys);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn coalesce() {
+    let data = vec![-1., -2., -3., 3., 1., 0., -1.];
+    let it = data.iter().cloned().coalesce(|x, y|
+        if (x >= 0.) == (y >= 0.) {
+            Ok(x + y)
+        } else {
+            Err((x, y))
+        }
+    );
+    itertools::assert_equal(it.clone(), vec![-6., 4., -1.]);
+    assert_eq!(
+        it.fold(vec![], |mut v, n| {
+            v.push(n);
+            v
+        }),
+        vec![-6., 4., -1.]
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dedup_by() {
+    let xs = [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (2, 1), (0, 2), (3, 1), (0, 3), (1, 3)];
+    let ys = [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (3, 1), (0, 3)];
+    it::assert_equal(ys.iter(), xs.iter().dedup_by(|x, y| x.1==y.1));
+    let xs = [(0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4), (0, 5)];
+    let ys = [(0, 1)];
+    it::assert_equal(ys.iter(), xs.iter().dedup_by(|x, y| x.0==y.0));
+
+    let xs = [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (2, 1), (0, 2), (3, 1), (0, 3), (1, 3)];
+    let ys = [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (3, 1), (0, 3)];
+    let mut xs_d = Vec::new();
+    xs.iter().dedup_by(|x, y| x.1==y.1).fold((), |(), &elt| xs_d.push(elt));
+    assert_eq!(&xs_d, &ys);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn dedup_with_count() {
+    let xs: [i32; 8] = [0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 3];
+    let ys: [(usize, &i32); 5] = [(1, &0), (3, &1), (1, &2), (1, &1), (2, &3)];
+
+    it::assert_equal(ys.iter().cloned(), xs.iter().dedup_with_count());
+
+    let xs: [i32; 5] = [0, 0, 0, 0, 0];
+    let ys: [(usize, &i32); 1] = [(5, &0)];
+
+    it::assert_equal(ys.iter().cloned(), xs.iter().dedup_with_count());
+}
+
+
+#[test]
+fn dedup_by_with_count() {
+    let xs = [(0, 0), (0, 1), (1, 1), (2, 1), (0, 2), (3, 1), (0, 3), (1, 3)];
+    let ys = [(1, &(0, 0)), (3, &(0, 1)), (1, &(0, 2)), (1, &(3, 1)), (2, &(0, 3))];
+
+    it::assert_equal(ys.iter().cloned(), xs.iter().dedup_by_with_count(|x, y| x.1==y.1));
+
+    let xs = [(0, 1), (0, 2), (0, 3), (0, 4), (0, 5)];
+    let ys = [( 5, &(0, 1))];
+
+    it::assert_equal(ys.iter().cloned(), xs.iter().dedup_by_with_count(|x, y| x.0==y.0));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn all_equal() {
+    assert!("".chars().all_equal());
+    assert!("A".chars().all_equal());
+    assert!(!"AABBCCC".chars().all_equal());
+    assert!("AAAAAAA".chars().all_equal());
+    for (_key, mut sub) in &"AABBCCC".chars().group_by(|&x| x) {
+        assert!(sub.all_equal());
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn all_equal_value() {
+    assert_eq!("".chars().all_equal_value(), Err(None));
+    assert_eq!("A".chars().all_equal_value(), Ok('A'));
+    assert_eq!("AABBCCC".chars().all_equal_value(), Err(Some(('A', 'B'))));
+    assert_eq!("AAAAAAA".chars().all_equal_value(), Ok('A'));
+    {
+        let mut it = [1,2,3].iter().copied();
+        let result = it.all_equal_value();
+        assert_eq!(result, Err(Some((1, 2))));
+        let remaining = it.next();
+        assert_eq!(remaining, Some(3));
+        assert!(it.next().is_none());
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn all_unique() {
+    assert!("ABCDEFGH".chars().all_unique());
+    assert!(!"ABCDEFGA".chars().all_unique());
+    assert!(::std::iter::empty::<usize>().all_unique());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_put_back_n() {
+    let xs = [0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 3];
+    let mut pb = put_back_n(xs.iter().cloned());
+    pb.next();
+    pb.next();
+    pb.put_back(1);
+    pb.put_back(0);
+    it::assert_equal(pb, xs.iter().cloned());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn tee() {
+    let xs  = [0, 1, 2, 3];
+    let (mut t1, mut t2) = xs.iter().cloned().tee();
+    assert_eq!(t1.next(), Some(0));
+    assert_eq!(t2.next(), Some(0));
+    assert_eq!(t1.next(), Some(1));
+    assert_eq!(t1.next(), Some(2));
+    assert_eq!(t1.next(), Some(3));
+    assert_eq!(t1.next(), None);
+    assert_eq!(t2.next(), Some(1));
+    assert_eq!(t2.next(), Some(2));
+    assert_eq!(t1.next(), None);
+    assert_eq!(t2.next(), Some(3));
+    assert_eq!(t2.next(), None);
+    assert_eq!(t1.next(), None);
+    assert_eq!(t2.next(), None);
+
+    let (t1, t2) = xs.iter().cloned().tee();
+    it::assert_equal(t1, xs.iter().cloned());
+    it::assert_equal(t2, xs.iter().cloned());
+
+    let (t1, t2) = xs.iter().cloned().tee();
+    it::assert_equal(t1.zip(t2), xs.iter().cloned().zip(xs.iter().cloned()));
+}
+
+
+#[test]
+fn test_rciter() {
+    let xs = [0, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 3, 5, 6];
+
+    let mut r1 = rciter(xs.iter().cloned());
+    let mut r2 = r1.clone();
+    assert_eq!(r1.next(), Some(0));
+    assert_eq!(r2.next(), Some(1));
+    let mut z = r1.zip(r2);
+    assert_eq!(z.next(), Some((1, 1)));
+    assert_eq!(z.next(), Some((2, 1)));
+    assert_eq!(z.next(), Some((3, 5)));
+    assert_eq!(z.next(), None);
+
+    // test intoiterator
+    let r1 = rciter(0..5);
+    let mut z = izip!(&r1, r1);
+    assert_eq!(z.next(), Some((0, 1)));
+}
+
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+#[test]
+fn trait_pointers() {
+    struct ByRef<'r, I: ?Sized>(&'r mut I) ;
+
+    impl<'r, X, I: ?Sized> Iterator for ByRef<'r, I> where
+        I: 'r + Iterator<Item=X>
+    {
+        type Item = X;
+        fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item>
+        {
+            self.0.next()
+        }
+    }
+
+    let mut it = Box::new(0..10) as Box<dyn Iterator<Item=i32>>;
+    assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(0));
+
+    {
+        /* make sure foreach works on non-Sized */
+        let jt: &mut dyn Iterator<Item = i32> = &mut *it;
+        assert_eq!(jt.next(), Some(1));
+
+        {
+            let mut r = ByRef(jt);
+            assert_eq!(r.next(), Some(2));
+        }
+
+        assert_eq!(jt.find_position(|x| *x == 4), Some((1, 4)));
+        jt.foreach(|_| ());
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn merge_by() {
+    let odd : Vec<(u32, &str)> = vec![(1, "hello"), (3, "world"), (5, "!")];
+    let even = vec![(2, "foo"), (4, "bar"), (6, "baz")];
+    let expected = vec![(1, "hello"), (2, "foo"), (3, "world"), (4, "bar"), (5, "!"), (6, "baz")];
+    let results = odd.iter().merge_by(even.iter(), |a, b| a.0 <= b.0);
+    it::assert_equal(results, expected.iter());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn merge_by_btree() {
+    use std::collections::BTreeMap;
+    let mut bt1 = BTreeMap::new();
+    bt1.insert("hello", 1);
+    bt1.insert("world", 3);
+    let mut bt2 = BTreeMap::new();
+    bt2.insert("foo", 2);
+    bt2.insert("bar", 4);
+    let results = bt1.into_iter().merge_by(bt2.into_iter(), |a, b| a.0 <= b.0 );
+    let expected = vec![("bar", 4), ("foo", 2), ("hello", 1), ("world", 3)];
+    it::assert_equal(results, expected.into_iter());
+}
+
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+#[test]
+fn kmerge() {
+    let its = (0..4).map(|s| (s..10).step(4));
+
+    it::assert_equal(its.kmerge(), 0..10);
+}
+
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+#[test]
+fn kmerge_2() {
+    let its = vec![3, 2, 1, 0].into_iter().map(|s| (s..10).step(4));
+
+    it::assert_equal(its.kmerge(), 0..10);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn kmerge_empty() {
+    let its = (0..4).map(|_| 0..0);
+    assert_eq!(its.kmerge().next(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn kmerge_size_hint() {
+    let its = (0..5).map(|_| (0..10));
+    assert_eq!(its.kmerge().size_hint(), (50, Some(50)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn kmerge_empty_size_hint() {
+    let its = (0..5).map(|_| (0..0));
+    assert_eq!(its.kmerge().size_hint(), (0, Some(0)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn join() {
+    let many = [1, 2, 3];
+    let one  = [1];
+    let none: Vec<i32> = vec![];
+
+    assert_eq!(many.iter().join(", "), "1, 2, 3");
+    assert_eq!( one.iter().join(", "), "1");
+    assert_eq!(none.iter().join(", "), "");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sorted_unstable_by() {
+    let sc = [3, 4, 1, 2].iter().cloned().sorted_by(|&a, &b| {
+        a.cmp(&b)
+    });
+    it::assert_equal(sc, vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
+
+    let v = (0..5).sorted_unstable_by(|&a, &b| a.cmp(&b).reverse());
+    it::assert_equal(v, vec![4, 3, 2, 1, 0]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sorted_unstable_by_key() {
+    let sc = [3, 4, 1, 2].iter().cloned().sorted_unstable_by_key(|&x| x);
+    it::assert_equal(sc, vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
+
+    let v = (0..5).sorted_unstable_by_key(|&x| -x);
+    it::assert_equal(v, vec![4, 3, 2, 1, 0]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sorted_by() {
+    let sc = [3, 4, 1, 2].iter().cloned().sorted_by(|&a, &b| {
+        a.cmp(&b)
+    });
+    it::assert_equal(sc, vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
+
+    let v = (0..5).sorted_by(|&a, &b| a.cmp(&b).reverse());
+    it::assert_equal(v, vec![4, 3, 2, 1, 0]);
+}
+
+qc::quickcheck! {
+    fn k_smallest_range(n: u64, m: u16, k: u16) -> () {
+        // u16 is used to constrain k and m to 0..2¹⁶,
+        //  otherwise the test could use too much memory.
+        let (k, m) = (k as u64, m as u64);
+
+        // Generate a random permutation of n..n+m
+        let i = {
+            let mut v: Vec<u64> = (n..n.saturating_add(m)).collect();
+            v.shuffle(&mut thread_rng());
+            v.into_iter()
+        };
+
+        // Check that taking the k smallest elements yields n..n+min(k, m)
+        it::assert_equal(
+            i.k_smallest(k as usize),
+            n..n.saturating_add(min(k, m))
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Debug)]
+struct RandIter<T: 'static + Clone + Send, R: 'static + Clone + Rng + SeedableRng + Send = StdRng> {
+    idx: usize,
+    len: usize,
+    rng: R,
+    _t: PhantomData<T>
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone + Send, R: Clone + Rng + SeedableRng + Send> Iterator for RandIter<T, R>
+where Standard: Distribution<T> {
+    type Item = T;
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
+        if self.idx == self.len {
+            None
+        } else {
+            self.idx += 1;
+            Some(self.rng.gen())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T: Clone + Send, R: Clone + Rng + SeedableRng + Send> qc::Arbitrary for RandIter<T, R> {
+    fn arbitrary<G: qc::Gen>(g: &mut G) -> Self {
+        RandIter {
+            idx: 0,
+            len: g.size(),
+            rng: R::seed_from_u64(g.next_u64()),
+            _t : PhantomData{},
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Check that taking the k smallest is the same as
+//  sorting then taking the k first elements
+fn k_smallest_sort<I>(i: I, k: u16)
+where
+    I: Iterator + Clone,
+    I::Item: Ord + Debug,
+{
+    let j = i.clone();
+    let k = k as usize;
+    it::assert_equal(
+        i.k_smallest(k),
+        j.sorted().take(k)
+    )
+}
+
+macro_rules! generic_test {
+    ($f:ident, $($t:ty),+) => {
+        $(paste::item! {
+            qc::quickcheck! {
+                fn [< $f _ $t >](i: RandIter<$t>, k: u16) -> () {
+                    $f(i, k)
+                }
+            }
+        })+
+    };
+}
+
+generic_test!(k_smallest_sort, u8, u16, u32, u64, i8, i16, i32, i64);
+
+#[test]
+fn sorted_by_key() {
+    let sc = [3, 4, 1, 2].iter().cloned().sorted_by_key(|&x| x);
+    it::assert_equal(sc, vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
+
+    let v = (0..5).sorted_by_key(|&x| -x);
+    it::assert_equal(v, vec![4, 3, 2, 1, 0]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn sorted_by_cached_key() {
+    // Track calls to key function
+    let mut ncalls = 0;
+
+    let sorted = [3, 4, 1, 2].iter().cloned().sorted_by_cached_key(|&x| {
+        ncalls += 1;
+        x.to_string()
+    });
+    it::assert_equal(sorted, vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
+    // Check key function called once per element
+    assert_eq!(ncalls, 4);
+
+    let mut ncalls = 0;
+
+    let sorted = (0..5).sorted_by_cached_key(|&x| {
+        ncalls += 1;
+        -x
+    });
+    it::assert_equal(sorted, vec![4, 3, 2, 1, 0]);
+    // Check key function called once per element
+    assert_eq!(ncalls, 5);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multipeek() {
+    let nums = vec![1u8,2,3,4,5];
+
+    let mp = multipeek(nums.iter().copied());
+    assert_eq!(nums, mp.collect::<Vec<_>>());
+
+    let mut mp = multipeek(nums.iter().copied());
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), Some(&1));
+    assert_eq!(mp.next(), Some(1));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), Some(&2));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), Some(&3));
+    assert_eq!(mp.next(), Some(2));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), Some(&3));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), Some(&4));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), Some(&5));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), None);
+    assert_eq!(mp.next(), Some(3));
+    assert_eq!(mp.next(), Some(4));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), Some(&5));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), None);
+    assert_eq!(mp.next(), Some(5));
+    assert_eq!(mp.next(), None);
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multipeek_reset() {
+    let data = [1, 2, 3, 4];
+
+    let mut mp = multipeek(cloned(&data));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), Some(&1));
+    assert_eq!(mp.next(), Some(1));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), Some(&2));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), Some(&3));
+    mp.reset_peek();
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), Some(&2));
+    assert_eq!(mp.next(), Some(2));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_multipeek_peeking_next() {
+    use crate::it::PeekingNext;
+    let nums = vec![1u8,2,3,4,5,6,7];
+
+    let mut mp = multipeek(nums.iter().copied());
+    assert_eq!(mp.peeking_next(|&x| x != 0), Some(1));
+    assert_eq!(mp.next(), Some(2));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), Some(&3));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), Some(&4));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peeking_next(|&x| x == 3), Some(3));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), Some(&4));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peeking_next(|&x| x != 4), None);
+    assert_eq!(mp.peeking_next(|&x| x == 4), Some(4));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), Some(&5));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), Some(&6));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peeking_next(|&x| x != 5), None);
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), Some(&7));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peeking_next(|&x| x == 5), Some(5));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peeking_next(|&x| x == 6), Some(6));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), Some(&7));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), None);
+    assert_eq!(mp.next(), Some(7));
+    assert_eq!(mp.peek(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_peek_nth() {
+    let nums = vec![1u8,2,3,4,5];
+
+    let iter = peek_nth(nums.iter().copied());
+    assert_eq!(nums, iter.collect::<Vec<_>>());
+
+    let mut iter = peek_nth(nums.iter().copied());
+
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(0), Some(&1));
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(0), Some(&1));
+    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(1));
+
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(0), Some(&2));
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(1), Some(&3));
+    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(2));
+
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(0), Some(&3));
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(1), Some(&4));
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(2), Some(&5));
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(3), None);
+
+    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(3));
+    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(4));
+
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(0), Some(&5));
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(1), None);
+    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(5));
+    assert_eq!(iter.next(), None);
+
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(0), None);
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(1), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_peek_nth_peeking_next() {
+    use it::PeekingNext;
+    let nums = vec![1u8,2,3,4,5,6,7];
+    let mut iter = peek_nth(nums.iter().copied());
+
+    assert_eq!(iter.peeking_next(|&x| x != 0), Some(1));
+    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(2));
+
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(0), Some(&3));
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(1), Some(&4));
+    assert_eq!(iter.peeking_next(|&x| x == 3), Some(3));
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek(), Some(&4));
+
+    assert_eq!(iter.peeking_next(|&x| x != 4), None);
+    assert_eq!(iter.peeking_next(|&x| x == 4), Some(4));
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(0), Some(&5));
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(1), Some(&6));
+
+    assert_eq!(iter.peeking_next(|&x| x != 5), None);
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek(), Some(&5));
+
+    assert_eq!(iter.peeking_next(|&x| x == 5), Some(5));
+    assert_eq!(iter.peeking_next(|&x| x == 6), Some(6));
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(0), Some(&7));
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek_nth(1), None);
+    assert_eq!(iter.next(), Some(7));
+    assert_eq!(iter.peek(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn pad_using() {
+    it::assert_equal((0..0).pad_using(1, |_| 1), 1..2);
+
+    let v: Vec<usize> = vec![0, 1, 2];
+    let r = v.into_iter().pad_using(5, |n| n);
+    it::assert_equal(r, vec![0, 1, 2, 3, 4]);
+
+    let v: Vec<usize> = vec![0, 1, 2];
+    let r = v.into_iter().pad_using(1, |_| panic!());
+    it::assert_equal(r, vec![0, 1, 2]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_by() {
+    for (ch1, sub) in &"AABBCCC".chars().group_by(|&x| x) {
+        for ch2 in sub {
+            assert_eq!(ch1, ch2);
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (ch1, sub) in &"AAABBBCCCCDDDD".chars().group_by(|&x| x) {
+        for ch2 in sub {
+            assert_eq!(ch1, ch2);
+            if ch1 == 'C' {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    let toupper = |ch: &char| ch.to_uppercase().next().unwrap();
+
+    // try all possible orderings
+    for indices in permutohedron::Heap::new(&mut [0, 1, 2, 3]) {
+        let groups = "AaaBbbccCcDDDD".chars().group_by(&toupper);
+        let mut subs = groups.into_iter().collect_vec();
+
+        for &idx in &indices[..] {
+            let (key, text) = match idx {
+                 0 => ('A', "Aaa".chars()),
+                 1 => ('B', "Bbb".chars()),
+                 2 => ('C', "ccCc".chars()),
+                 3 => ('D', "DDDD".chars()),
+                 _ => unreachable!(),
+            };
+            assert_eq!(key, subs[idx].0);
+            it::assert_equal(&mut subs[idx].1, text);
+        }
+    }
+
+    let groups = "AAABBBCCCCDDDD".chars().group_by(|&x| x);
+    let mut subs = groups.into_iter().map(|(_, g)| g).collect_vec();
+
+    let sd = subs.pop().unwrap();
+    let sc = subs.pop().unwrap();
+    let sb = subs.pop().unwrap();
+    let sa = subs.pop().unwrap();
+    for (a, b, c, d) in multizip((sa, sb, sc, sd)) {
+        assert_eq!(a, 'A');
+        assert_eq!(b, 'B');
+        assert_eq!(c, 'C');
+        assert_eq!(d, 'D');
+    }
+
+    // check that the key closure is called exactly n times
+    {
+        let mut ntimes = 0;
+        let text = "AABCCC";
+        for (_, sub) in &text.chars().group_by(|&x| { ntimes += 1; x}) {
+            for _ in sub {
+            }
+        }
+        assert_eq!(ntimes, text.len());
+    }
+
+    {
+        let mut ntimes = 0;
+        let text = "AABCCC";
+        for _ in &text.chars().group_by(|&x| { ntimes += 1; x}) {
+        }
+        assert_eq!(ntimes, text.len());
+    }
+
+    {
+        let text = "ABCCCDEEFGHIJJKK";
+        let gr = text.chars().group_by(|&x| x);
+        it::assert_equal(gr.into_iter().flat_map(|(_, sub)| sub), text.chars());
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_by_lazy_2() {
+    let data = vec![0, 1];
+    let groups = data.iter().group_by(|k| *k);
+    let gs = groups.into_iter().collect_vec();
+    it::assert_equal(data.iter(), gs.into_iter().flat_map(|(_k, g)| g));
+
+    let data = vec![0, 1, 1, 0, 0];
+    let groups = data.iter().group_by(|k| *k);
+    let mut gs = groups.into_iter().collect_vec();
+    gs[1..].reverse();
+    it::assert_equal(&[0, 0, 0, 1, 1], gs.into_iter().flat_map(|(_, g)| g));
+
+    let grouper = data.iter().group_by(|k| *k);
+    let mut groups = Vec::new();
+    for (k, group) in &grouper {
+        if *k == 1 {
+            groups.push(group);
+        }
+    }
+    it::assert_equal(&mut groups[0], &[1, 1]);
+
+    let data = vec![0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 2, 2, 3, 3];
+    let grouper = data.iter().group_by(|k| *k);
+    let mut groups = Vec::new();
+    for (i, (_, group)) in grouper.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        if i < 2 {
+            groups.push(group);
+        } else if i < 4 {
+            for _ in group {
+            }
+        } else {
+            groups.push(group);
+        }
+    }
+    it::assert_equal(&mut groups[0], &[0, 0, 0]);
+    it::assert_equal(&mut groups[1], &[1, 1]);
+    it::assert_equal(&mut groups[2], &[3, 3]);
+
+    // use groups as chunks
+    let data = vec![0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 2, 2, 3, 3];
+    let mut i = 0;
+    let grouper = data.iter().group_by(move |_| { let k = i / 3; i += 1; k });
+    for (i, group) in &grouper {
+        match i {
+            0 => it::assert_equal(group, &[0, 0, 0]),
+            1 => it::assert_equal(group, &[1, 1, 0]),
+            2 => it::assert_equal(group, &[0, 2, 2]),
+            3 => it::assert_equal(group, &[3, 3]),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn group_by_lazy_3() {
+    // test consuming each group on the lap after it was produced
+    let data = vec![0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 1, 1, 2, 2];
+    let grouper = data.iter().group_by(|elt| *elt);
+    let mut last = None;
+    for (key, group) in &grouper {
+        if let Some(gr) = last.take() {
+            for elt in gr {
+                assert!(elt != key && i32::abs(elt - key) == 1);
+            }
+        }
+        last = Some(group);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn chunks() {
+    let data = vec![0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 0, 0, 2, 2, 3, 3];
+    let grouper = data.iter().chunks(3);
+    for (i, chunk) in grouper.into_iter().enumerate() {
+        match i {
+            0 => it::assert_equal(chunk, &[0, 0, 0]),
+            1 => it::assert_equal(chunk, &[1, 1, 0]),
+            2 => it::assert_equal(chunk, &[0, 2, 2]),
+            3 => it::assert_equal(chunk, &[3, 3]),
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn concat_empty() {
+    let data: Vec<Vec<()>> = Vec::new();
+    assert_eq!(data.into_iter().concat(), Vec::new())
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn concat_non_empty() {
+    let data = vec![vec![1,2,3], vec![4,5,6], vec![7,8,9]];
+    assert_eq!(data.into_iter().concat(), vec![1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9])
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn combinations() {
+    assert!((1..3).combinations(5).next().is_none());
+
+    let it = (1..3).combinations(2);
+    it::assert_equal(it, vec![
+        vec![1, 2],
+        ]);
+
+    let it = (1..5).combinations(2);
+    it::assert_equal(it, vec![
+        vec![1, 2],
+        vec![1, 3],
+        vec![1, 4],
+        vec![2, 3],
+        vec![2, 4],
+        vec![3, 4],
+        ]);
+
+    it::assert_equal((0..0).tuple_combinations::<(_, _)>(), <Vec<_>>::new());
+    it::assert_equal((0..1).tuple_combinations::<(_, _)>(), <Vec<_>>::new());
+    it::assert_equal((0..2).tuple_combinations::<(_, _)>(), vec![(0, 1)]);
+
+    it::assert_equal((0..0).combinations(2), <Vec<Vec<_>>>::new());
+    it::assert_equal((0..1).combinations(1), vec![vec![0]]);
+    it::assert_equal((0..2).combinations(1), vec![vec![0], vec![1]]);
+    it::assert_equal((0..2).combinations(2), vec![vec![0, 1]]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn combinations_of_too_short() {
+    for i in 1..10 {
+        assert!((0..0).combinations(i).next().is_none());
+        assert!((0..i - 1).combinations(i).next().is_none());
+    }
+}
+
+
+#[test]
+fn combinations_zero() {
+    it::assert_equal((1..3).combinations(0), vec![vec![]]);
+    it::assert_equal((0..0).combinations(0), vec![vec![]]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn permutations_zero() {
+    it::assert_equal((1..3).permutations(0), vec![vec![]]);
+    it::assert_equal((0..0).permutations(0), vec![vec![]]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn combinations_with_replacement() {
+    // Pool smaller than n
+    it::assert_equal((0..1).combinations_with_replacement(2), vec![vec![0, 0]]);
+    // Pool larger than n
+    it::assert_equal(
+        (0..3).combinations_with_replacement(2),
+        vec![
+            vec![0, 0],
+            vec![0, 1],
+            vec![0, 2],
+            vec![1, 1],
+            vec![1, 2],
+            vec![2, 2],
+        ],
+    );
+    // Zero size
+    it::assert_equal(
+        (0..3).combinations_with_replacement(0),
+        vec![vec![]],
+    );
+    // Zero size on empty pool
+    it::assert_equal(
+        (0..0).combinations_with_replacement(0),
+        vec![vec![]],
+    );
+    // Empty pool
+    it::assert_equal(
+        (0..0).combinations_with_replacement(2),
+        <Vec<Vec<_>>>::new(),
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn powerset() {
+    it::assert_equal((0..0).powerset(), vec![vec![]]);
+    it::assert_equal((0..1).powerset(), vec![vec![], vec![0]]);
+    it::assert_equal((0..2).powerset(), vec![vec![], vec![0], vec![1], vec![0, 1]]);
+    it::assert_equal((0..3).powerset(), vec![
+        vec![],
+        vec![0], vec![1], vec![2],
+        vec![0, 1], vec![0, 2], vec![1, 2],
+        vec![0, 1, 2]
+    ]);
+
+    assert_eq!((0..4).powerset().count(), 1 << 4);
+    assert_eq!((0..8).powerset().count(), 1 << 8);
+    assert_eq!((0..16).powerset().count(), 1 << 16);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn diff_mismatch() {
+    let a = vec![1, 2, 3, 4];
+    let b = vec![1.0, 5.0, 3.0, 4.0];
+    let b_map = b.into_iter().map(|f| f as i32);
+    let diff = it::diff_with(a.iter(), b_map, |a, b| *a == b);
+
+    assert!(match diff {
+        Some(it::Diff::FirstMismatch(1, _, from_diff)) =>
+            from_diff.collect::<Vec<_>>() == vec![5, 3, 4],
+        _ => false,
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn diff_longer() {
+    let a = vec![1, 2, 3, 4];
+    let b = vec![1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0];
+    let b_map = b.into_iter().map(|f| f as i32);
+    let diff = it::diff_with(a.iter(), b_map, |a, b| *a == b);
+
+    assert!(match diff {
+        Some(it::Diff::Longer(_, remaining)) =>
+            remaining.collect::<Vec<_>>() == vec![5, 6],
+        _ => false,
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn diff_shorter() {
+    let a = vec![1, 2, 3, 4];
+    let b = vec![1.0, 2.0];
+    let b_map = b.into_iter().map(|f| f as i32);
+    let diff = it::diff_with(a.iter(), b_map, |a, b| *a == b);
+
+    assert!(match diff {
+        Some(it::Diff::Shorter(len, _)) => len == 2,
+        _ => false,
+    });
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn extrema_set() {
+    use std::cmp::Ordering;
+
+    // A peculiar type: Equality compares both tuple items, but ordering only the
+    // first item. Used to distinguish equal elements.
+    #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+    struct Val(u32, u32);
+
+    impl PartialOrd<Val> for Val {
+        fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Val) -> Option<Ordering> {
+            self.0.partial_cmp(&other.0)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Ord for Val {
+        fn cmp(&self, other: &Val) -> Ordering {
+            self.0.cmp(&other.0)
+        }
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(None::<u32>.iter().min_set(), Vec::<&u32>::new());
+    assert_eq!(None::<u32>.iter().max_set(), Vec::<&u32>::new());
+
+    assert_eq!(Some(1u32).iter().min_set(), vec![&1]);
+    assert_eq!(Some(1u32).iter().max_set(), vec![&1]);
+
+    let data = vec![Val(0, 1), Val(2, 0), Val(0, 2), Val(1, 0), Val(2, 1)];
+
+    let min_set = data.iter().min_set();
+    assert_eq!(min_set, vec![&Val(0, 1), &Val(0, 2)]);
+
+    let min_set_by_key = data.iter().min_set_by_key(|v| v.1);
+    assert_eq!(min_set_by_key, vec![&Val(2, 0), &Val(1, 0)]);
+
+    let min_set_by = data.iter().min_set_by(|x, y| x.1.cmp(&y.1));
+    assert_eq!(min_set_by, vec![&Val(2, 0), &Val(1, 0)]);
+
+    let max_set = data.iter().max_set();
+    assert_eq!(max_set, vec![&Val(2, 0), &Val(2, 1)]);
+
+    let max_set_by_key = data.iter().max_set_by_key(|v| v.1);
+    assert_eq!(max_set_by_key, vec![&Val(0, 2)]);
+
+    let max_set_by = data.iter().max_set_by(|x, y| x.1.cmp(&y.1));
+    assert_eq!(max_set_by, vec![&Val(0, 2)]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn minmax() {
+    use std::cmp::Ordering;
+    use crate::it::MinMaxResult;
+
+    // A peculiar type: Equality compares both tuple items, but ordering only the
+    // first item.  This is so we can check the stability property easily.
+    #[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq)]
+    struct Val(u32, u32);
+
+    impl PartialOrd<Val> for Val {
+        fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Val) -> Option<Ordering> {
+            self.0.partial_cmp(&other.0)
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Ord for Val {
+        fn cmp(&self, other: &Val) -> Ordering {
+            self.0.cmp(&other.0)
+        }
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(None::<Option<u32>>.iter().minmax(), MinMaxResult::NoElements);
+
+    assert_eq!(Some(1u32).iter().minmax(), MinMaxResult::OneElement(&1));
+
+    let data = vec![Val(0, 1), Val(2, 0), Val(0, 2), Val(1, 0), Val(2, 1)];
+
+    let minmax = data.iter().minmax();
+    assert_eq!(minmax, MinMaxResult::MinMax(&Val(0, 1), &Val(2, 1)));
+
+    let (min, max) = data.iter().minmax_by_key(|v| v.1).into_option().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(min, &Val(2, 0));
+    assert_eq!(max, &Val(0, 2));
+
+    let (min, max) = data.iter().minmax_by(|x, y| x.1.cmp(&y.1)).into_option().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(min, &Val(2, 0));
+    assert_eq!(max, &Val(0, 2));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn format() {
+    let data = [0, 1, 2, 3];
+    let ans1 = "0, 1, 2, 3";
+    let ans2 = "0--1--2--3";
+
+    let t1 = format!("{}", data.iter().format(", "));
+    assert_eq!(t1, ans1);
+    let t2 = format!("{:?}", data.iter().format("--"));
+    assert_eq!(t2, ans2);
+
+    let dataf = [1.1, 5.71828, -22.];
+    let t3 = format!("{:.2e}", dataf.iter().format(", "));
+    assert_eq!(t3, "1.10e0, 5.72e0, -2.20e1");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn while_some() {
+    let ns = (1..10).map(|x| if x % 5 != 0 { Some(x) } else { None })
+                    .while_some();
+    it::assert_equal(ns, vec![1, 2, 3, 4]);
+}
+
+#[allow(deprecated)]
+#[test]
+fn fold_while() {
+    let mut iterations = 0;
+    let vec = vec![1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10];
+    let sum = vec.into_iter().fold_while(0, |acc, item| {
+        iterations += 1;
+        let new_sum = acc + item;
+        if new_sum <= 20 {
+            FoldWhile::Continue(new_sum)
+        } else {
+            FoldWhile::Done(acc)
+        }
+    }).into_inner();
+    assert_eq!(iterations, 6);
+    assert_eq!(sum, 15);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn tree_fold1() {
+    let x = [
+        "",
+        "0",
+        "0 1 x",
+        "0 1 x 2 x",
+        "0 1 x 2 3 x x",
+        "0 1 x 2 3 x x 4 x",
+        "0 1 x 2 3 x x 4 5 x x",
+        "0 1 x 2 3 x x 4 5 x 6 x x",
+        "0 1 x 2 3 x x 4 5 x 6 7 x x x",
+        "0 1 x 2 3 x x 4 5 x 6 7 x x x 8 x",
+        "0 1 x 2 3 x x 4 5 x 6 7 x x x 8 9 x x",
+        "0 1 x 2 3 x x 4 5 x 6 7 x x x 8 9 x 10 x x",
+        "0 1 x 2 3 x x 4 5 x 6 7 x x x 8 9 x 10 11 x x x",
+        "0 1 x 2 3 x x 4 5 x 6 7 x x x 8 9 x 10 11 x x 12 x x",
+        "0 1 x 2 3 x x 4 5 x 6 7 x x x 8 9 x 10 11 x x 12 13 x x x",
+        "0 1 x 2 3 x x 4 5 x 6 7 x x x 8 9 x 10 11 x x 12 13 x 14 x x x",
+        "0 1 x 2 3 x x 4 5 x 6 7 x x x 8 9 x 10 11 x x 12 13 x 14 15 x x x x",
+    ];
+    for (i, &s) in x.iter().enumerate() {
+        let expected = if s.is_empty() { None } else { Some(s.to_string()) };
+        let num_strings = (0..i).map(|x| x.to_string());
+        let actual = num_strings.tree_fold1(|a, b| format!("{} {} x", a, b));
+        assert_eq!(actual, expected);
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn exactly_one_question_mark_syntax_works() {
+    exactly_one_question_mark_return().unwrap_err();
+}
+
+fn exactly_one_question_mark_return() -> Result<(), ExactlyOneError<std::slice::Iter<'static, ()>>> {
+    [].iter().exactly_one()?;
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn multiunzip() {
+    let (a, b, c): (Vec<_>, Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = [(0, 1, 2), (3, 4, 5), (6, 7, 8)].iter().cloned().multiunzip();
+    assert_eq!((a, b, c), (vec![0, 3, 6], vec![1, 4, 7], vec![2, 5, 8]));
+    let (): () = [(), (), ()].iter().cloned().multiunzip();
+    let t: (Vec<_>, Vec<_>, Vec<_>, Vec<_>, Vec<_>, Vec<_>, Vec<_>, Vec<_>, Vec<_>, Vec<_>, Vec<_>, Vec<_>) = [(0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11)].iter().cloned().multiunzip();
+    assert_eq!(t, (vec![0], vec![1], vec![2], vec![3], vec![4], vec![5], vec![6], vec![7], vec![8], vec![9], vec![10], vec![11]));
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/tuples.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/tuples.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9fc8b3cc78
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/tuples.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,86 @@
+use itertools::Itertools;
+
+#[test]
+fn tuples() {
+    let v = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+    let mut iter = v.iter().cloned().tuples();
+    assert_eq!(Some((1,)), iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(Some((2,)), iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(Some((3,)), iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(Some((4,)), iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(Some((5,)), iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(None, iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(None, iter.into_buffer().next());
+
+    let mut iter = v.iter().cloned().tuples();
+    assert_eq!(Some((1, 2)), iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(Some((3, 4)), iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(None, iter.next());
+    itertools::assert_equal(vec![5], iter.into_buffer());
+
+    let mut iter = v.iter().cloned().tuples();
+    assert_eq!(Some((1, 2, 3)), iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(None, iter.next());
+    itertools::assert_equal(vec![4, 5], iter.into_buffer());
+
+    let mut iter = v.iter().cloned().tuples();
+    assert_eq!(Some((1, 2, 3, 4)), iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(None, iter.next());
+    itertools::assert_equal(vec![5], iter.into_buffer());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn tuple_windows() {
+    let v = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+
+    let mut iter = v.iter().cloned().tuple_windows();
+    assert_eq!(Some((1,)), iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(Some((2,)), iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(Some((3,)), iter.next());
+
+    let mut iter = v.iter().cloned().tuple_windows();
+    assert_eq!(Some((1, 2)), iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(Some((2, 3)), iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(Some((3, 4)), iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(Some((4, 5)), iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(None, iter.next());
+
+    let mut iter = v.iter().cloned().tuple_windows();
+    assert_eq!(Some((1, 2, 3)), iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(Some((2, 3, 4)), iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(Some((3, 4, 5)), iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(None, iter.next());
+
+    let mut iter = v.iter().cloned().tuple_windows();
+    assert_eq!(Some((1, 2, 3, 4)), iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(Some((2, 3, 4, 5)), iter.next());
+    assert_eq!(None, iter.next());
+
+    let v = [1, 2, 3];
+    let mut iter = v.iter().cloned().tuple_windows::<(_, _, _, _)>();
+    assert_eq!(None, iter.next());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn next_tuple() {
+    let v = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5];
+    let mut iter = v.iter();
+    assert_eq!(iter.next_tuple().map(|(&x, &y)| (x, y)), Some((1, 2)));
+    assert_eq!(iter.next_tuple().map(|(&x, &y)| (x, y)), Some((3, 4)));
+    assert_eq!(iter.next_tuple::<(_, _)>(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn collect_tuple() {
+    let v = [1, 2];
+    let iter = v.iter().cloned();
+    assert_eq!(iter.collect_tuple(), Some((1, 2)));
+
+    let v = [1];
+    let iter = v.iter().cloned();
+    assert_eq!(iter.collect_tuple::<(_, _)>(), None);
+
+    let v = [1, 2, 3];
+    let iter = v.iter().cloned();
+    assert_eq!(iter.collect_tuple::<(_, _)>(), None);
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/zip.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/zip.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..75157d34f3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/itertools/tests/zip.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,77 @@
+use itertools::Itertools;
+use itertools::EitherOrBoth::{Both, Left, Right};
+use itertools::free::zip_eq;
+use itertools::multizip;
+
+#[test]
+fn zip_longest_fused() {
+    let a = [Some(1), None, Some(3), Some(4)];
+    let b = [1, 2, 3];
+
+    let unfused = a.iter().batching(|it| *it.next().unwrap())
+        .zip_longest(b.iter().cloned());
+    itertools::assert_equal(unfused,
+                       vec![Both(1, 1), Right(2), Right(3)]);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_zip_longest_size_hint() {
+    let c = (1..10).cycle();
+    let v: &[_] = &[0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9];
+    let v2 = &[10, 11, 12];
+
+    assert_eq!(c.zip_longest(v.iter()).size_hint(), (std::usize::MAX, None));
+
+    assert_eq!(v.iter().zip_longest(v2.iter()).size_hint(), (10, Some(10)));
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_double_ended_zip_longest() {
+    let xs = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
+    let ys = [1, 2, 3, 7];
+    let a = xs.iter().copied();
+    let b = ys.iter().copied();
+    let mut it = a.zip_longest(b);
+    assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(Both(1, 1)));
+    assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(Both(2, 2)));
+    assert_eq!(it.next_back(), Some(Left(6)));
+    assert_eq!(it.next_back(), Some(Left(5)));
+    assert_eq!(it.next_back(), Some(Both(4, 7)));
+    assert_eq!(it.next(), Some(Both(3, 3)));
+    assert_eq!(it.next(), None);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn test_double_ended_zip() {
+    let xs = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6];
+    let ys = [1, 2, 3, 7];
+    let a = xs.iter().copied();
+    let b = ys.iter().copied();
+    let mut it = multizip((a, b));
+    assert_eq!(it.next_back(), Some((4, 7)));
+    assert_eq!(it.next_back(), Some((3, 3)));
+    assert_eq!(it.next_back(), Some((2, 2)));
+    assert_eq!(it.next_back(), Some((1, 1)));
+    assert_eq!(it.next_back(), None);
+}
+
+
+#[should_panic]
+#[test]
+fn zip_eq_panic1()
+{
+    let a = [1, 2];
+    let b = [1, 2, 3];
+
+    zip_eq(&a, &b).count();
+}
+
+#[should_panic]
+#[test]
+fn zip_eq_panic2()
+{
+    let a: [i32; 0] = [];
+    let b = [1, 2, 3];
+
+    zip_eq(&a, &b).count();
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/meson.build b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4611d2f11d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+subdir('arbitrary-int')
+subdir('unicode-ident')
+# subdir('version_check')
+subdir('either')
+
+subdir('itertools')
+subdir('proc-macro2')
+
+subdir('quote')
+
+subdir('proc-macro-error-attr')
+subdir('syn')
+
+subdir('proc-macro-error')
+
+subdir('bilge-impl')
+
+subdir('bilge')
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/.cargo-checksum.json b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/.cargo-checksum.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c30b5418a8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/.cargo-checksum.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"files":{"Cargo.toml":"fbd3ce928441a0b43859bbbe36549f05e7a1ebfee62e5982710671a8f41de527","LICENSE-APACHE":"6fd0f3522047150ca7c1939f02bc4a15662a4741a89bc03ae784eefa18caa299","LICENSE-MIT":"544b3aed1fd723d0cadea567affdcfe0431e43e18d997a718f9d67256b814fde","build.rs":"37b0aca3c4a14dfc050c2df38ae633311d7a1532cdbb8eb57182802c4a1983eb","src/lib.rs":"9e3d13c266376b688642572bb4091e094ff5277fce4bee72bcc3c5f982dd831c","src/parse.rs":"2d8f220f91235be8ed0ddcab55ec3699b9d3b28d538ed24197797cc20194c473","src/settings.rs":"be9382479d7a857b55e5a0b1014f72150c9ee7f2bbb5a5bdeabc0f8de2d95c26"},"package":"a1be40180e52ecc98ad80b184934baf3d0d29f979574e439af5a55274b35f869"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/Cargo.toml b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a2c766de9b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+# THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY CARGO
+#
+# When uploading crates to the registry Cargo will automatically
+# "normalize" Cargo.toml files for maximal compatibility
+# with all versions of Cargo and also rewrite `path` dependencies
+# to registry (e.g., crates.io) dependencies
+#
+# If you believe there's an error in this file please file an
+# issue against the rust-lang/cargo repository. If you're
+# editing this file be aware that the upstream Cargo.toml
+# will likely look very different (and much more reasonable)
+
+[package]
+edition = "2018"
+name = "proc-macro-error-attr"
+version = "1.0.4"
+authors = ["CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>"]
+build = "build.rs"
+description = "Attribute macro for proc-macro-error crate"
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+repository = "https://gitlab.com/CreepySkeleton/proc-macro-error"
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
+
+[lib]
+proc-macro = true
+[dependencies.proc-macro2]
+version = "1"
+
+[dependencies.quote]
+version = "1"
+[build-dependencies.version_check]
+version = "0.9"
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/LICENSE-APACHE b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..658240a840
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                              Apache License
+                        Version 2.0, January 2004
+                     http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+1. Definitions.
