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+# Preface
+
+The document is an early draft for 1:1 direct-map memory map
+(`guest physical == physical`) of domUs and Static Allocation.
+Since the implementation of these two features shares a lot, we would like
+to introduce both in one design.
+
+Right now, these two features are limited to ARM architecture.
+
+This design aims to describe why and how the guest would be created as 1:1
+direct-map domain, and why and what the static allocation is.
+
+This document is partly based on Stefano Stabellini's patch serie v1:
+[direct-map DomUs](
+https://lists.xenproject.org/archives/html/xen-devel/2020-04/msg00707.html).
+
+This is a first draft and some questions are still unanswered. When this is
+the case, it will be included under chapter `DISCUSSION`.
+
+# Introduction on Static Allocation
+
+Static allocation refers to system or sub-system(domains) for which memory
+areas are pre-defined by configuration using physical address ranges.
+
+## Background
+
+Cases where needs static allocation:
+
+  * Static allocation needed whenever a system has a pre-defined non-changing
+behaviour. This is usually the case in safety world where system must behave
+the same upon reboot, so memory resource for both XEN and domains should be
+static and pre-defined.
+
+  * Static allocation needed whenever a guest wants to allocate memory
+from refined memory ranges. For example, a system has one high-speed RAM
+region, and would like to assign it to one specific domain.
+
+  * Static allocation needed whenever a system needs a guest restricted to some
+known memory area due to hardware limitations reason. For example, some device
+can only do DMA to a specific part of the memory.
+
+Limitations:
+  * There is no consideration for PV devices at the moment.
+
+## Design on Static Allocation
+
+Static allocation refers to system or sub-system(domains) for which memory
+areas are pre-defined by configuration using physical address ranges.
+
+These pre-defined memory, -- Static Momery, as parts of RAM reserved in the
+beginning, shall never go to heap allocator or boot allocator for any use.
+
+### Static Allocation for Domains
+
+### New Deivce Tree Node: `xen,static_mem`
+
+Here introduces new `xen,static_mem` node to define static memory nodes for
+one specific domain.
+
+For domains on static allocation, users need to pre-define guest RAM regions in
+configuration, through `xen,static_mem` node under approriate `domUx` node.
+
+Here is one example:
+
+
+        domU1 {
+            compatible = "xen,domain";
+            #address-cells = <0x2>;
+            #size-cells = <0x2>;
+            cpus = <2>;
+            xen,static-mem = <0x0 0xa0000000 0x0 0x20000000>;
+            ...
+        };
+
+RAM at 0xa0000000 of 512 MB are static memory reserved for domU1 as its RAM.
+
+### New Page Flag: `PGC_reserved`
+
+In order to differentiate and manage pages reserved as static memory with
+those which are allocated from heap allocator for normal domains, we shall
+introduce a new page flag `PGC_reserved` to tell.
+
+Grant pages `PGC_reserved` when initializing static memory.
+
+### New linked page list: `reserved_page_list` in  `struct domain`
+
+Right now, for normal domains, on assigning pages to domain, pages allocated
+from heap allocator as guest RAM shall be inserted to one linked page
+list `page_list` for later managing and storing.
+
+So in order to tell, pages allocated from static memory, shall be inserted
+to a different linked page list `reserved_page_list`.
+
+Later, when domain get destroyed and memory relinquished, only pages in
+`page_list` go back to heap, and pages in `reserved_page_list` shall not.
+
+### Memory Allocation for Domains on Static Allocation
+
+RAM regions pre-defined as static memory for one specifc domain shall be parsed
+and reserved from the beginning. And they shall never go to any memory
+allocator for any use.
+
+Later when allocating static memory for this specific domain, after acquiring
+those reserved regions, users need to a do set of verification before
+assigning.
+For each page there, it at least includes the following steps:
+1. Check if it is in free state and has zero reference count.
+2. Check if the page is reserved(`PGC_reserved`).
+
+Then, assigning these pages to this specific domain, and all pages go to one
+new linked page list `reserved_page_list`.
+
+At last, set up guest P2M mapping. By default, it shall be mapped to the fixed
+guest RAM address `GUEST_RAM0_BASE`, `GUEST_RAM1_BASE`, just like normal
+domains. But later in 1:1 direct-map design, if `direct-map` is set, the guest
+physical address will equal to physical address.
+
+### Static Allocation for Xen itself
+
+### New Deivce Tree Node: `xen,reserved_heap`
+
+Static memory for Xen heap refers to parts of RAM reserved in the beginning
+for Xen heap only. The memory is pre-defined through XEN configuration
+using physical address ranges.