+
+   "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+   and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+   "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+   the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+   "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+   other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+   control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+   "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+   direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+   otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+   outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+   "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+   exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+   "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+   including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+   source, and configuration files.
+
+   "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+   transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+   not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+   and conversions to other media types.
+
+   "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+   Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+   copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+   (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+   "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+   form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+   editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+   represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+   of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+   separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+   the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+   "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+   the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+   to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+   submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+   or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+   the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+   means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+   to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+   communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+   and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+   Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
+   excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+   designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+   "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+   on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+   subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+   this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+   worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+   copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
+   publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
+   Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+   this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+   worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+   (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+   use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+   where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+   by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+   Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+   with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+   institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+   cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+   or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+   or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+   granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+   as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+   Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+   modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+   meet the following conditions:
+
+   (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+       Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+   (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+       stating that You changed the files; and
+
+   (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+       that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
+       attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
+       excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+       the Derivative Works; and
+
+   (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+       distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+       include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+       within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+       pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+       of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+       as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+       documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+       within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+       wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+       of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+       do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+       notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+       or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+       that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+       as modifying the License.
+
+   You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+   may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+   for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+   for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+   reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+   the conditions stated in this License.
+
+5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+   any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+   by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+   this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+   Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+   the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+   with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+   names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+   except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+   origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+   agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+   Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+   implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+   of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+   appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+   risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+   whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+   unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+   negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+   liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+   incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+   result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+   Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+   work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+   other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+   has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+   the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+   and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+   or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+   License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+   on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+   of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+   defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+   incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+   of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+   To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+   boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
+   replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
+   the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
+   comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
+   file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
+   same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
+   identification within third-party archives.
+
+Copyright 2019-2020 CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/LICENSE-MIT b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fc73e591d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2019-2020 CreepySkeleton
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/build.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f2ac6a70ee
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+fn main() {
+    if version_check::is_max_version("1.36.0").unwrap_or(false) {
+        println!("cargo:rustc-cfg=always_assert_unwind");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/meson.build b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..63cd12ccf2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,20 @@
+rust = import('rust')
+
+_proc_macro_error_attr_rs = rust.proc_macro(
+  'proc_macro_error_attr',
+  files('src/lib.rs'),
+  rust_args: rust_args + [
+    '--edition', '2018',
+    '--cfg', 'use_fallback',
+    '--cfg', 'feature="syn-error"',
+    '--cfg', 'feature="proc-macro"'
+  ],
+  dependencies: [
+    dep_proc_macro2,
+    dep_quote,
+  ],
+)
+
+dep_proc_macro_error_attr = declare_dependency(
+  link_with: _proc_macro_error_attr_rs,
+)
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/src/lib.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ac0ac21a26
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+//! This is `#[proc_macro_error]` attribute to be used with
+//! [`proc-macro-error`](https://docs.rs/proc-macro-error/). There you go.
+
+extern crate proc_macro;
+
+use crate::parse::parse_input;
+use crate::parse::Attribute;
+use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use proc_macro2::{Literal, Span, TokenStream as TokenStream2, TokenTree};
+use quote::{quote, quote_spanned};
+
+use crate::settings::{Setting::*, *};
+
+mod parse;
+mod settings;
+
+type Result<T> = std::result::Result<T, Error>;
+
+struct Error {
+    span: Span,
+    message: String,
+}
+
+impl Error {
+    fn new(span: Span, message: String) -> Self {
+        Error { span, message }
+    }
+
+    fn into_compile_error(self) -> TokenStream2 {
+        let mut message = Literal::string(&self.message);
+        message.set_span(self.span);
+        quote_spanned!(self.span=> compile_error!{#message})
+    }
+}
+
+#[proc_macro_attribute]
+pub fn proc_macro_error(attr: TokenStream, input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    match impl_proc_macro_error(attr.into(), input.clone().into()) {
+        Ok(ts) => ts,
+        Err(e) => {
+            let error = e.into_compile_error();
+            let input = TokenStream2::from(input);
+
+            quote!(#input #error).into()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn impl_proc_macro_error(attr: TokenStream2, input: TokenStream2) -> Result<TokenStream> {
+    let (attrs, signature, body) = parse_input(input)?;
+    let mut settings = parse_settings(attr)?;
+
+    let is_proc_macro = is_proc_macro(&attrs);
+    if is_proc_macro {
+        settings.set(AssertUnwindSafe);
+    }
+
+    if detect_proc_macro_hack(&attrs) {
+        settings.set(ProcMacroHack);
+    }
+
+    if settings.is_set(ProcMacroHack) {
+        settings.set(AllowNotMacro);
+    }
+
+    if !(settings.is_set(AllowNotMacro) || is_proc_macro) {
+        return Err(Error::new(
+            Span::call_site(),
+            "#[proc_macro_error] attribute can be used only with procedural macros\n\n  \
+            = hint: if you are really sure that #[proc_macro_error] should be applied \
+            to this exact function, use #[proc_macro_error(allow_not_macro)]\n"
+                .into(),
+        ));
+    }
+
+    let body = gen_body(body, settings);
+
+    let res = quote! {
+        #(#attrs)*
+        #(#signature)*
+        { #body }
+    };
+    Ok(res.into())
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(always_assert_unwind))]
+fn gen_body(block: TokenTree, settings: Settings) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let is_proc_macro_hack = settings.is_set(ProcMacroHack);
+    let closure = if settings.is_set(AssertUnwindSafe) {
+        quote!(::std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe(|| #block ))
+    } else {
+        quote!(|| #block)
+    };
+
+    quote!( ::proc_macro_error::entry_point(#closure, #is_proc_macro_hack) )
+}
+
+// FIXME:
+// proc_macro::TokenStream does not implement UnwindSafe until 1.37.0.
+// Considering this is the closure's return type the unwind safety check would fail
+// for virtually every closure possible, the check is meaningless.
+#[cfg(always_assert_unwind)]
+fn gen_body(block: TokenTree, settings: Settings) -> proc_macro2::TokenStream {
+    let is_proc_macro_hack = settings.is_set(ProcMacroHack);
+    let closure = quote!(::std::panic::AssertUnwindSafe(|| #block ));
+    quote!( ::proc_macro_error::entry_point(#closure, #is_proc_macro_hack) )
+}
+
+fn detect_proc_macro_hack(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> bool {
+    attrs
+        .iter()
+        .any(|attr| attr.path_is_ident("proc_macro_hack"))
+}
+
+fn is_proc_macro(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> bool {
+    attrs.iter().any(|attr| {
+        attr.path_is_ident("proc_macro")
+            || attr.path_is_ident("proc_macro_derive")
+            || attr.path_is_ident("proc_macro_attribute")
+    })
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/src/parse.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/src/parse.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..6f4663f80e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/src/parse.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,89 @@
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+use proc_macro2::{Delimiter, Ident, Span, TokenStream, TokenTree};
+use quote::ToTokens;
+use std::iter::Peekable;
+
+pub(crate) fn parse_input(
+    input: TokenStream,
+) -> Result<(Vec<Attribute>, Vec<TokenTree>, TokenTree)> {
+    let mut input = input.into_iter().peekable();
+    let mut attrs = Vec::new();
+
+    while let Some(attr) = parse_next_attr(&mut input)? {
+        attrs.push(attr);
+    }
+
+    let sig = parse_signature(&mut input);
+    let body = input.next().ok_or_else(|| {
+        Error::new(
+            Span::call_site(),
+            "`#[proc_macro_error]` can be applied only to functions".to_string(),
+        )
+    })?;
+
+    Ok((attrs, sig, body))
+}
+
+fn parse_next_attr(
+    input: &mut Peekable<impl Iterator<Item = TokenTree>>,
+) -> Result<Option<Attribute>> {
+    let shebang = match input.peek() {
+        Some(TokenTree::Punct(ref punct)) if punct.as_char() == '#' => input.next().unwrap(),
+        _ => return Ok(None),
+    };
+
+    let group = match input.peek() {
+        Some(TokenTree::Group(ref group)) if group.delimiter() == Delimiter::Bracket => {
+            let res = group.clone();
+            input.next();
+            res
+        }
+        other => {
+            let span = other.map_or(Span::call_site(), |tt| tt.span());
+            return Err(Error::new(span, "expected `[`".to_string()));
+        }
+    };
+
+    let path = match group.stream().into_iter().next() {
+        Some(TokenTree::Ident(ident)) => Some(ident),
+        _ => None,
+    };
+
+    Ok(Some(Attribute {
+        shebang,
+        group: TokenTree::Group(group),
+        path,
+    }))
+}
+
+fn parse_signature(input: &mut Peekable<impl Iterator<Item = TokenTree>>) -> Vec<TokenTree> {
+    let mut sig = Vec::new();
+    loop {
+        match input.peek() {
+            Some(TokenTree::Group(ref group)) if group.delimiter() == Delimiter::Brace => {
+                return sig;
+            }
+            None => return sig,
+            _ => sig.push(input.next().unwrap()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct Attribute {
+    pub(crate) shebang: TokenTree,
+    pub(crate) group: TokenTree,
+    pub(crate) path: Option<Ident>,
+}
+
+impl Attribute {
+    pub(crate) fn path_is_ident(&self, ident: &str) -> bool {
+        self.path.as_ref().map_or(false, |p| *p == ident)
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToTokens for Attribute {
+    fn to_tokens(&self, ts: &mut TokenStream) {
+        self.shebang.to_tokens(ts);
+        self.group.to_tokens(ts);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/src/settings.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/src/settings.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0b7ec766f6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error-attr/src/settings.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,72 @@
+use crate::{Error, Result};
+use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span, TokenStream, TokenTree};
+
+macro_rules! decl_settings {
+    ($($val:expr => $variant:ident),+ $(,)*) => {
+        #[derive(PartialEq)]
+        pub(crate) enum Setting {
+            $($variant),*
+        }
+
+        fn ident_to_setting(ident: Ident) -> Result<Setting> {
+            match &*ident.to_string() {
+                $($val => Ok(Setting::$variant),)*
+                _ => {
+                    let possible_vals = [$($val),*]
+                        .iter()
+                        .map(|v| format!("`{}`", v))
+                        .collect::<Vec<_>>()
+                        .join(", ");
+
+                    Err(Error::new(
+                        ident.span(),
+                        format!("unknown setting `{}`, expected one of {}", ident, possible_vals)))
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+decl_settings! {
+    "assert_unwind_safe" => AssertUnwindSafe,
+    "allow_not_macro"    => AllowNotMacro,
+    "proc_macro_hack"    => ProcMacroHack,
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn parse_settings(input: TokenStream) -> Result<Settings> {
+    let mut input = input.into_iter();
+    let mut res = Settings(Vec::new());
+    loop {
+        match input.next() {
+            Some(TokenTree::Ident(ident)) => {
+                res.0.push(ident_to_setting(ident)?);
+            }
+            None => return Ok(res),
+            other => {
+                let span = other.map_or(Span::call_site(), |tt| tt.span());
+                return Err(Error::new(span, "expected identifier".to_string()));
+            }
+        }
+
+        match input.next() {
+            Some(TokenTree::Punct(ref punct)) if punct.as_char() == ',' => {}
+            None => return Ok(res),
+            other => {
+                let span = other.map_or(Span::call_site(), |tt| tt.span());
+                return Err(Error::new(span, "expected `,`".to_string()));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct Settings(Vec<Setting>);
+
+impl Settings {
+    pub(crate) fn is_set(&self, setting: Setting) -> bool {
+        self.0.iter().any(|s| *s == setting)
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn set(&mut self, setting: Setting) {
+        self.0.push(setting)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/.cargo-checksum.json b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/.cargo-checksum.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..79bcfa696f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/.cargo-checksum.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"files":{"CHANGELOG.md":"b84c4baa5fb093c6aaca44b98f9f28ef54d399ef6dd43c91f1dca618ab366b45","Cargo.toml":"50db093e1a4617606939dfb1f098cb59babbea0d7b390e973a3ed6bb1406170d","LICENSE-APACHE":"4665f973ccb9393807a7fb1264add6b3513d19abc6b357e4cb52c6fe59cc6a3b","LICENSE-MIT":"544b3aed1fd723d0cadea567affdcfe0431e43e18d997a718f9d67256b814fde","README.md":"72d59787d0a1f7bf161e292d0bc1bc25fdfb08cd6ad379a34cc3ed1b388d11fa","build.rs":"6238a0ad4f1146fbf55112419609e6449986154cf7ded1b5fdc978b06f4413b3","src/diagnostic.rs":"cb8724bb0bf9d2eee2f7119d0960fd5349edaa80e147abdef060ebf4572eca01","src/dummy.rs":"b44728091ddcdf9786523c01178efcedd83462bfe8bac6b97b1c2ffb19c96d09","src/imp/delegate.rs":"81da3a602a883240161dd98deb52b3b4ae29e626bfd2e1e07ef5e38d1be00679","src/imp/fallback.rs":"c3d333aba1122ac7e26f038f69750aa02e6a1222433a7cffd1c2f961befedd93","src/lib.rs":"e563d5dceaeb81551a5cb2610c1a3ad1a46200a6cbf8c3c3b394d8ac307b8cfa","src/macros.rs":"3be6feccd343cd9dc4bf03780f3107909bf70e02c6c7c72912e4b160dc6a68fc","src/sealed.rs":"dcf569c4c7ce1d372ff51b0fa73fa67f995bdca8e520cb225cde789c71276439","tests/macro-errors.rs":"7f793921dfbec692bfb2bbb067faf0480c0e7eeec83982b5e9fcddd817817616","tests/ok.rs":"a8c1925ac8647d185c7490ed1e33e3ce3203f5945bd3db4dcaf50ea55078df29","tests/runtime-errors.rs":"e53aa7d8e6c0e5128a90e856105eb05e4e7e72ea6db1bd580f3fe439bff62f24","tests/ui/abort.rs":"e209c8dd9dde6bde7440f8795624ad84b0f8486f563c8fe838238818f459bb67","tests/ui/abort.stderr":"dd0605e79be0309f92b251d055f087b0375c48ec60da978df354b48e8563fa10","tests/ui/append_dummy.rs":"ecaf939c8aabd94eef2dd1c10e9515489ba78e4db5b25195e19833b020d2483c","tests/ui/append_dummy.stderr":"ef03b01fc823aba8cfb9eb6d116640ca953fec569e61ed6ed6b7b7fa3bbad686","tests/ui/children_messages.rs":"32299679804133cb5295ed7a9341bf1ab86a4f1277679ee9738a83115c6b1d2b","tests/ui/children_messages.stderr":"dadeb86e1c7094d5fb38664b1766212b3d083fbe04962c137f8281fb3f5d162e","tests/ui/dummy.rs":"ba51c9158cef88ff2ddf0185be26fcd35a641d73c7124fab9ace0bbd546de847","tests/ui/dummy.stderr":"0635fd563d26691d07a2a875111f0b5e155caa45c37ad9cbaefe5fe617eac703","tests/ui/emit.rs":"82aaf06bcee56b7e139bbcba3a92c29448af14974d6806a28c9961aa764026e5","tests/ui/emit.stderr":"d3daa6d304453d436317495b7fc1d9d36bbebb7705bef75a5260d6d8fcfad5b1","tests/ui/explicit_span_range.rs":"3c37d5fc75b2bd460a091acd97a19acc80a40ba8d1d4ac7f36cd2f0e171bf5e7","tests/ui/explicit_span_range.stderr":"d7562847c326badbce2df8546e6f625eef0725b1dd2c786a037cc46357e4d2e8","tests/ui/misuse.rs":"0d66c61ab5c9723cf2f85cd12216751ab09722e9386cc27928034ee17f1c34e3","tests/ui/misuse.stderr":"52568a2208423e8e4050774559f269e79181a350f0805a34880bfa208e08c6bb","tests/ui/multiple_tokens.rs":"74997da1fdd3bce88a04ab42866c651723861fba4f59e826ee602d905398dcca","tests/ui/multiple_tokens.stderr":"e347ef1c18949711ce41957848e255095132f855c94db1e7e28d32e7d2c79a74","tests/ui/not_proc_macro.rs":"ca448d832ccf0cfdcda6f04281d8134a76c61b3ad96437e972b2cb5c6e0844c4","tests/ui/not_proc_macro.stderr":"a22c53a7dd5a03ddfaee5a7fb7fe5d61cb588b2d81a30c1e935b789baf0d2676","tests/ui/option_ext.rs":"1db81c17172f155c0ca8bcf92d55b5852b92107a3ba1d4b2ae6d14020df67f96","tests/ui/option_ext.stderr":"3b363759db60ee4f249dfde4d4571963032d5f0043249de40bd3b38eecc65404","tests/ui/proc_macro_hack.rs":"1d08c3e2c4c331e230c7cdaa2635ca1e43077252f90d3a430dcd091c646a842c","tests/ui/proc_macro_hack.stderr":"65e887dc208b92bfcd44405e76d5d05e315c3c5c5f637070954b7d593c723731","tests/ui/result_ext.rs":"ef398e76aab82a574ca5a988a91353e1a87fcfcb459d30314eceed3cbcf6fcd8","tests/ui/result_ext.stderr":"9e1e387b1378d9ec40ccb29be9f8cdaa5b42060c3f4f9b3c09fb307d5dcf7d85","tests/ui/to_tokens_span.rs":"d017a3c4cd583defe9806cdc51220bde89ced871ddd4d65b7cd089882feb1f61","tests/ui/to_tokens_span.stderr":"0b88e659ab214d6c7dfcd99274d327fe72da4b9bd009477e0e65165ddde65e02","tests/ui/unknown_setting.rs":"16fe9631b51023909497e857a6c674cd216ba9802fbdba360bb8273d6e00fa31","tests/ui/unknown_setting.stderr":"d605f151ce8eba5b2f867667394bd2d2adf0a233145516a9d6b801817521e587","tests/ui/unrelated_panic.rs":"438db25f8f14f1263152545a1c5135e20b3f5063dc4ab223fd8145b891039b24","tests/ui/unrelated_panic.stderr":"04cd814f2bd57d5271f93f90f0dd078b09ee3fd73137245a914d698e4a33ed57"},"package":"da25490ff9892aab3fcf7c36f08cfb902dd3e71ca0f9f9517bea02a73a5ce38c"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/CHANGELOG.md b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/CHANGELOG.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3c422f1c45
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/CHANGELOG.md
@@ -0,0 +1,162 @@
+# v1.0.4 (2020-7-31)
+
+* `SpanRange` facility is now public.
+* Docs have been improved.
+* Introduced the `syn-error` feature so you can opt-out from the `syn` dependency.
+
+# v1.0.3 (2020-6-26)
+
+* Corrected a few typos.
+* Fixed the `emit_call_site_warning` macro.
+
+# v1.0.2 (2020-4-9)
+
+* An obsolete note was removed from documentation.
+
+# v1.0.1 (2020-4-9)
+
+* `proc-macro-hack` is now well tested and supported. Not sure about `proc-macro-nested`,
+  please fill a request if you need it.
+* Fixed `emit_call_site_error`.
+* Documentation improvements.
+
+# v1.0.0 (2020-3-25)
+
+I believe the API can be considered stable because it's been a few months without
+breaking changes, and I also don't think this crate will receive much further evolution.
+It's perfect, admit it.
+
+Hence, meet the new, stable release!
+
+### Improvements
+
+* Supported nested `#[proc_macro_error]` attributes. Well, you aren't supposed to do that,
+  but I caught myself doing it by accident on one occasion and the behavior was... surprising.
+  Better to handle this smooth.
+
+# v0.4.12 (2020-3-23)
+
+* Error message on macros' misuse is now a bit more understandable.
+
+# v0.4.11 (2020-3-02)
+
+* `build.rs` no longer fails when `rustc` date could not be determined,
+  (thanks to [`Fabian Möller`](https://gitlab.com/CreepySkeleton/proc-macro-error/issues/8)
+  for noticing and to [`Igor Gnatenko`](https://gitlab.com/CreepySkeleton/proc-macro-error/-/merge_requests/25)
+  for fixing).
+
+# v0.4.10 (2020-2-29)
+
+* `proc-macro-error` doesn't depend on syn\[full\] anymore, the compilation
+  is \~30secs faster.
+
+# v0.4.9 (2020-2-13)
+
+* New function: `append_dummy`.
+
+# v0.4.8 (2020-2-01)
+
+* Support for children messages
+
+# v0.4.7 (2020-1-31)
+
+* Now any type that implements `quote::ToTokens` can be used instead of spans.
+  This allows for high quality error messages.
+
+# v0.4.6 (2020-1-31)
+
+* `From<syn::Error>` implementation doesn't lose span info anymore, see
+  [#6](https://gitlab.com/CreepySkeleton/proc-macro-error/issues/6).
+
+# v0.4.5 (2020-1-20)
+Just a small intermediate release.
+
+* Fix some bugs.
+* Populate license files into subfolders.
+
+# v0.4.4 (2019-11-13)
+* Fix `abort_if_dirty` + warnings bug
+* Allow trailing commas in macros
+
+# v0.4.2 (2019-11-7)
+* FINALLY fixed `__pme__suggestions not found` bug
+
+# v0.4.1 (2019-11-7) YANKED
+* Fixed `__pme__suggestions not found` bug
+* Documentation improvements, links checked
+
+# v0.4.0 (2019-11-6) YANKED
+
+## New features
+* "help" messages that can have their own span on nightly, they
+    inherit parent span on stable.
+    ```rust
+    let cond_help = if condition { Some("some help message") else { None } };
+    abort!(
+        span, // parent span
+        "something's wrong, {} wrongs in total", 10; // main message
+        help = "here's a help for you, {}", "take it"; // unconditional help message
+        help =? cond_help; // conditional help message, must be Option
+        note = note_span => "don't forget the note, {}", "would you?" // notes can have their own span but it's effective only on nightly
+    )
+    ```
+* Warnings via `emit_warning` and `emit_warning_call_site`. Nightly only, they're ignored on stable.
+* Now `proc-macro-error` delegates to `proc_macro::Diagnostic` on nightly.
+
+## Breaking changes
+* `MacroError` is now replaced by `Diagnostic`. Its API resembles `proc_macro::Diagnostic`.
+* `Diagnostic` does not implement `From<&str/String>` so `Result<T, &str/String>::abort_or_exit()`
+    won't work anymore (nobody used it anyway).
+* `macro_error!` macro is replaced with `diagnostic!`.
+
+## Improvements
+* Now `proc-macro-error` renders notes exactly just like rustc does.
+* We don't parse a body of a function annotated with `#[proc_macro_error]` anymore,
+  only looking at the signature. This should somewhat decrease expansion time for large functions.
+
+# v0.3.3 (2019-10-16)
+* Now you can use any word instead of "help", undocumented.
+
+# v0.3.2 (2019-10-16)
+* Introduced support for "help" messages, undocumented.
+
+# v0.3.0 (2019-10-8)
+
+## The crate has been completely rewritten from scratch!
+
+## Changes (most are breaking):
+* Renamed macros:
+  * `span_error` => `abort`
+  * `call_site_error` => `abort_call_site`
+* `filter_macro_errors` was replaced by `#[proc_macro_error]` attribute.
+* `set_dummy` now takes `TokenStream` instead of `Option<TokenStream>`
+* Support for multiple errors via `emit_error` and `emit_call_site_error`
+* New `macro_error` macro for building errors in format=like style.
+* `MacroError` API had been reconsidered. It also now implements `quote::ToTokens`.
+
+# v0.2.6 (2019-09-02)
+* Introduce support for dummy implementations via `dummy::set_dummy`
+* `multi::*` is now deprecated, will be completely rewritten in v0.3
+
+# v0.2.0 (2019-08-15)
+
+## Breaking changes
+* `trigger_error` replaced with `MacroError::trigger` and `filter_macro_error_panics`
+  is hidden from docs.
+  This is not quite a breaking change since users weren't supposed to use these functions directly anyway.
+* All dependencies are updated to `v1.*`.
+
+## New features
+* Ability to stack multiple errors via `multi::MultiMacroErrors` and emit them at once.
+
+## Improvements
+* Now `MacroError` implements `std::fmt::Display` instead of `std::string::ToString`.
+* `MacroError::span` inherent method.
+* `From<MacroError> for proc_macro/proc_macro2::TokenStream` implementations.
+* `AsRef/AsMut<String> for MacroError` implementations.
+
+# v0.1.x (2019-07-XX)
+
+## New features
+* An easy way to report errors inside within a proc-macro via `span_error`,
+  `call_site_error` and `filter_macro_errors`.
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/Cargo.toml b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..869585ffc2
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,56 @@
+# THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY CARGO
+#
+# When uploading crates to the registry Cargo will automatically
+# "normalize" Cargo.toml files for maximal compatibility
+# with all versions of Cargo and also rewrite `path` dependencies
+# to registry (e.g., crates.io) dependencies
+#
+# If you believe there's an error in this file please file an
+# issue against the rust-lang/cargo repository. If you're
+# editing this file be aware that the upstream Cargo.toml
+# will likely look very different (and much more reasonable)
+
+[package]
+edition = "2018"
+name = "proc-macro-error"
+version = "1.0.4"
+authors = ["CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>"]
+build = "build.rs"
+description = "Almost drop-in replacement to panics in proc-macros"
+readme = "README.md"
+keywords = ["proc-macro", "error", "errors"]
+categories = ["development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+repository = "https://gitlab.com/CreepySkeleton/proc-macro-error"
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
+[dependencies.proc-macro-error-attr]
+version = "=1.0.4"
+
+[dependencies.proc-macro2]
+version = "1"
+
+[dependencies.quote]
+version = "1"
+
+[dependencies.syn]
+version = "1"
+optional = true
+default-features = false
+[dev-dependencies.serde_derive]
+version = "=1.0.107"
+
+[dev-dependencies.toml]
+version = "=0.5.2"
+
+[dev-dependencies.trybuild]
+version = "1.0.19"
+features = ["diff"]
+[build-dependencies.version_check]
+version = "0.9"
+
+[features]
+default = ["syn-error"]
+syn-error = ["syn"]
+[badges.maintenance]
+status = "passively-maintained"
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/LICENSE-APACHE b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cc17374b25
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,201 @@
+                              Apache License
+                        Version 2.0, January 2004
+                     http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+1. Definitions.
+
+   "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+   and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+   "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+   the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+   "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+   other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+   control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+   "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+   direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+   otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+   outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+   "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+   exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+   "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+   including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+   source, and configuration files.
+
+   "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+   transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+   not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+   and conversions to other media types.
+
+   "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+   Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+   copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+   (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+   "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+   form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+   editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+   represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+   of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+   separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+   the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+   "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+   the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+   to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+   submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+   or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+   the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+   means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+   to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+   communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+   and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+   Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
+   excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+   designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+   "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+   on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+   subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+   this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+   worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+   copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
+   publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
+   Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+   this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+   worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+   (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+   use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+   where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+   by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+   Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+   with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+   institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+   cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+   or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+   or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+   granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+   as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+   Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+   modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+   meet the following conditions:
+
+   (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+       Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+   (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+       stating that You changed the files; and
+
+   (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+       that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
+       attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
+       excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+       the Derivative Works; and
+
+   (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+       distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+       include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+       within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+       pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+       of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+       as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+       documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+       within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+       wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+       of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+       do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+       notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+       or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+       that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+       as modifying the License.
+
+   You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+   may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+   for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+   for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+   reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+   the conditions stated in this License.
+
+5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+   any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+   by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+   this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+   Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+   the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+   with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+   names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+   except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+   origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+   agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+   Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+   implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+   of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+   appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+   risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+   whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+   unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+   negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+   liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+   incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+   result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+   Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+   work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+   other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+   has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+   the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+   and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+   or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+   License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+   on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+   of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+   defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+   incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+   of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
+
+APPENDIX: How to apply the Apache License to your work.
+
+   To apply the Apache License to your work, attach the following
+   boilerplate notice, with the fields enclosed by brackets "[]"
+   replaced with your own identifying information. (Don't include
+   the brackets!)  The text should be enclosed in the appropriate
+   comment syntax for the file format. We also recommend that a
+   file or class name and description of purpose be included on the
+   same "printed page" as the copyright notice for easier
+   identification within third-party archives.
+
+Copyright 2019-2020 CreepySkeleton <creepy-skeleton@yandex.ru>
+
+Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
+you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
+You may obtain a copy of the License at
+
+    http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
+
+Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
+distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
+See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
+limitations under the License.
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/LICENSE-MIT b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fc73e591d7
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,21 @@
+MIT License
+
+Copyright (c) 2019-2020 CreepySkeleton
+
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy
+of this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal
+in the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights
+to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell
+copies of the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is
+furnished to do so, subject to the following conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
+copies or substantial portions of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR
+IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY,
+FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE
+AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER
+LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM,
+OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE
+SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/README.md b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7fbe07c53a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,258 @@
+# Makes error reporting in procedural macros nice and easy
+
+[![travis ci](https://travis-ci.org/CreepySkeleton/proc-macro-error.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/CreepySkeleton/proc-macro-error)
+[![docs.rs](https://docs.rs/proc-macro-error/badge.svg)](https://docs.rs/proc-macro-error)
+[![unsafe forbidden](https://img.shields.io/badge/unsafe-forbidden-success.svg)](https://github.com/rust-secure-code/safety-dance/)
+
+This crate aims to make error reporting in proc-macros simple and easy to use.
+Migrate from `panic!`-based errors for as little effort as possible!
+
+Also, you can explicitly [append a dummy token stream][crate::dummy] to your errors.
+
+To achieve his, this crate serves as a tiny shim around `proc_macro::Diagnostic` and
+`compile_error!`. It detects the most preferable way to emit errors based on compiler's version.
+When the underlying diagnostic type is finally stabilized, this crate will be simply
+delegating to it, requiring no changes in your code!
+
+So you can just use this crate and have *both* some of `proc_macro::Diagnostic` functionality
+available on stable ahead of time and your error-reporting code future-proof.
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+proc-macro-error = "1.0"
+```
+
+*Supports rustc 1.31 and up*
+
+[Documentation and guide][guide]
+
+## Quick example
+
+Code:
+
+```rust
+#[proc_macro]
+#[proc_macro_error]
+pub fn make_fn(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let mut input = TokenStream2::from(input).into_iter();
+    let name = input.next().unwrap();
+    if let Some(second) = input.next() {
+        abort! { second,
+            "I don't like this part!";
+                note = "I see what you did there...";
+                help = "I need only one part, you know?";
+        }
+    }
+
+    quote!( fn #name() {} ).into()
+}
+```
+
+This is how the error is rendered in a terminal:
+
+<p align="center">
+<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/50968528/78830016-d3b46a80-79d6-11ea-9de2-972e8d7904ef.png" width="600">
+</p>
+
+And this is what your users will see in their IDE:
+
+<p align="center">
+<img src="https://user-images.githubusercontent.com/50968528/78830547-a9af7800-79d7-11ea-822e-59e29bda335c.png" width="600">
+</p>
+
+## Examples
+
+### Panic-like usage
+
+```rust
+use proc_macro_error::{
+    proc_macro_error,
+    abort,
+    abort_call_site,
+    ResultExt,
+    OptionExt,
+};
+use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use syn::{DeriveInput, parse_macro_input};
+use quote::quote;
+
+// This is your main entry point
+#[proc_macro]
+// This attribute *MUST* be placed on top of the #[proc_macro] function
+#[proc_macro_error]
+pub fn make_answer(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let input = parse_macro_input!(input as DeriveInput);
+
+    if let Err(err) = some_logic(&input) {
+        // we've got a span to blame, let's use it
+        // This immediately aborts the proc-macro and shows the error
+        //
+        // You can use `proc_macro::Span`, `proc_macro2::Span`, and
+        // anything that implements `quote::ToTokens` (almost every type from
+        // `syn` and `proc_macro2`)
+        abort!(err, "You made an error, go fix it: {}", err.msg);
+    }
+
+    // `Result` has some handy shortcuts if your error type implements
+    // `Into<Diagnostic>`. `Option` has one unconditionally.
+    more_logic(&input).expect_or_abort("What a careless user, behave!");
+
+    if !more_logic_for_logic_god(&input) {
+        // We don't have an exact location this time,
+        // so just highlight the proc-macro invocation itself
+        abort_call_site!(
+            "Bad, bad user! Now go stand in the corner and think about what you did!");
+    }
+
+    // Now all the processing is done, return `proc_macro::TokenStream`
+    quote!(/* stuff */).into()
+}
+```
+
+### `proc_macro::Diagnostic`-like usage
+
+```rust
+use proc_macro_error::*;
+use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+use syn::{spanned::Spanned, DeriveInput, ItemStruct, Fields, Attribute , parse_macro_input};
+use quote::quote;
+
+fn process_attrs(attrs: &[Attribute]) -> Vec<Attribute> {
+    attrs
+        .iter()
+        .filter_map(|attr| match process_attr(attr) {
+            Ok(res) => Some(res),
+            Err(msg) => {
+                emit_error!(attr, "Invalid attribute: {}", msg);
+                None
+            }
+        })
+        .collect()
+}
+
+fn process_fields(_attrs: &Fields) -> Vec<TokenStream> {
+    // processing fields in pretty much the same way as attributes
+    unimplemented!()
+}
+
+#[proc_macro]
+#[proc_macro_error]
+pub fn make_answer(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+    let input = parse_macro_input!(input as ItemStruct);
+    let attrs = process_attrs(&input.attrs);
+
+    // abort right now if some errors were encountered
+    // at the attributes processing stage
+    abort_if_dirty();
+
+    let fields = process_fields(&input.fields);
+
+    // no need to think about emitted errors
+    // #[proc_macro_error] will handle them for you
+    //
+    // just return a TokenStream as you normally would
+    quote!(/* stuff */).into()
+}
+```
+
+## Real world examples
+
+* [`structopt-derive`](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/tree/master/structopt-derive)
+  (abort-like usage)
+* [`auto-impl`](https://github.com/auto-impl-rs/auto_impl/) (emit-like usage)
+
+## Limitations
+
+- Warnings are emitted only on nightly, they are ignored on stable.
+- "help" suggestions can't have their own span info on stable,
+  (essentially inheriting the parent span).
+- If your macro happens to trigger a panic, no errors will be displayed. This is not a
+  technical limitation but rather intentional design. `panic` is not for error reporting.
+
+## MSRV policy
+
+`proc_macro_error` will always be compatible with proc-macro Holy Trinity:
+`proc_macro2`, `syn`, `quote` crates. In other words, if the Trinity is available
+to you - `proc_macro_error` is available too.
+
+> **Important!**
+>
+> If you want to use `#[proc_macro_error]` with `synstructure`, you're going
+> to have to put the attribute inside the `decl_derive!` invocation. Unfortunately,
+> due to some bug in pre-1.34 rustc, putting proc-macro attributes inside macro
+> invocations doesn't work, so your MSRV is effectively 1.34.
+
+## Motivation
+
+Error handling in proc-macros sucks. There's not much of a choice today:
+you either "bubble up" the error up to the top-level of the macro and convert it to
+a [`compile_error!`][compl_err] invocation or just use a good old panic. Both these ways suck:
+
+- Former sucks because it's quite redundant to unroll a proper error handling
+    just for critical errors that will crash the macro anyway; so people mostly
+    choose not to bother with it at all and use panic. Simple `.expect` is too tempting.
+
+    Also, if you do decide to implement this `Result`-based architecture in your macro
+    you're going to have to rewrite it entirely once [`proc_macro::Diagnostic`][] is finally
+    stable. Not cool.
+
+- Later sucks because there's no way to carry out the span info via `panic!`.
+    `rustc` will highlight the invocation itself but not some specific token inside it.
+
+    Furthermore, panics aren't for error-reporting at all; panics are for bug-detecting
+    (like unwrapping on `None` or out-of-range indexing) or for early development stages
+    when you need a prototype ASAP so error handling can wait. Mixing these usages only
+    messes things up.
+
+- There is [`proc_macro::Diagnostic`][] which is awesome but it has been experimental
+    for more than a year and is unlikely to be stabilized any time soon.
+
+    This crate's API is intentionally designed to be compatible with `proc_macro::Diagnostic`
+    and delegates to it whenever possible. Once `Diagnostics` is stable this crate
+    will **always** delegate to it, no code changes will be required on user side.
+
+That said, we need a solution, but this solution must meet these conditions:
+
+- It must be better than `panic!`. The main point: it must offer a way to carry the span information
+    over to user.
+- It must take as little effort as possible to migrate from `panic!`. Ideally, a new
+    macro with similar semantics plus ability to carry out span info.
+- It must maintain compatibility with [`proc_macro::Diagnostic`][] .
+- **It must be usable on stable**.
+
+This crate aims to provide such a mechanism. All you have to do is annotate your top-level
+`#[proc_macro]` function with `#[proc_macro_error]` attribute and change panics to
+[`abort!`]/[`abort_call_site!`] where appropriate, see [the Guide][guide].
+
+## Disclaimer
+Please note that **this crate is not intended to be used in any way other
+than error reporting in procedural macros**, use `Result` and `?` (possibly along with one of the
+many helpers out there) for anything else.
+
+<br>
+
+#### License
+
+<sup>
+Licensed under either of <a href="LICENSE-APACHE">Apache License, Version
+2.0</a> or <a href="LICENSE-MIT">MIT license</a> at your option.
+</sup>
+
+<br>
+
+<sub>
+Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted
+for inclusion in this crate by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall
+be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.
+</sub>
+
+
+[compl_err]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.compile_error.html
+[`proc_macro::Diagnostic`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/proc_macro/struct.Diagnostic.html
+
+[crate::dummy]: https://docs.rs/proc-macro-error/1/proc_macro_error/dummy/index.html
+[crate::multi]: https://docs.rs/proc-macro-error/1/proc_macro_error/multi/index.html
+
+[`abort_call_site!`]: https://docs.rs/proc-macro-error/1/proc_macro_error/macro.abort_call_site.html
+[`abort!`]: https://docs.rs/proc-macro-error/1/proc_macro_error/macro.abort.html
+[guide]: https://docs.rs/proc-macro-error
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/build.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3c1196f269
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+fn main() {
+    if !version_check::is_feature_flaggable().unwrap_or(false) {
+        println!("cargo:rustc-cfg=use_fallback");
+    }
+
+    if version_check::is_max_version("1.38.0").unwrap_or(false)
+        || !version_check::Channel::read().unwrap().is_stable()
+    {
+        println!("cargo:rustc-cfg=skip_ui_tests");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/meson.build b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..db5d09f5db
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,22 @@
+_proc_macro_error_rs = static_library(
+  'proc_macro_error',
+  files('src/lib.rs'),
+  rust_abi: 'rust',
+  rust_args: rust_args + [
+    '--edition', '2018',
+    '--cfg', 'use_fallback',
+    '--cfg', 'feature="syn-error"',
+    '--cfg', 'feature="proc-macro"',
+    '-A', 'non_fmt_panics'
+  ],
+  dependencies: [
+    dep_proc_macro_error_attr,
+    dep_proc_macro2,
+    dep_quote,
+    dep_syn,
+  ],
+)
+
+dep_proc_macro_error = declare_dependency(
+  link_with: _proc_macro_error_rs,
+)
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/diagnostic.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/diagnostic.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..983e6174fe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/diagnostic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,349 @@
+use crate::{abort_now, check_correctness, sealed::Sealed, SpanRange};
+use proc_macro2::Span;
+use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
+
+use quote::{quote_spanned, ToTokens};
+
+/// Represents a diagnostic level
+///
+/// # Warnings
+///
+/// Warnings are ignored on stable/beta
+#[derive(Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Level {
+    Error,
+    Warning,
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    NonExhaustive,
+}
+
+/// Represents a single diagnostic message
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct Diagnostic {
+    pub(crate) level: Level,
+    pub(crate) span_range: SpanRange,
+    pub(crate) msg: String,
+    pub(crate) suggestions: Vec<(SuggestionKind, String, Option<SpanRange>)>,
+    pub(crate) children: Vec<(SpanRange, String)>,
+}
+
+/// A collection of methods that do not exist in `proc_macro::Diagnostic`
+/// but still useful to have around.
+///
+/// This trait is sealed and cannot be implemented outside of `proc_macro_error`.
+pub trait DiagnosticExt: Sealed {
+    /// Create a new diagnostic message that points to the `span_range`.
+    ///
+    /// This function is the same as `Diagnostic::spanned` but produces considerably
+    /// better error messages for multi-token spans on stable.
+    fn spanned_range(span_range: SpanRange, level: Level, message: String) -> Self;
+
+    /// Add another error message to self such that it will be emitted right after
+    /// the main message.
+    ///
+    /// This function is the same as `Diagnostic::span_error` but produces considerably
+    /// better error messages for multi-token spans on stable.
+    fn span_range_error(self, span_range: SpanRange, msg: String) -> Self;
+
+    /// Attach a "help" note to your main message, the note will have it's own span on nightly.
+    ///
+    /// This function is the same as `Diagnostic::span_help` but produces considerably
+    /// better error messages for multi-token spans on stable.
+    ///
+    /// # Span
+    ///
+    /// The span is ignored on stable, the note effectively inherits its parent's (main message) span
+    fn span_range_help(self, span_range: SpanRange, msg: String) -> Self;
+
+    /// Attach a note to your main message, the note will have it's own span on nightly.
+    ///
+    /// This function is the same as `Diagnostic::span_note` but produces considerably
+    /// better error messages for multi-token spans on stable.
+    ///
+    /// # Span
+    ///
+    /// The span is ignored on stable, the note effectively inherits its parent's (main message) span
+    fn span_range_note(self, span_range: SpanRange, msg: String) -> Self;
+}
+
+impl DiagnosticExt for Diagnostic {
+    fn spanned_range(span_range: SpanRange, level: Level, message: String) -> Self {
+        Diagnostic {
+            level,
+            span_range,
+            msg: message,
+            suggestions: vec![],
+            children: vec![],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn span_range_error(mut self, span_range: SpanRange, msg: String) -> Self {
+        self.children.push((span_range, msg));
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn span_range_help(mut self, span_range: SpanRange, msg: String) -> Self {
+        self.suggestions
+            .push((SuggestionKind::Help, msg, Some(span_range)));
+        self
+    }
+
+    fn span_range_note(mut self, span_range: SpanRange, msg: String) -> Self {
+        self.suggestions
+            .push((SuggestionKind::Note, msg, Some(span_range)));
+        self
+    }
+}
+
+impl Diagnostic {
+    /// Create a new diagnostic message that points to `Span::call_site()`
+    pub fn new(level: Level, message: String) -> Self {
+        Diagnostic::spanned(Span::call_site(), level, message)
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new diagnostic message that points to the `span`
+    pub fn spanned(span: Span, level: Level, message: String) -> Self {
+        Diagnostic::spanned_range(
+            SpanRange {
+                first: span,
+                last: span,
+            },
+            level,
+            message,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Add another error message to self such that it will be emitted right after
+    /// the main message.
+    pub fn span_error(self, span: Span, msg: String) -> Self {
+        self.span_range_error(
+            SpanRange {
+                first: span,
+                last: span,
+            },
+            msg,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Attach a "help" note to your main message, the note will have it's own span on nightly.
+    ///
+    /// # Span
+    ///
+    /// The span is ignored on stable, the note effectively inherits its parent's (main message) span
+    pub fn span_help(self, span: Span, msg: String) -> Self {
+        self.span_range_help(
+            SpanRange {
+                first: span,
+                last: span,
+            },
+            msg,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Attach a "help" note to your main message.
+    pub fn help(mut self, msg: String) -> Self {
+        self.suggestions.push((SuggestionKind::Help, msg, None));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// Attach a note to your main message, the note will have it's own span on nightly.
+    ///
+    /// # Span
+    ///
+    /// The span is ignored on stable, the note effectively inherits its parent's (main message) span
+    pub fn span_note(self, span: Span, msg: String) -> Self {
+        self.span_range_note(
+            SpanRange {
+                first: span,
+                last: span,
+            },
+            msg,
+        )
+    }
+
+    /// Attach a note to your main message
+    pub fn note(mut self, msg: String) -> Self {
+        self.suggestions.push((SuggestionKind::Note, msg, None));
+        self
+    }
+
+    /// The message of main warning/error (no notes attached)
+    pub fn message(&self) -> &str {
+        &self.msg
+    }
+
+    /// Abort the proc-macro's execution and display the diagnostic.
+    ///
+    /// # Warnings
+    ///
+    /// Warnings are not emitted on stable and beta, but this function will abort anyway.
+    pub fn abort(self) -> ! {
+        self.emit();
+        abort_now()
+    }
+
+    /// Display the diagnostic while not aborting macro execution.
+    ///
+    /// # Warnings
+    ///
+    /// Warnings are ignored on stable/beta
+    pub fn emit(self) {
+        check_correctness();
+        crate::imp::emit_diagnostic(self);
+    }
+}
+
+/// **NOT PUBLIC API! NOTHING TO SEE HERE!!!**
+#[doc(hidden)]
+impl Diagnostic {
+    pub fn span_suggestion(self, span: Span, suggestion: &str, msg: String) -> Self {
+        match suggestion {
+            "help" | "hint" => self.span_help(span, msg),
+            _ => self.span_note(span, msg),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn suggestion(self, suggestion: &str, msg: String) -> Self {
+        match suggestion {
+            "help" | "hint" => self.help(msg),
+            _ => self.note(msg),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl ToTokens for Diagnostic {
+    fn to_tokens(&self, ts: &mut TokenStream) {
+        use std::borrow::Cow;
+
+        fn ensure_lf(buf: &mut String, s: &str) {
+            if s.ends_with('\n') {
+                buf.push_str(s);
+            } else {
+                buf.push_str(s);
+                buf.push('\n');
+            }
+        }
+
+        fn diag_to_tokens(
+            span_range: SpanRange,
+            level: &Level,
+            msg: &str,
+            suggestions: &[(SuggestionKind, String, Option<SpanRange>)],
+        ) -> TokenStream {
+            if *level == Level::Warning {
+                return TokenStream::new();
+            }
+
+            let message = if suggestions.is_empty() {
+                Cow::Borrowed(msg)
+            } else {
+                let mut message = String::new();
+                ensure_lf(&mut message, msg);
+                message.push('\n');
+
+                for (kind, note, _span) in suggestions {
+                    message.push_str("  = ");
+                    message.push_str(kind.name());
+                    message.push_str(": ");
+                    ensure_lf(&mut message, note);
+                }
+                message.push('\n');
+
+                Cow::Owned(message)
+            };
+
+            let mut msg = proc_macro2::Literal::string(&message);
+            msg.set_span(span_range.last);
+            let group = quote_spanned!(span_range.last=> { #msg } );
+            quote_spanned!(span_range.first=> compile_error!#group)
+        }
+
+        ts.extend(diag_to_tokens(
+            self.span_range,
+            &self.level,
+            &self.msg,
+            &self.suggestions,
+        ));
+        ts.extend(
+            self.children
+                .iter()
+                .map(|(span_range, msg)| diag_to_tokens(*span_range, &Level::Error, &msg, &[])),
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) enum SuggestionKind {
+    Help,
+    Note,
+}
+
+impl SuggestionKind {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            SuggestionKind::Note => "note",
+            SuggestionKind::Help => "help",
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "syn-error")]
+impl From<syn::Error> for Diagnostic {
+    fn from(err: syn::Error) -> Self {
+        use proc_macro2::{Delimiter, TokenTree};
+
+        fn gut_error(ts: &mut impl Iterator<Item = TokenTree>) -> Option<(SpanRange, String)> {
+            let first = match ts.next() {
+                // compile_error
+                None => return None,
+                Some(tt) => tt.span(),
+            };
+            ts.next().unwrap(); // !
+
+            let lit = match ts.next().unwrap() {
+                TokenTree::Group(group) => {
+                    // Currently `syn` builds `compile_error!` invocations
+                    // exclusively in `ident{"..."}` (braced) form which is not
+                    // followed by `;` (semicolon).
+                    //
+                    // But if it changes to `ident("...");` (parenthesized)
+                    // or `ident["..."];` (bracketed) form,
+                    // we will need to skip the `;` as well.
+                    // Highly unlikely, but better safe than sorry.
+
+                    if group.delimiter() == Delimiter::Parenthesis
+                        || group.delimiter() == Delimiter::Bracket
+                    {
+                        ts.next().unwrap(); // ;
+                    }
+
+                    match group.stream().into_iter().next().unwrap() {
+                        TokenTree::Literal(lit) => lit,
+                        _ => unreachable!(),
+                    }
+                }
+                _ => unreachable!(),
+            };
+
+            let last = lit.span();
+            let mut msg = lit.to_string();
+
+            // "abc" => abc
+            msg.pop();
+            msg.remove(0);
+
+            Some((SpanRange { first, last }, msg))
+        }
+
+        let mut ts = err.to_compile_error().into_iter();
+
+        let (span_range, msg) = gut_error(&mut ts).unwrap();
+        let mut res = Diagnostic::spanned_range(span_range, Level::Error, msg);
+
+        while let Some((span_range, msg)) = gut_error(&mut ts) {
+            res = res.span_range_error(span_range, msg);
+        }
+
+        res
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/dummy.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/dummy.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..571a595aa9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/dummy.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,150 @@
+//! Facility to emit dummy implementations (or whatever) in case
+//! an error happen.
+//!
+//! `compile_error!` does not abort a compilation right away. This means
+//! `rustc` doesn't just show you the error and abort, it carries on the
+//! compilation process looking for other errors to report.
+//!
+//! Let's consider an example:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+//! use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+//! use proc_macro_error::*;
+//!
+//! trait MyTrait {
+//!     fn do_thing();
+//! }
+//!
+//! // this proc macro is supposed to generate MyTrait impl
+//! #[proc_macro_derive(MyTrait)]
+//! #[proc_macro_error]
+//! fn example(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+//!     // somewhere deep inside
+//!     abort!(span, "something's wrong");
+//!
+//!     // this implementation will be generated if no error happened
+//!     quote! {
+//!         impl MyTrait for #name {
+//!             fn do_thing() {/* whatever */}
+//!         }
+//!     }
+//! }
+//!
+//! // ================
+//! // in main.rs
+//!
+//! // this derive triggers an error
+//! #[derive(MyTrait)] // first BOOM!
+//! struct Foo;
+//!
+//! fn main() {
+//!     Foo::do_thing(); // second BOOM!
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! The problem is: the generated token stream contains only `compile_error!`
+//! invocation, the impl was not generated. That means user will see two compilation
+//! errors:
+//!
+//! ```text
+//! error: something's wrong
+//!  --> $DIR/probe.rs:9:10
+//!   |
+//! 9 |#[proc_macro_derive(MyTrait)]
+//!   |                    ^^^^^^^
+//!
+//! error[E0599]: no function or associated item named `do_thing` found for type `Foo` in the current scope
+//!  --> src\main.rs:3:10
+//!   |
+//! 1 | struct Foo;
+//!   | ----------- function or associated item `do_thing` not found for this
+//! 2 | fn main() {
+//! 3 |     Foo::do_thing(); // second BOOM!
+//!   |          ^^^^^^^^ function or associated item not found in `Foo`
+//! ```
+//!
+//! But the second error is meaningless! We definitely need to fix this.
+//!
+//! Most used approach in cases like this is "dummy implementation" -
+//! omit `impl MyTrait for #name` and fill functions bodies with `unimplemented!()`.
+//!
+//! This is how you do it:
+//!
+//! ```rust,ignore
+//! use proc_macro::TokenStream;
+//! use proc_macro_error::*;
+//!
+//!  trait MyTrait {
+//!      fn do_thing();
+//!  }
+//!
+//!  // this proc macro is supposed to generate MyTrait impl
+//!  #[proc_macro_derive(MyTrait)]
+//!  #[proc_macro_error]
+//!  fn example(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+//!      // first of all - we set a dummy impl which will be appended to
+//!      // `compile_error!` invocations in case a trigger does happen
+//!      set_dummy(quote! {
+//!          impl MyTrait for #name {
+//!              fn do_thing() { unimplemented!() }
+//!          }
+//!      });
+//!
+//!      // somewhere deep inside
+//!      abort!(span, "something's wrong");
+//!
+//!      // this implementation will be generated if no error happened
+//!      quote! {
+//!          impl MyTrait for #name {
+//!              fn do_thing() {/* whatever */}
+//!          }
+//!      }
+//!  }
+//!
+//!  // ================
+//!  // in main.rs
+//!
+//!  // this derive triggers an error
+//!  #[derive(MyTrait)] // first BOOM!
+//!  struct Foo;
+//!
+//!  fn main() {
+//!      Foo::do_thing(); // no more errors!
+//!  }
+//! ```
+
+use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+
+use crate::check_correctness;
+
+thread_local! {
+    static DUMMY_IMPL: RefCell<Option<TokenStream>> = RefCell::new(None);
+}
+
+/// Sets dummy token stream which will be appended to `compile_error!(msg);...`
+/// invocations in case you'll emit any errors.
+///
+/// See [guide](../index.html#guide).
+pub fn set_dummy(dummy: TokenStream) -> Option<TokenStream> {
+    check_correctness();
+    DUMMY_IMPL.with(|old_dummy| old_dummy.replace(Some(dummy)))
+}
+
+/// Same as [`set_dummy`] but, instead of resetting, appends tokens to the
+/// existing dummy (if any). Behaves as `set_dummy` if no dummy is present.
+pub fn append_dummy(dummy: TokenStream) {
+    check_correctness();
+    DUMMY_IMPL.with(|old_dummy| {
+        let mut cell = old_dummy.borrow_mut();
+        if let Some(ts) = cell.as_mut() {
+            ts.extend(dummy);
+        } else {
+            *cell = Some(dummy);
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn cleanup() -> Option<TokenStream> {
+    DUMMY_IMPL.with(|old_dummy| old_dummy.replace(None))
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/imp/delegate.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/imp/delegate.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..07def2b98e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/imp/delegate.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,69 @@
+//! This implementation uses [`proc_macro::Diagnostic`], nightly only.
+
+use std::cell::Cell;
+
+use proc_macro::{Diagnostic as PDiag, Level as PLevel};
+
+use crate::{
+    abort_now, check_correctness,
+    diagnostic::{Diagnostic, Level, SuggestionKind},
+};
+
+pub fn abort_if_dirty() {
+    check_correctness();
+    if IS_DIRTY.with(|c| c.get()) {
+        abort_now()
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn cleanup() -> Vec<Diagnostic> {
+    IS_DIRTY.with(|c| c.set(false));
+    vec![]
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn emit_diagnostic(diag: Diagnostic) {
+    let Diagnostic {
+        level,
+        span_range,
+        msg,
+        suggestions,
+        children,
+    } = diag;
+
+    let span = span_range.collapse().unwrap();
+
+    let level = match level {
+        Level::Warning => PLevel::Warning,
+        Level::Error => {
+            IS_DIRTY.with(|c| c.set(true));
+            PLevel::Error
+        }
+        _ => unreachable!(),
+    };
+
+    let mut res = PDiag::spanned(span, level, msg);
+
+    for (kind, msg, span) in suggestions {
+        res = match (kind, span) {
+            (SuggestionKind::Note, Some(span_range)) => {
+                res.span_note(span_range.collapse().unwrap(), msg)
+            }
+            (SuggestionKind::Help, Some(span_range)) => {
+                res.span_help(span_range.collapse().unwrap(), msg)
+            }
+            (SuggestionKind::Note, None) => res.note(msg),
+            (SuggestionKind::Help, None) => res.help(msg),
+        }
+    }
+
+    for (span_range, msg) in children {
+        let span = span_range.collapse().unwrap();
+        res = res.span_error(span, msg);
+    }
+
+    res.emit()
+}
+
+thread_local! {
+    static IS_DIRTY: Cell<bool> = Cell::new(false);
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/imp/fallback.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/imp/fallback.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..ad1f730bfc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/imp/fallback.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,30 @@
+//! This implementation uses self-written stable facilities.
+
+use crate::{
+    abort_now, check_correctness,
+    diagnostic::{Diagnostic, Level},
+};
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+
+pub fn abort_if_dirty() {
+    check_correctness();
+    ERR_STORAGE.with(|storage| {
+        if !storage.borrow().is_empty() {
+            abort_now()
+        }
+    });
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn cleanup() -> Vec<Diagnostic> {
+    ERR_STORAGE.with(|storage| storage.replace(Vec::new()))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn emit_diagnostic(diag: Diagnostic) {
+    if diag.level == Level::Error {
+        ERR_STORAGE.with(|storage| storage.borrow_mut().push(diag));
+    }
+}
+
+thread_local! {
+    static ERR_STORAGE: RefCell<Vec<Diagnostic>> = RefCell::new(Vec::new());
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/lib.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb867fdc03
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,560 @@
+//! # proc-macro-error
+//!
+//! This crate aims to make error reporting in proc-macros simple and easy to use.
+//! Migrate from `panic!`-based errors for as little effort as possible!
+//!
+//! (Also, you can explicitly [append a dummy token stream](dummy/index.html) to your errors).
+//!
+//! To achieve his, this crate serves as a tiny shim around `proc_macro::Diagnostic` and
+//! `compile_error!`. It detects the best way of emitting available based on compiler's version.
+//! When the underlying diagnostic type is finally stabilized, this crate will simply be
+//! delegating to it requiring no changes in your code!
+//!
+//! So you can just use this crate and have *both* some of `proc_macro::Diagnostic` functionality
+//! available on stable ahead of time *and* your error-reporting code future-proof.
+//!
+//! ## Cargo features
+//!
+//! This crate provides *enabled by default* `syn-error` feature that gates
+//! `impl From<syn::Error> for Diagnostic` conversion. If you don't use `syn` and want
+//! to cut off some of compilation time, you can disable it via
+//!
+//! ```toml
+//! [dependencies]
+//! proc-macro-error = { version = "1", default-features = false }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! ***Please note that disabling this feature makes sense only if you don't depend on `syn`
+//! directly or indirectly, and you very likely do.**
+//!
+//! ## Real world examples
+//!
+//! * [`structopt-derive`](https://github.com/TeXitoi/structopt/tree/master/structopt-derive)
+//!   (abort-like usage)
+//! * [`auto-impl`](https://github.com/auto-impl-rs/auto_impl/) (emit-like usage)
+//!
+//! ## Limitations
+//!
+//! - Warnings are emitted only on nightly, they are ignored on stable.
+//! - "help" suggestions can't have their own span info on stable,
+//!   (essentially inheriting the parent span).
+//! - If a panic occurs somewhere in your macro no errors will be displayed. This is not a
+//!   technical limitation but rather intentional design. `panic` is not for error reporting.
+//!
+//! ### `#[proc_macro_error]` attribute
+//!
+//! **This attribute MUST be present on the top level of your macro** (the function
+//! annotated with any of `#[proc_macro]`, `#[proc_macro_derive]`, `#[proc_macro_attribute]`).
+//!
+//! This attribute performs the setup and cleanup necessary to make things work.
+//!
+//! In most cases you'll need the simple `#[proc_macro_error]` form without any
+//! additional settings. Feel free to [skip the "Syntax" section](#macros).
+//!
+//! #### Syntax
+//!
+//! `#[proc_macro_error]` or `#[proc_macro_error(settings...)]`, where `settings...`
+//! is a comma-separated list of:
+//!
+//! - `proc_macro_hack`:
+//!
+//!     In order to correctly cooperate with `#[proc_macro_hack]`, `#[proc_macro_error]`
+//!     attribute must be placed *before* (above) it, like this:
+//!
+//!     ```no_run
+//!     # use proc_macro2::TokenStream;
+//!     # const IGNORE: &str = "
+//!     #[proc_macro_error]
+//!     #[proc_macro_hack]
+//!     #[proc_macro]
+//!     # ";
+//!     fn my_macro(input: TokenStream) -> TokenStream {
+//!         unimplemented!()
+//!     }
+//!     ```
+//!
+//!     If, for some reason, you can't place it like that you can use
+//!     `#[proc_macro_error(proc_macro_hack)]` instead.
+//!
+//!     # Note
+//!
+//!     If `proc-macro-hack` was detected (by any means) `allow_not_macro`
+//!     and `assert_unwind_safe` will be applied automatically.
+//!
+//! - `allow_not_macro`:
+//!
+//!     By default, the attribute checks that it's applied to a proc-macro.
+//!     If none of `#[proc_macro]`, `#[proc_macro_derive]` nor `#[proc_macro_attribute]` are
+//!     present it will panic. It's the intention - this crate is supposed to be used only with
+//!     proc-macros.
+//!
+//!     This setting is made to bypass the check, useful in certain circumstances.
+//!
+//!     Pay attention: the function this attribute is applied to must return
+//!     `proc_macro::TokenStream`.
+//!
+//!     This setting is implied if `proc-macro-hack` was detected.
+//!
+//! - `assert_unwind_safe`:
+//!
+//!     By default, your code must be [unwind safe]. If your code is not unwind safe,
+//!     but you believe it's correct, you can use this setting to bypass the check.
+//!     You would need this for code that uses `lazy_static` or `thread_local` with
+//!     `Cell/RefCell` inside (and the like).
+//!
+//!     This setting is implied if `#[proc_macro_error]` is applied to a function
+//!     marked as `#[proc_macro]`, `#[proc_macro_derive]` or `#[proc_macro_attribute]`.
+//!
+//!     This setting is also implied if `proc-macro-hack` was detected.
+//!
+//! ## Macros
+//!
+//! Most of the time you want to use the macros. Syntax is described in the next section below.
+//!
+//! You'll need to decide how you want to emit errors:
+//!
+//! * Emit the error and abort. Very much panic-like usage. Served by [`abort!`] and
+//!   [`abort_call_site!`].
+//! * Emit the error but do not abort right away, looking for other errors to report.
+//!   Served by [`emit_error!`] and [`emit_call_site_error!`].
+//!
+//! You **can** mix these usages.
+//!
+//! `abort` and `emit_error` take a "source span" as the first argument. This source
+//! will be used to highlight the place the error originates from. It must be one of:
+//!
+//! * *Something* that implements [`ToTokens`] (most types in `syn` and `proc-macro2` do).
+//!   This source is the preferable one since it doesn't lose span information on multi-token
+//!   spans, see [this issue](https://gitlab.com/CreepySkeleton/proc-macro-error/-/issues/6)
+//!   for details.
+//! * [`proc_macro::Span`]
+//! * [`proc-macro2::Span`]
+//!
+//! The rest is your message in format-like style.
+//!
+//! See [the next section](#syntax-1) for detailed syntax.
+//!
+//! - [`abort!`]:
+//!
+//!     Very much panic-like usage - abort right away and show the error.
+//!     Expands to [`!`] (never type).
+//!
+//! - [`abort_call_site!`]:
+//!
+//!     Shortcut for `abort!(Span::call_site(), ...)`. Expands to [`!`] (never type).
+//!
+//! - [`emit_error!`]:
+//!
+//!     [`proc_macro::Diagnostic`]-like usage - emit the error but keep going,
+//!     looking for other errors to report.
+//!     The compilation will fail nonetheless. Expands to [`()`] (unit type).
+//!
+//! - [`emit_call_site_error!`]:
+//!
+//!     Shortcut for `emit_error!(Span::call_site(), ...)`. Expands to [`()`] (unit type).
+//!
+//! - [`emit_warning!`]:
+//!
+//!     Like `emit_error!` but emit a warning instead of error. The compilation won't fail
+//!     because of warnings.
+//!     Expands to [`()`] (unit type).
+//!
+//!     **Beware**: warnings are nightly only, they are completely ignored on stable.
+//!
+//! - [`emit_call_site_warning!`]:
+//!
+//!     Shortcut for `emit_warning!(Span::call_site(), ...)`. Expands to [`()`] (unit type).
+//!
+//! - [`diagnostic`]:
+//!
+//!     Build an instance of `Diagnostic` in format-like style.
+//!
+//! #### Syntax
+//!
+//! All the macros have pretty much the same syntax:
+//!
+//! 1.  ```ignore
+//!     abort!(single_expr)
+//!     ```
+//!     Shortcut for `Diagnostic::from(expr).abort()`.
+//!
+//! 2.  ```ignore
+//!     abort!(span, message)
+//!     ```
+//!     The first argument is an expression the span info should be taken from.
+//!
+//!     The second argument is the error message, it must implement [`ToString`].
+//!
+//! 3.  ```ignore
+//!     abort!(span, format_literal, format_args...)
+//!     ```
+//!
+//!     This form is pretty much the same as 2, except `format!(format_literal, format_args...)`
+//!     will be used to for the message instead of [`ToString`].
+//!
+//! That's it. `abort!`, `emit_warning`, `emit_error` share this exact syntax.
+//!
+//! `abort_call_site!`, `emit_call_site_warning`, `emit_call_site_error` lack 1 form
+//! and do not take span in 2'th and 3'th forms. Those are essentially shortcuts for
+//! `macro!(Span::call_site(), args...)`.
+//!
+//! `diagnostic!` requires a [`Level`] instance between `span` and second argument
+//! (1'th form is the same).
+//!
+//! > **Important!**
+//! >
+//! > If you have some type from `proc_macro` or `syn` to point to, do not call `.span()`
+//! > on it but rather use it directly:
+//! > ```no_run
+//! > # use proc_macro_error::abort;
+//! > # let input = proc_macro2::TokenStream::new();
+//! > let ty: syn::Type = syn::parse2(input).unwrap();
+//! > abort!(ty, "BOOM");
+//! > //     ^^ <-- avoid .span()
+//! > ```
+//! >
+//! > `.span()` calls work too, but you may experience regressions in message quality.
+//!
+//! #### Note attachments
+//!
+//! 3.  Every macro can have "note" attachments (only 2 and 3 form).
+//!   ```ignore
+//!   let opt_help = if have_some_info { Some("did you mean `this`?") } else { None };
+//!
+//!   abort!(
+//!       span, message; // <--- attachments start with `;` (semicolon)
+//!
+//!       help = "format {} {}", "arg1", "arg2"; // <--- every attachment ends with `;`,
+//!                                              //      maybe except the last one
+//!
+//!       note = "to_string"; // <--- one arg uses `.to_string()` instead of `format!()`
+//!
+//!       yay = "I see what {} did here", "you"; // <--- "help =" and "hint =" are mapped
+//!                                              // to Diagnostic::help,
+//!                                              // anything else is Diagnostic::note
+//!
+//!       wow = note_span => "custom span"; // <--- attachments can have their own span
+//!                                         //      it takes effect only on nightly though
+//!
+//!       hint =? opt_help; // <-- "optional" attachment, get displayed only if `Some`
+//!                         //     must be single `Option` expression
+//!
+//!       note =? note_span => opt_help // <-- optional attachments can have custom spans too
+//!   );
+//!   ```
+//!
+
+//! ### Diagnostic type
+//!
+//! [`Diagnostic`] type is intentionally designed to be API compatible with [`proc_macro::Diagnostic`].
+//! Not all API is implemented, only the part that can be reasonably implemented on stable.
+//!
+//!
+//! [`abort!`]: macro.abort.html
+//! [`abort_call_site!`]: macro.abort_call_site.html
+//! [`emit_warning!`]: macro.emit_warning.html
+//! [`emit_error!`]: macro.emit_error.html
+//! [`emit_call_site_warning!`]: macro.emit_call_site_error.html
+//! [`emit_call_site_error!`]: macro.emit_call_site_warning.html
+//! [`diagnostic!`]: macro.diagnostic.html
+//! [`Diagnostic`]: struct.Diagnostic.html
+//!
+//! [`proc_macro::Span`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/proc_macro/struct.Span.html
+//! [`proc_macro::Diagnostic`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/proc_macro/struct.Diagnostic.html
+//!
+//! [unwind safe]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/panic/trait.UnwindSafe.html#what-is-unwind-safety
+//! [`!`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.never.html
+//! [`()`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/primitive.unit.html
+//! [`ToString`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/string/trait.ToString.html
+//!
+//! [`proc-macro2::Span`]: https://docs.rs/proc-macro2/1.0.10/proc_macro2/struct.Span.html
+//! [`ToTokens`]: https://docs.rs/quote/1.0.3/quote/trait.ToTokens.html
+//!
+
+#![cfg_attr(not(use_fallback), feature(proc_macro_diagnostic))]
+#![forbid(unsafe_code)]
+#![allow(clippy::needless_doctest_main)]
+
+extern crate proc_macro;
+
+pub use crate::{
+    diagnostic::{Diagnostic, DiagnosticExt, Level},
+    dummy::{append_dummy, set_dummy},
+};
+pub use proc_macro_error_attr::proc_macro_error;
+
+use proc_macro2::Span;
+use quote::{quote, ToTokens};
+
+use std::cell::Cell;
+use std::panic::{catch_unwind, resume_unwind, UnwindSafe};
+
+pub mod dummy;
+
+mod diagnostic;
+mod macros;
+mod sealed;
+
+#[cfg(use_fallback)]
+#[path = "imp/fallback.rs"]
+mod imp;
+
+#[cfg(not(use_fallback))]
+#[path = "imp/delegate.rs"]
+mod imp;
+
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy)]
+pub struct SpanRange {
+    pub first: Span,
+    pub last: Span,
+}
+
+impl SpanRange {
+    /// Create a range with the `first` and `last` spans being the same.
+    pub fn single_span(span: Span) -> Self {
+        SpanRange {
+            first: span,
+            last: span,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Create a `SpanRange` resolving at call site.
+    pub fn call_site() -> Self {
+        SpanRange::single_span(Span::call_site())
+    }
+
+    /// Construct span range from a `TokenStream`. This method always preserves all the
+    /// range.
+    ///
+    /// ### Note
+    ///
+    /// If the stream is empty, the result is `SpanRange::call_site()`. If the stream
+    /// consists of only one `TokenTree`, the result is `SpanRange::single_span(tt.span())`
+    /// that doesn't lose anything.
+    pub fn from_tokens(ts: &dyn ToTokens) -> Self {
+        let mut spans = ts.to_token_stream().into_iter().map(|tt| tt.span());
+        let first = spans.next().unwrap_or_else(|| Span::call_site());
+        let last = spans.last().unwrap_or(first);
+
+        SpanRange { first, last }
+    }
+
+    /// Join two span ranges. The resulting range will start at `self.first` and end at
+    /// `other.last`.
+    pub fn join_range(self, other: SpanRange) -> Self {
+        SpanRange {
+            first: self.first,
+            last: other.last,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Collapse the range into single span, preserving as much information as possible.
+    pub fn collapse(self) -> Span {
+        self.first.join(self.last).unwrap_or(self.first)
+    }
+}
+
+/// This traits expands `Result<T, Into<Diagnostic>>` with some handy shortcuts.
+pub trait ResultExt {
+    type Ok;
+
+    /// Behaves like `Result::unwrap`: if self is `Ok` yield the contained value,
+    /// otherwise abort macro execution via `abort!`.
+    fn unwrap_or_abort(self) -> Self::Ok;
+
+    /// Behaves like `Result::expect`: if self is `Ok` yield the contained value,
+    /// otherwise abort macro execution via `abort!`.
+    /// If it aborts then resulting error message will be preceded with `message`.
+    fn expect_or_abort(self, msg: &str) -> Self::Ok;
+}
+
+/// This traits expands `Option` with some handy shortcuts.
+pub trait OptionExt {
+    type Some;
+
+    /// Behaves like `Option::expect`: if self is `Some` yield the contained value,
+    /// otherwise abort macro execution via `abort_call_site!`.
+    /// If it aborts the `message` will be used for [`compile_error!`][compl_err] invocation.
+    ///
+    /// [compl_err]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/std/macro.compile_error.html
+    fn expect_or_abort(self, msg: &str) -> Self::Some;
+}
+
+/// Abort macro execution and display all the emitted errors, if any.
+///
+/// Does nothing if no errors were emitted (warnings do not count).
+pub fn abort_if_dirty() {
+    imp::abort_if_dirty();
+}
+
+impl<T, E: Into<Diagnostic>> ResultExt for Result<T, E> {
+    type Ok = T;
+
+    fn unwrap_or_abort(self) -> T {
+        match self {
+            Ok(res) => res,
+            Err(e) => e.into().abort(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn expect_or_abort(self, message: &str) -> T {
+        match self {
+            Ok(res) => res,
+            Err(e) => {
+                let mut e = e.into();
+                e.msg = format!("{}: {}", message, e.msg);
+                e.abort()
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> OptionExt for Option<T> {
+    type Some = T;
+
+    fn expect_or_abort(self, message: &str) -> T {
+        match self {
+            Some(res) => res,
+            None => abort_call_site!(message),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// This is the entry point for a proc-macro.
+///
+/// **NOT PUBLIC API, SUBJECT TO CHANGE WITHOUT ANY NOTICE**
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub fn entry_point<F>(f: F, proc_macro_hack: bool) -> proc_macro::TokenStream
+where
+    F: FnOnce() -> proc_macro::TokenStream + UnwindSafe,
+{
+    ENTERED_ENTRY_POINT.with(|flag| flag.set(flag.get() + 1));
+    let caught = catch_unwind(f);
+    let dummy = dummy::cleanup();
+    let err_storage = imp::cleanup();
+    ENTERED_ENTRY_POINT.with(|flag| flag.set(flag.get() - 1));
+
+    let gen_error = || {
+        if proc_macro_hack {
+            quote! {{
+                macro_rules! proc_macro_call {
+                    () => ( unimplemented!() )
+                }
+
+                #(#err_storage)*
+                #dummy
+
+                unimplemented!()
+            }}
+        } else {
+            quote!( #(#err_storage)* #dummy )
+        }
+    };
+
+    match caught {
+        Ok(ts) => {
+            if err_storage.is_empty() {
+                ts
+            } else {
+                gen_error().into()
+            }
+        }
+
+        Err(boxed) => match boxed.downcast::<AbortNow>() {
+            Ok(_) => gen_error().into(),
+            Err(boxed) => resume_unwind(boxed),
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+fn abort_now() -> ! {
+    check_correctness();
+    panic!(AbortNow)
+}
+
+thread_local! {
+    static ENTERED_ENTRY_POINT: Cell<usize> = Cell::new(0);
+}
+
+struct AbortNow;
+
+fn check_correctness() {
+    if ENTERED_ENTRY_POINT.with(|flag| flag.get()) == 0 {
+        panic!(
+            "proc-macro-error API cannot be used outside of `entry_point` invocation, \
+             perhaps you forgot to annotate your #[proc_macro] function with `#[proc_macro_error]"
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// **ALL THE STUFF INSIDE IS NOT PUBLIC API!!!**
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub mod __export {
+    // reexports for use in macros
+    pub extern crate proc_macro;
+    pub extern crate proc_macro2;
+
+    use proc_macro2::Span;
+    use quote::ToTokens;
+
+    use crate::SpanRange;
+
+    // inspired by
+    // https://github.com/dtolnay/case-studies/blob/master/autoref-specialization/README.md#simple-application
+
+    pub trait SpanAsSpanRange {
+        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+        fn FIRST_ARG_MUST_EITHER_BE_Span_OR_IMPLEMENT_ToTokens_OR_BE_SpanRange(&self) -> SpanRange;
+    }
+
+    pub trait Span2AsSpanRange {
+        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+        fn FIRST_ARG_MUST_EITHER_BE_Span_OR_IMPLEMENT_ToTokens_OR_BE_SpanRange(&self) -> SpanRange;
+    }
+
+    pub trait ToTokensAsSpanRange {
+        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+        fn FIRST_ARG_MUST_EITHER_BE_Span_OR_IMPLEMENT_ToTokens_OR_BE_SpanRange(&self) -> SpanRange;
+    }
+
+    pub trait SpanRangeAsSpanRange {
+        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+        fn FIRST_ARG_MUST_EITHER_BE_Span_OR_IMPLEMENT_ToTokens_OR_BE_SpanRange(&self) -> SpanRange;
+    }
+
+    impl<T: ToTokens> ToTokensAsSpanRange for &T {
+        fn FIRST_ARG_MUST_EITHER_BE_Span_OR_IMPLEMENT_ToTokens_OR_BE_SpanRange(&self) -> SpanRange {
+            let mut ts = self.to_token_stream().into_iter();
+            let first = ts
+                .next()
+                .map(|tt| tt.span())
+                .unwrap_or_else(Span::call_site);
+            let last = ts.last().map(|tt| tt.span()).unwrap_or(first);
+            SpanRange { first, last }
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Span2AsSpanRange for Span {
+        fn FIRST_ARG_MUST_EITHER_BE_Span_OR_IMPLEMENT_ToTokens_OR_BE_SpanRange(&self) -> SpanRange {
+            SpanRange {
+                first: *self,
+                last: *self,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl SpanAsSpanRange for proc_macro::Span {
+        fn FIRST_ARG_MUST_EITHER_BE_Span_OR_IMPLEMENT_ToTokens_OR_BE_SpanRange(&self) -> SpanRange {
+            SpanRange {
+                first: self.clone().into(),
+                last: self.clone().into(),
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl SpanRangeAsSpanRange for SpanRange {
+        fn FIRST_ARG_MUST_EITHER_BE_Span_OR_IMPLEMENT_ToTokens_OR_BE_SpanRange(&self) -> SpanRange {
+            *self
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/macros.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/macros.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..747b684d56
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/macros.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,288 @@
+// FIXME: this can be greatly simplified via $()?
+// as soon as MRSV hits 1.32
+
+/// Build [`Diagnostic`](struct.Diagnostic.html) instance from provided arguments.
+///
+/// # Syntax
+///
+/// See [the guide](index.html#guide).
+///
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! diagnostic {
+    // from alias
+    ($err:expr) => { $crate::Diagnostic::from($err) };
+
+    // span, message, help
+    ($span:expr, $level:expr, $fmt:expr, $($args:expr),+ ; $($rest:tt)+) => {{
+        #[allow(unused_imports)]
+        use $crate::__export::{
+            ToTokensAsSpanRange,
+            Span2AsSpanRange,
+            SpanAsSpanRange,
+            SpanRangeAsSpanRange
+        };
+        use $crate::DiagnosticExt;
+        let span_range = (&$span).FIRST_ARG_MUST_EITHER_BE_Span_OR_IMPLEMENT_ToTokens_OR_BE_SpanRange();
+
+        let diag = $crate::Diagnostic::spanned_range(
+            span_range,
+            $level,
+            format!($fmt, $($args),*)
+        );
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!(diag $($rest)*);
+        diag
+    }};
+
+    ($span:expr, $level:expr, $msg:expr ; $($rest:tt)+) => {{
+        #[allow(unused_imports)]
+        use $crate::__export::{
+            ToTokensAsSpanRange,
+            Span2AsSpanRange,
+            SpanAsSpanRange,
+            SpanRangeAsSpanRange
+        };
+        use $crate::DiagnosticExt;
+        let span_range = (&$span).FIRST_ARG_MUST_EITHER_BE_Span_OR_IMPLEMENT_ToTokens_OR_BE_SpanRange();
+
+        let diag = $crate::Diagnostic::spanned_range(span_range, $level, $msg.to_string());
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!(diag $($rest)*);
+        diag
+    }};
+
+    // span, message, no help
+    ($span:expr, $level:expr, $fmt:expr, $($args:expr),+) => {{
+        #[allow(unused_imports)]
+        use $crate::__export::{
+            ToTokensAsSpanRange,
+            Span2AsSpanRange,
+            SpanAsSpanRange,
+            SpanRangeAsSpanRange
+        };
+        use $crate::DiagnosticExt;
+        let span_range = (&$span).FIRST_ARG_MUST_EITHER_BE_Span_OR_IMPLEMENT_ToTokens_OR_BE_SpanRange();
+
+        $crate::Diagnostic::spanned_range(
+            span_range,
+            $level,
+            format!($fmt, $($args),*)
+        )
+    }};
+
+    ($span:expr, $level:expr, $msg:expr) => {{
+        #[allow(unused_imports)]
+        use $crate::__export::{
+            ToTokensAsSpanRange,
+            Span2AsSpanRange,
+            SpanAsSpanRange,
+            SpanRangeAsSpanRange
+        };
+        use $crate::DiagnosticExt;
+        let span_range = (&$span).FIRST_ARG_MUST_EITHER_BE_Span_OR_IMPLEMENT_ToTokens_OR_BE_SpanRange();
+
+        $crate::Diagnostic::spanned_range(span_range, $level, $msg.to_string())
+    }};
+
+
+    // trailing commas
+
+    ($span:expr, $level:expr, $fmt:expr, $($args:expr),+, ; $($rest:tt)+) => {
+        $crate::diagnostic!($span, $level, $fmt, $($args),* ; $($rest)*)
+    };
+    ($span:expr, $level:expr, $msg:expr, ; $($rest:tt)+) => {
+        $crate::diagnostic!($span, $level, $msg ; $($rest)*)
+    };
+    ($span:expr, $level:expr, $fmt:expr, $($args:expr),+,) => {
+        $crate::diagnostic!($span, $level, $fmt, $($args),*)
+    };
+    ($span:expr, $level:expr, $msg:expr,) => {
+        $crate::diagnostic!($span, $level, $msg)
+    };
+    // ($err:expr,) => { $crate::diagnostic!($err) };
+}
+
+/// Abort proc-macro execution right now and display the error.
+///
+/// # Syntax
+///
+/// See [the guide](index.html#guide).
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! abort {
+    ($err:expr) => {
+        $crate::diagnostic!($err).abort()
+    };
+
+    ($span:expr, $($tts:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::diagnostic!($span, $crate::Level::Error, $($tts)*).abort()
+    };
+}
+
+/// Shortcut for `abort!(Span::call_site(), msg...)`. This macro
+/// is still preferable over plain panic, panics are not for error reporting.
+///
+/// # Syntax
+///
+/// See [the guide](index.html#guide).
+///
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! abort_call_site {
+    ($($tts:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::abort!($crate::__export::proc_macro2::Span::call_site(), $($tts)*)
+    };
+}
+
+/// Emit an error while not aborting the proc-macro right away.
+///
+/// # Syntax
+///
+/// See [the guide](index.html#guide).
+///
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! emit_error {
+    ($err:expr) => {
+        $crate::diagnostic!($err).emit()
+    };
+
+    ($span:expr, $($tts:tt)*) => {{
+        let level = $crate::Level::Error;
+        $crate::diagnostic!($span, level, $($tts)*).emit()
+    }};
+}
+
+/// Shortcut for `emit_error!(Span::call_site(), ...)`. This macro
+/// is still preferable over plain panic, panics are not for error reporting..
+///
+/// # Syntax
+///
+/// See [the guide](index.html#guide).
+///
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! emit_call_site_error {
+    ($($tts:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::emit_error!($crate::__export::proc_macro2::Span::call_site(), $($tts)*)
+    };
+}
+
+/// Emit a warning. Warnings are not errors and compilation won't fail because of them.
+///
+/// **Does nothing on stable**
+///
+/// # Syntax
+///
+/// See [the guide](index.html#guide).
+///
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! emit_warning {
+    ($span:expr, $($tts:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::diagnostic!($span, $crate::Level::Warning, $($tts)*).emit()
+    };
+}
+
+/// Shortcut for `emit_warning!(Span::call_site(), ...)`.
+///
+/// **Does nothing on stable**
+///
+/// # Syntax
+///
+/// See [the guide](index.html#guide).