+
+The reserved memory for Xen heap is an optional feature and can be enabled
+by adding a device tree property in the `chosen` node. Currently, this feature
+is only supported on AArch64.
+
+Here is one example:
+
+
+        chosen {
+            xen,reserved-heap = <0x0 0x30000000 0x0 0x40000000>;
+            ...
+        };
+
+RAM at 0x30000000 of 1G size will be reserved as heap memory. Later, heap
+allocator will allocate memory only from this specific region.
+
+# Introduction on 1:1 direct-map
+
+## Background
+
+Cases where domU needs 1:1 direct-map memory map:
+
+  * IOMMU not present in the system.
+  * IOMMU disabled if it doesn't cover a specific device and all the guests
+are trusted. Thinking a mixed scenario, where a few devices with IOMMU and
+a few without, then guest DMA security still could not be totally guaranteed.
+So users may want to disable the IOMMU, to at least gain some performance
+improvement from IOMMU disabled.
+  * IOMMU disabled as a workaround when it doesn't have enough bandwidth.
+To be specific, in a few extreme situation, when multiple devices do DMA
+concurrently, these requests may exceed IOMMU's transmission capacity.
+  * IOMMU disabled when it adds too much latency on DMA. For example,
+TLB may be missing in some IOMMU hardware, which may bring latency in DMA
+progress, so users may want to disable it in some realtime scenario.
+
+*WARNING:
+Users should be aware that it is not always secure to assign a device without
+IOMMU/SMMU protection.
+When the device is not protected by the IOMMU/SMMU, the administrator should
+make sure that:
+ 1. The device is assigned to a trusted guest.
+ 2. Users have additional security mechanism on the platform.
+
+Limitations:
+  * There is no consideration for PV devices at the moment.
+
+## Design on 1:1 direct-map
+
+Here only supports 1:1 direct-map with user-defined memory regions.
+
+The implementation may cover following aspects:
+
+### Native Address and IRQ numbers for GIC and UART(vPL011)
+
+Today, fixed addresses and IRQ numbers are used to map GIC and UART(vPL011)
+in DomUs. And it may cause potential clash on 1:1 direct-map domains.
+So, Using native addresses and irq numbers for GIC, UART(vPL011), in
+1:1 direct-map domains is necessary.
+
+For the virtual interrupt of vPL011: instead of always using
+`GUEST_VPL011_SPI`, try to reuse the physical SPI number if possible.
+
+### New Device Tree Node: `direct-map` Option
+
+Introduce a new option `direct-map` for 1:1 direct-map domains.
+
+When users allocating an 1:1 direct-map domain, `direct-map` property needs
+to be added under the appropriate `/chosen/domUx`. For now, since only
+supporting 1:1 direct-map with user-defined memory regions, users must choose
+RAM banks as 1:1 dirct-map guest RAM, through `xen,static-mem`, which has
+been elaborated before in chapter `New Deivce Tree Node: `xen,static_mem``.
+
+Hers is one example to allocate one 1:1 direct-map domain:
+
+
+            chosen {
+                ...
+                domU1 {
+                    compatible = "xen, domain";
+                    #address-cells = <0x2>;
+                    #size-cells = <0x2>;
+                    cpus = <2>;
+                    vpl011;
+                    direct-map;
+                    xen,static-mem = <0x0 0x30000000 0x0 0x40000000>;
+                    ...
+                };
+                ...
+            };
+
+DOMU1 is an 1:1 direct-map domain with reserved RAM at 0x30000000 of 1G size.
+
+### Memory Allocation for 1:1 direct-map Domain
+
+Implementing memory allocation for 1:1 direct-map domain includes two parts:
+Static Allocation for Domain and 1:1 direct-map.
+
+The first part has been elaborated before in chapter `Memory Allocation for
+Domains on Static Allocation`. Then, to ensure 1:1 direct-map, when setting up
+guest P2M mapping, it needs to make sure that guest physical address equal to
+physical address(`gfn == mfn`).
+
+*DISCUSSION:
+
+  * Here only supports booting up one domain on static allocation or on 1:1
+direct-map through device tree, is `xl` also needed?
+
+  * Here only supports 1:1 direct-map domain with user-defined memory regions,
+is 1:1 direct-map domain with arbitrary memory regions also needed? We had
+quite a discussion [here](
+https://patchew.org/Xen/20201208052113.1641514-1-penny.zheng@arm.com/). In
+order to mitigate guest memory fragementation, we introduce static memory pool(
+same implementation as `xen,reserved-heap`) and static memory allocator(a new
+linear memory allocator, very alike boot allocator). This new allocator is also
+applied to MPU system, so I may create a new design on this to elaborate more.