+///
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! emit_call_site_warning {
+    ($($tts:tt)*) => {{
+        $crate::emit_warning!($crate::__export::proc_macro2::Span::call_site(), $($tts)*)
+    }};
+}
+
+#[doc(hidden)]
+#[macro_export]
+macro_rules! __pme__suggestions {
+    ($var:ident) => ();
+
+    ($var:ident $help:ident =? $msg:expr) => {
+        let $var = if let Some(msg) = $msg {
+            $var.suggestion(stringify!($help), msg.to_string())
+        } else {
+            $var
+        };
+    };
+    ($var:ident $help:ident =? $span:expr => $msg:expr) => {
+        let $var = if let Some(msg) = $msg {
+            $var.span_suggestion($span.into(), stringify!($help), msg.to_string())
+        } else {
+            $var
+        };
+    };
+
+    ($var:ident $help:ident =? $msg:expr ; $($rest:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!($var $help =? $msg);
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!($var $($rest)*);
+    };
+    ($var:ident $help:ident =? $span:expr => $msg:expr ; $($rest:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!($var $help =? $span => $msg);
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!($var $($rest)*);
+    };
+
+
+    ($var:ident $help:ident = $msg:expr) => {
+        let $var = $var.suggestion(stringify!($help), $msg.to_string());
+    };
+    ($var:ident $help:ident = $fmt:expr, $($args:expr),+) => {
+        let $var = $var.suggestion(
+            stringify!($help),
+            format!($fmt, $($args),*)
+        );
+    };
+    ($var:ident $help:ident = $span:expr => $msg:expr) => {
+        let $var = $var.span_suggestion($span.into(), stringify!($help), $msg.to_string());
+    };
+    ($var:ident $help:ident = $span:expr => $fmt:expr, $($args:expr),+) => {
+        let $var = $var.span_suggestion(
+            $span.into(),
+            stringify!($help),
+            format!($fmt, $($args),*)
+        );
+    };
+
+    ($var:ident $help:ident = $msg:expr ; $($rest:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!($var $help = $msg);
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!($var $($rest)*);
+    };
+    ($var:ident $help:ident = $fmt:expr, $($args:expr),+ ; $($rest:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!($var $help = $fmt, $($args),*);
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!($var $($rest)*);
+    };
+    ($var:ident $help:ident = $span:expr => $msg:expr ; $($rest:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!($var $help = $span => $msg);
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!($var $($rest)*);
+    };
+    ($var:ident $help:ident = $span:expr => $fmt:expr, $($args:expr),+ ; $($rest:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!($var $help = $span => $fmt, $($args),*);
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!($var $($rest)*);
+    };
+
+    // trailing commas
+
+    ($var:ident $help:ident = $msg:expr,) => {
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!($var $help = $msg)
+    };
+    ($var:ident $help:ident = $fmt:expr, $($args:expr),+,) => {
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!($var $help = $fmt, $($args)*)
+    };
+    ($var:ident $help:ident = $span:expr => $msg:expr,) => {
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!($var $help = $span => $msg)
+    };
+    ($var:ident $help:ident = $span:expr => $fmt:expr, $($args:expr),*,) => {
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!($var $help = $span => $fmt, $($args)*)
+    };
+    ($var:ident $help:ident = $msg:expr, ; $($rest:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!($var $help = $msg; $($rest)*)
+    };
+    ($var:ident $help:ident = $fmt:expr, $($args:expr),+, ; $($rest:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!($var $help = $fmt, $($args),*; $($rest)*)
+    };
+    ($var:ident $help:ident = $span:expr => $msg:expr, ; $($rest:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!($var $help = $span => $msg; $($rest)*)
+    };
+    ($var:ident $help:ident = $span:expr => $fmt:expr, $($args:expr),+, ; $($rest:tt)*) => {
+        $crate::__pme__suggestions!($var $help = $span => $fmt, $($args),*; $($rest)*)
+    };
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/sealed.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/sealed.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a2d5081e55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/src/sealed.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+pub trait Sealed {}
+
+impl Sealed for crate::Diagnostic {}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/macro-errors.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/macro-errors.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dd60f88a80
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/macro-errors.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+extern crate trybuild;
+
+#[cfg_attr(skip_ui_tests, ignore)]
+#[test]
+fn ui() {
+    let t = trybuild::TestCases::new();
+    t.compile_fail("tests/ui/*.rs");
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ok.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ok.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..cf64c027f8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ok.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+extern crate test_crate;
+
+use test_crate::*;
+
+ok!(it_works);
+
+#[test]
+fn check_it_works() {
+    it_works();
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/runtime-errors.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/runtime-errors.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..13108a2d91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/runtime-errors.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+use proc_macro_error::*;
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "proc-macro-error API cannot be used outside of"]
+fn missing_attr_emit() {
+    emit_call_site_error!("You won't see me");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic = "proc-macro-error API cannot be used outside of"]
+fn missing_attr_abort() {
+    abort_call_site!("You won't see me");
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/abort.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/abort.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f63118251e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/abort.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+extern crate test_crate;
+use test_crate::*;
+
+abort_from!(one, two);
+abort_to_string!(one, two);
+abort_format!(one, two);
+direct_abort!(one, two);
+abort_notes!(one, two);
+abort_call_site_test!(one, two);
+
+fn main() {}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/abort.stderr b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/abort.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c5399d9d91
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/abort.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+error: abort!(span, from) test
+ --> $DIR/abort.rs:4:13
+  |
+4 | abort_from!(one, two);
+  |             ^^^
+
+error: abort!(span, single_expr) test
+ --> $DIR/abort.rs:5:18
+  |
+5 | abort_to_string!(one, two);
+  |                  ^^^
+
+error: abort!(span, expr1, expr2) test
+ --> $DIR/abort.rs:6:15
+  |
+6 | abort_format!(one, two);
+  |               ^^^
+
+error: Diagnostic::abort() test
+ --> $DIR/abort.rs:7:15
+  |
+7 | direct_abort!(one, two);
+  |               ^^^
+
+error: This is an error
+
+  = note: simple note
+  = help: simple help
+  = help: simple hint
+  = note: simple yay
+  = note: format note
+  = note: Some note
+  = note: spanned simple note
+  = note: spanned format note
+  = note: Some note
+
+ --> $DIR/abort.rs:8:14
+  |
+8 | abort_notes!(one, two);
+  |              ^^^
+
+error: abort_call_site! test
+ --> $DIR/abort.rs:9:1
+  |
+9 | abort_call_site_test!(one, two);
+  | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+  |
+  = note: this error originates in a macro (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/append_dummy.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/append_dummy.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..53d6feacc1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/append_dummy.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+extern crate test_crate;
+use test_crate::*;
+
+enum NeedDefault {
+    A,
+    B
+}
+
+append_dummy!(need_default);
+
+fn main() {
+    let _ = NeedDefault::default();
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/append_dummy.stderr b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/append_dummy.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8a47ddaac4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/append_dummy.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: append_dummy test
+ --> $DIR/append_dummy.rs:9:15
+  |
+9 | append_dummy!(need_default);
+  |               ^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/children_messages.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/children_messages.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..fb9e6dc697
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/children_messages.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+extern crate test_crate;
+use test_crate::*;
+
+children_messages!(one, two, three, four);
+
+fn main() {}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/children_messages.stderr b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/children_messages.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3b49d83165
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/children_messages.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+error: main macro message
+ --> $DIR/children_messages.rs:4:20
+  |
+4 | children_messages!(one, two, three, four);
+  |                    ^^^
+
+error: child message
+ --> $DIR/children_messages.rs:4:25
+  |
+4 | children_messages!(one, two, three, four);
+  |                         ^^^
+
+error: main syn::Error
+ --> $DIR/children_messages.rs:4:30
+  |
+4 | children_messages!(one, two, three, four);
+  |                              ^^^^^
+
+error: child syn::Error
+ --> $DIR/children_messages.rs:4:37
+  |
+4 | children_messages!(one, two, three, four);
+  |                                     ^^^^
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/dummy.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/dummy.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..caa4827886
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/dummy.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+extern crate test_crate;
+use test_crate::*;
+
+enum NeedDefault {
+    A,
+    B
+}
+
+dummy!(need_default);
+
+fn main() {
+    let _ = NeedDefault::default();
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/dummy.stderr b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/dummy.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bae078afa8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/dummy.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: set_dummy test
+ --> $DIR/dummy.rs:9:8
+  |
+9 | dummy!(need_default);
+  |        ^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/emit.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/emit.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c5c7db095f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/emit.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+extern crate test_crate;
+use test_crate::*;
+
+emit!(one, two, three, four, five);
+emit_notes!(one, two);
+
+fn main() {}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/emit.stderr b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/emit.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..9484bd628b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/emit.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,48 @@
+error: emit!(span, from) test
+ --> $DIR/emit.rs:4:7
+  |
+4 | emit!(one, two, three, four, five);
+  |       ^^^
+
+error: emit!(span, expr1, expr2) test
+ --> $DIR/emit.rs:4:12
+  |
+4 | emit!(one, two, three, four, five);
+  |            ^^^
+
+error: emit!(span, single_expr) test
+ --> $DIR/emit.rs:4:17
+  |
+4 | emit!(one, two, three, four, five);
+  |                 ^^^^^
+
+error: Diagnostic::emit() test
+ --> $DIR/emit.rs:4:24
+  |
+4 | emit!(one, two, three, four, five);
+  |                        ^^^^
+
+error: emit_call_site_error!(expr) test
+ --> $DIR/emit.rs:4:1
+  |
+4 | emit!(one, two, three, four, five);
+  | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+  |
+  = note: this error originates in a macro (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+
+error: This is an error
+
+  = note: simple note
+  = help: simple help
+  = help: simple hint
+  = note: simple yay
+  = note: format note
+  = note: Some note
+  = note: spanned simple note
+  = note: spanned format note
+  = note: Some note
+
+ --> $DIR/emit.rs:5:13
+  |
+5 | emit_notes!(one, two);
+  |             ^^^
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/explicit_span_range.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/explicit_span_range.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..82bbebcc55
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/explicit_span_range.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+extern crate test_crate;
+use test_crate::*;
+
+explicit_span_range!(one, two, three, four);
+
+fn main() {}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/explicit_span_range.stderr b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/explicit_span_range.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..781a71e76a
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/explicit_span_range.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: explicit SpanRange
+ --> $DIR/explicit_span_range.rs:4:22
+  |
+4 | explicit_span_range!(one, two, three, four);
+  |                      ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/misuse.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/misuse.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e6d2d24971
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/misuse.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+extern crate proc_macro_error;
+use proc_macro_error::abort;
+
+struct Foo;
+
+#[allow(unused)]
+fn foo() {
+    abort!(Foo, "BOOM");
+}
+
+fn main() {}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/misuse.stderr b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/misuse.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..8eaf6456fd
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/misuse.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,13 @@
+error[E0599]: no method named `FIRST_ARG_MUST_EITHER_BE_Span_OR_IMPLEMENT_ToTokens_OR_BE_SpanRange` found for reference `&Foo` in the current scope
+ --> $DIR/misuse.rs:8:5
+  |
+4 | struct Foo;
+  | ----------- doesn't satisfy `Foo: quote::to_tokens::ToTokens`
+...
+8 |     abort!(Foo, "BOOM");
+  |     ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ method not found in `&Foo`
+  |
+  = note: the method `FIRST_ARG_MUST_EITHER_BE_Span_OR_IMPLEMENT_ToTokens_OR_BE_SpanRange` exists but the following trait bounds were not satisfied:
+          `Foo: quote::to_tokens::ToTokens`
+          which is required by `&Foo: proc_macro_error::__export::ToTokensAsSpanRange`
+  = note: this error originates in a macro (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/multiple_tokens.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/multiple_tokens.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..215928f6f4
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/multiple_tokens.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+extern crate test_crate;
+
+#[test_crate::multiple_tokens]
+type T = ();
+
+fn main() {}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/multiple_tokens.stderr b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/multiple_tokens.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c6172c6cc6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/multiple_tokens.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: ...
+ --> $DIR/multiple_tokens.rs:4:1
+  |
+4 | type T = ();
+  | ^^^^^^^^^^^^
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/not_proc_macro.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/not_proc_macro.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..e241c5cd28
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/not_proc_macro.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+use proc_macro_error::proc_macro_error;
+
+#[proc_macro_error]
+fn main() {}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/not_proc_macro.stderr b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/not_proc_macro.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f19f01bd8e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/not_proc_macro.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+error: #[proc_macro_error] attribute can be used only with procedural macros
+
+  = hint: if you are really sure that #[proc_macro_error] should be applied to this exact function, use #[proc_macro_error(allow_not_macro)]
+
+ --> $DIR/not_proc_macro.rs:3:1
+  |
+3 | #[proc_macro_error]
+  | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+  |
+  = note: this error originates in an attribute macro (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/option_ext.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/option_ext.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..dfbfc03835
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/option_ext.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+extern crate test_crate;
+use test_crate::*;
+
+option_ext!(one, two);
+
+fn main() {}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/option_ext.stderr b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/option_ext.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..91b151ec2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/option_ext.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+error: Option::expect_or_abort() test
+ --> $DIR/option_ext.rs:4:1
+  |
+4 | option_ext!(one, two);
+  | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+  |
+  = note: this error originates in a macro (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/proc_macro_hack.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/proc_macro_hack.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2504bdd401
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/proc_macro_hack.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+// Adapted from https://github.com/dtolnay/proc-macro-hack/blob/master/example/src/main.rs
+// Licensed under either of Apache License, Version 2.0 or MIT license at your option.
+
+use proc_macro_hack_test::add_one;
+
+fn main() {
+    let two = 2;
+    let nine = add_one!(two) + add_one!(2 + 3);
+    println!("nine = {}", nine);
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/proc_macro_hack.stderr b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/proc_macro_hack.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0e984f918d
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/proc_macro_hack.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+error: BOOM
+ --> $DIR/proc_macro_hack.rs:8:25
+  |
+8 |     let nine = add_one!(two) + add_one!(2 + 3);
+  |                         ^^^
+  |
+  = note: this error originates in a macro (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+
+error: BOOM
+ --> $DIR/proc_macro_hack.rs:8:41
+  |
+8 |     let nine = add_one!(two) + add_one!(2 + 3);
+  |                                         ^^^^^
+  |
+  = note: this error originates in a macro (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
+
+warning: unreachable expression
+ --> $DIR/proc_macro_hack.rs:8:32
+  |
+8 |     let nine = add_one!(two) + add_one!(2 + 3);
+  |                -------------   ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ unreachable expression
+  |                |
+  |                any code following this expression is unreachable
+  |
+  = note: `#[warn(unreachable_code)]` on by default
+  = note: this warning originates in a macro (in Nightly builds, run with -Z macro-backtrace for more info)
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/result_ext.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/result_ext.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..bdd560dba9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/result_ext.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+extern crate test_crate;
+use test_crate::*;
+
+result_unwrap_or_abort!(one, two);
+result_expect_or_abort!(one, two);
+
+fn main() {}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/result_ext.stderr b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/result_ext.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..f2dc0e4235
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/result_ext.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+error: Result::unwrap_or_abort() test
+ --> $DIR/result_ext.rs:4:25
+  |
+4 | result_unwrap_or_abort!(one, two);
+  |                         ^^^
+
+error: BOOM: Result::expect_or_abort() test
+ --> $DIR/result_ext.rs:5:25
+  |
+5 | result_expect_or_abort!(one, two);
+  |                         ^^^
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/to_tokens_span.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/to_tokens_span.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a7c3fc976c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/to_tokens_span.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+extern crate test_crate;
+use test_crate::*;
+
+to_tokens_span!(std::option::Option);
+
+fn main() {}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/to_tokens_span.stderr b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/to_tokens_span.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..b8c4968263
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/to_tokens_span.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+error: whole type
+ --> $DIR/to_tokens_span.rs:4:17
+  |
+4 | to_tokens_span!(std::option::Option);
+  |                 ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+
+error: explicit .span()
+ --> $DIR/to_tokens_span.rs:4:17
+  |
+4 | to_tokens_span!(std::option::Option);
+  |                 ^^^
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/unknown_setting.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/unknown_setting.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d8e58eaf87
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/unknown_setting.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+use proc_macro_error::proc_macro_error;
+
+#[proc_macro_error(allow_not_macro, assert_unwind_safe, trololo)]
+fn main() {}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/unknown_setting.stderr b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/unknown_setting.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..a55de0b31b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/unknown_setting.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+error: unknown setting `trololo`, expected one of `assert_unwind_safe`, `allow_not_macro`, `proc_macro_hack`
+ --> $DIR/unknown_setting.rs:3:57
+  |
+3 | #[proc_macro_error(allow_not_macro, assert_unwind_safe, trololo)]
+  |                                                         ^^^^^^^
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/unrelated_panic.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/unrelated_panic.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..c74e3e0623
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/unrelated_panic.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+extern crate test_crate;
+use test_crate::*;
+
+unrelated_panic!();
+
+fn main() {}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/unrelated_panic.stderr b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/unrelated_panic.stderr
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d46d689f2f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro-error/tests/ui/unrelated_panic.stderr
@@ -0,0 +1,7 @@
+error: proc macro panicked
+ --> $DIR/unrelated_panic.rs:4:1
+  |
+4 | unrelated_panic!();
+  | ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
+  |
+  = help: message: unrelated panic test
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/.cargo-checksum.json b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/.cargo-checksum.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..83f4c8a5ec
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/.cargo-checksum.json
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+{"files":{"Cargo.toml":"cdfebba5c7483fd052619894a923bd5aa5959a0fcfd7a2fc7e695c6a6231e87a","LICENSE-APACHE":"62c7a1e35f56406896d7aa7ca52d0cc0d272ac022b5d2796e7d6905db8a3636a","LICENSE-MIT":"23f18e03dc49df91622fe2a76176497404e46ced8a715d9d2b67a7446571cca3","README.md":"c609b6865476d6c35879784e9155367a97a0da496aa5c3c61488440a20f59883","build.rs":"c385804afdf08a6292ed1f44afec6cfd0d9600410030ab5dc5bba842fbf0b6b3","build/probe.rs":"971fd2178dc506ccdc5c2065c37b77696a4aee8e00330ca52625db4a857f68d3","rust-toolchain.toml":"6bbb61302978c736b2da03e4fb40e3beab908f85d533ab46fd541e637b5f3e0f","src/detection.rs":"ed9a5f9a979ab01247d7a68eeb1afa3c13209334c5bfff0f9289cb07e5bb4e8b","src/extra.rs":"29f094473279a29b71c3cc9f5fa27c2e2c30c670390cf7e4b7cf451486cc857e","src/fallback.rs":"be1ce5e32c88c29d41d2ab663375951817d52decce3dc9e335ec22378be8fa65","src/lib.rs":"4bd042e054d240332664d67f537419a4fa5e29a4c020d1fac3b6f1f58378ae49","src/location.rs":"9225c5a55f03b56cce42bc55ceb509e8216a5e0b24c94aa1cd071b04e3d6c15f","src/marker.rs":"c11c5a1be8bdf18be3fcd224393f350a9aae7ce282e19ce583c84910c6903a8f","src/parse.rs":"4b77cddbc2752bc4d38a65acd8b96b6786c5220d19b1e1b37810257b5d24132d","src/rcvec.rs":"1c3c48c4f819927cc445ae15ca3bb06775feff2fd1cb21901ae4c40c7e6b4e82","src/wrapper.rs":"e41df9abc846b40f0cf01150d22b91944d07cde93bc72aa34798101652675844","tests/comments.rs":"31115b3a56c83d93eef2fb4c9566bf4543e302560732986161b98aef504785ed","tests/features.rs":"a86deb8644992a4eb64d9fd493eff16f9cf9c5cb6ade3a634ce0c990cf87d559","tests/marker.rs":"473e962ee1aa0633dd5cf9a973b3bbd0ef43b740d4b7f6d008ff455a6b89d386","tests/test.rs":"2e7106f582367d168638be7364d4e9aadbe0affca8b51dd80f0b3977cc2fcf83","tests/test_fmt.rs":"b7743b612af65f2c88cbe109d50a093db7aa7e87f9e37bf45b7bbaeb240aa020","tests/test_size.rs":"08fb1d6bcf867707dfa18d30fceb18c58e8c44c89e058d8d6bfd2b281c77e14e"},"package":"ec96c6a92621310b51366f1e28d05ef11489516e93be030060e5fc12024a49d6"}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/Cargo.toml b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/Cargo.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..193a898a8c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/Cargo.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,104 @@
+# THIS FILE IS AUTOMATICALLY GENERATED BY CARGO
+#
+# When uploading crates to the registry Cargo will automatically
+# "normalize" Cargo.toml files for maximal compatibility
+# with all versions of Cargo and also rewrite `path` dependencies
+# to registry (e.g., crates.io) dependencies.
+#
+# If you are reading this file be aware that the original Cargo.toml
+# will likely look very different (and much more reasonable).
+# See Cargo.toml.orig for the original contents.
+
+[package]
+edition = "2021"
+rust-version = "1.56"
+name = "proc-macro2"
+version = "1.0.84"
+authors = [
+    "David Tolnay <dtolnay@gmail.com>",
+    "Alex Crichton <alex@alexcrichton.com>",
+]
+build = "build.rs"
+autobins = false
+autoexamples = false
+autotests = false
+autobenches = false
+description = "A substitute implementation of the compiler's `proc_macro` API to decouple token-based libraries from the procedural macro use case."
+documentation = "https://docs.rs/proc-macro2"
+readme = "README.md"
+keywords = [
+    "macros",
+    "syn",
+]
+categories = ["development-tools::procedural-macro-helpers"]
+license = "MIT OR Apache-2.0"
+repository = "https://github.com/dtolnay/proc-macro2"
+
+[package.metadata.docs.rs]
+rustc-args = [
+    "--cfg",
+    "procmacro2_semver_exempt",
+]
+rustdoc-args = [
+    "--cfg",
+    "procmacro2_semver_exempt",
+    "--generate-link-to-definition",
+]
+targets = ["x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu"]
+
+[package.metadata.playground]
+features = ["span-locations"]
+
+[lib]
+name = "proc_macro2"
+path = "src/lib.rs"
+doc-scrape-examples = false
+
+[[test]]
+name = "comments"
+path = "tests/comments.rs"
+
+[[test]]
+name = "test_fmt"
+path = "tests/test_fmt.rs"
+
+[[test]]
+name = "features"
+path = "tests/features.rs"
+
+[[test]]
+name = "marker"
+path = "tests/marker.rs"
+
+[[test]]
+name = "test_size"
+path = "tests/test_size.rs"
+
+[[test]]
+name = "test"
+path = "tests/test.rs"
+
+[dependencies.unicode-ident]
+version = "1.0"
+
+[dev-dependencies.flate2]
+version = "1.0"
+
+[dev-dependencies.quote]
+version = "1.0"
+default-features = false
+
+[dev-dependencies.rayon]
+version = "1.0"
+
+[dev-dependencies.rustversion]
+version = "1"
+
+[dev-dependencies.tar]
+version = "0.4"
+
+[features]
+default = ["proc-macro"]
+nightly = []
+proc-macro = []
+span-locations = []
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/LICENSE-APACHE b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/LICENSE-APACHE
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..1b5ec8b78e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/LICENSE-APACHE
@@ -0,0 +1,176 @@
+                              Apache License
+                        Version 2.0, January 2004
+                     http://www.apache.org/licenses/
+
+TERMS AND CONDITIONS FOR USE, REPRODUCTION, AND DISTRIBUTION
+
+1. Definitions.
+
+   "License" shall mean the terms and conditions for use, reproduction,
+   and distribution as defined by Sections 1 through 9 of this document.
+
+   "Licensor" shall mean the copyright owner or entity authorized by
+   the copyright owner that is granting the License.
+
+   "Legal Entity" shall mean the union of the acting entity and all
+   other entities that control, are controlled by, or are under common
+   control with that entity. For the purposes of this definition,
+   "control" means (i) the power, direct or indirect, to cause the
+   direction or management of such entity, whether by contract or
+   otherwise, or (ii) ownership of fifty percent (50%) or more of the
+   outstanding shares, or (iii) beneficial ownership of such entity.
+
+   "You" (or "Your") shall mean an individual or Legal Entity
+   exercising permissions granted by this License.
+
+   "Source" form shall mean the preferred form for making modifications,
+   including but not limited to software source code, documentation
+   source, and configuration files.
+
+   "Object" form shall mean any form resulting from mechanical
+   transformation or translation of a Source form, including but
+   not limited to compiled object code, generated documentation,
+   and conversions to other media types.
+
+   "Work" shall mean the work of authorship, whether in Source or
+   Object form, made available under the License, as indicated by a
+   copyright notice that is included in or attached to the work
+   (an example is provided in the Appendix below).
+
+   "Derivative Works" shall mean any work, whether in Source or Object
+   form, that is based on (or derived from) the Work and for which the
+   editorial revisions, annotations, elaborations, or other modifications
+   represent, as a whole, an original work of authorship. For the purposes
+   of this License, Derivative Works shall not include works that remain
+   separable from, or merely link (or bind by name) to the interfaces of,
+   the Work and Derivative Works thereof.
+
+   "Contribution" shall mean any work of authorship, including
+   the original version of the Work and any modifications or additions
+   to that Work or Derivative Works thereof, that is intentionally
+   submitted to Licensor for inclusion in the Work by the copyright owner
+   or by an individual or Legal Entity authorized to submit on behalf of
+   the copyright owner. For the purposes of this definition, "submitted"
+   means any form of electronic, verbal, or written communication sent
+   to the Licensor or its representatives, including but not limited to
+   communication on electronic mailing lists, source code control systems,
+   and issue tracking systems that are managed by, or on behalf of, the
+   Licensor for the purpose of discussing and improving the Work, but
+   excluding communication that is conspicuously marked or otherwise
+   designated in writing by the copyright owner as "Not a Contribution."
+
+   "Contributor" shall mean Licensor and any individual or Legal Entity
+   on behalf of whom a Contribution has been received by Licensor and
+   subsequently incorporated within the Work.
+
+2. Grant of Copyright License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+   this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+   worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+   copyright license to reproduce, prepare Derivative Works of,
+   publicly display, publicly perform, sublicense, and distribute the
+   Work and such Derivative Works in Source or Object form.
+
+3. Grant of Patent License. Subject to the terms and conditions of
+   this License, each Contributor hereby grants to You a perpetual,
+   worldwide, non-exclusive, no-charge, royalty-free, irrevocable
+   (except as stated in this section) patent license to make, have made,
+   use, offer to sell, sell, import, and otherwise transfer the Work,
+   where such license applies only to those patent claims licensable
+   by such Contributor that are necessarily infringed by their
+   Contribution(s) alone or by combination of their Contribution(s)
+   with the Work to which such Contribution(s) was submitted. If You
+   institute patent litigation against any entity (including a
+   cross-claim or counterclaim in a lawsuit) alleging that the Work
+   or a Contribution incorporated within the Work constitutes direct
+   or contributory patent infringement, then any patent licenses
+   granted to You under this License for that Work shall terminate
+   as of the date such litigation is filed.
+
+4. Redistribution. You may reproduce and distribute copies of the
+   Work or Derivative Works thereof in any medium, with or without
+   modifications, and in Source or Object form, provided that You
+   meet the following conditions:
+
+   (a) You must give any other recipients of the Work or
+       Derivative Works a copy of this License; and
+
+   (b) You must cause any modified files to carry prominent notices
+       stating that You changed the files; and
+
+   (c) You must retain, in the Source form of any Derivative Works
+       that You distribute, all copyright, patent, trademark, and
+       attribution notices from the Source form of the Work,
+       excluding those notices that do not pertain to any part of
+       the Derivative Works; and
+
+   (d) If the Work includes a "NOTICE" text file as part of its
+       distribution, then any Derivative Works that You distribute must
+       include a readable copy of the attribution notices contained
+       within such NOTICE file, excluding those notices that do not
+       pertain to any part of the Derivative Works, in at least one
+       of the following places: within a NOTICE text file distributed
+       as part of the Derivative Works; within the Source form or
+       documentation, if provided along with the Derivative Works; or,
+       within a display generated by the Derivative Works, if and
+       wherever such third-party notices normally appear. The contents
+       of the NOTICE file are for informational purposes only and
+       do not modify the License. You may add Your own attribution
+       notices within Derivative Works that You distribute, alongside
+       or as an addendum to the NOTICE text from the Work, provided
+       that such additional attribution notices cannot be construed
+       as modifying the License.
+
+   You may add Your own copyright statement to Your modifications and
+   may provide additional or different license terms and conditions
+   for use, reproduction, or distribution of Your modifications, or
+   for any such Derivative Works as a whole, provided Your use,
+   reproduction, and distribution of the Work otherwise complies with
+   the conditions stated in this License.
+
+5. Submission of Contributions. Unless You explicitly state otherwise,
+   any Contribution intentionally submitted for inclusion in the Work
+   by You to the Licensor shall be under the terms and conditions of
+   this License, without any additional terms or conditions.
+   Notwithstanding the above, nothing herein shall supersede or modify
+   the terms of any separate license agreement you may have executed
+   with Licensor regarding such Contributions.
+
+6. Trademarks. This License does not grant permission to use the trade
+   names, trademarks, service marks, or product names of the Licensor,
+   except as required for reasonable and customary use in describing the
+   origin of the Work and reproducing the content of the NOTICE file.
+
+7. Disclaimer of Warranty. Unless required by applicable law or
+   agreed to in writing, Licensor provides the Work (and each
+   Contributor provides its Contributions) on an "AS IS" BASIS,
+   WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or
+   implied, including, without limitation, any warranties or conditions
+   of TITLE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, MERCHANTABILITY, or FITNESS FOR A
+   PARTICULAR PURPOSE. You are solely responsible for determining the
+   appropriateness of using or redistributing the Work and assume any
+   risks associated with Your exercise of permissions under this License.
+
+8. Limitation of Liability. In no event and under no legal theory,
+   whether in tort (including negligence), contract, or otherwise,
+   unless required by applicable law (such as deliberate and grossly
+   negligent acts) or agreed to in writing, shall any Contributor be
+   liable to You for damages, including any direct, indirect, special,
+   incidental, or consequential damages of any character arising as a
+   result of this License or out of the use or inability to use the
+   Work (including but not limited to damages for loss of goodwill,
+   work stoppage, computer failure or malfunction, or any and all
+   other commercial damages or losses), even if such Contributor
+   has been advised of the possibility of such damages.
+
+9. Accepting Warranty or Additional Liability. While redistributing
+   the Work or Derivative Works thereof, You may choose to offer,
+   and charge a fee for, acceptance of support, warranty, indemnity,
+   or other liability obligations and/or rights consistent with this
+   License. However, in accepting such obligations, You may act only
+   on Your own behalf and on Your sole responsibility, not on behalf
+   of any other Contributor, and only if You agree to indemnify,
+   defend, and hold each Contributor harmless for any liability
+   incurred by, or claims asserted against, such Contributor by reason
+   of your accepting any such warranty or additional liability.
+
+END OF TERMS AND CONDITIONS
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/LICENSE-MIT b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/LICENSE-MIT
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..31aa79387f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/LICENSE-MIT
@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any
+person obtaining a copy of this software and associated
+documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in the
+Software without restriction, including without
+limitation the rights to use, copy, modify, merge,
+publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of
+the Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software
+is furnished to do so, subject to the following
+conditions:
+
+The above copyright notice and this permission notice
+shall be included in all copies or substantial portions
+of the Software.
+
+THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF
+ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED
+TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
+PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT
+SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY
+CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
+OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR
+IN CONNECTION WITH THE SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER
+DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/README.md b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..3a29ce8b89
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,94 @@
+# proc-macro2
+
+[<img alt="github" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/github-dtolnay/proc--macro2-8da0cb?style=for-the-badge&labelColor=555555&logo=github" height="20">](https://github.com/dtolnay/proc-macro2)
+[<img alt="crates.io" src="https://img.shields.io/crates/v/proc-macro2.svg?style=for-the-badge&color=fc8d62&logo=rust" height="20">](https://crates.io/crates/proc-macro2)
+[<img alt="docs.rs" src="https://img.shields.io/badge/docs.rs-proc--macro2-66c2a5?style=for-the-badge&labelColor=555555&logo=docs.rs" height="20">](https://docs.rs/proc-macro2)
+[<img alt="build status" src="https://img.shields.io/github/actions/workflow/status/dtolnay/proc-macro2/ci.yml?branch=master&style=for-the-badge" height="20">](https://github.com/dtolnay/proc-macro2/actions?query=branch%3Amaster)
+
+A wrapper around the procedural macro API of the compiler's `proc_macro` crate.
+This library serves two purposes:
+
+- **Bring proc-macro-like functionality to other contexts like build.rs and
+  main.rs.** Types from `proc_macro` are entirely specific to procedural macros
+  and cannot ever exist in code outside of a procedural macro. Meanwhile
+  `proc_macro2` types may exist anywhere including non-macro code. By developing
+  foundational libraries like [syn] and [quote] against `proc_macro2` rather
+  than `proc_macro`, the procedural macro ecosystem becomes easily applicable to
+  many other use cases and we avoid reimplementing non-macro equivalents of
+  those libraries.
+
+- **Make procedural macros unit testable.** As a consequence of being specific
+  to procedural macros, nothing that uses `proc_macro` can be executed from a
+  unit test. In order for helper libraries or components of a macro to be
+  testable in isolation, they must be implemented using `proc_macro2`.
+
+[syn]: https://github.com/dtolnay/syn
+[quote]: https://github.com/dtolnay/quote
+
+## Usage
+
+```toml
+[dependencies]
+proc-macro2 = "1.0"
+```
+
+The skeleton of a typical procedural macro typically looks like this:
+
+```rust
+extern crate proc_macro;
+
+#[proc_macro_derive(MyDerive)]
+pub fn my_derive(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
+    let input = proc_macro2::TokenStream::from(input);
+
+    let output: proc_macro2::TokenStream = {
+        /* transform input */
+    };
+
+    proc_macro::TokenStream::from(output)
+}
+```
+
+If parsing with [Syn], you'll use [`parse_macro_input!`] instead to propagate
+parse errors correctly back to the compiler when parsing fails.
+
+[`parse_macro_input!`]: https://docs.rs/syn/2.0/syn/macro.parse_macro_input.html
+
+## Unstable features
+
+The default feature set of proc-macro2 tracks the most recent stable compiler
+API. Functionality in `proc_macro` that is not yet stable is not exposed by
+proc-macro2 by default.
+
+To opt into the additional APIs available in the most recent nightly compiler,
+the `procmacro2_semver_exempt` config flag must be passed to rustc. We will
+polyfill those nightly-only APIs back to Rust 1.56.0. As these are unstable APIs
+that track the nightly compiler, minor versions of proc-macro2 may make breaking
+changes to them at any time.
+
+```
+RUSTFLAGS='--cfg procmacro2_semver_exempt' cargo build
+```
+
+Note that this must not only be done for your crate, but for any crate that
+depends on your crate. This infectious nature is intentional, as it serves as a
+reminder that you are outside of the normal semver guarantees.
+
+Semver exempt methods are marked as such in the proc-macro2 documentation.
+
+<br>
+
+#### License
+
+<sup>
+Licensed under either of <a href="LICENSE-APACHE">Apache License, Version
+2.0</a> or <a href="LICENSE-MIT">MIT license</a> at your option.
+</sup>
+
+<br>
+
+<sub>
+Unless you explicitly state otherwise, any contribution intentionally submitted
+for inclusion in this crate by you, as defined in the Apache-2.0 license, shall
+be dual licensed as above, without any additional terms or conditions.
+</sub>
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/build.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/build.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0a95c22661
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/build.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,227 @@
+// rustc-cfg emitted by the build script:
+//
+// "wrap_proc_macro"
+//     Wrap types from libproc_macro rather than polyfilling the whole API.
+//     Enabled on rustc 1.29+ as long as procmacro2_semver_exempt is not set,
+//     because we can't emulate the unstable API without emulating everything
+//     else. Also enabled unconditionally on nightly, in which case the
+//     procmacro2_semver_exempt surface area is implemented by using the
+//     nightly-only proc_macro API.
+//
+// "hygiene"
+//    Enable Span::mixed_site() and non-dummy behavior of Span::resolved_at
+//    and Span::located_at. Enabled on Rust 1.45+.
+//
+// "proc_macro_span"
+//     Enable non-dummy behavior of Span::start and Span::end methods which
+//     requires an unstable compiler feature. Enabled when building with
+//     nightly, unless `-Z allow-feature` in RUSTFLAGS disallows unstable
+//     features.
+//
+// "super_unstable"
+//     Implement the semver exempt API in terms of the nightly-only proc_macro
+//     API. Enabled when using procmacro2_semver_exempt on a nightly compiler.
+//
+// "span_locations"
+//     Provide methods Span::start and Span::end which give the line/column
+//     location of a token. Enabled by procmacro2_semver_exempt or the
+//     "span-locations" Cargo cfg. This is behind a cfg because tracking
+//     location inside spans is a performance hit.
+//
+// "is_available"
+//     Use proc_macro::is_available() to detect if the proc macro API is
+//     available or needs to be polyfilled instead of trying to use the proc
+//     macro API and catching a panic if it isn't available. Enabled on Rust
+//     1.57+.
+
+#![allow(unknown_lints)]
+#![allow(unexpected_cfgs)]
+
+use std::env;
+use std::ffi::OsString;
+use std::iter;
+use std::path::Path;
+use std::process::{self, Command, Stdio};
+use std::str;
+
+fn main() {
+    let rustc = rustc_minor_version().unwrap_or(u32::MAX);
+
+    if rustc >= 80 {
+        println!("cargo:rustc-check-cfg=cfg(fuzzing)");
+        println!("cargo:rustc-check-cfg=cfg(no_is_available)");
+        println!("cargo:rustc-check-cfg=cfg(no_literal_byte_character)");
+        println!("cargo:rustc-check-cfg=cfg(no_literal_c_string)");
+        println!("cargo:rustc-check-cfg=cfg(no_source_text)");
+        println!("cargo:rustc-check-cfg=cfg(proc_macro_span)");
+        println!("cargo:rustc-check-cfg=cfg(procmacro2_backtrace)");
+        println!("cargo:rustc-check-cfg=cfg(procmacro2_nightly_testing)");
+        println!("cargo:rustc-check-cfg=cfg(procmacro2_semver_exempt)");
+        println!("cargo:rustc-check-cfg=cfg(randomize_layout)");
+        println!("cargo:rustc-check-cfg=cfg(span_locations)");
+        println!("cargo:rustc-check-cfg=cfg(super_unstable)");
+        println!("cargo:rustc-check-cfg=cfg(wrap_proc_macro)");
+    }
+
+    let docs_rs = env::var_os("DOCS_RS").is_some();
+    let semver_exempt = cfg!(procmacro2_semver_exempt) || docs_rs;
+    if semver_exempt {
+        // https://github.com/dtolnay/proc-macro2/issues/147
+        println!("cargo:rustc-cfg=procmacro2_semver_exempt");
+    }
+
+    if semver_exempt || cfg!(feature = "span-locations") {
+        println!("cargo:rustc-cfg=span_locations");
+    }
+
+    if rustc < 57 {
+        println!("cargo:rustc-cfg=no_is_available");
+    }
+
+    if rustc < 66 {
+        println!("cargo:rustc-cfg=no_source_text");
+    }
+
+    if rustc < 79 {
+        println!("cargo:rustc-cfg=no_literal_byte_character");
+        println!("cargo:rustc-cfg=no_literal_c_string");
+    }
+
+    if !cfg!(feature = "proc-macro") {
+        println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=build.rs");
+        return;
+    }
+
+    println!("cargo:rerun-if-changed=build/probe.rs");
+
+    let proc_macro_span;
+    let consider_rustc_bootstrap;
+    if compile_probe(false) {
+        // This is a nightly or dev compiler, so it supports unstable features
+        // regardless of RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP. No need to rerun build script if
+        // RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP is changed.
+        proc_macro_span = true;
+        consider_rustc_bootstrap = false;
+    } else if let Some(rustc_bootstrap) = env::var_os("RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP") {
+        if compile_probe(true) {
+            // This is a stable or beta compiler for which the user has set
+            // RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP to turn on unstable features. Rerun build script
+            // if they change it.
+            proc_macro_span = true;
+            consider_rustc_bootstrap = true;
+        } else if rustc_bootstrap == "1" {
+            // This compiler does not support the proc macro Span API in the
+            // form that proc-macro2 expects. No need to pay attention to
+            // RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP.
+            proc_macro_span = false;
+            consider_rustc_bootstrap = false;
+        } else {
+            // This is a stable or beta compiler for which RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP is
+            // set to restrict the use of unstable features by this crate.
+            proc_macro_span = false;
+            consider_rustc_bootstrap = true;
+        }
+    } else {
+        // Without RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP, this compiler does not support the proc
+        // macro Span API in the form that proc-macro2 expects, but try again if
+        // the user turns on unstable features.
+        proc_macro_span = false;
+        consider_rustc_bootstrap = true;
+    }
+
+    if proc_macro_span || !semver_exempt {
+        println!("cargo:rustc-cfg=wrap_proc_macro");
+    }
+
+    if proc_macro_span {
+        println!("cargo:rustc-cfg=proc_macro_span");
+    }
+
+    if semver_exempt && proc_macro_span {
+        println!("cargo:rustc-cfg=super_unstable");
+    }
+
+    if consider_rustc_bootstrap {
+        println!("cargo:rerun-if-env-changed=RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP");
+    }
+}
+
+fn compile_probe(rustc_bootstrap: bool) -> bool {
+    if env::var_os("RUSTC_STAGE").is_some() {
+        // We are running inside rustc bootstrap. This is a highly non-standard
+        // environment with issues such as:
+        //
+        //     https://github.com/rust-lang/cargo/issues/11138
+        //     https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/114839
+        //
+        // Let's just not use nightly features here.
+        return false;
+    }
+
+    let rustc = cargo_env_var("RUSTC");
+    let out_dir = cargo_env_var("OUT_DIR");
+    let probefile = Path::new("build").join("probe.rs");
+
+    let rustc_wrapper = env::var_os("RUSTC_WRAPPER").filter(|wrapper| !wrapper.is_empty());
+    let rustc_workspace_wrapper =
+        env::var_os("RUSTC_WORKSPACE_WRAPPER").filter(|wrapper| !wrapper.is_empty());
+    let mut rustc = rustc_wrapper
+        .into_iter()
+        .chain(rustc_workspace_wrapper)
+        .chain(iter::once(rustc));
+    let mut cmd = Command::new(rustc.next().unwrap());
+    cmd.args(rustc);
+
+    if !rustc_bootstrap {
+        cmd.env_remove("RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP");
+    }
+
+    cmd.stderr(Stdio::null())
+        .arg("--edition=2021")
+        .arg("--crate-name=proc_macro2")
+        .arg("--crate-type=lib")
+        .arg("--cap-lints=allow")
+        .arg("--emit=dep-info,metadata")
+        .arg("--out-dir")
+        .arg(out_dir)
+        .arg(probefile);
+
+    if let Some(target) = env::var_os("TARGET") {
+        cmd.arg("--target").arg(target);
+    }
+
+    // If Cargo wants to set RUSTFLAGS, use that.
+    if let Ok(rustflags) = env::var("CARGO_ENCODED_RUSTFLAGS") {
+        if !rustflags.is_empty() {
+            for arg in rustflags.split('\x1f') {
+                cmd.arg(arg);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    match cmd.status() {
+        Ok(status) => status.success(),
+        Err(_) => false,
+    }
+}
+
+fn rustc_minor_version() -> Option<u32> {
+    let rustc = cargo_env_var("RUSTC");
+    let output = Command::new(rustc).arg("--version").output().ok()?;
+    let version = str::from_utf8(&output.stdout).ok()?;
+    let mut pieces = version.split('.');
+    if pieces.next() != Some("rustc 1") {
+        return None;
+    }
+    pieces.next()?.parse().ok()
+}
+
+fn cargo_env_var(key: &str) -> OsString {
+    env::var_os(key).unwrap_or_else(|| {
+        eprintln!(
+            "Environment variable ${} is not set during execution of build script",
+            key,
+        );
+        process::exit(1);
+    })
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/build/probe.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/build/probe.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2c4947a0b8
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/build/probe.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,25 @@
+// This code exercises the surface area that we expect of Span's unstable API.
+// If the current toolchain is able to compile it, then proc-macro2 is able to
+// offer these APIs too.
+
+#![feature(proc_macro_span)]
+
+extern crate proc_macro;
+
+use core::ops::{Range, RangeBounds};
+use proc_macro::{Literal, Span};
+
+pub fn byte_range(this: &Span) -> Range<usize> {
+    this.byte_range()
+}
+
+pub fn join(this: &Span, other: Span) -> Option<Span> {
+    this.join(other)
+}
+
+pub fn subspan<R: RangeBounds<usize>>(this: &Literal, range: R) -> Option<Span> {
+    this.subspan(range)
+}
+
+// Include in sccache cache key.
+const _: Option<&str> = option_env!("RUSTC_BOOTSTRAP");
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/meson.build b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/meson.build
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2a97df4a70
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/meson.build
@@ -0,0 +1,19 @@
+_proc_macro2_rs = static_library(
+  'proc_macro2',
+  files('src/lib.rs'),
+  gnu_symbol_visibility: 'hidden',
+  rust_abi: 'rust',
+  rust_args: rust_args + [
+    '--edition', '2021',
+    '--cfg', 'feature="proc-macro"',
+    '--cfg', 'span_locations',
+    '--cfg', 'wrap_proc_macro',
+  ],
+  dependencies: [
+    dep_unicode_ident,
+  ],
+)
+
+dep_proc_macro2 = declare_dependency(
+  link_with: _proc_macro2_rs,
+)
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/rust-toolchain.toml b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/rust-toolchain.toml
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..20fe888c30
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/rust-toolchain.toml
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+[toolchain]
+components = ["rust-src"]
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/detection.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/detection.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..beba7b2373
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/detection.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,75 @@
+use core::sync::atomic::{AtomicUsize, Ordering};
+use std::sync::Once;
+
+static WORKS: AtomicUsize = AtomicUsize::new(0);
+static INIT: Once = Once::new();
+
+pub(crate) fn inside_proc_macro() -> bool {
+    match WORKS.load(Ordering::Relaxed) {
+        1 => return false,
+        2 => return true,
+        _ => {}
+    }
+
+    INIT.call_once(initialize);
+    inside_proc_macro()
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn force_fallback() {
+    WORKS.store(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn unforce_fallback() {
+    initialize();
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(no_is_available))]
+fn initialize() {
+    let available = proc_macro::is_available();
+    WORKS.store(available as usize + 1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+}
+
+// Swap in a null panic hook to avoid printing "thread panicked" to stderr,
+// then use catch_unwind to determine whether the compiler's proc_macro is
+// working. When proc-macro2 is used from outside of a procedural macro all
+// of the proc_macro crate's APIs currently panic.
+//
+// The Once is to prevent the possibility of this ordering:
+//
+//     thread 1 calls take_hook, gets the user's original hook
+//     thread 1 calls set_hook with the null hook
+//     thread 2 calls take_hook, thinks null hook is the original hook
+//     thread 2 calls set_hook with the null hook
+//     thread 1 calls set_hook with the actual original hook
+//     thread 2 calls set_hook with what it thinks is the original hook
+//
+// in which the user's hook has been lost.
+//
+// There is still a race condition where a panic in a different thread can
+// happen during the interval that the user's original panic hook is
+// unregistered such that their hook is incorrectly not called. This is
+// sufficiently unlikely and less bad than printing panic messages to stderr
+// on correct use of this crate. Maybe there is a libstd feature request
+// here. For now, if a user needs to guarantee that this failure mode does
+// not occur, they need to call e.g. `proc_macro2::Span::call_site()` from
+// the main thread before launching any other threads.
+#[cfg(no_is_available)]
+fn initialize() {
+    use std::panic::{self, PanicInfo};
+
+    type PanicHook = dyn Fn(&PanicInfo) + Sync + Send + 'static;
+
+    let null_hook: Box<PanicHook> = Box::new(|_panic_info| { /* ignore */ });
+    let sanity_check = &*null_hook as *const PanicHook;
+    let original_hook = panic::take_hook();
+    panic::set_hook(null_hook);
+
+    let works = panic::catch_unwind(proc_macro::Span::call_site).is_ok();
+    WORKS.store(works as usize + 1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+
+    let hopefully_null_hook = panic::take_hook();
+    panic::set_hook(original_hook);
+    if sanity_check != &*hopefully_null_hook {
+        panic!("observed race condition in proc_macro2::inside_proc_macro");
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/extra.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/extra.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..522a90e136
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/extra.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,151 @@
+//! Items which do not have a correspondence to any API in the proc_macro crate,
+//! but are necessary to include in proc-macro2.
+
+use crate::fallback;
+use crate::imp;
+use crate::marker::{ProcMacroAutoTraits, MARKER};
+use crate::Span;
+use core::fmt::{self, Debug};
+
+/// Invalidate any `proc_macro2::Span` that exist on the current thread.
+///
+/// The implementation of `Span` uses thread-local data structures and this
+/// function clears them. Calling any method on a `Span` on the current thread
+/// created prior to the invalidation will return incorrect values or crash.
+///
+/// This function is useful for programs that process more than 2<sup>32</sup>
+/// bytes of Rust source code on the same thread. Just like rustc, proc-macro2
+/// uses 32-bit source locations, and these wrap around when the total source
+/// code processed by the same thread exceeds 2<sup>32</sup> bytes (4
+/// gigabytes). After a wraparound, `Span` methods such as `source_text()` can
+/// return wrong data.
+///
+/// # Example
+///
+/// As of late 2023, there is 200 GB of Rust code published on crates.io.
+/// Looking at just the newest version of every crate, it is 16 GB of code. So a
+/// workload that involves parsing it all would overflow a 32-bit source
+/// location unless spans are being invalidated.
+///
+/// ```
+/// use flate2::read::GzDecoder;
+/// use std::ffi::OsStr;
+/// use std::io::{BufReader, Read};
+/// use std::str::FromStr;
+/// use tar::Archive;
+///
+/// rayon::scope(|s| {
+///     for krate in every_version_of_every_crate() {
+///         s.spawn(move |_| {
+///             proc_macro2::extra::invalidate_current_thread_spans();
+///
+///             let reader = BufReader::new(krate);
+///             let tar = GzDecoder::new(reader);
+///             let mut archive = Archive::new(tar);
+///             for entry in archive.entries().unwrap() {
+///                 let mut entry = entry.unwrap();
+///                 let path = entry.path().unwrap();
+///                 if path.extension() != Some(OsStr::new("rs")) {
+///                     continue;
+///                 }
+///                 let mut content = String::new();
+///                 entry.read_to_string(&mut content).unwrap();
+///                 match proc_macro2::TokenStream::from_str(&content) {
+///                     Ok(tokens) => {/* ... */},
+///                     Err(_) => continue,
+///                 }
+///             }
+///         });
+///     }
+/// });
+/// #
+/// # fn every_version_of_every_crate() -> Vec<std::fs::File> {
+/// #     Vec::new()
+/// # }
+/// ```
+///
+/// # Panics
+///
+/// This function is not applicable to and will panic if called from a
+/// procedural macro.
+#[cfg(span_locations)]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "span-locations")))]
+pub fn invalidate_current_thread_spans() {
+    crate::imp::invalidate_current_thread_spans();
+}
+
+/// An object that holds a [`Group`]'s `span_open()` and `span_close()` together
+/// in a more compact representation than holding those 2 spans individually.
+///
+/// [`Group`]: crate::Group
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct DelimSpan {
+    inner: DelimSpanEnum,
+    _marker: ProcMacroAutoTraits,
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+enum DelimSpanEnum {
+    #[cfg(wrap_proc_macro)]
+    Compiler {
+        join: proc_macro::Span,
+        open: proc_macro::Span,
+        close: proc_macro::Span,
+    },
+    Fallback(fallback::Span),
+}
+
+impl DelimSpan {
+    pub(crate) fn new(group: &imp::Group) -> Self {
+        #[cfg(wrap_proc_macro)]
+        let inner = match group {
+            imp::Group::Compiler(group) => DelimSpanEnum::Compiler {
+                join: group.span(),
+                open: group.span_open(),
+                close: group.span_close(),
+            },
+            imp::Group::Fallback(group) => DelimSpanEnum::Fallback(group.span()),
+        };
+
+        #[cfg(not(wrap_proc_macro))]
+        let inner = DelimSpanEnum::Fallback(group.span());
+
+        DelimSpan {
+            inner,
+            _marker: MARKER,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a span covering the entire delimited group.
+    pub fn join(&self) -> Span {
+        match &self.inner {
+            #[cfg(wrap_proc_macro)]
+            DelimSpanEnum::Compiler { join, .. } => Span::_new(imp::Span::Compiler(*join)),
+            DelimSpanEnum::Fallback(span) => Span::_new_fallback(*span),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a span for the opening punctuation of the group only.
+    pub fn open(&self) -> Span {
+        match &self.inner {
+            #[cfg(wrap_proc_macro)]
+            DelimSpanEnum::Compiler { open, .. } => Span::_new(imp::Span::Compiler(*open)),
+            DelimSpanEnum::Fallback(span) => Span::_new_fallback(span.first_byte()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a span for the closing punctuation of the group only.
+    pub fn close(&self) -> Span {
+        match &self.inner {
+            #[cfg(wrap_proc_macro)]
+            DelimSpanEnum::Compiler { close, .. } => Span::_new(imp::Span::Compiler(*close)),
+            DelimSpanEnum::Fallback(span) => Span::_new_fallback(span.last_byte()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for DelimSpan {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        Debug::fmt(&self.join(), f)
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/fallback.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/fallback.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..2d1c991997
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/fallback.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1226 @@
+#[cfg(span_locations)]
+use crate::location::LineColumn;
+use crate::parse::{self, Cursor};
+use crate::rcvec::{RcVec, RcVecBuilder, RcVecIntoIter, RcVecMut};
+use crate::{Delimiter, Spacing, TokenTree};
+#[cfg(all(span_locations, not(fuzzing)))]
+use alloc::collections::BTreeMap;
+#[cfg(all(span_locations, not(fuzzing)))]
+use core::cell::RefCell;
+#[cfg(span_locations)]
+use core::cmp;
+use core::fmt::{self, Debug, Display, Write};
+use core::mem::ManuallyDrop;
+#[cfg(span_locations)]
+use core::ops::Range;
+use core::ops::RangeBounds;
+use core::ptr;
+use core::str::{self, FromStr};
+use std::ffi::CStr;
+#[cfg(procmacro2_semver_exempt)]
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+/// Force use of proc-macro2's fallback implementation of the API for now, even
+/// if the compiler's implementation is available.
+pub fn force() {
+    #[cfg(wrap_proc_macro)]
+    crate::detection::force_fallback();
+}
+
+/// Resume using the compiler's implementation of the proc macro API if it is
+/// available.
+pub fn unforce() {
+    #[cfg(wrap_proc_macro)]
+    crate::detection::unforce_fallback();
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct TokenStream {
+    inner: RcVec<TokenTree>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub(crate) struct LexError {
+    pub(crate) span: Span,
+}
+
+impl LexError {
+    pub(crate) fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        self.span
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) fn call_site() -> Self {
+        LexError {
+            span: Span::call_site(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl TokenStream {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        TokenStream {
+            inner: RcVecBuilder::new().build(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.len() == 0
+    }
+
+    fn take_inner(self) -> RcVecBuilder<TokenTree> {
+        let nodrop = ManuallyDrop::new(self);
+        unsafe { ptr::read(&nodrop.inner) }.make_owned()
+    }
+}
+
+fn push_token_from_proc_macro(mut vec: RcVecMut<TokenTree>, token: TokenTree) {
+    // https://github.com/dtolnay/proc-macro2/issues/235
+    match token {
+        TokenTree::Literal(crate::Literal {
+            #[cfg(wrap_proc_macro)]
+                inner: crate::imp::Literal::Fallback(literal),
+            #[cfg(not(wrap_proc_macro))]
+                inner: literal,
+            ..
+        }) if literal.repr.starts_with('-') => {
+            push_negative_literal(vec, literal);
+        }
+        _ => vec.push(token),
+    }
+
+    #[cold]
+    fn push_negative_literal(mut vec: RcVecMut<TokenTree>, mut literal: Literal) {
+        literal.repr.remove(0);
+        let mut punct = crate::Punct::new('-', Spacing::Alone);
+        punct.set_span(crate::Span::_new_fallback(literal.span));
+        vec.push(TokenTree::Punct(punct));
+        vec.push(TokenTree::Literal(crate::Literal::_new_fallback(literal)));
+    }
+}
+
+// Nonrecursive to prevent stack overflow.
+impl Drop for TokenStream {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        let mut inner = match self.inner.get_mut() {
+            Some(inner) => inner,
+            None => return,
+        };
+        while let Some(token) = inner.pop() {
+            let group = match token {
+                TokenTree::Group(group) => group.inner,
+                _ => continue,
+            };
+            #[cfg(wrap_proc_macro)]
+            let group = match group {
+                crate::imp::Group::Fallback(group) => group,
+                crate::imp::Group::Compiler(_) => continue,
+            };
+            inner.extend(group.stream.take_inner());
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct TokenStreamBuilder {
+    inner: RcVecBuilder<TokenTree>,
+}
+
+impl TokenStreamBuilder {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        TokenStreamBuilder {
+            inner: RcVecBuilder::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_capacity(cap: usize) -> Self {
+        TokenStreamBuilder {
+            inner: RcVecBuilder::with_capacity(cap),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn push_token_from_parser(&mut self, tt: TokenTree) {
+        self.inner.push(tt);
+    }
+
+    pub fn build(self) -> TokenStream {
+        TokenStream {
+            inner: self.inner.build(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(span_locations)]
+fn get_cursor(src: &str) -> Cursor {
+    #[cfg(fuzzing)]
+    return Cursor { rest: src, off: 1 };
+
+    // Create a dummy file & add it to the source map
+    #[cfg(not(fuzzing))]
+    SOURCE_MAP.with(|sm| {
+        let mut sm = sm.borrow_mut();
+        let span = sm.add_file(src);
+        Cursor {
+            rest: src,
+            off: span.lo,
+        }
+    })
+}
+
+#[cfg(not(span_locations))]
+fn get_cursor(src: &str) -> Cursor {
+    Cursor { rest: src }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for TokenStream {
+    type Err = LexError;
+
+    fn from_str(src: &str) -> Result<TokenStream, LexError> {
+        // Create a dummy file & add it to the source map
+        let mut cursor = get_cursor(src);
+
+        // Strip a byte order mark if present
+        const BYTE_ORDER_MARK: &str = "\u{feff}";
+        if cursor.starts_with(BYTE_ORDER_MARK) {
+            cursor = cursor.advance(BYTE_ORDER_MARK.len());
+        }
+
+        parse::token_stream(cursor)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for LexError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str("cannot parse string into token stream")
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for TokenStream {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut joint = false;
+        for (i, tt) in self.inner.iter().enumerate() {
+            if i != 0 && !joint {
+                write!(f, " ")?;
+            }
+            joint = false;
+            match tt {
+                TokenTree::Group(tt) => Display::fmt(tt, f),
+                TokenTree::Ident(tt) => Display::fmt(tt, f),
+                TokenTree::Punct(tt) => {
+                    joint = tt.spacing() == Spacing::Joint;
+                    Display::fmt(tt, f)
+                }
+                TokenTree::Literal(tt) => Display::fmt(tt, f),
+            }?;
+        }
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for TokenStream {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.write_str("TokenStream ")?;
+        f.debug_list().entries(self.clone()).finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "proc-macro")]
+impl From<proc_macro::TokenStream> for TokenStream {
+    fn from(inner: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> Self {
+        inner
+            .to_string()
+            .parse()
+            .expect("compiler token stream parse failed")
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "proc-macro")]
+impl From<TokenStream> for proc_macro::TokenStream {
+    fn from(inner: TokenStream) -> Self {
+        inner
+            .to_string()
+            .parse()
+            .expect("failed to parse to compiler tokens")
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<TokenTree> for TokenStream {
+    fn from(tree: TokenTree) -> Self {
+        let mut stream = RcVecBuilder::new();
+        push_token_from_proc_macro(stream.as_mut(), tree);
+        TokenStream {
+            inner: stream.build(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromIterator<TokenTree> for TokenStream {
+    fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = TokenTree>>(tokens: I) -> Self {
+        let mut stream = TokenStream::new();
+        stream.extend(tokens);
+        stream
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromIterator<TokenStream> for TokenStream {
+    fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = TokenStream>>(streams: I) -> Self {
+        let mut v = RcVecBuilder::new();
+
+        for stream in streams {
+            v.extend(stream.take_inner());
+        }
+
+        TokenStream { inner: v.build() }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Extend<TokenTree> for TokenStream {
+    fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = TokenTree>>(&mut self, tokens: I) {
+        let mut vec = self.inner.make_mut();
+        tokens
+            .into_iter()
+            .for_each(|token| push_token_from_proc_macro(vec.as_mut(), token));
+    }
+}
+
+impl Extend<TokenStream> for TokenStream {
+    fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = TokenStream>>(&mut self, streams: I) {
+        self.inner.make_mut().extend(streams.into_iter().flatten());
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) type TokenTreeIter = RcVecIntoIter<TokenTree>;
+
+impl IntoIterator for TokenStream {
+    type Item = TokenTree;
+    type IntoIter = TokenTreeIter;
+
+    fn into_iter(self) -> TokenTreeIter {
+        self.take_inner().into_iter()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(procmacro2_semver_exempt)]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct SourceFile {
+    path: PathBuf,
+}
+
+#[cfg(procmacro2_semver_exempt)]
+impl SourceFile {
+    /// Get the path to this source file as a string.
+    pub fn path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.path.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_real(&self) -> bool {
+        false
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(procmacro2_semver_exempt)]
+impl Debug for SourceFile {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        f.debug_struct("SourceFile")
+            .field("path", &self.path())
+            .field("is_real", &self.is_real())
+            .finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(span_locations, not(fuzzing)))]
+thread_local! {
+    static SOURCE_MAP: RefCell<SourceMap> = RefCell::new(SourceMap {
+        // Start with a single dummy file which all call_site() and def_site()
+        // spans reference.
+        files: vec![FileInfo {
+            source_text: String::new(),
+            span: Span { lo: 0, hi: 0 },
+            lines: vec![0],
+            char_index_to_byte_offset: BTreeMap::new(),
+        }],
+    });
+}
+
+#[cfg(span_locations)]
+pub(crate) fn invalidate_current_thread_spans() {
+    #[cfg(not(fuzzing))]
+    SOURCE_MAP.with(|sm| sm.borrow_mut().files.truncate(1));
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(span_locations, not(fuzzing)))]
+struct FileInfo {
+    source_text: String,
+    span: Span,
+    lines: Vec<usize>,
+    char_index_to_byte_offset: BTreeMap<usize, usize>,
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(span_locations, not(fuzzing)))]
+impl FileInfo {
+    fn offset_line_column(&self, offset: usize) -> LineColumn {
+        assert!(self.span_within(Span {
+            lo: offset as u32,
+            hi: offset as u32,
+        }));
+        let offset = offset - self.span.lo as usize;
+        match self.lines.binary_search(&offset) {
+            Ok(found) => LineColumn {
+                line: found + 1,
+                column: 0,
+            },
+            Err(idx) => LineColumn {
+                line: idx,
+                column: offset - self.lines[idx - 1],
+            },
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn span_within(&self, span: Span) -> bool {
+        span.lo >= self.span.lo && span.hi <= self.span.hi
+    }
+
+    fn byte_range(&mut self, span: Span) -> Range<usize> {
+        let lo_char = (span.lo - self.span.lo) as usize;
+
+        // Look up offset of the largest already-computed char index that is
+        // less than or equal to the current requested one. We resume counting
+        // chars from that point.
+        let (&last_char_index, &last_byte_offset) = self
+            .char_index_to_byte_offset
+            .range(..=lo_char)
+            .next_back()
+            .unwrap_or((&0, &0));
+
+        let lo_byte = if last_char_index == lo_char {
+            last_byte_offset
+        } else {
+            let total_byte_offset = match self.source_text[last_byte_offset..]
+                .char_indices()
+                .nth(lo_char - last_char_index)
+            {
+                Some((additional_offset, _ch)) => last_byte_offset + additional_offset,
+                None => self.source_text.len(),
+            };
+            self.char_index_to_byte_offset
+                .insert(lo_char, total_byte_offset);
+            total_byte_offset
+        };
+
+        let trunc_lo = &self.source_text[lo_byte..];
+        let char_len = (span.hi - span.lo) as usize;
+        lo_byte..match trunc_lo.char_indices().nth(char_len) {
+            Some((offset, _ch)) => lo_byte + offset,
+            None => self.source_text.len(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn source_text(&mut self, span: Span) -> String {
+        let byte_range = self.byte_range(span);
+        self.source_text[byte_range].to_owned()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Computes the offsets of each line in the given source string
+/// and the total number of characters
+#[cfg(all(span_locations, not(fuzzing)))]
+fn lines_offsets(s: &str) -> (usize, Vec<usize>) {
+    let mut lines = vec![0];
+    let mut total = 0;
+
+    for ch in s.chars() {
+        total += 1;
+        if ch == '\n' {
+            lines.push(total);
+        }
+    }
+
+    (total, lines)
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(span_locations, not(fuzzing)))]
+struct SourceMap {
+    files: Vec<FileInfo>,
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(span_locations, not(fuzzing)))]
+impl SourceMap {
+    fn next_start_pos(&self) -> u32 {
+        // Add 1 so there's always space between files.
+        //
+        // We'll always have at least 1 file, as we initialize our files list
+        // with a dummy file.
+        self.files.last().unwrap().span.hi + 1
+    }
+
+    fn add_file(&mut self, src: &str) -> Span {
+        let (len, lines) = lines_offsets(src);
+        let lo = self.next_start_pos();
+        let span = Span {
+            lo,
+            hi: lo + (len as u32),
+        };
+
+        self.files.push(FileInfo {
+            source_text: src.to_owned(),
+            span,
+            lines,
+            // Populated lazily by source_text().
+            char_index_to_byte_offset: BTreeMap::new(),
+        });
+
+        span
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(procmacro2_semver_exempt)]
+    fn filepath(&self, span: Span) -> PathBuf {
+        for (i, file) in self.files.iter().enumerate() {
+            if file.span_within(span) {
+                return PathBuf::from(if i == 0 {
+                    "<unspecified>".to_owned()
+                } else {
+                    format!("<parsed string {}>", i)
+                });
+            }
+        }
+        unreachable!("Invalid span with no related FileInfo!");
+    }
+
+    fn fileinfo(&self, span: Span) -> &FileInfo {
+        for file in &self.files {
+            if file.span_within(span) {
+                return file;
+            }
+        }
+        unreachable!("Invalid span with no related FileInfo!");
+    }
+
+    fn fileinfo_mut(&mut self, span: Span) -> &mut FileInfo {
+        for file in &mut self.files {
+            if file.span_within(span) {
+                return file;
+            }
+        }
+        unreachable!("Invalid span with no related FileInfo!");
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub(crate) struct Span {
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    pub(crate) lo: u32,
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    pub(crate) hi: u32,
+}
+
+impl Span {
+    #[cfg(not(span_locations))]
+    pub fn call_site() -> Self {
+        Span {}
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    pub fn call_site() -> Self {
+        Span { lo: 0, hi: 0 }
+    }
+
+    pub fn mixed_site() -> Self {
+        Span::call_site()
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(procmacro2_semver_exempt)]
+    pub fn def_site() -> Self {
+        Span::call_site()
+    }
+
+    pub fn resolved_at(&self, _other: Span) -> Span {
+        // Stable spans consist only of line/column information, so
+        // `resolved_at` and `located_at` only select which span the
+        // caller wants line/column information from.
+        *self
+    }
+
+    pub fn located_at(&self, other: Span) -> Span {
+        other
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(procmacro2_semver_exempt)]
+    pub fn source_file(&self) -> SourceFile {
+        #[cfg(fuzzing)]
+        return SourceFile {
+            path: PathBuf::from("<unspecified>"),
+        };
+
+        #[cfg(not(fuzzing))]
+        SOURCE_MAP.with(|sm| {
+            let sm = sm.borrow();
+            let path = sm.filepath(*self);
+            SourceFile { path }
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    pub fn byte_range(&self) -> Range<usize> {
+        #[cfg(fuzzing)]
+        return 0..0;
+
+        #[cfg(not(fuzzing))]
+        {
+            if self.is_call_site() {
+                0..0
+            } else {
+                SOURCE_MAP.with(|sm| sm.borrow_mut().fileinfo_mut(*self).byte_range(*self))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    pub fn start(&self) -> LineColumn {
+        #[cfg(fuzzing)]
+        return LineColumn { line: 0, column: 0 };
+
+        #[cfg(not(fuzzing))]
+        SOURCE_MAP.with(|sm| {
+            let sm = sm.borrow();
+            let fi = sm.fileinfo(*self);
+            fi.offset_line_column(self.lo as usize)
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    pub fn end(&self) -> LineColumn {
+        #[cfg(fuzzing)]
+        return LineColumn { line: 0, column: 0 };
+
+        #[cfg(not(fuzzing))]
+        SOURCE_MAP.with(|sm| {
+            let sm = sm.borrow();
+            let fi = sm.fileinfo(*self);
+            fi.offset_line_column(self.hi as usize)
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(span_locations))]
+    pub fn join(&self, _other: Span) -> Option<Span> {
+        Some(Span {})
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    pub fn join(&self, other: Span) -> Option<Span> {
+        #[cfg(fuzzing)]
+        return {
+            let _ = other;
+            None
+        };
+
+        #[cfg(not(fuzzing))]
+        SOURCE_MAP.with(|sm| {
+            let sm = sm.borrow();
+            // If `other` is not within the same FileInfo as us, return None.
+            if !sm.fileinfo(*self).span_within(other) {
+                return None;
+            }
+            Some(Span {
+                lo: cmp::min(self.lo, other.lo),
+                hi: cmp::max(self.hi, other.hi),
+            })
+        })
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(span_locations))]
+    pub fn source_text(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        None
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    pub fn source_text(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        #[cfg(fuzzing)]
+        return None;
+
+        #[cfg(not(fuzzing))]
+        {
+            if self.is_call_site() {
+                None
+            } else {
+                Some(SOURCE_MAP.with(|sm| sm.borrow_mut().fileinfo_mut(*self).source_text(*self)))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(span_locations))]
+    pub(crate) fn first_byte(self) -> Self {
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    pub(crate) fn first_byte(self) -> Self {
+        Span {
+            lo: self.lo,
+            hi: cmp::min(self.lo.saturating_add(1), self.hi),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(not(span_locations))]
+    pub(crate) fn last_byte(self) -> Self {
+        self
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    pub(crate) fn last_byte(self) -> Self {
+        Span {
+            lo: cmp::max(self.hi.saturating_sub(1), self.lo),
+            hi: self.hi,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    fn is_call_site(&self) -> bool {
+        self.lo == 0 && self.hi == 0
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for Span {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        #[cfg(span_locations)]
+        return write!(f, "bytes({}..{})", self.lo, self.hi);
+
+        #[cfg(not(span_locations))]
+        write!(f, "Span")
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn debug_span_field_if_nontrivial(debug: &mut fmt::DebugStruct, span: Span) {
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    {
+        if span.is_call_site() {
+            return;
+        }
+    }
+
+    if cfg!(span_locations) {
+        debug.field("span", &span);
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct Group {
+    delimiter: Delimiter,
+    stream: TokenStream,
+    span: Span,
+}
+
+impl Group {
+    pub fn new(delimiter: Delimiter, stream: TokenStream) -> Self {
+        Group {
+            delimiter,
+            stream,
+            span: Span::call_site(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn delimiter(&self) -> Delimiter {
+        self.delimiter
+    }
+
+    pub fn stream(&self) -> TokenStream {
+        self.stream.clone()
+    }
+
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        self.span
+    }
+
+    pub fn span_open(&self) -> Span {
+        self.span.first_byte()
+    }
+
+    pub fn span_close(&self) -> Span {
+        self.span.last_byte()
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_span(&mut self, span: Span) {
+        self.span = span;
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for Group {
+    // We attempt to match libproc_macro's formatting.
+    // Empty parens: ()
+    // Nonempty parens: (...)
+    // Empty brackets: []
+    // Nonempty brackets: [...]
+    // Empty braces: { }
+    // Nonempty braces: { ... }
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        let (open, close) = match self.delimiter {
+            Delimiter::Parenthesis => ("(", ")"),
+            Delimiter::Brace => ("{ ", "}"),
+            Delimiter::Bracket => ("[", "]"),
+            Delimiter::None => ("", ""),
+        };
+
+        f.write_str(open)?;
+        Display::fmt(&self.stream, f)?;
+        if self.delimiter == Delimiter::Brace && !self.stream.inner.is_empty() {
+            f.write_str(" ")?;
+        }
+        f.write_str(close)?;
+
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for Group {
+    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut debug = fmt.debug_struct("Group");
+        debug.field("delimiter", &self.delimiter);
+        debug.field("stream", &self.stream);
+        debug_span_field_if_nontrivial(&mut debug, self.span);
+        debug.finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct Ident {
+    sym: Box<str>,
+    span: Span,
+    raw: bool,
+}
+
+impl Ident {
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn new_checked(string: &str, span: Span) -> Self {
+        validate_ident(string);
+        Ident::new_unchecked(string, span)
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_unchecked(string: &str, span: Span) -> Self {
+        Ident {
+            sym: Box::from(string),
+            span,
+            raw: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn new_raw_checked(string: &str, span: Span) -> Self {
+        validate_ident_raw(string);
+        Ident::new_raw_unchecked(string, span)
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_raw_unchecked(string: &str, span: Span) -> Self {
+        Ident {
+            sym: Box::from(string),
+            span,
+            raw: true,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        self.span
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_span(&mut self, span: Span) {
+        self.span = span;
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn is_ident_start(c: char) -> bool {
+    c == '_' || unicode_ident::is_xid_start(c)
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn is_ident_continue(c: char) -> bool {
+    unicode_ident::is_xid_continue(c)
+}
+
+#[track_caller]
+fn validate_ident(string: &str) {
+    if string.is_empty() {
+        panic!("Ident is not allowed to be empty; use Option<Ident>");
+    }
+
+    if string.bytes().all(|digit| b'0' <= digit && digit <= b'9') {
+        panic!("Ident cannot be a number; use Literal instead");
+    }
+
+    fn ident_ok(string: &str) -> bool {
+        let mut chars = string.chars();
+        let first = chars.next().unwrap();
+        if !is_ident_start(first) {
+            return false;
+        }
+        for ch in chars {
+            if !is_ident_continue(ch) {
+                return false;
+            }
+        }
+        true
+    }
+
+    if !ident_ok(string) {
+        panic!("{:?} is not a valid Ident", string);
+    }
+}
+
+#[track_caller]
+fn validate_ident_raw(string: &str) {
+    validate_ident(string);
+
+    match string {
+        "_" | "super" | "self" | "Self" | "crate" => {
+            panic!("`r#{}` cannot be a raw identifier", string);
+        }
+        _ => {}
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Ident {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Ident) -> bool {
+        self.sym == other.sym && self.raw == other.raw
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> PartialEq<T> for Ident
+where
+    T: ?Sized + AsRef<str>,
+{
+    fn eq(&self, other: &T) -> bool {
+        let other = other.as_ref();
+        if self.raw {
+            other.starts_with("r#") && *self.sym == other[2..]
+        } else {
+            *self.sym == *other
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for Ident {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        if self.raw {
+            f.write_str("r#")?;
+        }
+        Display::fmt(&self.sym, f)
+    }
+}
+
+#[allow(clippy::missing_fields_in_debug)]
+impl Debug for Ident {
+    // Ident(proc_macro), Ident(r#union)
+    #[cfg(not(span_locations))]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut debug = f.debug_tuple("Ident");
+        debug.field(&format_args!("{}", self));
+        debug.finish()
+    }
+
+    // Ident {
+    //     sym: proc_macro,
+    //     span: bytes(128..138)
+    // }
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut debug = f.debug_struct("Ident");
+        debug.field("sym", &format_args!("{}", self));
+        debug_span_field_if_nontrivial(&mut debug, self.span);
+        debug.finish()
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct Literal {
+    pub(crate) repr: String,
+    span: Span,
+}
+
+macro_rules! suffixed_numbers {
+    ($($name:ident => $kind:ident,)*) => ($(
+        pub fn $name(n: $kind) -> Literal {
+            Literal::_new(format!(concat!("{}", stringify!($kind)), n))
+        }
+    )*)
+}
+
+macro_rules! unsuffixed_numbers {
+    ($($name:ident => $kind:ident,)*) => ($(
+        pub fn $name(n: $kind) -> Literal {
+            Literal::_new(n.to_string())
+        }
+    )*)
+}
+
+impl Literal {
+    pub(crate) fn _new(repr: String) -> Self {
+        Literal {
+            repr,
+            span: Span::call_site(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub(crate) unsafe fn from_str_unchecked(repr: &str) -> Self {
+        Literal::_new(repr.to_owned())
+    }
+
+    suffixed_numbers! {
+        u8_suffixed => u8,
+        u16_suffixed => u16,
+        u32_suffixed => u32,
+        u64_suffixed => u64,
+        u128_suffixed => u128,
+        usize_suffixed => usize,
+        i8_suffixed => i8,
+        i16_suffixed => i16,
+        i32_suffixed => i32,
+        i64_suffixed => i64,
+        i128_suffixed => i128,
+        isize_suffixed => isize,
+
+        f32_suffixed => f32,
+        f64_suffixed => f64,
+    }
+
+    unsuffixed_numbers! {
+        u8_unsuffixed => u8,
+        u16_unsuffixed => u16,
+        u32_unsuffixed => u32,
+        u64_unsuffixed => u64,
+        u128_unsuffixed => u128,
+        usize_unsuffixed => usize,
+        i8_unsuffixed => i8,
+        i16_unsuffixed => i16,
+        i32_unsuffixed => i32,
+        i64_unsuffixed => i64,
+        i128_unsuffixed => i128,
+        isize_unsuffixed => isize,
+    }
+
+    pub fn f32_unsuffixed(f: f32) -> Literal {
+        let mut s = f.to_string();
+        if !s.contains('.') {
+            s.push_str(".0");
+        }
+        Literal::_new(s)
+    }
+
+    pub fn f64_unsuffixed(f: f64) -> Literal {
+        let mut s = f.to_string();
+        if !s.contains('.') {
+            s.push_str(".0");
+        }
+        Literal::_new(s)
+    }
+
+    pub fn string(string: &str) -> Literal {
+        let mut repr = String::with_capacity(string.len() + 2);
+        repr.push('"');
+        escape_utf8(string, &mut repr);
+        repr.push('"');
+        Literal::_new(repr)
+    }
+
+    pub fn character(ch: char) -> Literal {
+        let mut repr = String::new();
+        repr.push('\'');
+        if ch == '"' {
+            // escape_debug turns this into '\"' which is unnecessary.
+            repr.push(ch);
+        } else {
+            repr.extend(ch.escape_debug());
+        }
+        repr.push('\'');
+        Literal::_new(repr)
+    }
+
+    pub fn byte_character(byte: u8) -> Literal {
+        let mut repr = "b'".to_string();
+        #[allow(clippy::match_overlapping_arm)]
+        match byte {
+            b'\0' => repr.push_str(r"\0"),
+            b'\t' => repr.push_str(r"\t"),
+            b'\n' => repr.push_str(r"\n"),
+            b'\r' => repr.push_str(r"\r"),
+            b'\'' => repr.push_str(r"\'"),
+            b'\\' => repr.push_str(r"\\"),
+            b'\x20'..=b'\x7E' => repr.push(byte as char),
+            _ => {
+                let _ = write!(repr, r"\x{:02X}", byte);
+            }
+        }
+        repr.push('\'');
+        Literal::_new(repr)
+    }
+
+    pub fn byte_string(bytes: &[u8]) -> Literal {
+        let mut repr = "b\"".to_string();
+        let mut bytes = bytes.iter();
+        while let Some(&b) = bytes.next() {
+            #[allow(clippy::match_overlapping_arm)]
+            match b {
+                b'\0' => repr.push_str(match bytes.as_slice().first() {
+                    // circumvent clippy::octal_escapes lint
+                    Some(b'0'..=b'7') => r"\x00",
+                    _ => r"\0",
+                }),
+                b'\t' => repr.push_str(r"\t"),
+                b'\n' => repr.push_str(r"\n"),
+                b'\r' => repr.push_str(r"\r"),
+                b'"' => repr.push_str("\\\""),
+                b'\\' => repr.push_str(r"\\"),
+                b'\x20'..=b'\x7E' => repr.push(b as char),
+                _ => {
+                    let _ = write!(repr, r"\x{:02X}", b);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        repr.push('"');
+        Literal::_new(repr)
+    }
+
+    pub fn c_string(string: &CStr) -> Literal {
+        let mut repr = "c\"".to_string();
+        let mut bytes = string.to_bytes();
+        while !bytes.is_empty() {
+            let (valid, invalid) = match str::from_utf8(bytes) {
+                Ok(all_valid) => {
+                    bytes = b"";
+                    (all_valid, bytes)
+                }
+                Err(utf8_error) => {
+                    let (valid, rest) = bytes.split_at(utf8_error.valid_up_to());
+                    let valid = str::from_utf8(valid).unwrap();
+                    let invalid = utf8_error
+                        .error_len()
+                        .map_or(rest, |error_len| &rest[..error_len]);
+                    bytes = &bytes[valid.len() + invalid.len()..];
+                    (valid, invalid)
+                }
+            };
+            escape_utf8(valid, &mut repr);
+            for &byte in invalid {
+                let _ = write!(repr, r"\x{:02X}", byte);
+            }
+        }
+        repr.push('"');
+        Literal::_new(repr)
+    }
+
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        self.span
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_span(&mut self, span: Span) {
+        self.span = span;
+    }
+
+    pub fn subspan<R: RangeBounds<usize>>(&self, range: R) -> Option<Span> {
+        #[cfg(not(span_locations))]
+        {
+            let _ = range;
+            None
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(span_locations)]
+        {
+            use core::ops::Bound;
+
+            let lo = match range.start_bound() {
+                Bound::Included(start) => {
+                    let start = u32::try_from(*start).ok()?;
+                    self.span.lo.checked_add(start)?
+                }
+                Bound::Excluded(start) => {
+                    let start = u32::try_from(*start).ok()?;
+                    self.span.lo.checked_add(start)?.checked_add(1)?
+                }
+                Bound::Unbounded => self.span.lo,
+            };
+            let hi = match range.end_bound() {
+                Bound::Included(end) => {
+                    let end = u32::try_from(*end).ok()?;
+                    self.span.lo.checked_add(end)?.checked_add(1)?
+                }
+                Bound::Excluded(end) => {
+                    let end = u32::try_from(*end).ok()?;
+                    self.span.lo.checked_add(end)?
+                }
+                Bound::Unbounded => self.span.hi,
+            };
+            if lo <= hi && hi <= self.span.hi {
+                Some(Span { lo, hi })
+            } else {
+                None
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for Literal {
+    type Err = LexError;
+
+    fn from_str(repr: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        let mut cursor = get_cursor(repr);
+        #[cfg(span_locations)]
+        let lo = cursor.off;
+
+        let negative = cursor.starts_with_char('-');
+        if negative {
+            cursor = cursor.advance(1);
+            if !cursor.starts_with_fn(|ch| ch.is_ascii_digit()) {
+                return Err(LexError::call_site());
+            }
+        }
+
+        if let Ok((rest, mut literal)) = parse::literal(cursor) {
+            if rest.is_empty() {
+                if negative {
+                    literal.repr.insert(0, '-');
+                }
+                literal.span = Span {
+                    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+                    lo,
+                    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+                    hi: rest.off,
+                };
+                return Ok(literal);
+            }
+        }
+        Err(LexError::call_site())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for Literal {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        Display::fmt(&self.repr, f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for Literal {
+    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut debug = fmt.debug_struct("Literal");
+        debug.field("lit", &format_args!("{}", self.repr));
+        debug_span_field_if_nontrivial(&mut debug, self.span);
+        debug.finish()
+    }
+}
+
+fn escape_utf8(string: &str, repr: &mut String) {
+    let mut chars = string.chars();
+    while let Some(ch) = chars.next() {
+        if ch == '\0' {
+            repr.push_str(
+                if chars
+                    .as_str()
+                    .starts_with(|next| '0' <= next && next <= '7')
+                {
+                    // circumvent clippy::octal_escapes lint
+                    r"\x00"
+                } else {
+                    r"\0"
+                },
+            );
+        } else if ch == '\'' {
+            // escape_debug turns this into "\'" which is unnecessary.
+            repr.push(ch);
+        } else {
+            repr.extend(ch.escape_debug());
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/lib.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/lib.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..d7bfa50f4f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/lib.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,1369 @@
+//! [![github]](https://github.com/dtolnay/proc-macro2)&ensp;[![crates-io]](https://crates.io/crates/proc-macro2)&ensp;[![docs-rs]](crate)
+//!
+//! [github]: https://img.shields.io/badge/github-8da0cb?style=for-the-badge&labelColor=555555&logo=github
+//! [crates-io]: https://img.shields.io/badge/crates.io-fc8d62?style=for-the-badge&labelColor=555555&logo=rust
+//! [docs-rs]: https://img.shields.io/badge/docs.rs-66c2a5?style=for-the-badge&labelColor=555555&logo=docs.rs
+//!
+//! <br>
+//!
+//! A wrapper around the procedural macro API of the compiler's [`proc_macro`]
+//! crate. This library serves two purposes:
+//!
+//! [`proc_macro`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/proc_macro/
+//!
+//! - **Bring proc-macro-like functionality to other contexts like build.rs and
+//!   main.rs.** Types from `proc_macro` are entirely specific to procedural
+//!   macros and cannot ever exist in code outside of a procedural macro.
+//!   Meanwhile `proc_macro2` types may exist anywhere including non-macro code.
+//!   By developing foundational libraries like [syn] and [quote] against
+//!   `proc_macro2` rather than `proc_macro`, the procedural macro ecosystem
+//!   becomes easily applicable to many other use cases and we avoid
+//!   reimplementing non-macro equivalents of those libraries.
+//!
+//! - **Make procedural macros unit testable.** As a consequence of being
+//!   specific to procedural macros, nothing that uses `proc_macro` can be
+//!   executed from a unit test. In order for helper libraries or components of
+//!   a macro to be testable in isolation, they must be implemented using
+//!   `proc_macro2`.
+//!
+//! [syn]: https://github.com/dtolnay/syn
+//! [quote]: https://github.com/dtolnay/quote
+//!
+//! # Usage
+//!
+//! The skeleton of a typical procedural macro typically looks like this:
+//!
+//! ```
+//! extern crate proc_macro;
+//!
+//! # const IGNORE: &str = stringify! {
+//! #[proc_macro_derive(MyDerive)]
+//! # };
+//! # #[cfg(wrap_proc_macro)]
+//! pub fn my_derive(input: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
+//!     let input = proc_macro2::TokenStream::from(input);
+//!
+//!     let output: proc_macro2::TokenStream = {
+//!         /* transform input */
+//!         # input
+//!     };
+//!
+//!     proc_macro::TokenStream::from(output)
+//! }
+//! ```
+//!
+//! If parsing with [Syn], you'll use [`parse_macro_input!`] instead to
+//! propagate parse errors correctly back to the compiler when parsing fails.
+//!
+//! [`parse_macro_input!`]: https://docs.rs/syn/2.0/syn/macro.parse_macro_input.html
+//!
+//! # Unstable features
+//!
+//! The default feature set of proc-macro2 tracks the most recent stable
+//! compiler API. Functionality in `proc_macro` that is not yet stable is not
+//! exposed by proc-macro2 by default.
+//!
+//! To opt into the additional APIs available in the most recent nightly
+//! compiler, the `procmacro2_semver_exempt` config flag must be passed to
+//! rustc. We will polyfill those nightly-only APIs back to Rust 1.56.0. As
+//! these are unstable APIs that track the nightly compiler, minor versions of
+//! proc-macro2 may make breaking changes to them at any time.
+//!
+//! ```sh
+//! RUSTFLAGS='--cfg procmacro2_semver_exempt' cargo build
+//! ```
+//!
+//! Note that this must not only be done for your crate, but for any crate that
+//! depends on your crate. This infectious nature is intentional, as it serves
+//! as a reminder that you are outside of the normal semver guarantees.
+//!
+//! Semver exempt methods are marked as such in the proc-macro2 documentation.
+//!
+//! # Thread-Safety
+//!
+//! Most types in this crate are `!Sync` because the underlying compiler
+//! types make use of thread-local memory, meaning they cannot be accessed from
+//! a different thread.
+
+// Proc-macro2 types in rustdoc of other crates get linked to here.
+#![doc(html_root_url = "https://docs.rs/proc-macro2/1.0.84")]
+#![cfg_attr(any(proc_macro_span, super_unstable), feature(proc_macro_span))]
+#![cfg_attr(super_unstable, feature(proc_macro_def_site))]
+#![cfg_attr(docsrs, feature(doc_cfg))]
+#![deny(unsafe_op_in_unsafe_fn)]
+#![allow(
+    clippy::cast_lossless,
+    clippy::cast_possible_truncation,
+    clippy::checked_conversions,
+    clippy::doc_markdown,
+    clippy::incompatible_msrv,
+    clippy::items_after_statements,
+    clippy::iter_without_into_iter,
+    clippy::let_underscore_untyped,
+    clippy::manual_assert,
+    clippy::manual_range_contains,
+    clippy::missing_safety_doc,
+    clippy::must_use_candidate,
+    clippy::needless_doctest_main,
+    clippy::new_without_default,
+    clippy::return_self_not_must_use,
+    clippy::shadow_unrelated,
+    clippy::trivially_copy_pass_by_ref,
+    clippy::unnecessary_wraps,
+    clippy::unused_self,
+    clippy::used_underscore_binding,
+    clippy::vec_init_then_push
+)]
+
+#[cfg(all(procmacro2_semver_exempt, wrap_proc_macro, not(super_unstable)))]
+compile_error! {"\
+    Something is not right. If you've tried to turn on \
+    procmacro2_semver_exempt, you need to ensure that it \
+    is turned on for the compilation of the proc-macro2 \
+    build script as well.
+"}
+
+#[cfg(all(
+    procmacro2_nightly_testing,
+    feature = "proc-macro",
+    not(proc_macro_span)
+))]
+compile_error! {"\
+    Build script probe failed to compile.
+"}
+
+extern crate alloc;
+
+#[cfg(feature = "proc-macro")]
+extern crate proc_macro;
+
+mod marker;
+mod parse;
+mod rcvec;
+
+#[cfg(wrap_proc_macro)]
+mod detection;
+
+// Public for proc_macro2::fallback::force() and unforce(), but those are quite
+// a niche use case so we omit it from rustdoc.
+#[doc(hidden)]
+pub mod fallback;
+
+pub mod extra;
+
+#[cfg(not(wrap_proc_macro))]
+use crate::fallback as imp;
+#[path = "wrapper.rs"]
+#[cfg(wrap_proc_macro)]
+mod imp;
+
+#[cfg(span_locations)]
+mod location;
+
+use crate::extra::DelimSpan;
+use crate::marker::{ProcMacroAutoTraits, MARKER};
+use core::cmp::Ordering;
+use core::fmt::{self, Debug, Display};
+use core::hash::{Hash, Hasher};
+#[cfg(span_locations)]
+use core::ops::Range;
+use core::ops::RangeBounds;
+use core::str::FromStr;
+use std::error::Error;
+use std::ffi::CStr;
+#[cfg(procmacro2_semver_exempt)]
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+#[cfg(span_locations)]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "span-locations")))]
+pub use crate::location::LineColumn;
+
+/// An abstract stream of tokens, or more concretely a sequence of token trees.
+///
+/// This type provides interfaces for iterating over token trees and for
+/// collecting token trees into one stream.
+///
+/// Token stream is both the input and output of `#[proc_macro]`,
+/// `#[proc_macro_attribute]` and `#[proc_macro_derive]` definitions.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct TokenStream {
+    inner: imp::TokenStream,
+    _marker: ProcMacroAutoTraits,
+}
+
+/// Error returned from `TokenStream::from_str`.
+pub struct LexError {
+    inner: imp::LexError,
+    _marker: ProcMacroAutoTraits,
+}
+
+impl TokenStream {
+    fn _new(inner: imp::TokenStream) -> Self {
+        TokenStream {
+            inner,
+            _marker: MARKER,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn _new_fallback(inner: fallback::TokenStream) -> Self {
+        TokenStream {
+            inner: inner.into(),
+            _marker: MARKER,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an empty `TokenStream` containing no token trees.
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        TokenStream::_new(imp::TokenStream::new())
+    }
+
+    /// Checks if this `TokenStream` is empty.
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.is_empty()
+    }
+}
+
+/// `TokenStream::default()` returns an empty stream,
+/// i.e. this is equivalent with `TokenStream::new()`.
+impl Default for TokenStream {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        TokenStream::new()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Attempts to break the string into tokens and parse those tokens into a token
+/// stream.
+///
+/// May fail for a number of reasons, for example, if the string contains
+/// unbalanced delimiters or characters not existing in the language.
+///
+/// NOTE: Some errors may cause panics instead of returning `LexError`. We
+/// reserve the right to change these errors into `LexError`s later.
+impl FromStr for TokenStream {
+    type Err = LexError;
+
+    fn from_str(src: &str) -> Result<TokenStream, LexError> {
+        let e = src.parse().map_err(|e| LexError {
+            inner: e,
+            _marker: MARKER,
+        })?;
+        Ok(TokenStream::_new(e))
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "proc-macro")]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "proc-macro")))]
+impl From<proc_macro::TokenStream> for TokenStream {
+    fn from(inner: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> Self {
+        TokenStream::_new(inner.into())
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(feature = "proc-macro")]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "proc-macro")))]
+impl From<TokenStream> for proc_macro::TokenStream {
+    fn from(inner: TokenStream) -> Self {
+        inner.inner.into()
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<TokenTree> for TokenStream {
+    fn from(token: TokenTree) -> Self {
+        TokenStream::_new(imp::TokenStream::from(token))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Extend<TokenTree> for TokenStream {
+    fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = TokenTree>>(&mut self, streams: I) {
+        self.inner.extend(streams);
+    }
+}
+
+impl Extend<TokenStream> for TokenStream {
+    fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = TokenStream>>(&mut self, streams: I) {
+        self.inner
+            .extend(streams.into_iter().map(|stream| stream.inner));
+    }
+}
+
+/// Collects a number of token trees into a single stream.
+impl FromIterator<TokenTree> for TokenStream {
+    fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = TokenTree>>(streams: I) -> Self {
+        TokenStream::_new(streams.into_iter().collect())
+    }
+}
+impl FromIterator<TokenStream> for TokenStream {
+    fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = TokenStream>>(streams: I) -> Self {
+        TokenStream::_new(streams.into_iter().map(|i| i.inner).collect())
+    }
+}
+
+/// Prints the token stream as a string that is supposed to be losslessly
+/// convertible back into the same token stream (modulo spans), except for
+/// possibly `TokenTree::Group`s with `Delimiter::None` delimiters and negative
+/// numeric literals.
+impl Display for TokenStream {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        Display::fmt(&self.inner, f)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Prints token in a form convenient for debugging.
+impl Debug for TokenStream {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        Debug::fmt(&self.inner, f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl LexError {
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        Span::_new(self.inner.span())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for LexError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        Debug::fmt(&self.inner, f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for LexError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        Display::fmt(&self.inner, f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Error for LexError {}
+
+/// The source file of a given `Span`.
+///
+/// This type is semver exempt and not exposed by default.
+#[cfg(all(procmacro2_semver_exempt, any(not(wrap_proc_macro), super_unstable)))]
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(procmacro2_semver_exempt)))]
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct SourceFile {
+    inner: imp::SourceFile,
+    _marker: ProcMacroAutoTraits,
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(procmacro2_semver_exempt, any(not(wrap_proc_macro), super_unstable)))]
+impl SourceFile {
+    fn _new(inner: imp::SourceFile) -> Self {
+        SourceFile {
+            inner,
+            _marker: MARKER,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Get the path to this source file.
+    ///
+    /// ### Note
+    ///
+    /// If the code span associated with this `SourceFile` was generated by an
+    /// external macro, this may not be an actual path on the filesystem. Use
+    /// [`is_real`] to check.
+    ///
+    /// Also note that even if `is_real` returns `true`, if
+    /// `--remap-path-prefix` was passed on the command line, the path as given
+    /// may not actually be valid.
+    ///
+    /// [`is_real`]: #method.is_real
+    pub fn path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        self.inner.path()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns `true` if this source file is a real source file, and not
+    /// generated by an external macro's expansion.
+    pub fn is_real(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.is_real()
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(all(procmacro2_semver_exempt, any(not(wrap_proc_macro), super_unstable)))]
+impl Debug for SourceFile {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        Debug::fmt(&self.inner, f)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A region of source code, along with macro expansion information.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub struct Span {
+    inner: imp::Span,
+    _marker: ProcMacroAutoTraits,
+}
+
+impl Span {
+    fn _new(inner: imp::Span) -> Self {
+        Span {
+            inner,
+            _marker: MARKER,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn _new_fallback(inner: fallback::Span) -> Self {
+        Span {
+            inner: inner.into(),
+            _marker: MARKER,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The span of the invocation of the current procedural macro.
+    ///
+    /// Identifiers created with this span will be resolved as if they were
+    /// written directly at the macro call location (call-site hygiene) and
+    /// other code at the macro call site will be able to refer to them as well.
+    pub fn call_site() -> Self {
+        Span::_new(imp::Span::call_site())
+    }
+
+    /// The span located at the invocation of the procedural macro, but with
+    /// local variables, labels, and `$crate` resolved at the definition site
+    /// of the macro. This is the same hygiene behavior as `macro_rules`.
+    pub fn mixed_site() -> Self {
+        Span::_new(imp::Span::mixed_site())
+    }
+
+    /// A span that resolves at the macro definition site.
+    ///
+    /// This method is semver exempt and not exposed by default.
+    #[cfg(procmacro2_semver_exempt)]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(procmacro2_semver_exempt)))]
+    pub fn def_site() -> Self {
+        Span::_new(imp::Span::def_site())
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new span with the same line/column information as `self` but
+    /// that resolves symbols as though it were at `other`.
+    pub fn resolved_at(&self, other: Span) -> Span {
+        Span::_new(self.inner.resolved_at(other.inner))
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new span with the same name resolution behavior as `self` but
+    /// with the line/column information of `other`.
+    pub fn located_at(&self, other: Span) -> Span {
+        Span::_new(self.inner.located_at(other.inner))
+    }
+
+    /// Convert `proc_macro2::Span` to `proc_macro::Span`.
+    ///
+    /// This method is available when building with a nightly compiler, or when
+    /// building with rustc 1.29+ *without* semver exempt features.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if called from outside of a procedural macro. Unlike
+    /// `proc_macro2::Span`, the `proc_macro::Span` type can only exist within
+    /// the context of a procedural macro invocation.
+    #[cfg(wrap_proc_macro)]
+    pub fn unwrap(self) -> proc_macro::Span {
+        self.inner.unwrap()
+    }
+
+    // Soft deprecated. Please use Span::unwrap.
+    #[cfg(wrap_proc_macro)]
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub fn unstable(self) -> proc_macro::Span {
+        self.unwrap()
+    }
+
+    /// The original source file into which this span points.
+    ///
+    /// This method is semver exempt and not exposed by default.
+    #[cfg(all(procmacro2_semver_exempt, any(not(wrap_proc_macro), super_unstable)))]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(procmacro2_semver_exempt)))]
+    pub fn source_file(&self) -> SourceFile {
+        SourceFile::_new(self.inner.source_file())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the span's byte position range in the source file.
+    ///
+    /// This method requires the `"span-locations"` feature to be enabled.
+    ///
+    /// When executing in a procedural macro context, the returned range is only
+    /// accurate if compiled with a nightly toolchain. The stable toolchain does
+    /// not have this information available. When executing outside of a
+    /// procedural macro, such as main.rs or build.rs, the byte range is always
+    /// accurate regardless of toolchain.
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "span-locations")))]
+    pub fn byte_range(&self) -> Range<usize> {
+        self.inner.byte_range()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the starting line/column in the source file for this span.
+    ///
+    /// This method requires the `"span-locations"` feature to be enabled.
+    ///
+    /// When executing in a procedural macro context, the returned line/column
+    /// are only meaningful if compiled with a nightly toolchain. The stable
+    /// toolchain does not have this information available. When executing
+    /// outside of a procedural macro, such as main.rs or build.rs, the
+    /// line/column are always meaningful regardless of toolchain.
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "span-locations")))]
+    pub fn start(&self) -> LineColumn {
+        self.inner.start()
+    }
+
+    /// Get the ending line/column in the source file for this span.
+    ///
+    /// This method requires the `"span-locations"` feature to be enabled.
+    ///
+    /// When executing in a procedural macro context, the returned line/column
+    /// are only meaningful if compiled with a nightly toolchain. The stable
+    /// toolchain does not have this information available. When executing
+    /// outside of a procedural macro, such as main.rs or build.rs, the
+    /// line/column are always meaningful regardless of toolchain.
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "span-locations")))]
+    pub fn end(&self) -> LineColumn {
+        self.inner.end()
+    }
+
+    /// Create a new span encompassing `self` and `other`.
+    ///
+    /// Returns `None` if `self` and `other` are from different files.
+    ///
+    /// Warning: the underlying [`proc_macro::Span::join`] method is
+    /// nightly-only. When called from within a procedural macro not using a
+    /// nightly compiler, this method will always return `None`.
+    ///
+    /// [`proc_macro::Span::join`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/proc_macro/struct.Span.html#method.join
+    pub fn join(&self, other: Span) -> Option<Span> {
+        self.inner.join(other.inner).map(Span::_new)
+    }
+
+    /// Compares two spans to see if they're equal.
+    ///
+    /// This method is semver exempt and not exposed by default.
+    #[cfg(procmacro2_semver_exempt)]
+    #[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(procmacro2_semver_exempt)))]
+    pub fn eq(&self, other: &Span) -> bool {
+        self.inner.eq(&other.inner)
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the source text behind a span. This preserves the original
+    /// source code, including spaces and comments. It only returns a result if
+    /// the span corresponds to real source code.
+    ///
+    /// Note: The observable result of a macro should only rely on the tokens
+    /// and not on this source text. The result of this function is a best
+    /// effort to be used for diagnostics only.
+    pub fn source_text(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        self.inner.source_text()
+    }
+}
+
+/// Prints a span in a form convenient for debugging.
+impl Debug for Span {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        Debug::fmt(&self.inner, f)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A single token or a delimited sequence of token trees (e.g. `[1, (), ..]`).
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub enum TokenTree {
+    /// A token stream surrounded by bracket delimiters.
+    Group(Group),
+    /// An identifier.
+    Ident(Ident),
+    /// A single punctuation character (`+`, `,`, `$`, etc.).
+    Punct(Punct),
+    /// A literal character (`'a'`), string (`"hello"`), number (`2.3`), etc.
+    Literal(Literal),
+}
+
+impl TokenTree {
+    /// Returns the span of this tree, delegating to the `span` method of
+    /// the contained token or a delimited stream.
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        match self {
+            TokenTree::Group(t) => t.span(),
+            TokenTree::Ident(t) => t.span(),
+            TokenTree::Punct(t) => t.span(),
+            TokenTree::Literal(t) => t.span(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Configures the span for *only this token*.
+    ///
+    /// Note that if this token is a `Group` then this method will not configure
+    /// the span of each of the internal tokens, this will simply delegate to
+    /// the `set_span` method of each variant.
+    pub fn set_span(&mut self, span: Span) {
+        match self {
+            TokenTree::Group(t) => t.set_span(span),
+            TokenTree::Ident(t) => t.set_span(span),
+            TokenTree::Punct(t) => t.set_span(span),
+            TokenTree::Literal(t) => t.set_span(span),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Group> for TokenTree {
+    fn from(g: Group) -> Self {
+        TokenTree::Group(g)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Ident> for TokenTree {
+    fn from(g: Ident) -> Self {
+        TokenTree::Ident(g)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Punct> for TokenTree {
+    fn from(g: Punct) -> Self {
+        TokenTree::Punct(g)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<Literal> for TokenTree {
+    fn from(g: Literal) -> Self {
+        TokenTree::Literal(g)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Prints the token tree as a string that is supposed to be losslessly
+/// convertible back into the same token tree (modulo spans), except for
+/// possibly `TokenTree::Group`s with `Delimiter::None` delimiters and negative
+/// numeric literals.
+impl Display for TokenTree {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            TokenTree::Group(t) => Display::fmt(t, f),
+            TokenTree::Ident(t) => Display::fmt(t, f),
+            TokenTree::Punct(t) => Display::fmt(t, f),
+            TokenTree::Literal(t) => Display::fmt(t, f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// Prints token tree in a form convenient for debugging.
+impl Debug for TokenTree {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        // Each of these has the name in the struct type in the derived debug,
+        // so don't bother with an extra layer of indirection
+        match self {
+            TokenTree::Group(t) => Debug::fmt(t, f),
+            TokenTree::Ident(t) => {
+                let mut debug = f.debug_struct("Ident");
+                debug.field("sym", &format_args!("{}", t));
+                imp::debug_span_field_if_nontrivial(&mut debug, t.span().inner);
+                debug.finish()
+            }
+            TokenTree::Punct(t) => Debug::fmt(t, f),
+            TokenTree::Literal(t) => Debug::fmt(t, f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// A delimited token stream.
+///
+/// A `Group` internally contains a `TokenStream` which is surrounded by
+/// `Delimiter`s.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Group {
+    inner: imp::Group,
+}
+
+/// Describes how a sequence of token trees is delimited.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Delimiter {
+    /// `( ... )`
+    Parenthesis,
+    /// `{ ... }`
+    Brace,
+    /// `[ ... ]`
+    Bracket,
+    /// `∅ ... ∅`
+    ///
+    /// An invisible delimiter, that may, for example, appear around tokens
+    /// coming from a "macro variable" `$var`. It is important to preserve
+    /// operator priorities in cases like `$var * 3` where `$var` is `1 + 2`.
+    /// Invisible delimiters may not survive roundtrip of a token stream through
+    /// a string.
+    ///
+    /// <div class="warning">
+    ///
+    /// Note: rustc currently can ignore the grouping of tokens delimited by `None` in the output
+    /// of a proc_macro. Only `None`-delimited groups created by a macro_rules macro in the input
+    /// of a proc_macro macro are preserved, and only in very specific circumstances.
+    /// Any `None`-delimited groups (re)created by a proc_macro will therefore not preserve
+    /// operator priorities as indicated above. The other `Delimiter` variants should be used
+    /// instead in this context. This is a rustc bug. For details, see
+    /// [rust-lang/rust#67062](https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/67062).
+    ///
+    /// </div>
+    None,
+}
+
+impl Group {
+    fn _new(inner: imp::Group) -> Self {
+        Group { inner }
+    }
+
+    fn _new_fallback(inner: fallback::Group) -> Self {
+        Group {
+            inner: inner.into(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new `Group` with the given delimiter and token stream.
+    ///
+    /// This constructor will set the span for this group to
+    /// `Span::call_site()`. To change the span you can use the `set_span`
+    /// method below.
+    pub fn new(delimiter: Delimiter, stream: TokenStream) -> Self {
+        Group {
+            inner: imp::Group::new(delimiter, stream.inner),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the punctuation used as the delimiter for this group: a set of
+    /// parentheses, square brackets, or curly braces.
+    pub fn delimiter(&self) -> Delimiter {
+        self.inner.delimiter()
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the `TokenStream` of tokens that are delimited in this `Group`.
+    ///
+    /// Note that the returned token stream does not include the delimiter
+    /// returned above.
+    pub fn stream(&self) -> TokenStream {
+        TokenStream::_new(self.inner.stream())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the span for the delimiters of this token stream, spanning the
+    /// entire `Group`.
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+    ///            ^^^^^^^
+    /// ```
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        Span::_new(self.inner.span())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the span pointing to the opening delimiter of this group.
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// pub fn span_open(&self) -> Span {
+    ///                 ^
+    /// ```
+    pub fn span_open(&self) -> Span {
+        Span::_new(self.inner.span_open())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the span pointing to the closing delimiter of this group.
+    ///
+    /// ```text
+    /// pub fn span_close(&self) -> Span {
+    ///                        ^
+    /// ```
+    pub fn span_close(&self) -> Span {
+        Span::_new(self.inner.span_close())
+    }
+
+    /// Returns an object that holds this group's `span_open()` and
+    /// `span_close()` together (in a more compact representation than holding
+    /// those 2 spans individually).
+    pub fn delim_span(&self) -> DelimSpan {
+        DelimSpan::new(&self.inner)
+    }
+
+    /// Configures the span for this `Group`'s delimiters, but not its internal
+    /// tokens.
+    ///
+    /// This method will **not** set the span of all the internal tokens spanned
+    /// by this group, but rather it will only set the span of the delimiter
+    /// tokens at the level of the `Group`.
+    pub fn set_span(&mut self, span: Span) {
+        self.inner.set_span(span.inner);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Prints the group as a string that should be losslessly convertible back
+/// into the same group (modulo spans), except for possibly `TokenTree::Group`s
+/// with `Delimiter::None` delimiters.
+impl Display for Group {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        Display::fmt(&self.inner, formatter)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for Group {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        Debug::fmt(&self.inner, formatter)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A `Punct` is a single punctuation character like `+`, `-` or `#`.
+///
+/// Multicharacter operators like `+=` are represented as two instances of
+/// `Punct` with different forms of `Spacing` returned.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Punct {
+    ch: char,
+    spacing: Spacing,
+    span: Span,
+}
+
+/// Whether a `Punct` is followed immediately by another `Punct` or followed by
+/// another token or whitespace.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub enum Spacing {
+    /// E.g. `+` is `Alone` in `+ =`, `+ident` or `+()`.
+    Alone,
+    /// E.g. `+` is `Joint` in `+=` or `'` is `Joint` in `'#`.
+    ///
+    /// Additionally, single quote `'` can join with identifiers to form
+    /// lifetimes `'ident`.
+    Joint,
+}
+
+impl Punct {
+    /// Creates a new `Punct` from the given character and spacing.
+    ///
+    /// The `ch` argument must be a valid punctuation character permitted by the
+    /// language, otherwise the function will panic.
+    ///
+    /// The returned `Punct` will have the default span of `Span::call_site()`
+    /// which can be further configured with the `set_span` method below.
+    pub fn new(ch: char, spacing: Spacing) -> Self {
+        Punct {
+            ch,
+            spacing,
+            span: Span::call_site(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the value of this punctuation character as `char`.
+    pub fn as_char(&self) -> char {
+        self.ch
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the spacing of this punctuation character, indicating whether
+    /// it's immediately followed by another `Punct` in the token stream, so
+    /// they can potentially be combined into a multicharacter operator
+    /// (`Joint`), or it's followed by some other token or whitespace (`Alone`)
+    /// so the operator has certainly ended.
+    pub fn spacing(&self) -> Spacing {
+        self.spacing
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the span for this punctuation character.
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        self.span
+    }
+
+    /// Configure the span for this punctuation character.
+    pub fn set_span(&mut self, span: Span) {
+        self.span = span;
+    }
+}
+
+/// Prints the punctuation character as a string that should be losslessly
+/// convertible back into the same character.
+impl Display for Punct {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        Display::fmt(&self.ch, f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for Punct {
+    fn fmt(&self, fmt: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        let mut debug = fmt.debug_struct("Punct");
+        debug.field("char", &self.ch);
+        debug.field("spacing", &self.spacing);
+        imp::debug_span_field_if_nontrivial(&mut debug, self.span.inner);
+        debug.finish()
+    }
+}
+
+/// A word of Rust code, which may be a keyword or legal variable name.
+///
+/// An identifier consists of at least one Unicode code point, the first of
+/// which has the XID_Start property and the rest of which have the XID_Continue
+/// property.
+///
+/// - The empty string is not an identifier. Use `Option<Ident>`.
+/// - A lifetime is not an identifier. Use `syn::Lifetime` instead.
+///
+/// An identifier constructed with `Ident::new` is permitted to be a Rust
+/// keyword, though parsing one through its [`Parse`] implementation rejects
+/// Rust keywords. Use `input.call(Ident::parse_any)` when parsing to match the
+/// behaviour of `Ident::new`.
+///
+/// [`Parse`]: https://docs.rs/syn/2.0/syn/parse/trait.Parse.html
+///
+/// # Examples
+///
+/// A new ident can be created from a string using the `Ident::new` function.
+/// A span must be provided explicitly which governs the name resolution
+/// behavior of the resulting identifier.
+///
+/// ```
+/// use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span};
+///
+/// fn main() {
+///     let call_ident = Ident::new("calligraphy", Span::call_site());
+///
+///     println!("{}", call_ident);
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// An ident can be interpolated into a token stream using the `quote!` macro.
+///
+/// ```
+/// use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span};
+/// use quote::quote;
+///
+/// fn main() {
+///     let ident = Ident::new("demo", Span::call_site());
+///
+///     // Create a variable binding whose name is this ident.
+///     let expanded = quote! { let #ident = 10; };
+///
+///     // Create a variable binding with a slightly different name.
+///     let temp_ident = Ident::new(&format!("new_{}", ident), Span::call_site());
+///     let expanded = quote! { let #temp_ident = 10; };
+/// }
+/// ```
+///
+/// A string representation of the ident is available through the `to_string()`
+/// method.
+///
+/// ```
+/// # use proc_macro2::{Ident, Span};
+/// #
+/// # let ident = Ident::new("another_identifier", Span::call_site());
+/// #
+/// // Examine the ident as a string.
+/// let ident_string = ident.to_string();
+/// if ident_string.len() > 60 {
+///     println!("Very long identifier: {}", ident_string)
+/// }
+/// ```
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Ident {
+    inner: imp::Ident,
+    _marker: ProcMacroAutoTraits,
+}
+
+impl Ident {
+    fn _new(inner: imp::Ident) -> Self {
+        Ident {
+            inner,
+            _marker: MARKER,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new `Ident` with the given `string` as well as the specified
+    /// `span`.
+    ///
+    /// The `string` argument must be a valid identifier permitted by the
+    /// language, otherwise the function will panic.
+    ///
+    /// Note that `span`, currently in rustc, configures the hygiene information
+    /// for this identifier.
+    ///
+    /// As of this time `Span::call_site()` explicitly opts-in to "call-site"
+    /// hygiene meaning that identifiers created with this span will be resolved
+    /// as if they were written directly at the location of the macro call, and
+    /// other code at the macro call site will be able to refer to them as well.
+    ///
+    /// Later spans like `Span::def_site()` will allow to opt-in to
+    /// "definition-site" hygiene meaning that identifiers created with this
+    /// span will be resolved at the location of the macro definition and other
+    /// code at the macro call site will not be able to refer to them.
+    ///
+    /// Due to the current importance of hygiene this constructor, unlike other
+    /// tokens, requires a `Span` to be specified at construction.
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// Panics if the input string is neither a keyword nor a legal variable
+    /// name. If you are not sure whether the string contains an identifier and
+    /// need to handle an error case, use
+    /// <a href="https://docs.rs/syn/2.0/syn/fn.parse_str.html"><code
+    ///   style="padding-right:0;">syn::parse_str</code></a><code
+    ///   style="padding-left:0;">::&lt;Ident&gt;</code>
+    /// rather than `Ident::new`.
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn new(string: &str, span: Span) -> Self {
+        Ident::_new(imp::Ident::new_checked(string, span.inner))
+    }
+
+    /// Same as `Ident::new`, but creates a raw identifier (`r#ident`). The
+    /// `string` argument must be a valid identifier permitted by the language
+    /// (including keywords, e.g. `fn`). Keywords which are usable in path
+    /// segments (e.g. `self`, `super`) are not supported, and will cause a
+    /// panic.
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn new_raw(string: &str, span: Span) -> Self {
+        Ident::_new(imp::Ident::new_raw_checked(string, span.inner))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the span of this `Ident`.
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        Span::_new(self.inner.span())
+    }
+
+    /// Configures the span of this `Ident`, possibly changing its hygiene
+    /// context.
+    pub fn set_span(&mut self, span: Span) {
+        self.inner.set_span(span.inner);
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Ident {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Ident) -> bool {
+        self.inner == other.inner
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> PartialEq<T> for Ident
+where
+    T: ?Sized + AsRef<str>,
+{
+    fn eq(&self, other: &T) -> bool {
+        self.inner == other
+    }
+}
+
+impl Eq for Ident {}
+
+impl PartialOrd for Ident {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Ident) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
+    }
+}
+
+impl Ord for Ident {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Ident) -> Ordering {
+        self.to_string().cmp(&other.to_string())
+    }
+}
+
+impl Hash for Ident {
+    fn hash<H: Hasher>(&self, hasher: &mut H) {
+        self.to_string().hash(hasher);
+    }
+}
+
+/// Prints the identifier as a string that should be losslessly convertible back
+/// into the same identifier.
+impl Display for Ident {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        Display::fmt(&self.inner, f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for Ident {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        Debug::fmt(&self.inner, f)
+    }
+}
+
+/// A literal string (`"hello"`), byte string (`b"hello"`), character (`'a'`),
+/// byte character (`b'a'`), an integer or floating point number with or without
+/// a suffix (`1`, `1u8`, `2.3`, `2.3f32`).
+///
+/// Boolean literals like `true` and `false` do not belong here, they are
+/// `Ident`s.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub struct Literal {
+    inner: imp::Literal,
+    _marker: ProcMacroAutoTraits,
+}
+
+macro_rules! suffixed_int_literals {
+    ($($name:ident => $kind:ident,)*) => ($(
+        /// Creates a new suffixed integer literal with the specified value.
+        ///
+        /// This function will create an integer like `1u32` where the integer
+        /// value specified is the first part of the token and the integral is
+        /// also suffixed at the end. Literals created from negative numbers may
+        /// not survive roundtrips through `TokenStream` or strings and may be
+        /// broken into two tokens (`-` and positive literal).
+        ///
+        /// Literals created through this method have the `Span::call_site()`
+        /// span by default, which can be configured with the `set_span` method
+        /// below.
+        pub fn $name(n: $kind) -> Literal {
+            Literal::_new(imp::Literal::$name(n))
+        }
+    )*)
+}
+
+macro_rules! unsuffixed_int_literals {
+    ($($name:ident => $kind:ident,)*) => ($(
+        /// Creates a new unsuffixed integer literal with the specified value.
+        ///
+        /// This function will create an integer like `1` where the integer
+        /// value specified is the first part of the token. No suffix is
+        /// specified on this token, meaning that invocations like
+        /// `Literal::i8_unsuffixed(1)` are equivalent to
+        /// `Literal::u32_unsuffixed(1)`. Literals created from negative numbers
+        /// may not survive roundtrips through `TokenStream` or strings and may
+        /// be broken into two tokens (`-` and positive literal).
+        ///
+        /// Literals created through this method have the `Span::call_site()`
+        /// span by default, which can be configured with the `set_span` method
+        /// below.
+        pub fn $name(n: $kind) -> Literal {
+            Literal::_new(imp::Literal::$name(n))
+        }
+    )*)
+}
+
+impl Literal {
+    fn _new(inner: imp::Literal) -> Self {
+        Literal {
+            inner,
+            _marker: MARKER,
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn _new_fallback(inner: fallback::Literal) -> Self {
+        Literal {
+            inner: inner.into(),
+            _marker: MARKER,
+        }
+    }
+
+    suffixed_int_literals! {
+        u8_suffixed => u8,
+        u16_suffixed => u16,
+        u32_suffixed => u32,
+        u64_suffixed => u64,
+        u128_suffixed => u128,
+        usize_suffixed => usize,
+        i8_suffixed => i8,
+        i16_suffixed => i16,
+        i32_suffixed => i32,
+        i64_suffixed => i64,
+        i128_suffixed => i128,
+        isize_suffixed => isize,
+    }
+
+    unsuffixed_int_literals! {
+        u8_unsuffixed => u8,
+        u16_unsuffixed => u16,
+        u32_unsuffixed => u32,
+        u64_unsuffixed => u64,
+        u128_unsuffixed => u128,
+        usize_unsuffixed => usize,
+        i8_unsuffixed => i8,
+        i16_unsuffixed => i16,
+        i32_unsuffixed => i32,
+        i64_unsuffixed => i64,
+        i128_unsuffixed => i128,
+        isize_unsuffixed => isize,
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new unsuffixed floating-point literal.
+    ///
+    /// This constructor is similar to those like `Literal::i8_unsuffixed` where
+    /// the float's value is emitted directly into the token but no suffix is
+    /// used, so it may be inferred to be a `f64` later in the compiler.
+    /// Literals created from negative numbers may not survive round-trips
+    /// through `TokenStream` or strings and may be broken into two tokens (`-`
+    /// and positive literal).
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This function requires that the specified float is finite, for example
+    /// if it is infinity or NaN this function will panic.
+    pub fn f64_unsuffixed(f: f64) -> Literal {
+        assert!(f.is_finite());
+        Literal::_new(imp::Literal::f64_unsuffixed(f))
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new suffixed floating-point literal.
+    ///
+    /// This constructor will create a literal like `1.0f64` where the value
+    /// specified is the preceding part of the token and `f64` is the suffix of
+    /// the token. This token will always be inferred to be an `f64` in the
+    /// compiler. Literals created from negative numbers may not survive
+    /// round-trips through `TokenStream` or strings and may be broken into two
+    /// tokens (`-` and positive literal).
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This function requires that the specified float is finite, for example
+    /// if it is infinity or NaN this function will panic.
+    pub fn f64_suffixed(f: f64) -> Literal {
+        assert!(f.is_finite());
+        Literal::_new(imp::Literal::f64_suffixed(f))
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new unsuffixed floating-point literal.
+    ///
+    /// This constructor is similar to those like `Literal::i8_unsuffixed` where
+    /// the float's value is emitted directly into the token but no suffix is
+    /// used, so it may be inferred to be a `f64` later in the compiler.
+    /// Literals created from negative numbers may not survive round-trips
+    /// through `TokenStream` or strings and may be broken into two tokens (`-`
+    /// and positive literal).
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This function requires that the specified float is finite, for example
+    /// if it is infinity or NaN this function will panic.
+    pub fn f32_unsuffixed(f: f32) -> Literal {
+        assert!(f.is_finite());
+        Literal::_new(imp::Literal::f32_unsuffixed(f))
+    }
+
+    /// Creates a new suffixed floating-point literal.
+    ///
+    /// This constructor will create a literal like `1.0f32` where the value
+    /// specified is the preceding part of the token and `f32` is the suffix of
+    /// the token. This token will always be inferred to be an `f32` in the
+    /// compiler. Literals created from negative numbers may not survive
+    /// round-trips through `TokenStream` or strings and may be broken into two
+    /// tokens (`-` and positive literal).
+    ///
+    /// # Panics
+    ///
+    /// This function requires that the specified float is finite, for example
+    /// if it is infinity or NaN this function will panic.
+    pub fn f32_suffixed(f: f32) -> Literal {
+        assert!(f.is_finite());
+        Literal::_new(imp::Literal::f32_suffixed(f))
+    }
+
+    /// String literal.
+    pub fn string(string: &str) -> Literal {
+        Literal::_new(imp::Literal::string(string))
+    }
+
+    /// Character literal.
+    pub fn character(ch: char) -> Literal {
+        Literal::_new(imp::Literal::character(ch))
+    }
+
+    /// Byte character literal.
+    pub fn byte_character(byte: u8) -> Literal {
+        Literal::_new(imp::Literal::byte_character(byte))
+    }
+
+    /// Byte string literal.
+    pub fn byte_string(bytes: &[u8]) -> Literal {
+        Literal::_new(imp::Literal::byte_string(bytes))
+    }
+
+    /// C string literal.
+    pub fn c_string(string: &CStr) -> Literal {
+        Literal::_new(imp::Literal::c_string(string))
+    }
+
+    /// Returns the span encompassing this literal.
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        Span::_new(self.inner.span())
+    }
+
+    /// Configures the span associated for this literal.
+    pub fn set_span(&mut self, span: Span) {
+        self.inner.set_span(span.inner);
+    }
+
+    /// Returns a `Span` that is a subset of `self.span()` containing only
+    /// the source bytes in range `range`. Returns `None` if the would-be
+    /// trimmed span is outside the bounds of `self`.
+    ///
+    /// Warning: the underlying [`proc_macro::Literal::subspan`] method is
+    /// nightly-only. When called from within a procedural macro not using a
+    /// nightly compiler, this method will always return `None`.
+    ///
+    /// [`proc_macro::Literal::subspan`]: https://doc.rust-lang.org/proc_macro/struct.Literal.html#method.subspan
+    pub fn subspan<R: RangeBounds<usize>>(&self, range: R) -> Option<Span> {
+        self.inner.subspan(range).map(Span::_new)
+    }
+
+    // Intended for the `quote!` macro to use when constructing a proc-macro2
+    // token out of a macro_rules $:literal token, which is already known to be
+    // a valid literal. This avoids reparsing/validating the literal's string
+    // representation. This is not public API other than for quote.
+    #[doc(hidden)]
+    pub unsafe fn from_str_unchecked(repr: &str) -> Self {
+        Literal::_new(unsafe { imp::Literal::from_str_unchecked(repr) })
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for Literal {
+    type Err = LexError;
+
+    fn from_str(repr: &str) -> Result<Self, LexError> {
+        repr.parse().map(Literal::_new).map_err(|inner| LexError {
+            inner,
+            _marker: MARKER,
+        })
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for Literal {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        Debug::fmt(&self.inner, f)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for Literal {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        Display::fmt(&self.inner, f)
+    }
+}
+
+/// Public implementation details for the `TokenStream` type, such as iterators.
+pub mod token_stream {
+    use crate::marker::{ProcMacroAutoTraits, MARKER};
+    use crate::{imp, TokenTree};
+    use core::fmt::{self, Debug};
+
+    pub use crate::TokenStream;
+
+    /// An iterator over `TokenStream`'s `TokenTree`s.
+    ///
+    /// The iteration is "shallow", e.g. the iterator doesn't recurse into
+    /// delimited groups, and returns whole groups as token trees.
+    #[derive(Clone)]
+    pub struct IntoIter {
+        inner: imp::TokenTreeIter,
+        _marker: ProcMacroAutoTraits,
+    }
+
+    impl Iterator for IntoIter {
+        type Item = TokenTree;
+
+        fn next(&mut self) -> Option<TokenTree> {
+            self.inner.next()
+        }
+
+        fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+            self.inner.size_hint()
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Debug for IntoIter {
+        fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+            f.write_str("TokenStream ")?;
+            f.debug_list().entries(self.clone()).finish()
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl IntoIterator for TokenStream {
+        type Item = TokenTree;
+        type IntoIter = IntoIter;
+
+        fn into_iter(self) -> IntoIter {
+            IntoIter {
+                inner: self.inner.into_iter(),
+                _marker: MARKER,
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/location.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/location.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..7190e2d052
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/location.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,29 @@
+use core::cmp::Ordering;
+
+/// A line-column pair representing the start or end of a `Span`.
+///
+/// This type is semver exempt and not exposed by default.
+#[cfg_attr(docsrs, doc(cfg(feature = "span-locations")))]
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Debug, PartialEq, Eq, Hash)]
+pub struct LineColumn {
+    /// The 1-indexed line in the source file on which the span starts or ends
+    /// (inclusive).
+    pub line: usize,
+    /// The 0-indexed column (in UTF-8 characters) in the source file on which
+    /// the span starts or ends (inclusive).
+    pub column: usize,
+}
+
+impl Ord for LineColumn {
+    fn cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Ordering {
+        self.line
+            .cmp(&other.line)
+            .then(self.column.cmp(&other.column))
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialOrd for LineColumn {
+    fn partial_cmp(&self, other: &Self) -> Option<Ordering> {
+        Some(self.cmp(other))
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/marker.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/marker.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..23b94ce6fa
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/marker.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+use alloc::rc::Rc;
+use core::marker::PhantomData;
+use core::panic::{RefUnwindSafe, UnwindSafe};
+
+// Zero sized marker with the correct set of autotrait impls we want all proc
+// macro types to have.
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+#[cfg_attr(
+    all(procmacro2_semver_exempt, any(not(wrap_proc_macro), super_unstable)),
+    derive(PartialEq, Eq)
+)]
+pub(crate) struct ProcMacroAutoTraits(PhantomData<Rc<()>>);
+
+pub(crate) const MARKER: ProcMacroAutoTraits = ProcMacroAutoTraits(PhantomData);
+
+impl UnwindSafe for ProcMacroAutoTraits {}
+impl RefUnwindSafe for ProcMacroAutoTraits {}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/parse.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/parse.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..07239bc3ad
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/parse.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,996 @@
+use crate::fallback::{
+    self, is_ident_continue, is_ident_start, Group, LexError, Literal, Span, TokenStream,
+    TokenStreamBuilder,
+};
+use crate::{Delimiter, Punct, Spacing, TokenTree};
+use core::char;
+use core::str::{Bytes, CharIndices, Chars};
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone, Eq, PartialEq)]
+pub(crate) struct Cursor<'a> {
+    pub rest: &'a str,
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    pub off: u32,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Cursor<'a> {
+    pub fn advance(&self, bytes: usize) -> Cursor<'a> {
+        let (_front, rest) = self.rest.split_at(bytes);
+        Cursor {
+            rest,
+            #[cfg(span_locations)]
+            off: self.off + _front.chars().count() as u32,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn starts_with(&self, s: &str) -> bool {
+        self.rest.starts_with(s)
+    }
+
+    pub fn starts_with_char(&self, ch: char) -> bool {
+        self.rest.starts_with(ch)
+    }
+
+    pub fn starts_with_fn<Pattern>(&self, f: Pattern) -> bool
+    where
+        Pattern: FnMut(char) -> bool,
+    {
+        self.rest.starts_with(f)
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.rest.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.rest.len()
+    }
+
+    fn as_bytes(&self) -> &'a [u8] {
+        self.rest.as_bytes()
+    }
+
+    fn bytes(&self) -> Bytes<'a> {
+        self.rest.bytes()
+    }
+
+    fn chars(&self) -> Chars<'a> {
+        self.rest.chars()
+    }
+
+    fn char_indices(&self) -> CharIndices<'a> {
+        self.rest.char_indices()
+    }
+
+    fn parse(&self, tag: &str) -> Result<Cursor<'a>, Reject> {
+        if self.starts_with(tag) {
+            Ok(self.advance(tag.len()))
+        } else {
+            Err(Reject)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct Reject;
+type PResult<'a, O> = Result<(Cursor<'a>, O), Reject>;
+
+fn skip_whitespace(input: Cursor) -> Cursor {
+    let mut s = input;
+
+    while !s.is_empty() {
+        let byte = s.as_bytes()[0];
+        if byte == b'/' {
+            if s.starts_with("//")
+                && (!s.starts_with("///") || s.starts_with("////"))
+                && !s.starts_with("//!")
+            {
+                let (cursor, _) = take_until_newline_or_eof(s);
+                s = cursor;
+                continue;
+            } else if s.starts_with("/**/") {
+                s = s.advance(4);
+                continue;
+            } else if s.starts_with("/*")
+                && (!s.starts_with("/**") || s.starts_with("/***"))
+                && !s.starts_with("/*!")
+            {
+                match block_comment(s) {
+                    Ok((rest, _)) => {
+                        s = rest;
+                        continue;
+                    }
+                    Err(Reject) => return s,
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        match byte {
+            b' ' | 0x09..=0x0d => {
+                s = s.advance(1);
+                continue;
+            }
+            b if b.is_ascii() => {}
+            _ => {
+                let ch = s.chars().next().unwrap();
+                if is_whitespace(ch) {
+                    s = s.advance(ch.len_utf8());
+                    continue;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        return s;
+    }
+    s
+}
+
+fn block_comment(input: Cursor) -> PResult<&str> {
+    if !input.starts_with("/*") {
+        return Err(Reject);
+    }
+
+    let mut depth = 0usize;
+    let bytes = input.as_bytes();
+    let mut i = 0usize;
+    let upper = bytes.len() - 1;
+
+    while i < upper {
+        if bytes[i] == b'/' && bytes[i + 1] == b'*' {
+            depth += 1;
+            i += 1; // eat '*'
+        } else if bytes[i] == b'*' && bytes[i + 1] == b'/' {
+            depth -= 1;
+            if depth == 0 {
+                return Ok((input.advance(i + 2), &input.rest[..i + 2]));
+            }
+            i += 1; // eat '/'
+        }
+        i += 1;
+    }
+
+    Err(Reject)
+}
+
+fn is_whitespace(ch: char) -> bool {
+    // Rust treats left-to-right mark and right-to-left mark as whitespace
+    ch.is_whitespace() || ch == '\u{200e}' || ch == '\u{200f}'
+}
+
+fn word_break(input: Cursor) -> Result<Cursor, Reject> {
+    match input.chars().next() {
+        Some(ch) if is_ident_continue(ch) => Err(Reject),
+        Some(_) | None => Ok(input),
+    }
+}
+
+// Rustc's representation of a macro expansion error in expression position or
+// type position.
+const ERROR: &str = "(/*ERROR*/)";
+
+pub(crate) fn token_stream(mut input: Cursor) -> Result<TokenStream, LexError> {
+    let mut trees = TokenStreamBuilder::new();
+    let mut stack = Vec::new();
+
+    loop {
+        input = skip_whitespace(input);
+
+        if let Ok((rest, ())) = doc_comment(input, &mut trees) {
+            input = rest;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        #[cfg(span_locations)]
+        let lo = input.off;
+
+        let first = match input.bytes().next() {
+            Some(first) => first,
+            None => match stack.last() {
+                None => return Ok(trees.build()),
+                #[cfg(span_locations)]
+                Some((lo, _frame)) => {
+                    return Err(LexError {
+                        span: Span { lo: *lo, hi: *lo },
+                    })
+                }
+                #[cfg(not(span_locations))]
+                Some(_frame) => return Err(LexError { span: Span {} }),
+            },
+        };
+
+        if let Some(open_delimiter) = match first {
+            b'(' if !input.starts_with(ERROR) => Some(Delimiter::Parenthesis),
+            b'[' => Some(Delimiter::Bracket),
+            b'{' => Some(Delimiter::Brace),
+            _ => None,
+        } {
+            input = input.advance(1);
+            let frame = (open_delimiter, trees);
+            #[cfg(span_locations)]
+            let frame = (lo, frame);
+            stack.push(frame);
+            trees = TokenStreamBuilder::new();
+        } else if let Some(close_delimiter) = match first {
+            b')' => Some(Delimiter::Parenthesis),
+            b']' => Some(Delimiter::Bracket),
+            b'}' => Some(Delimiter::Brace),
+            _ => None,
+        } {
+            let frame = match stack.pop() {
+                Some(frame) => frame,
+                None => return Err(lex_error(input)),
+            };
+            #[cfg(span_locations)]
+            let (lo, frame) = frame;
+            let (open_delimiter, outer) = frame;
+            if open_delimiter != close_delimiter {
+                return Err(lex_error(input));
+            }
+            input = input.advance(1);
+            let mut g = Group::new(open_delimiter, trees.build());
+            g.set_span(Span {
+                #[cfg(span_locations)]
+                lo,
+                #[cfg(span_locations)]
+                hi: input.off,
+            });
+            trees = outer;
+            trees.push_token_from_parser(TokenTree::Group(crate::Group::_new_fallback(g)));
+        } else {
+            let (rest, mut tt) = match leaf_token(input) {
+                Ok((rest, tt)) => (rest, tt),
+                Err(Reject) => return Err(lex_error(input)),
+            };
+            tt.set_span(crate::Span::_new_fallback(Span {
+                #[cfg(span_locations)]
+                lo,
+                #[cfg(span_locations)]
+                hi: rest.off,
+            }));
+            trees.push_token_from_parser(tt);
+            input = rest;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn lex_error(cursor: Cursor) -> LexError {
+    #[cfg(not(span_locations))]
+    let _ = cursor;
+    LexError {
+        span: Span {
+            #[cfg(span_locations)]
+            lo: cursor.off,
+            #[cfg(span_locations)]
+            hi: cursor.off,
+        },
+    }
+}
+
+fn leaf_token(input: Cursor) -> PResult<TokenTree> {
+    if let Ok((input, l)) = literal(input) {
+        // must be parsed before ident
+        Ok((input, TokenTree::Literal(crate::Literal::_new_fallback(l))))
+    } else if let Ok((input, p)) = punct(input) {
+        Ok((input, TokenTree::Punct(p)))
+    } else if let Ok((input, i)) = ident(input) {
+        Ok((input, TokenTree::Ident(i)))
+    } else if input.starts_with(ERROR) {
+        let rest = input.advance(ERROR.len());
+        let repr = crate::Literal::_new_fallback(Literal::_new(ERROR.to_owned()));
+        Ok((rest, TokenTree::Literal(repr)))
+    } else {
+        Err(Reject)
+    }
+}
+
+fn ident(input: Cursor) -> PResult<crate::Ident> {
+    if [
+        "r\"", "r#\"", "r##", "b\"", "b\'", "br\"", "br#", "c\"", "cr\"", "cr#",
+    ]
+    .iter()
+    .any(|prefix| input.starts_with(prefix))
+    {
+        Err(Reject)
+    } else {
+        ident_any(input)
+    }
+}
+
+fn ident_any(input: Cursor) -> PResult<crate::Ident> {
+    let raw = input.starts_with("r#");
+    let rest = input.advance((raw as usize) << 1);
+
+    let (rest, sym) = ident_not_raw(rest)?;
+
+    if !raw {
+        let ident = crate::Ident::_new(crate::imp::Ident::new_unchecked(
+            sym,
+            fallback::Span::call_site(),
+        ));
+        return Ok((rest, ident));
+    }
+
+    match sym {
+        "_" | "super" | "self" | "Self" | "crate" => return Err(Reject),
+        _ => {}
+    }
+
+    let ident = crate::Ident::_new(crate::imp::Ident::new_raw_unchecked(
+        sym,
+        fallback::Span::call_site(),
+    ));
+    Ok((rest, ident))
+}
+
+fn ident_not_raw(input: Cursor) -> PResult<&str> {
+    let mut chars = input.char_indices();
+
+    match chars.next() {
+        Some((_, ch)) if is_ident_start(ch) => {}
+        _ => return Err(Reject),
+    }
+
+    let mut end = input.len();
+    for (i, ch) in chars {
+        if !is_ident_continue(ch) {
+            end = i;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok((input.advance(end), &input.rest[..end]))
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn literal(input: Cursor) -> PResult<Literal> {
+    let rest = literal_nocapture(input)?;
+    let end = input.len() - rest.len();
+    Ok((rest, Literal::_new(input.rest[..end].to_string())))
+}
+
+fn literal_nocapture(input: Cursor) -> Result<Cursor, Reject> {
+    if let Ok(ok) = string(input) {
+        Ok(ok)
+    } else if let Ok(ok) = byte_string(input) {
+        Ok(ok)
+    } else if let Ok(ok) = c_string(input) {
+        Ok(ok)
+    } else if let Ok(ok) = byte(input) {
+        Ok(ok)
+    } else if let Ok(ok) = character(input) {
+        Ok(ok)
+    } else if let Ok(ok) = float(input) {
+        Ok(ok)
+    } else if let Ok(ok) = int(input) {
+        Ok(ok)
+    } else {
+        Err(Reject)
+    }
+}
+
+fn literal_suffix(input: Cursor) -> Cursor {
+    match ident_not_raw(input) {
+        Ok((input, _)) => input,
+        Err(Reject) => input,
+    }
+}
+
+fn string(input: Cursor) -> Result<Cursor, Reject> {
+    if let Ok(input) = input.parse("\"") {
+        cooked_string(input)
+    } else if let Ok(input) = input.parse("r") {
+        raw_string(input)
+    } else {
+        Err(Reject)
+    }
+}
+
+fn cooked_string(mut input: Cursor) -> Result<Cursor, Reject> {
+    let mut chars = input.char_indices();
+
+    while let Some((i, ch)) = chars.next() {
+        match ch {
+            '"' => {
+                let input = input.advance(i + 1);
+                return Ok(literal_suffix(input));
+            }
+            '\r' => match chars.next() {
+                Some((_, '\n')) => {}
+                _ => break,
+            },
+            '\\' => match chars.next() {
+                Some((_, 'x')) => {
+                    backslash_x_char(&mut chars)?;
+                }
+                Some((_, 'n' | 'r' | 't' | '\\' | '\'' | '"' | '0')) => {}
+                Some((_, 'u')) => {
+                    backslash_u(&mut chars)?;
+                }
+                Some((newline, ch @ ('\n' | '\r'))) => {
+                    input = input.advance(newline + 1);
+                    trailing_backslash(&mut input, ch as u8)?;
+                    chars = input.char_indices();
+                }
+                _ => break,
+            },
+            _ch => {}
+        }
+    }
+    Err(Reject)
+}
+
+fn raw_string(input: Cursor) -> Result<Cursor, Reject> {
+    let (input, delimiter) = delimiter_of_raw_string(input)?;
+    let mut bytes = input.bytes().enumerate();
+    while let Some((i, byte)) = bytes.next() {
+        match byte {
+            b'"' if input.rest[i + 1..].starts_with(delimiter) => {
+                let rest = input.advance(i + 1 + delimiter.len());
+                return Ok(literal_suffix(rest));
+            }
+            b'\r' => match bytes.next() {
+                Some((_, b'\n')) => {}
+                _ => break,
+            },
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    Err(Reject)
+}
+
+fn byte_string(input: Cursor) -> Result<Cursor, Reject> {
+    if let Ok(input) = input.parse("b\"") {
+        cooked_byte_string(input)
+    } else if let Ok(input) = input.parse("br") {
+        raw_byte_string(input)
+    } else {
+        Err(Reject)
+    }
+}
+
+fn cooked_byte_string(mut input: Cursor) -> Result<Cursor, Reject> {
+    let mut bytes = input.bytes().enumerate();
+    while let Some((offset, b)) = bytes.next() {
+        match b {
+            b'"' => {
+                let input = input.advance(offset + 1);
+                return Ok(literal_suffix(input));
+            }
+            b'\r' => match bytes.next() {
+                Some((_, b'\n')) => {}
+                _ => break,
+            },
+            b'\\' => match bytes.next() {
+                Some((_, b'x')) => {
+                    backslash_x_byte(&mut bytes)?;
+                }
+                Some((_, b'n' | b'r' | b't' | b'\\' | b'0' | b'\'' | b'"')) => {}
+                Some((newline, b @ (b'\n' | b'\r'))) => {
+                    input = input.advance(newline + 1);
+                    trailing_backslash(&mut input, b)?;
+                    bytes = input.bytes().enumerate();
+                }
+                _ => break,
+            },
+            b if b.is_ascii() => {}
+            _ => break,
+        }
+    }
+    Err(Reject)
+}
+
+fn delimiter_of_raw_string(input: Cursor) -> PResult<&str> {
+    for (i, byte) in input.bytes().enumerate() {
+        match byte {
+            b'"' => {
+                if i > 255 {
+                    // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/95251
+                    return Err(Reject);
+                }
+                return Ok((input.advance(i + 1), &input.rest[..i]));
+            }
+            b'#' => {}
+            _ => break,
+        }
+    }
+    Err(Reject)
+}
+
+fn raw_byte_string(input: Cursor) -> Result<Cursor, Reject> {
+    let (input, delimiter) = delimiter_of_raw_string(input)?;
+    let mut bytes = input.bytes().enumerate();
+    while let Some((i, byte)) = bytes.next() {
+        match byte {
+            b'"' if input.rest[i + 1..].starts_with(delimiter) => {
+                let rest = input.advance(i + 1 + delimiter.len());
+                return Ok(literal_suffix(rest));
+            }
+            b'\r' => match bytes.next() {
+                Some((_, b'\n')) => {}
+                _ => break,
+            },
+            other => {
+                if !other.is_ascii() {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    Err(Reject)
+}
+
+fn c_string(input: Cursor) -> Result<Cursor, Reject> {
+    if let Ok(input) = input.parse("c\"") {
+        cooked_c_string(input)
+    } else if let Ok(input) = input.parse("cr") {
+        raw_c_string(input)
+    } else {
+        Err(Reject)
+    }
+}
+
+fn raw_c_string(input: Cursor) -> Result<Cursor, Reject> {
+    let (input, delimiter) = delimiter_of_raw_string(input)?;
+    let mut bytes = input.bytes().enumerate();
+    while let Some((i, byte)) = bytes.next() {
+        match byte {
+            b'"' if input.rest[i + 1..].starts_with(delimiter) => {
+                let rest = input.advance(i + 1 + delimiter.len());
+                return Ok(literal_suffix(rest));
+            }
+            b'\r' => match bytes.next() {
+                Some((_, b'\n')) => {}
+                _ => break,
+            },
+            b'\0' => break,
+            _ => {}
+        }
+    }
+    Err(Reject)
+}
+
+fn cooked_c_string(mut input: Cursor) -> Result<Cursor, Reject> {
+    let mut chars = input.char_indices();
+
+    while let Some((i, ch)) = chars.next() {
+        match ch {
+            '"' => {
+                let input = input.advance(i + 1);
+                return Ok(literal_suffix(input));
+            }
+            '\r' => match chars.next() {
+                Some((_, '\n')) => {}
+                _ => break,
+            },
+            '\\' => match chars.next() {
+                Some((_, 'x')) => {
+                    backslash_x_nonzero(&mut chars)?;
+                }
+                Some((_, 'n' | 'r' | 't' | '\\' | '\'' | '"')) => {}
+                Some((_, 'u')) => {
+                    if backslash_u(&mut chars)? == '\0' {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                }
+                Some((newline, ch @ ('\n' | '\r'))) => {
+                    input = input.advance(newline + 1);
+                    trailing_backslash(&mut input, ch as u8)?;
+                    chars = input.char_indices();
+                }
+                _ => break,
+            },
+            '\0' => break,
+            _ch => {}
+        }
+    }
+    Err(Reject)
+}
+
+fn byte(input: Cursor) -> Result<Cursor, Reject> {
+    let input = input.parse("b'")?;
+    let mut bytes = input.bytes().enumerate();
+    let ok = match bytes.next().map(|(_, b)| b) {
+        Some(b'\\') => match bytes.next().map(|(_, b)| b) {
+            Some(b'x') => backslash_x_byte(&mut bytes).is_ok(),
+            Some(b'n' | b'r' | b't' | b'\\' | b'0' | b'\'' | b'"') => true,
+            _ => false,
+        },
+        b => b.is_some(),
+    };
+    if !ok {
+        return Err(Reject);
+    }
+    let (offset, _) = bytes.next().ok_or(Reject)?;
+    if !input.chars().as_str().is_char_boundary(offset) {
+        return Err(Reject);
+    }
+    let input = input.advance(offset).parse("'")?;
+    Ok(literal_suffix(input))
+}
+
+fn character(input: Cursor) -> Result<Cursor, Reject> {
+    let input = input.parse("'")?;
+    let mut chars = input.char_indices();
+    let ok = match chars.next().map(|(_, ch)| ch) {
+        Some('\\') => match chars.next().map(|(_, ch)| ch) {
+            Some('x') => backslash_x_char(&mut chars).is_ok(),
+            Some('u') => backslash_u(&mut chars).is_ok(),
+            Some('n' | 'r' | 't' | '\\' | '0' | '\'' | '"') => true,
+            _ => false,
+        },
+        ch => ch.is_some(),
+    };
+    if !ok {
+        return Err(Reject);
+    }
+    let (idx, _) = chars.next().ok_or(Reject)?;
+    let input = input.advance(idx).parse("'")?;
+    Ok(literal_suffix(input))
+}
+
+macro_rules! next_ch {
+    ($chars:ident @ $pat:pat) => {
+        match $chars.next() {
+            Some((_, ch)) => match ch {
+                $pat => ch,
+                _ => return Err(Reject),
+            },
+            None => return Err(Reject),
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+fn backslash_x_char<I>(chars: &mut I) -> Result<(), Reject>
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = (usize, char)>,
+{
+    next_ch!(chars @ '0'..='7');
+    next_ch!(chars @ '0'..='9' | 'a'..='f' | 'A'..='F');
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn backslash_x_byte<I>(chars: &mut I) -> Result<(), Reject>
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = (usize, u8)>,
+{
+    next_ch!(chars @ b'0'..=b'9' | b'a'..=b'f' | b'A'..=b'F');
+    next_ch!(chars @ b'0'..=b'9' | b'a'..=b'f' | b'A'..=b'F');
+    Ok(())
+}
+
+fn backslash_x_nonzero<I>(chars: &mut I) -> Result<(), Reject>
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = (usize, char)>,
+{
+    let first = next_ch!(chars @ '0'..='9' | 'a'..='f' | 'A'..='F');
+    let second = next_ch!(chars @ '0'..='9' | 'a'..='f' | 'A'..='F');
+    if first == '0' && second == '0' {
+        Err(Reject)
+    } else {
+        Ok(())
+    }
+}
+
+fn backslash_u<I>(chars: &mut I) -> Result<char, Reject>
+where
+    I: Iterator<Item = (usize, char)>,
+{
+    next_ch!(chars @ '{');
+    let mut value = 0;
+    let mut len = 0;
+    for (_, ch) in chars {
+        let digit = match ch {
+            '0'..='9' => ch as u8 - b'0',
+            'a'..='f' => 10 + ch as u8 - b'a',
+            'A'..='F' => 10 + ch as u8 - b'A',
+            '_' if len > 0 => continue,
+            '}' if len > 0 => return char::from_u32(value).ok_or(Reject),
+            _ => break,
+        };
+        if len == 6 {
+            break;
+        }
+        value *= 0x10;
+        value += u32::from(digit);
+        len += 1;
+    }
+    Err(Reject)
+}
+
+fn trailing_backslash(input: &mut Cursor, mut last: u8) -> Result<(), Reject> {
+    let mut whitespace = input.bytes().enumerate();
+    loop {
+        if last == b'\r' && whitespace.next().map_or(true, |(_, b)| b != b'\n') {
+            return Err(Reject);
+        }
+        match whitespace.next() {
+            Some((_, b @ (b' ' | b'\t' | b'\n' | b'\r'))) => {
+                last = b;
+            }
+            Some((offset, _)) => {
+                *input = input.advance(offset);
+                return Ok(());
+            }
+            None => return Err(Reject),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+fn float(input: Cursor) -> Result<Cursor, Reject> {
+    let mut rest = float_digits(input)?;
+    if let Some(ch) = rest.chars().next() {
+        if is_ident_start(ch) {
+            rest = ident_not_raw(rest)?.0;
+        }
+    }
+    word_break(rest)
+}
+
+fn float_digits(input: Cursor) -> Result<Cursor, Reject> {
+    let mut chars = input.chars().peekable();
+    match chars.next() {
+        Some(ch) if '0' <= ch && ch <= '9' => {}
+        _ => return Err(Reject),
+    }
+
+    let mut len = 1;
+    let mut has_dot = false;
+    let mut has_exp = false;
+    while let Some(&ch) = chars.peek() {
+        match ch {
+            '0'..='9' | '_' => {
+                chars.next();
+                len += 1;
+            }
+            '.' => {
+                if has_dot {
+                    break;
+                }
+                chars.next();
+                if chars
+                    .peek()
+                    .map_or(false, |&ch| ch == '.' || is_ident_start(ch))
+                {
+                    return Err(Reject);
+                }
+                len += 1;
+                has_dot = true;
+            }
+            'e' | 'E' => {
+                chars.next();
+                len += 1;
+                has_exp = true;
+                break;
+            }
+            _ => break,
+        }
+    }
+
+    if !(has_dot || has_exp) {
+        return Err(Reject);
+    }
+
+    if has_exp {
+        let token_before_exp = if has_dot {
+            Ok(input.advance(len - 1))
+        } else {
+            Err(Reject)
+        };
+        let mut has_sign = false;
+        let mut has_exp_value = false;
+        while let Some(&ch) = chars.peek() {
+            match ch {
+                '+' | '-' => {
+                    if has_exp_value {
+                        break;
+                    }
+                    if has_sign {
+                        return token_before_exp;
+                    }
+                    chars.next();
+                    len += 1;
+                    has_sign = true;
+                }
+                '0'..='9' => {
+                    chars.next();
+                    len += 1;
+                    has_exp_value = true;
+                }
+                '_' => {
+                    chars.next();
+                    len += 1;
+                }
+                _ => break,
+            }
+        }
+        if !has_exp_value {
+            return token_before_exp;
+        }
+    }
+
+    Ok(input.advance(len))
+}
+
+fn int(input: Cursor) -> Result<Cursor, Reject> {
+    let mut rest = digits(input)?;
+    if let Some(ch) = rest.chars().next() {
+        if is_ident_start(ch) {
+            rest = ident_not_raw(rest)?.0;
+        }
+    }
+    word_break(rest)
+}
+
+fn digits(mut input: Cursor) -> Result<Cursor, Reject> {
+    let base = if input.starts_with("0x") {
+        input = input.advance(2);
+        16
+    } else if input.starts_with("0o") {
+        input = input.advance(2);
+        8
+    } else if input.starts_with("0b") {
+        input = input.advance(2);
+        2
+    } else {
+        10
+    };
+
+    let mut len = 0;
+    let mut empty = true;
+    for b in input.bytes() {
+        match b {
+            b'0'..=b'9' => {
+                let digit = (b - b'0') as u64;
+                if digit >= base {
+                    return Err(Reject);
+                }
+            }
+            b'a'..=b'f' => {
+                let digit = 10 + (b - b'a') as u64;
+                if digit >= base {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            b'A'..=b'F' => {
+                let digit = 10 + (b - b'A') as u64;
+                if digit >= base {
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            b'_' => {
+                if empty && base == 10 {
+                    return Err(Reject);
+                }
+                len += 1;
+                continue;
+            }
+            _ => break,
+        };
+        len += 1;
+        empty = false;
+    }
+    if empty {
+        Err(Reject)
+    } else {
+        Ok(input.advance(len))
+    }
+}
+
+fn punct(input: Cursor) -> PResult<Punct> {
+    let (rest, ch) = punct_char(input)?;
+    if ch == '\'' {
+        if ident_any(rest)?.0.starts_with_char('\'') {
+            Err(Reject)
+        } else {
+            Ok((rest, Punct::new('\'', Spacing::Joint)))
+        }
+    } else {
+        let kind = match punct_char(rest) {
+            Ok(_) => Spacing::Joint,
+            Err(Reject) => Spacing::Alone,
+        };
+        Ok((rest, Punct::new(ch, kind)))
+    }
+}
+
+fn punct_char(input: Cursor) -> PResult<char> {
+    if input.starts_with("//") || input.starts_with("/*") {
+        // Do not accept `/` of a comment as a punct.
+        return Err(Reject);
+    }
+
+    let mut chars = input.chars();
+    let first = match chars.next() {
+        Some(ch) => ch,
+        None => {
+            return Err(Reject);
+        }
+    };
+    let recognized = "~!@#$%^&*-=+|;:,<.>/?'";
+    if recognized.contains(first) {
+        Ok((input.advance(first.len_utf8()), first))
+    } else {
+        Err(Reject)
+    }
+}
+
+fn doc_comment<'a>(input: Cursor<'a>, trees: &mut TokenStreamBuilder) -> PResult<'a, ()> {
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    let lo = input.off;
+    let (rest, (comment, inner)) = doc_comment_contents(input)?;
+    let fallback_span = Span {
+        #[cfg(span_locations)]
+        lo,
+        #[cfg(span_locations)]
+        hi: rest.off,
+    };
+    let span = crate::Span::_new_fallback(fallback_span);
+
+    let mut scan_for_bare_cr = comment;
+    while let Some(cr) = scan_for_bare_cr.find('\r') {
+        let rest = &scan_for_bare_cr[cr + 1..];
+        if !rest.starts_with('\n') {
+            return Err(Reject);
+        }
+        scan_for_bare_cr = rest;
+    }
+
+    let mut pound = Punct::new('#', Spacing::Alone);
+    pound.set_span(span);
+    trees.push_token_from_parser(TokenTree::Punct(pound));
+
+    if inner {
+        let mut bang = Punct::new('!', Spacing::Alone);
+        bang.set_span(span);
+        trees.push_token_from_parser(TokenTree::Punct(bang));
+    }
+
+    let doc_ident = crate::Ident::_new(crate::imp::Ident::new_unchecked("doc", fallback_span));
+    let mut equal = Punct::new('=', Spacing::Alone);
+    equal.set_span(span);
+    let mut literal = crate::Literal::string(comment);
+    literal.set_span(span);
+    let mut bracketed = TokenStreamBuilder::with_capacity(3);
+    bracketed.push_token_from_parser(TokenTree::Ident(doc_ident));
+    bracketed.push_token_from_parser(TokenTree::Punct(equal));
+    bracketed.push_token_from_parser(TokenTree::Literal(literal));
+    let group = Group::new(Delimiter::Bracket, bracketed.build());
+    let mut group = crate::Group::_new_fallback(group);
+    group.set_span(span);
+    trees.push_token_from_parser(TokenTree::Group(group));
+
+    Ok((rest, ()))
+}
+
+fn doc_comment_contents(input: Cursor) -> PResult<(&str, bool)> {
+    if input.starts_with("//!") {
+        let input = input.advance(3);
+        let (input, s) = take_until_newline_or_eof(input);
+        Ok((input, (s, true)))
+    } else if input.starts_with("/*!") {
+        let (input, s) = block_comment(input)?;
+        Ok((input, (&s[3..s.len() - 2], true)))
+    } else if input.starts_with("///") {
+        let input = input.advance(3);
+        if input.starts_with_char('/') {
+            return Err(Reject);
+        }
+        let (input, s) = take_until_newline_or_eof(input);
+        Ok((input, (s, false)))
+    } else if input.starts_with("/**") && !input.rest[3..].starts_with('*') {
+        let (input, s) = block_comment(input)?;
+        Ok((input, (&s[3..s.len() - 2], false)))
+    } else {
+        Err(Reject)
+    }
+}
+
+fn take_until_newline_or_eof(input: Cursor) -> (Cursor, &str) {
+    let chars = input.char_indices();
+
+    for (i, ch) in chars {
+        if ch == '\n' {
+            return (input.advance(i), &input.rest[..i]);
+        } else if ch == '\r' && input.rest[i + 1..].starts_with('\n') {
+            return (input.advance(i + 1), &input.rest[..i]);
+        }
+    }
+
+    (input.advance(input.len()), input.rest)
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/rcvec.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/rcvec.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..37955afb11
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/rcvec.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+use alloc::rc::Rc;
+use alloc::vec;
+use core::mem;
+use core::panic::RefUnwindSafe;
+use core::slice;
+
+pub(crate) struct RcVec<T> {
+    inner: Rc<Vec<T>>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct RcVecBuilder<T> {
+    inner: Vec<T>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) struct RcVecMut<'a, T> {
+    inner: &'a mut Vec<T>,
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct RcVecIntoIter<T> {
+    inner: vec::IntoIter<T>,
+}
+
+impl<T> RcVec<T> {
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.inner.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    pub fn len(&self) -> usize {
+        self.inner.len()
+    }
+
+    pub fn iter(&self) -> slice::Iter<T> {
+        self.inner.iter()
+    }
+
+    pub fn make_mut(&mut self) -> RcVecMut<T>
+    where
+        T: Clone,
+    {
+        RcVecMut {
+            inner: Rc::make_mut(&mut self.inner),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn get_mut(&mut self) -> Option<RcVecMut<T>> {
+        let inner = Rc::get_mut(&mut self.inner)?;
+        Some(RcVecMut { inner })
+    }
+
+    pub fn make_owned(mut self) -> RcVecBuilder<T>
+    where
+        T: Clone,
+    {
+        let vec = if let Some(owned) = Rc::get_mut(&mut self.inner) {
+            mem::take(owned)
+        } else {
+            Vec::clone(&self.inner)
+        };
+        RcVecBuilder { inner: vec }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> RcVecBuilder<T> {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        RcVecBuilder { inner: Vec::new() }
+    }
+
+    pub fn with_capacity(cap: usize) -> Self {
+        RcVecBuilder {
+            inner: Vec::with_capacity(cap),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn push(&mut self, element: T) {
+        self.inner.push(element);
+    }
+
+    pub fn extend(&mut self, iter: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) {
+        self.inner.extend(iter);
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_mut(&mut self) -> RcVecMut<T> {
+        RcVecMut {
+            inner: &mut self.inner,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn build(self) -> RcVec<T> {
+        RcVec {
+            inner: Rc::new(self.inner),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<'a, T> RcVecMut<'a, T> {
+    pub fn push(&mut self, element: T) {
+        self.inner.push(element);
+    }
+
+    pub fn extend(&mut self, iter: impl IntoIterator<Item = T>) {
+        self.inner.extend(iter);
+    }
+
+    pub fn pop(&mut self) -> Option<T> {
+        self.inner.pop()
+    }
+
+    pub fn as_mut(&mut self) -> RcVecMut<T> {
+        RcVecMut { inner: self.inner }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Clone for RcVec<T> {
+    fn clone(&self) -> Self {
+        RcVec {
+            inner: Rc::clone(&self.inner),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> IntoIterator for RcVecBuilder<T> {
+    type Item = T;
+    type IntoIter = RcVecIntoIter<T>;
+
+    fn into_iter(self) -> Self::IntoIter {
+        RcVecIntoIter {
+            inner: self.inner.into_iter(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> Iterator for RcVecIntoIter<T> {
+    type Item = T;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<Self::Item> {
+        self.inner.next()
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        self.inner.size_hint()
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> RefUnwindSafe for RcVec<T> where T: RefUnwindSafe {}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/wrapper.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/wrapper.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..87e348dbb3
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/src/wrapper.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,993 @@
+use crate::detection::inside_proc_macro;
+#[cfg(span_locations)]
+use crate::location::LineColumn;
+use crate::{fallback, Delimiter, Punct, Spacing, TokenTree};
+use core::fmt::{self, Debug, Display};
+#[cfg(span_locations)]
+use core::ops::Range;
+use core::ops::RangeBounds;
+use core::str::FromStr;
+use std::ffi::CStr;
+use std::panic;
+#[cfg(super_unstable)]
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) enum TokenStream {
+    Compiler(DeferredTokenStream),
+    Fallback(fallback::TokenStream),
+}
+
+// Work around https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/65080.
+// In `impl Extend<TokenTree> for TokenStream` which is used heavily by quote,
+// we hold on to the appended tokens and do proc_macro::TokenStream::extend as
+// late as possible to batch together consecutive uses of the Extend impl.
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) struct DeferredTokenStream {
+    stream: proc_macro::TokenStream,
+    extra: Vec<proc_macro::TokenTree>,
+}
+
+pub(crate) enum LexError {
+    Compiler(proc_macro::LexError),
+    Fallback(fallback::LexError),
+
+    // Rustc was supposed to return a LexError, but it panicked instead.
+    // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/58736
+    CompilerPanic,
+}
+
+#[cold]
+fn mismatch(line: u32) -> ! {
+    #[cfg(procmacro2_backtrace)]
+    {
+        let backtrace = std::backtrace::Backtrace::force_capture();
+        panic!("compiler/fallback mismatch #{}\n\n{}", line, backtrace)
+    }
+    #[cfg(not(procmacro2_backtrace))]
+    {
+        panic!("compiler/fallback mismatch #{}", line)
+    }
+}
+
+impl DeferredTokenStream {
+    fn new(stream: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> Self {
+        DeferredTokenStream {
+            stream,
+            extra: Vec::new(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.stream.is_empty() && self.extra.is_empty()
+    }
+
+    fn evaluate_now(&mut self) {
+        // If-check provides a fast short circuit for the common case of `extra`
+        // being empty, which saves a round trip over the proc macro bridge.
+        // Improves macro expansion time in winrt by 6% in debug mode.
+        if !self.extra.is_empty() {
+            self.stream.extend(self.extra.drain(..));
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn into_token_stream(mut self) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
+        self.evaluate_now();
+        self.stream
+    }
+}
+
+impl TokenStream {
+    pub fn new() -> Self {
+        if inside_proc_macro() {
+            TokenStream::Compiler(DeferredTokenStream::new(proc_macro::TokenStream::new()))
+        } else {
+            TokenStream::Fallback(fallback::TokenStream::new())
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            TokenStream::Compiler(tts) => tts.is_empty(),
+            TokenStream::Fallback(tts) => tts.is_empty(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn unwrap_nightly(self) -> proc_macro::TokenStream {
+        match self {
+            TokenStream::Compiler(s) => s.into_token_stream(),
+            TokenStream::Fallback(_) => mismatch(line!()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn unwrap_stable(self) -> fallback::TokenStream {
+        match self {
+            TokenStream::Compiler(_) => mismatch(line!()),
+            TokenStream::Fallback(s) => s,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for TokenStream {
+    type Err = LexError;
+
+    fn from_str(src: &str) -> Result<TokenStream, LexError> {
+        if inside_proc_macro() {
+            Ok(TokenStream::Compiler(DeferredTokenStream::new(
+                proc_macro_parse(src)?,
+            )))
+        } else {
+            Ok(TokenStream::Fallback(src.parse()?))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// Work around https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/issues/58736.
+fn proc_macro_parse(src: &str) -> Result<proc_macro::TokenStream, LexError> {
+    let result = panic::catch_unwind(|| src.parse().map_err(LexError::Compiler));
+    result.unwrap_or_else(|_| Err(LexError::CompilerPanic))
+}
+
+impl Display for TokenStream {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            TokenStream::Compiler(tts) => Display::fmt(&tts.clone().into_token_stream(), f),
+            TokenStream::Fallback(tts) => Display::fmt(tts, f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<proc_macro::TokenStream> for TokenStream {
+    fn from(inner: proc_macro::TokenStream) -> Self {
+        TokenStream::Compiler(DeferredTokenStream::new(inner))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<TokenStream> for proc_macro::TokenStream {
+    fn from(inner: TokenStream) -> Self {
+        match inner {
+            TokenStream::Compiler(inner) => inner.into_token_stream(),
+            TokenStream::Fallback(inner) => inner.to_string().parse().unwrap(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<fallback::TokenStream> for TokenStream {
+    fn from(inner: fallback::TokenStream) -> Self {
+        TokenStream::Fallback(inner)
+    }
+}
+
+// Assumes inside_proc_macro().
+fn into_compiler_token(token: TokenTree) -> proc_macro::TokenTree {
+    match token {
+        TokenTree::Group(tt) => tt.inner.unwrap_nightly().into(),
+        TokenTree::Punct(tt) => {
+            let spacing = match tt.spacing() {
+                Spacing::Joint => proc_macro::Spacing::Joint,
+                Spacing::Alone => proc_macro::Spacing::Alone,
+            };
+            let mut punct = proc_macro::Punct::new(tt.as_char(), spacing);
+            punct.set_span(tt.span().inner.unwrap_nightly());
+            punct.into()
+        }
+        TokenTree::Ident(tt) => tt.inner.unwrap_nightly().into(),
+        TokenTree::Literal(tt) => tt.inner.unwrap_nightly().into(),
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<TokenTree> for TokenStream {
+    fn from(token: TokenTree) -> Self {
+        if inside_proc_macro() {
+            TokenStream::Compiler(DeferredTokenStream::new(into_compiler_token(token).into()))
+        } else {
+            TokenStream::Fallback(token.into())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromIterator<TokenTree> for TokenStream {
+    fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = TokenTree>>(trees: I) -> Self {
+        if inside_proc_macro() {
+            TokenStream::Compiler(DeferredTokenStream::new(
+                trees.into_iter().map(into_compiler_token).collect(),
+            ))
+        } else {
+            TokenStream::Fallback(trees.into_iter().collect())
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromIterator<TokenStream> for TokenStream {
+    fn from_iter<I: IntoIterator<Item = TokenStream>>(streams: I) -> Self {
+        let mut streams = streams.into_iter();
+        match streams.next() {
+            Some(TokenStream::Compiler(mut first)) => {
+                first.evaluate_now();
+                first.stream.extend(streams.map(|s| match s {
+                    TokenStream::Compiler(s) => s.into_token_stream(),
+                    TokenStream::Fallback(_) => mismatch(line!()),
+                }));
+                TokenStream::Compiler(first)
+            }
+            Some(TokenStream::Fallback(mut first)) => {
+                first.extend(streams.map(|s| match s {
+                    TokenStream::Fallback(s) => s,
+                    TokenStream::Compiler(_) => mismatch(line!()),
+                }));
+                TokenStream::Fallback(first)
+            }
+            None => TokenStream::new(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Extend<TokenTree> for TokenStream {
+    fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = TokenTree>>(&mut self, stream: I) {
+        match self {
+            TokenStream::Compiler(tts) => {
+                // Here is the reason for DeferredTokenStream.
+                for token in stream {
+                    tts.extra.push(into_compiler_token(token));
+                }
+            }
+            TokenStream::Fallback(tts) => tts.extend(stream),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Extend<TokenStream> for TokenStream {
+    fn extend<I: IntoIterator<Item = TokenStream>>(&mut self, streams: I) {
+        match self {
+            TokenStream::Compiler(tts) => {
+                tts.evaluate_now();
+                tts.stream
+                    .extend(streams.into_iter().map(TokenStream::unwrap_nightly));
+            }
+            TokenStream::Fallback(tts) => {
+                tts.extend(streams.into_iter().map(TokenStream::unwrap_stable));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for TokenStream {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            TokenStream::Compiler(tts) => Debug::fmt(&tts.clone().into_token_stream(), f),
+            TokenStream::Fallback(tts) => Debug::fmt(tts, f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl LexError {
+    pub(crate) fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        match self {
+            LexError::Compiler(_) | LexError::CompilerPanic => Span::call_site(),
+            LexError::Fallback(e) => Span::Fallback(e.span()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<proc_macro::LexError> for LexError {
+    fn from(e: proc_macro::LexError) -> Self {
+        LexError::Compiler(e)
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<fallback::LexError> for LexError {
+    fn from(e: fallback::LexError) -> Self {
+        LexError::Fallback(e)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for LexError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            LexError::Compiler(e) => Debug::fmt(e, f),
+            LexError::Fallback(e) => Debug::fmt(e, f),
+            LexError::CompilerPanic => {
+                let fallback = fallback::LexError::call_site();
+                Debug::fmt(&fallback, f)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for LexError {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            LexError::Compiler(e) => Display::fmt(e, f),
+            LexError::Fallback(e) => Display::fmt(e, f),
+            LexError::CompilerPanic => {
+                let fallback = fallback::LexError::call_site();
+                Display::fmt(&fallback, f)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) enum TokenTreeIter {
+    Compiler(proc_macro::token_stream::IntoIter),
+    Fallback(fallback::TokenTreeIter),
+}
+
+impl IntoIterator for TokenStream {
+    type Item = TokenTree;
+    type IntoIter = TokenTreeIter;
+
+    fn into_iter(self) -> TokenTreeIter {
+        match self {
+            TokenStream::Compiler(tts) => {
+                TokenTreeIter::Compiler(tts.into_token_stream().into_iter())
+            }
+            TokenStream::Fallback(tts) => TokenTreeIter::Fallback(tts.into_iter()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Iterator for TokenTreeIter {
+    type Item = TokenTree;
+
+    fn next(&mut self) -> Option<TokenTree> {
+        let token = match self {
+            TokenTreeIter::Compiler(iter) => iter.next()?,
+            TokenTreeIter::Fallback(iter) => return iter.next(),
+        };
+        Some(match token {
+            proc_macro::TokenTree::Group(tt) => crate::Group::_new(Group::Compiler(tt)).into(),
+            proc_macro::TokenTree::Punct(tt) => {
+                let spacing = match tt.spacing() {
+                    proc_macro::Spacing::Joint => Spacing::Joint,
+                    proc_macro::Spacing::Alone => Spacing::Alone,
+                };
+                let mut o = Punct::new(tt.as_char(), spacing);
+                o.set_span(crate::Span::_new(Span::Compiler(tt.span())));
+                o.into()
+            }
+            proc_macro::TokenTree::Ident(s) => crate::Ident::_new(Ident::Compiler(s)).into(),
+            proc_macro::TokenTree::Literal(l) => crate::Literal::_new(Literal::Compiler(l)).into(),
+        })
+    }
+
+    fn size_hint(&self) -> (usize, Option<usize>) {
+        match self {
+            TokenTreeIter::Compiler(tts) => tts.size_hint(),
+            TokenTreeIter::Fallback(tts) => tts.size_hint(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+#[cfg(super_unstable)]
+pub(crate) enum SourceFile {
+    Compiler(proc_macro::SourceFile),
+    Fallback(fallback::SourceFile),
+}
+
+#[cfg(super_unstable)]
+impl SourceFile {
+    fn nightly(sf: proc_macro::SourceFile) -> Self {
+        SourceFile::Compiler(sf)
+    }
+
+    /// Get the path to this source file as a string.
+    pub fn path(&self) -> PathBuf {
+        match self {
+            SourceFile::Compiler(a) => a.path(),
+            SourceFile::Fallback(a) => a.path(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn is_real(&self) -> bool {
+        match self {
+            SourceFile::Compiler(a) => a.is_real(),
+            SourceFile::Fallback(a) => a.is_real(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(super_unstable)]
+impl Debug for SourceFile {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            SourceFile::Compiler(a) => Debug::fmt(a, f),
+            SourceFile::Fallback(a) => Debug::fmt(a, f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Copy, Clone)]
+pub(crate) enum Span {
+    Compiler(proc_macro::Span),
+    Fallback(fallback::Span),
+}
+
+impl Span {
+    pub fn call_site() -> Self {
+        if inside_proc_macro() {
+            Span::Compiler(proc_macro::Span::call_site())
+        } else {
+            Span::Fallback(fallback::Span::call_site())
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn mixed_site() -> Self {
+        if inside_proc_macro() {
+            Span::Compiler(proc_macro::Span::mixed_site())
+        } else {
+            Span::Fallback(fallback::Span::mixed_site())
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(super_unstable)]
+    pub fn def_site() -> Self {
+        if inside_proc_macro() {
+            Span::Compiler(proc_macro::Span::def_site())
+        } else {
+            Span::Fallback(fallback::Span::def_site())
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn resolved_at(&self, other: Span) -> Span {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (Span::Compiler(a), Span::Compiler(b)) => Span::Compiler(a.resolved_at(b)),
+            (Span::Fallback(a), Span::Fallback(b)) => Span::Fallback(a.resolved_at(b)),
+            (Span::Compiler(_), Span::Fallback(_)) => mismatch(line!()),
+            (Span::Fallback(_), Span::Compiler(_)) => mismatch(line!()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn located_at(&self, other: Span) -> Span {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (Span::Compiler(a), Span::Compiler(b)) => Span::Compiler(a.located_at(b)),
+            (Span::Fallback(a), Span::Fallback(b)) => Span::Fallback(a.located_at(b)),
+            (Span::Compiler(_), Span::Fallback(_)) => mismatch(line!()),
+            (Span::Fallback(_), Span::Compiler(_)) => mismatch(line!()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn unwrap(self) -> proc_macro::Span {
+        match self {
+            Span::Compiler(s) => s,
+            Span::Fallback(_) => panic!("proc_macro::Span is only available in procedural macros"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(super_unstable)]
+    pub fn source_file(&self) -> SourceFile {
+        match self {
+            Span::Compiler(s) => SourceFile::nightly(s.source_file()),
+            Span::Fallback(s) => SourceFile::Fallback(s.source_file()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    pub fn byte_range(&self) -> Range<usize> {
+        match self {
+            #[cfg(proc_macro_span)]
+            Span::Compiler(s) => s.byte_range(),
+            #[cfg(not(proc_macro_span))]
+            Span::Compiler(_) => 0..0,
+            Span::Fallback(s) => s.byte_range(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    pub fn start(&self) -> LineColumn {
+        match self {
+            Span::Compiler(_) => LineColumn { line: 0, column: 0 },
+            Span::Fallback(s) => s.start(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    pub fn end(&self) -> LineColumn {
+        match self {
+            Span::Compiler(_) => LineColumn { line: 0, column: 0 },
+            Span::Fallback(s) => s.end(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn join(&self, other: Span) -> Option<Span> {
+        let ret = match (self, other) {
+            #[cfg(proc_macro_span)]
+            (Span::Compiler(a), Span::Compiler(b)) => Span::Compiler(a.join(b)?),
+            (Span::Fallback(a), Span::Fallback(b)) => Span::Fallback(a.join(b)?),
+            _ => return None,
+        };
+        Some(ret)
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(super_unstable)]
+    pub fn eq(&self, other: &Span) -> bool {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (Span::Compiler(a), Span::Compiler(b)) => a.eq(b),
+            (Span::Fallback(a), Span::Fallback(b)) => a.eq(b),
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn source_text(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        match self {
+            #[cfg(not(no_source_text))]
+            Span::Compiler(s) => s.source_text(),
+            #[cfg(no_source_text)]
+            Span::Compiler(_) => None,
+            Span::Fallback(s) => s.source_text(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn unwrap_nightly(self) -> proc_macro::Span {
+        match self {
+            Span::Compiler(s) => s,
+            Span::Fallback(_) => mismatch(line!()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<proc_macro::Span> for crate::Span {
+    fn from(proc_span: proc_macro::Span) -> Self {
+        crate::Span::_new(Span::Compiler(proc_span))
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<fallback::Span> for Span {
+    fn from(inner: fallback::Span) -> Self {
+        Span::Fallback(inner)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for Span {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Span::Compiler(s) => Debug::fmt(s, f),
+            Span::Fallback(s) => Debug::fmt(s, f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+pub(crate) fn debug_span_field_if_nontrivial(debug: &mut fmt::DebugStruct, span: Span) {
+    match span {
+        Span::Compiler(s) => {
+            debug.field("span", &s);
+        }
+        Span::Fallback(s) => fallback::debug_span_field_if_nontrivial(debug, s),
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) enum Group {
+    Compiler(proc_macro::Group),
+    Fallback(fallback::Group),
+}
+
+impl Group {
+    pub fn new(delimiter: Delimiter, stream: TokenStream) -> Self {
+        match stream {
+            TokenStream::Compiler(tts) => {
+                let delimiter = match delimiter {
+                    Delimiter::Parenthesis => proc_macro::Delimiter::Parenthesis,
+                    Delimiter::Bracket => proc_macro::Delimiter::Bracket,
+                    Delimiter::Brace => proc_macro::Delimiter::Brace,
+                    Delimiter::None => proc_macro::Delimiter::None,
+                };
+                Group::Compiler(proc_macro::Group::new(delimiter, tts.into_token_stream()))
+            }
+            TokenStream::Fallback(stream) => {
+                Group::Fallback(fallback::Group::new(delimiter, stream))
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn delimiter(&self) -> Delimiter {
+        match self {
+            Group::Compiler(g) => match g.delimiter() {
+                proc_macro::Delimiter::Parenthesis => Delimiter::Parenthesis,
+                proc_macro::Delimiter::Bracket => Delimiter::Bracket,
+                proc_macro::Delimiter::Brace => Delimiter::Brace,
+                proc_macro::Delimiter::None => Delimiter::None,
+            },
+            Group::Fallback(g) => g.delimiter(),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn stream(&self) -> TokenStream {
+        match self {
+            Group::Compiler(g) => TokenStream::Compiler(DeferredTokenStream::new(g.stream())),
+            Group::Fallback(g) => TokenStream::Fallback(g.stream()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        match self {
+            Group::Compiler(g) => Span::Compiler(g.span()),
+            Group::Fallback(g) => Span::Fallback(g.span()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn span_open(&self) -> Span {
+        match self {
+            Group::Compiler(g) => Span::Compiler(g.span_open()),
+            Group::Fallback(g) => Span::Fallback(g.span_open()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn span_close(&self) -> Span {
+        match self {
+            Group::Compiler(g) => Span::Compiler(g.span_close()),
+            Group::Fallback(g) => Span::Fallback(g.span_close()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_span(&mut self, span: Span) {
+        match (self, span) {
+            (Group::Compiler(g), Span::Compiler(s)) => g.set_span(s),
+            (Group::Fallback(g), Span::Fallback(s)) => g.set_span(s),
+            (Group::Compiler(_), Span::Fallback(_)) => mismatch(line!()),
+            (Group::Fallback(_), Span::Compiler(_)) => mismatch(line!()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn unwrap_nightly(self) -> proc_macro::Group {
+        match self {
+            Group::Compiler(g) => g,
+            Group::Fallback(_) => mismatch(line!()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<fallback::Group> for Group {
+    fn from(g: fallback::Group) -> Self {
+        Group::Fallback(g)
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for Group {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Group::Compiler(group) => Display::fmt(group, formatter),
+            Group::Fallback(group) => Display::fmt(group, formatter),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for Group {
+    fn fmt(&self, formatter: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Group::Compiler(group) => Debug::fmt(group, formatter),
+            Group::Fallback(group) => Debug::fmt(group, formatter),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) enum Ident {
+    Compiler(proc_macro::Ident),
+    Fallback(fallback::Ident),
+}
+
+impl Ident {
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn new_checked(string: &str, span: Span) -> Self {
+        match span {
+            Span::Compiler(s) => Ident::Compiler(proc_macro::Ident::new(string, s)),
+            Span::Fallback(s) => Ident::Fallback(fallback::Ident::new_checked(string, s)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_unchecked(string: &str, span: fallback::Span) -> Self {
+        Ident::Fallback(fallback::Ident::new_unchecked(string, span))
+    }
+
+    #[track_caller]
+    pub fn new_raw_checked(string: &str, span: Span) -> Self {
+        match span {
+            Span::Compiler(s) => Ident::Compiler(proc_macro::Ident::new_raw(string, s)),
+            Span::Fallback(s) => Ident::Fallback(fallback::Ident::new_raw_checked(string, s)),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn new_raw_unchecked(string: &str, span: fallback::Span) -> Self {
+        Ident::Fallback(fallback::Ident::new_raw_unchecked(string, span))
+    }
+
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        match self {
+            Ident::Compiler(t) => Span::Compiler(t.span()),
+            Ident::Fallback(t) => Span::Fallback(t.span()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_span(&mut self, span: Span) {
+        match (self, span) {
+            (Ident::Compiler(t), Span::Compiler(s)) => t.set_span(s),
+            (Ident::Fallback(t), Span::Fallback(s)) => t.set_span(s),
+            (Ident::Compiler(_), Span::Fallback(_)) => mismatch(line!()),
+            (Ident::Fallback(_), Span::Compiler(_)) => mismatch(line!()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn unwrap_nightly(self) -> proc_macro::Ident {
+        match self {
+            Ident::Compiler(s) => s,
+            Ident::Fallback(_) => mismatch(line!()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl PartialEq for Ident {
+    fn eq(&self, other: &Ident) -> bool {
+        match (self, other) {
+            (Ident::Compiler(t), Ident::Compiler(o)) => t.to_string() == o.to_string(),
+            (Ident::Fallback(t), Ident::Fallback(o)) => t == o,
+            (Ident::Compiler(_), Ident::Fallback(_)) => mismatch(line!()),
+            (Ident::Fallback(_), Ident::Compiler(_)) => mismatch(line!()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl<T> PartialEq<T> for Ident
+where
+    T: ?Sized + AsRef<str>,
+{
+    fn eq(&self, other: &T) -> bool {
+        let other = other.as_ref();
+        match self {
+            Ident::Compiler(t) => t.to_string() == other,
+            Ident::Fallback(t) => t == other,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for Ident {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Ident::Compiler(t) => Display::fmt(t, f),
+            Ident::Fallback(t) => Display::fmt(t, f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for Ident {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Ident::Compiler(t) => Debug::fmt(t, f),
+            Ident::Fallback(t) => Debug::fmt(t, f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[derive(Clone)]
+pub(crate) enum Literal {
+    Compiler(proc_macro::Literal),
+    Fallback(fallback::Literal),
+}
+
+macro_rules! suffixed_numbers {
+    ($($name:ident => $kind:ident,)*) => ($(
+        pub fn $name(n: $kind) -> Literal {
+            if inside_proc_macro() {
+                Literal::Compiler(proc_macro::Literal::$name(n))
+            } else {
+                Literal::Fallback(fallback::Literal::$name(n))
+            }
+        }
+    )*)
+}
+
+macro_rules! unsuffixed_integers {
+    ($($name:ident => $kind:ident,)*) => ($(
+        pub fn $name(n: $kind) -> Literal {
+            if inside_proc_macro() {
+                Literal::Compiler(proc_macro::Literal::$name(n))
+            } else {
+                Literal::Fallback(fallback::Literal::$name(n))
+            }
+        }
+    )*)
+}
+
+impl Literal {
+    pub unsafe fn from_str_unchecked(repr: &str) -> Self {
+        if inside_proc_macro() {
+            Literal::Compiler(proc_macro::Literal::from_str(repr).expect("invalid literal"))
+        } else {
+            Literal::Fallback(unsafe { fallback::Literal::from_str_unchecked(repr) })
+        }
+    }
+
+    suffixed_numbers! {
+        u8_suffixed => u8,
+        u16_suffixed => u16,
+        u32_suffixed => u32,
+        u64_suffixed => u64,
+        u128_suffixed => u128,
+        usize_suffixed => usize,
+        i8_suffixed => i8,
+        i16_suffixed => i16,
+        i32_suffixed => i32,
+        i64_suffixed => i64,
+        i128_suffixed => i128,
+        isize_suffixed => isize,
+
+        f32_suffixed => f32,
+        f64_suffixed => f64,
+    }
+
+    unsuffixed_integers! {
+        u8_unsuffixed => u8,
+        u16_unsuffixed => u16,
+        u32_unsuffixed => u32,
+        u64_unsuffixed => u64,
+        u128_unsuffixed => u128,
+        usize_unsuffixed => usize,
+        i8_unsuffixed => i8,
+        i16_unsuffixed => i16,
+        i32_unsuffixed => i32,
+        i64_unsuffixed => i64,
+        i128_unsuffixed => i128,
+        isize_unsuffixed => isize,
+    }
+
+    pub fn f32_unsuffixed(f: f32) -> Literal {
+        if inside_proc_macro() {
+            Literal::Compiler(proc_macro::Literal::f32_unsuffixed(f))
+        } else {
+            Literal::Fallback(fallback::Literal::f32_unsuffixed(f))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn f64_unsuffixed(f: f64) -> Literal {
+        if inside_proc_macro() {
+            Literal::Compiler(proc_macro::Literal::f64_unsuffixed(f))
+        } else {
+            Literal::Fallback(fallback::Literal::f64_unsuffixed(f))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn string(string: &str) -> Literal {
+        if inside_proc_macro() {
+            Literal::Compiler(proc_macro::Literal::string(string))
+        } else {
+            Literal::Fallback(fallback::Literal::string(string))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn character(ch: char) -> Literal {
+        if inside_proc_macro() {
+            Literal::Compiler(proc_macro::Literal::character(ch))
+        } else {
+            Literal::Fallback(fallback::Literal::character(ch))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn byte_character(byte: u8) -> Literal {
+        if inside_proc_macro() {
+            Literal::Compiler({
+                #[cfg(not(no_literal_byte_character))]
+                {
+                    proc_macro::Literal::byte_character(byte)
+                }
+
+                #[cfg(no_literal_byte_character)]
+                {
+                    let fallback = fallback::Literal::byte_character(byte);
+                    fallback.repr.parse::<proc_macro::Literal>().unwrap()
+                }
+            })
+        } else {
+            Literal::Fallback(fallback::Literal::byte_character(byte))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn byte_string(bytes: &[u8]) -> Literal {
+        if inside_proc_macro() {
+            Literal::Compiler(proc_macro::Literal::byte_string(bytes))
+        } else {
+            Literal::Fallback(fallback::Literal::byte_string(bytes))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn c_string(string: &CStr) -> Literal {
+        if inside_proc_macro() {
+            Literal::Compiler({
+                #[cfg(not(no_literal_c_string))]
+                {
+                    proc_macro::Literal::c_string(string)
+                }
+
+                #[cfg(no_literal_c_string)]
+                {
+                    let fallback = fallback::Literal::c_string(string);
+                    fallback.repr.parse::<proc_macro::Literal>().unwrap()
+                }
+            })
+        } else {
+            Literal::Fallback(fallback::Literal::c_string(string))
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn span(&self) -> Span {
+        match self {
+            Literal::Compiler(lit) => Span::Compiler(lit.span()),
+            Literal::Fallback(lit) => Span::Fallback(lit.span()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn set_span(&mut self, span: Span) {
+        match (self, span) {
+            (Literal::Compiler(lit), Span::Compiler(s)) => lit.set_span(s),
+            (Literal::Fallback(lit), Span::Fallback(s)) => lit.set_span(s),
+            (Literal::Compiler(_), Span::Fallback(_)) => mismatch(line!()),
+            (Literal::Fallback(_), Span::Compiler(_)) => mismatch(line!()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    pub fn subspan<R: RangeBounds<usize>>(&self, range: R) -> Option<Span> {
+        match self {
+            #[cfg(proc_macro_span)]
+            Literal::Compiler(lit) => lit.subspan(range).map(Span::Compiler),
+            #[cfg(not(proc_macro_span))]
+            Literal::Compiler(_lit) => None,
+            Literal::Fallback(lit) => lit.subspan(range).map(Span::Fallback),
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn unwrap_nightly(self) -> proc_macro::Literal {
+        match self {
+            Literal::Compiler(s) => s,
+            Literal::Fallback(_) => mismatch(line!()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl From<fallback::Literal> for Literal {
+    fn from(s: fallback::Literal) -> Self {
+        Literal::Fallback(s)
+    }
+}
+
+impl FromStr for Literal {
+    type Err = LexError;
+
+    fn from_str(repr: &str) -> Result<Self, Self::Err> {
+        if inside_proc_macro() {
+            let literal = proc_macro::Literal::from_str(repr)?;
+            Ok(Literal::Compiler(literal))
+        } else {
+            let literal = fallback::Literal::from_str(repr)?;
+            Ok(Literal::Fallback(literal))
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Display for Literal {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Literal::Compiler(t) => Display::fmt(t, f),
+            Literal::Fallback(t) => Display::fmt(t, f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl Debug for Literal {
+    fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
+        match self {
+            Literal::Compiler(t) => Debug::fmt(t, f),
+            Literal::Fallback(t) => Debug::fmt(t, f),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(span_locations)]
+pub(crate) fn invalidate_current_thread_spans() {
+    if inside_proc_macro() {
+        panic!(
+            "proc_macro2::extra::invalidate_current_thread_spans is not available in procedural macros"
+        );
+    } else {
+        crate::fallback::invalidate_current_thread_spans();
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/tests/comments.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/tests/comments.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4f7236dea9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/tests/comments.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,105 @@
+#![allow(clippy::assertions_on_result_states)]
+
+use proc_macro2::{Delimiter, Literal, Spacing, TokenStream, TokenTree};
+
+// #[doc = "..."] -> "..."
+fn lit_of_outer_doc_comment(tokens: &TokenStream) -> Literal {
+    lit_of_doc_comment(tokens, false)
+}
+
+// #![doc = "..."] -> "..."
+fn lit_of_inner_doc_comment(tokens: &TokenStream) -> Literal {
+    lit_of_doc_comment(tokens, true)
+}
+
+fn lit_of_doc_comment(tokens: &TokenStream, inner: bool) -> Literal {
+    let mut iter = tokens.clone().into_iter();
+    match iter.next().unwrap() {
+        TokenTree::Punct(punct) => {
+            assert_eq!(punct.as_char(), '#');
+            assert_eq!(punct.spacing(), Spacing::Alone);
+        }
+        _ => panic!("wrong token {:?}", tokens),
+    }
+    if inner {
+        match iter.next().unwrap() {
+            TokenTree::Punct(punct) => {
+                assert_eq!(punct.as_char(), '!');
+                assert_eq!(punct.spacing(), Spacing::Alone);
+            }
+            _ => panic!("wrong token {:?}", tokens),
+        }
+    }
+    iter = match iter.next().unwrap() {
+        TokenTree::Group(group) => {
+            assert_eq!(group.delimiter(), Delimiter::Bracket);
+            assert!(iter.next().is_none(), "unexpected token {:?}", tokens);
+            group.stream().into_iter()
+        }
+        _ => panic!("wrong token {:?}", tokens),
+    };
+    match iter.next().unwrap() {
+        TokenTree::Ident(ident) => assert_eq!(ident.to_string(), "doc"),
+        _ => panic!("wrong token {:?}", tokens),
+    }
+    match iter.next().unwrap() {
+        TokenTree::Punct(punct) => {
+            assert_eq!(punct.as_char(), '=');
+            assert_eq!(punct.spacing(), Spacing::Alone);
+        }
+        _ => panic!("wrong token {:?}", tokens),
+    }
+    match iter.next().unwrap() {
+        TokenTree::Literal(literal) => {
+            assert!(iter.next().is_none(), "unexpected token {:?}", tokens);
+            literal
+        }
+        _ => panic!("wrong token {:?}", tokens),
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn closed_immediately() {
+    let stream = "/**/".parse::<TokenStream>().unwrap();
+    let tokens = stream.into_iter().collect::<Vec<_>>();
+    assert!(tokens.is_empty(), "not empty -- {:?}", tokens);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn incomplete() {
+    assert!("/*/".parse::<TokenStream>().is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lit() {
+    let stream = "/// doc".parse::<TokenStream>().unwrap();
+    let lit = lit_of_outer_doc_comment(&stream);
+    assert_eq!(lit.to_string(), "\" doc\"");
+
+    let stream = "//! doc".parse::<TokenStream>().unwrap();
+    let lit = lit_of_inner_doc_comment(&stream);
+    assert_eq!(lit.to_string(), "\" doc\"");
+
+    let stream = "/** doc */".parse::<TokenStream>().unwrap();
+    let lit = lit_of_outer_doc_comment(&stream);
+    assert_eq!(lit.to_string(), "\" doc \"");
+
+    let stream = "/*! doc */".parse::<TokenStream>().unwrap();
+    let lit = lit_of_inner_doc_comment(&stream);
+    assert_eq!(lit.to_string(), "\" doc \"");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn carriage_return() {
+    let stream = "///\r\n".parse::<TokenStream>().unwrap();
+    let lit = lit_of_outer_doc_comment(&stream);
+    assert_eq!(lit.to_string(), "\"\"");
+
+    let stream = "/**\r\n*/".parse::<TokenStream>().unwrap();
+    let lit = lit_of_outer_doc_comment(&stream);
+    assert_eq!(lit.to_string(), "\"\\r\\n\"");
+
+    "///\r".parse::<TokenStream>().unwrap_err();
+    "///\r \n".parse::<TokenStream>().unwrap_err();
+    "/**\r \n*/".parse::<TokenStream>().unwrap_err();
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/tests/features.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/tests/features.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..073f6e60fb
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/tests/features.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+#[test]
+#[ignore]
+fn make_sure_no_proc_macro() {
+    assert!(
+        !cfg!(feature = "proc-macro"),
+        "still compiled with proc_macro?"
+    );
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/tests/marker.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/tests/marker.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..99f64c068f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/tests/marker.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,100 @@
+#![allow(clippy::extra_unused_type_parameters)]
+
+use proc_macro2::{
+    Delimiter, Group, Ident, LexError, Literal, Punct, Spacing, Span, TokenStream, TokenTree,
+};
+
+macro_rules! assert_impl {
+    ($ty:ident is $($marker:ident) and +) => {
+        #[test]
+        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+        fn $ty() {
+            fn assert_implemented<T: $($marker +)+>() {}
+            assert_implemented::<$ty>();
+        }
+    };
+
+    ($ty:ident is not $($marker:ident) or +) => {
+        #[test]
+        #[allow(non_snake_case)]
+        fn $ty() {
+            $(
+                {
+                    // Implemented for types that implement $marker.
+                    #[allow(dead_code)]
+                    trait IsNotImplemented {
+                        fn assert_not_implemented() {}
+                    }
+                    impl<T: $marker> IsNotImplemented for T {}
+
+                    // Implemented for the type being tested.
+                    trait IsImplemented {
+                        fn assert_not_implemented() {}
+                    }
+                    impl IsImplemented for $ty {}
+
+                    // If $ty does not implement $marker, there is no ambiguity
+                    // in the following trait method call.
+                    <$ty>::assert_not_implemented();
+                }
+            )+
+        }
+    };
+}
+
+assert_impl!(Delimiter is Send and Sync);
+assert_impl!(Spacing is Send and Sync);
+
+assert_impl!(Group is not Send or Sync);
+assert_impl!(Ident is not Send or Sync);
+assert_impl!(LexError is not Send or Sync);
+assert_impl!(Literal is not Send or Sync);
+assert_impl!(Punct is not Send or Sync);
+assert_impl!(Span is not Send or Sync);
+assert_impl!(TokenStream is not Send or Sync);
+assert_impl!(TokenTree is not Send or Sync);
+
+#[cfg(procmacro2_semver_exempt)]
+mod semver_exempt {
+    use proc_macro2::{LineColumn, SourceFile};
+
+    assert_impl!(LineColumn is Send and Sync);
+
+    assert_impl!(SourceFile is not Send or Sync);
+}
+
+mod unwind_safe {
+    use proc_macro2::{
+        Delimiter, Group, Ident, LexError, Literal, Punct, Spacing, Span, TokenStream, TokenTree,
+    };
+    #[cfg(procmacro2_semver_exempt)]
+    use proc_macro2::{LineColumn, SourceFile};
+    use std::panic::{RefUnwindSafe, UnwindSafe};
+
+    macro_rules! assert_unwind_safe {
+        ($($types:ident)*) => {
+            $(
+                assert_impl!($types is UnwindSafe and RefUnwindSafe);
+            )*
+        };
+    }
+
+    assert_unwind_safe! {
+        Delimiter
+        Group
+        Ident
+        LexError
+        Literal
+        Punct
+        Spacing
+        Span
+        TokenStream
+        TokenTree
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(procmacro2_semver_exempt)]
+    assert_unwind_safe! {
+        LineColumn
+        SourceFile
+    }
+}
diff --git a/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/tests/test.rs b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/tests/test.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..0d7c88d3df
--- /dev/null
+++ b/rust/hw/char/pl011/vendor/proc-macro2/tests/test.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,905 @@
+#![allow(
+    clippy::assertions_on_result_states,
+    clippy::items_after_statements,
+    clippy::needless_pass_by_value,
+    clippy::needless_raw_string_hashes,
+    clippy::non_ascii_literal,
+    clippy::octal_escapes
+)]
+
+use proc_macro2::{Ident, Literal, Punct, Spacing, Span, TokenStream, TokenTree};
+use std::ffi::CStr;
+use std::iter;
+use std::str::{self, FromStr};
+
+#[test]
+fn idents() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Ident::new("String", Span::call_site()).to_string(),
+        "String"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Ident::new("fn", Span::call_site()).to_string(), "fn");
+    assert_eq!(Ident::new("_", Span::call_site()).to_string(), "_");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn raw_idents() {
+    assert_eq!(
+        Ident::new_raw("String", Span::call_site()).to_string(),
+        "r#String"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(Ident::new_raw("fn", Span::call_site()).to_string(), "r#fn");
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "`r#_` cannot be a raw identifier")]
+fn ident_raw_underscore() {
+    Ident::new_raw("_", Span::call_site());
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "`r#super` cannot be a raw identifier")]
+fn ident_raw_reserved() {
+    Ident::new_raw("super", Span::call_site());
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Ident is not allowed to be empty; use Option<Ident>")]
+fn ident_empty() {
+    Ident::new("", Span::call_site());
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "Ident cannot be a number; use Literal instead")]
+fn ident_number() {
+    Ident::new("255", Span::call_site());
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "\"a#\" is not a valid Ident")]
+fn ident_invalid() {
+    Ident::new("a#", Span::call_site());
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "not a valid Ident")]
+fn raw_ident_empty() {
+    Ident::new("r#", Span::call_site());
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "not a valid Ident")]
+fn raw_ident_number() {
+    Ident::new("r#255", Span::call_site());
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "\"r#a#\" is not a valid Ident")]
+fn raw_ident_invalid() {
+    Ident::new("r#a#", Span::call_site());
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "not a valid Ident")]
+fn lifetime_empty() {
+    Ident::new("'", Span::call_site());
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = "not a valid Ident")]
+fn lifetime_number() {
+    Ident::new("'255", Span::call_site());
+}
+
+#[test]
+#[should_panic(expected = r#""'a#" is not a valid Ident"#)]
+fn lifetime_invalid() {
+    Ident::new("'a#", Span::call_site());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_string() {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn assert(literal: Literal, expected: &str) {
+        assert_eq!(literal.to_string(), expected.trim());
+    }
+
+    assert(Literal::string(""), r#"  ""  "#);
+    assert(Literal::string("aA"), r#"  "aA"  "#);
+    assert(Literal::string("\t"), r#"  "\t"  "#);
+    assert(Literal::string("❤"), r#"  "❤"  "#);
+    assert(Literal::string("'"), r#"  "'"  "#);
+    assert(Literal::string("\""), r#"  "\""  "#);
+    assert(Literal::string("\0"), r#"  "\0"  "#);
+    assert(Literal::string("\u{1}"), r#"  "\u{1}"  "#);
+    assert(
+        Literal::string("a\00b\07c\08d\0e\0"),
+        r#"  "a\x000b\x007c\08d\0e\0"  "#,
+    );
+
+    "\"\\\r\n    x\"".parse::<TokenStream>().unwrap();
+    "\"\\\r\n  \rx\"".parse::<TokenStream>().unwrap_err();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_raw_string() {
+    "r\"\r\n\"".parse::<TokenStream>().unwrap();
+
+    fn raw_string_literal_with_hashes(n: usize) -> String {
+        let mut literal = String::new();
+        literal.push('r');
+        literal.extend(iter::repeat('#').take(n));
+        literal.push('"');
+        literal.push('"');
+        literal.extend(iter::repeat('#').take(n));
+        literal
+    }
+
+    raw_string_literal_with_hashes(255)
+        .parse::<TokenStream>()
+        .unwrap();
+
+    // https://github.com/rust-lang/rust/pull/95251
+    raw_string_literal_with_hashes(256)
+        .parse::<TokenStream>()
+        .unwrap_err();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_byte_character() {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn assert(literal: Literal, expected: &str) {
+        assert_eq!(literal.to_string(), expected.trim());
+    }
+
+    assert(Literal::byte_character(b'a'), r#"  b'a'  "#);
+    assert(Literal::byte_character(b'\0'), r#"  b'\0'  "#);
+    assert(Literal::byte_character(b'\t'), r#"  b'\t'  "#);
+    assert(Literal::byte_character(b'\n'), r#"  b'\n'  "#);
+    assert(Literal::byte_character(b'\r'), r#"  b'\r'  "#);
+    assert(Literal::byte_character(b'\''), r#"  b'\''  "#);
+    assert(Literal::byte_character(b'\\'), r#"  b'\\'  "#);
+    assert(Literal::byte_character(b'\x1f'), r#"  b'\x1F'  "#);
+    assert(Literal::byte_character(b'"'), r#"  b'"'  "#);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_byte_string() {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn assert(literal: Literal, expected: &str) {
+        assert_eq!(literal.to_string(), expected.trim());
+    }
+
+    assert(Literal::byte_string(b""), r#"  b""  "#);
+    assert(Literal::byte_string(b"\0"), r#"  b"\0"  "#);
+    assert(Literal::byte_string(b"\t"), r#"  b"\t"  "#);
+    assert(Literal::byte_string(b"\n"), r#"  b"\n"  "#);
+    assert(Literal::byte_string(b"\r"), r#"  b"\r"  "#);
+    assert(Literal::byte_string(b"\""), r#"  b"\""  "#);
+    assert(Literal::byte_string(b"\\"), r#"  b"\\"  "#);
+    assert(Literal::byte_string(b"\x1f"), r#"  b"\x1F"  "#);
+    assert(Literal::byte_string(b"'"), r#"  b"'"  "#);
+    assert(
+        Literal::byte_string(b"a\00b\07c\08d\0e\0"),
+        r#"  b"a\x000b\x007c\08d\0e\0"  "#,
+    );
+
+    "b\"\\\r\n    x\"".parse::<TokenStream>().unwrap();
+    "b\"\\\r\n  \rx\"".parse::<TokenStream>().unwrap_err();
+    "b\"\\\r\n  \u{a0}x\"".parse::<TokenStream>().unwrap_err();
+    "br\"\u{a0}\"".parse::<TokenStream>().unwrap_err();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_c_string() {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn assert(literal: Literal, expected: &str) {
+        assert_eq!(literal.to_string(), expected.trim());
+    }
+
+    assert(Literal::c_string(<&CStr>::default()), r#"  c""  "#);
+    assert(
+        Literal::c_string(CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"aA\0").unwrap()),
+        r#"  c"aA"  "#,
+    );
+    assert(
+        Literal::c_string(CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"aA\0").unwrap()),
+        r#"  c"aA"  "#,
+    );
+    assert(
+        Literal::c_string(CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"\t\0").unwrap()),
+        r#"  c"\t"  "#,
+    );
+    assert(
+        Literal::c_string(CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"\xE2\x9D\xA4\0").unwrap()),
+        r#"  c"❤"  "#,
+    );
+    assert(
+        Literal::c_string(CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"'\0").unwrap()),
+        r#"  c"'"  "#,
+    );
+    assert(
+        Literal::c_string(CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"\"\0").unwrap()),
+        r#"  c"\""  "#,
+    );
+    assert(
+        Literal::c_string(CStr::from_bytes_with_nul(b"\x7F\xFF\xFE\xCC\xB3\0").unwrap()),
+        r#"  c"\u{7f}\xFF\xFE\u{333}"  "#,
+    );
+
+    let strings = r###"
+        c"hello\x80我叫\u{1F980}"  // from the RFC
+        cr"\"
+        cr##"Hello "world"!"##
+        c"\t\n\r\"\\"
+    "###;
+
+    let mut tokens = strings.parse::<TokenStream>().unwrap().into_iter();
+
+    for expected in &[
+        r#"c"hello\x80我叫\u{1F980}""#,
+        r#"cr"\""#,
+        r###"cr##"Hello "world"!"##"###,
+        r#"c"\t\n\r\"\\""#,
+    ] {
+        match tokens.next().unwrap() {
+            TokenTree::Literal(literal) => {
+                assert_eq!(literal.to_string(), *expected);
+            }
+            unexpected => panic!("unexpected token: {:?}", unexpected),
+        }
+    }
+
+    if let Some(unexpected) = tokens.next() {
+        panic!("unexpected token: {:?}", unexpected);
+    }
+
+    for invalid in &[r#"c"\0""#, r#"c"\x00""#, r#"c"\u{0}""#, "c\"\0\""] {
+        if let Ok(unexpected) = invalid.parse::<TokenStream>() {
+            panic!("unexpected token: {:?}", unexpected);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_character() {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn assert(literal: Literal, expected: &str) {
+        assert_eq!(literal.to_string(), expected.trim());
+    }
+
+    assert(Literal::character('a'), r#"  'a'  "#);
+    assert(Literal::character('\t'), r#"  '\t'  "#);
+    assert(Literal::character('❤'), r#"  '❤'  "#);
+    assert(Literal::character('\''), r#"  '\''  "#);
+    assert(Literal::character('"'), r#"  '"'  "#);
+    assert(Literal::character('\0'), r#"  '\0'  "#);
+    assert(Literal::character('\u{1}'), r#"  '\u{1}'  "#);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_integer() {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn assert(literal: Literal, expected: &str) {
+        assert_eq!(literal.to_string(), expected);
+    }
+
+    assert(Literal::u8_suffixed(10), "10u8");
+    assert(Literal::u16_suffixed(10), "10u16");
+    assert(Literal::u32_suffixed(10), "10u32");
+    assert(Literal::u64_suffixed(10), "10u64");
+    assert(Literal::u128_suffixed(10), "10u128");
+    assert(Literal::usize_suffixed(10), "10usize");
+
+    assert(Literal::i8_suffixed(10), "10i8");
+    assert(Literal::i16_suffixed(10), "10i16");
+    assert(Literal::i32_suffixed(10), "10i32");
+    assert(Literal::i64_suffixed(10), "10i64");
+    assert(Literal::i128_suffixed(10), "10i128");
+    assert(Literal::isize_suffixed(10), "10isize");
+
+    assert(Literal::u8_unsuffixed(10), "10");
+    assert(Literal::u16_unsuffixed(10), "10");
+    assert(Literal::u32_unsuffixed(10), "10");
+    assert(Literal::u64_unsuffixed(10), "10");
+    assert(Literal::u128_unsuffixed(10), "10");
+    assert(Literal::usize_unsuffixed(10), "10");
+
+    assert(Literal::i8_unsuffixed(10), "10");
+    assert(Literal::i16_unsuffixed(10), "10");
+    assert(Literal::i32_unsuffixed(10), "10");
+    assert(Literal::i64_unsuffixed(10), "10");
+    assert(Literal::i128_unsuffixed(10), "10");
+    assert(Literal::isize_unsuffixed(10), "10");
+
+    assert(Literal::i32_suffixed(-10), "-10i32");
+    assert(Literal::i32_unsuffixed(-10), "-10");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_float() {
+    #[track_caller]
+    fn assert(literal: Literal, expected: &str) {
+        assert_eq!(literal.to_string(), expected);
+    }
+
+    assert(Literal::f32_suffixed(10.0), "10f32");
+    assert(Literal::f32_suffixed(-10.0), "-10f32");
+    assert(Literal::f64_suffixed(10.0), "10f64");
+    assert(Literal::f64_suffixed(-10.0), "-10f64");
+
+    assert(Literal::f32_unsuffixed(10.0), "10.0");
+    assert(Literal::f32_unsuffixed(-10.0), "-10.0");
+    assert(Literal::f64_unsuffixed(10.0), "10.0");
+    assert(Literal::f64_unsuffixed(-10.0), "-10.0");
+
+    assert(
+        Literal::f64_unsuffixed(1e100),
+        "10000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000.0",
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_suffix() {
+    fn token_count(p: &str) -> usize {
+        p.parse::<TokenStream>().unwrap().into_iter().count()
+    }
+
+    assert_eq!(token_count("999u256"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("999r#u256"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("1."), 1);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("1.f32"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("1.0_0"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("1._0"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("1._m"), 3);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("\"\"s"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("r\"\"r"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("r#\"\"#r"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("b\"\"b"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("br\"\"br"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("br#\"\"#br"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("c\"\"c"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("cr\"\"cr"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("cr#\"\"#cr"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("'c'c"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("b'b'b"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("0E"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("0o0A"), 1);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("0E--0"), 4);
+    assert_eq!(token_count("0.0ECMA"), 1);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_iter_negative() {
+    let negative_literal = Literal::i32_suffixed(-3);
+    let tokens = TokenStream::from(TokenTree::Literal(negative_literal));
+    let mut iter = tokens.into_iter();
+    match iter.next().unwrap() {
+        TokenTree::Punct(punct) => {
+            assert_eq!(punct.as_char(), '-');
+            assert_eq!(punct.spacing(), Spacing::Alone);
+        }
+        unexpected => panic!("unexpected token {:?}", unexpected),
+    }
+    match iter.next().unwrap() {
+        TokenTree::Literal(literal) => {
+            assert_eq!(literal.to_string(), "3i32");
+        }
+        unexpected => panic!("unexpected token {:?}", unexpected),
+    }
+    assert!(iter.next().is_none());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_parse() {
+    assert!("1".parse::<Literal>().is_ok());
+    assert!("-1".parse::<Literal>().is_ok());
+    assert!("-1u12".parse::<Literal>().is_ok());
+    assert!("1.0".parse::<Literal>().is_ok());
+    assert!("-1.0".parse::<Literal>().is_ok());
+    assert!("-1.0f12".parse::<Literal>().is_ok());
+    assert!("'a'".parse::<Literal>().is_ok());
+    assert!("\"\n\"".parse::<Literal>().is_ok());
+    assert!("0 1".parse::<Literal>().is_err());
+    assert!(" 0".parse::<Literal>().is_err());
+    assert!("0 ".parse::<Literal>().is_err());
+    assert!("/* comment */0".parse::<Literal>().is_err());
+    assert!("0/* comment */".parse::<Literal>().is_err());
+    assert!("0// comment".parse::<Literal>().is_err());
+    assert!("- 1".parse::<Literal>().is_err());
+    assert!("- 1.0".parse::<Literal>().is_err());
+    assert!("-\"\"".parse::<Literal>().is_err());
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn literal_span() {
+    let positive = "0.1".parse::<Literal>().unwrap();
+    let negative = "-0.1".parse::<Literal>().unwrap();
+    let subspan = positive.subspan(1..2);
+
+    #[cfg(not(span_locations))]
+    {
+        let _ = negative;
+        assert!(subspan.is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[cfg(span_locations)]
+    {
+        assert_eq!(positive.span().start().column, 0);
+        assert_eq!(positive.span().end().column, 3);
+        assert_eq!(negative.span().start().column, 0);
+        assert_eq!(negative.span().end().column, 4);
+        assert_eq!(subspan.unwrap().source_text().unwrap(), ".");
+    }
+
+    assert!(positive.subspan(1..4).is_none());
+}
+
+#[cfg(span_locations)]
+#[test]
+fn source_text() {
+    let input = "    