From patchwork Sun Jan 22 22:49:18 2023 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Patchwork-Submitter: Seth David Schoen X-Patchwork-Id: 13111617 X-Patchwork-Delegate: stephen@networkplumber.org Return-Path: X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.0 (2014-02-07) on aws-us-west-2-korg-lkml-1.web.codeaurora.org Received: from vger.kernel.org (vger.kernel.org [23.128.96.18]) by smtp.lore.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTP id 2EDCDC54EB4 for ; Sun, 22 Jan 2023 22:49:28 +0000 (UTC) Received: (majordomo@vger.kernel.org) by vger.kernel.org via listexpand id S230109AbjAVWt1 (ORCPT ); Sun, 22 Jan 2023 17:49:27 -0500 Received: from lindbergh.monkeyblade.net ([23.128.96.19]:44670 "EHLO lindbergh.monkeyblade.net" rhost-flags-OK-OK-OK-OK) by vger.kernel.org with ESMTP id S230002AbjAVWt0 (ORCPT ); Sun, 22 Jan 2023 17:49:26 -0500 Received: from relay9-d.mail.gandi.net (relay9-d.mail.gandi.net [217.70.183.199]) by lindbergh.monkeyblade.net (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 5F4931714E; Sun, 22 Jan 2023 14:49:24 -0800 (PST) Received: (Authenticated sender: schoen@loyalty.org) by mail.gandi.net (Postfix) with ESMTPSA id 00B41FF803; Sun, 22 Jan 2023 22:49:21 +0000 (UTC) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=loyalty.org; s=gm1; t=1674427763; h=from:from:reply-to:subject:subject:date:date:message-id:message-id: to:to:cc:cc:mime-version:mime-version:content-type:content-type; bh=cV2qhPqki74Px+vTRxaDMKbdo3dSKb5l5S7PACpgtjo=; b=MAQEOBqKAEZOB8oKJ8IkCD5KGI+MhnFb2Eda7XLRQGXJjPLeBOl6Xsr5Cbu4qzwLhwh+yK o4wma26Ybfrki5z/pR0zJXL8K+v62j8An9Ayak4PoKlJXK1ffehCnvIVgTiQ//FyMsLcLR GQ9eQCS82+pGS68LNWBWUE7kearxJh8zUu47655zPkypa5v7wTSzVakuT4n/uKG36BZmMW QNc3/yfXnbeechot/ld+NiZxTHD9Ga4UdxJWj2mLsNuhi7arpueHccXw/ZQLUqgJqUNR0T oG5fLptR6mkZslKLZViSJHxjMk4F/iBwiPaH4S8xmW74L+JeN7qBGbu56sbobw== Date: Sun, 22 Jan 2023 14:49:18 -0800 From: Seth David Schoen To: linux-man@vger.kernel.org Cc: netdev@vger.kernel.org Subject: [PATCH v4] ip.7: Add Special and Reserved IP Addresses section Message-ID: <20230122224918.GA373019@demorgan> MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Disposition: inline Precedence: bulk List-ID: X-Mailing-List: netdev@vger.kernel.org Break out the discussion of special and reserved IPv4 addresses into a subsection, and briefly describe three cases in which Linux no longer treats addresses specially, where other systems do or did. The divergences in Linux's behavior mentioned in this patch were introduced at unicast 240/4 (since 2.6.25): commit 1e637c74b0f84eaca02b914c0b8c6f67276e9697 Author: Jan Engelhardt Date: Mon Jan 21 03:18:08 2008 -0800 unicast 0/8 (since 5.3): commit 96125bf9985a75db00496dd2bc9249b777d2b19b Author: Dave Taht Date: Sat Jun 22 10:07:34 2019 -0700 unicast subnet lowest address (since 5.14): commit 58fee5fc83658aaacf60246aeab738946a9ba516 Merge: 77091933e453 6101ca0384e3 Author: David S. Miller Date: Mon May 17 13:47:58 2021 -0700 Signed-off-by: Seth David Schoen Suggested-by: John Gilmore --- man7/ip.7 | 38 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++--- 1 file changed, 35 insertions(+), 3 deletions(-) diff --git a/man7/ip.7 b/man7/ip.7 index f69af1b32..94de21979 100644 --- a/man7/ip.7 +++ b/man7/ip.7 @@ -237,6 +237,7 @@ In particular, this means that you need to call on the number that is assigned to a port. All address/port manipulation functions in the standard library work in network byte order. +.SS Special and reserved addresses .PP There are several special addresses: .B INADDR_LOOPBACK @@ -244,12 +245,43 @@ There are several special addresses: always refers to the local host via the loopback device; .B INADDR_ANY (0.0.0.0) -means any address for binding; +means any address for socket binding; .B INADDR_BROADCAST (255.255.255.255) -means any host and has the same effect on bind as +has the same effect on socket binding as .B INADDR_ANY -for historical reasons. +for historical reasons. A packet addressed to +.B INADDR_BROADCAST +through a socket which has +.B SO_BROADCAST +set will be broadcast to all hosts on the local network segment, as +long as the link is broadcast-capable. +.PP +On any locally-attached IP subnet with a link type that supports +broadcasts, the highest-numbered address (e.g., the .255 address on a +subnet with netmask 255.255.255.0) is designated as a broadcast address. +This "broadcast address" cannot usefully be assigned to an interface, and +can only be addressed with a socket on which the +.B SO_BROADCAST +option has been set. +Internet standards have historically also reserved the lowest-numbered +address (e.g., the .0 address on a subnet with netmask 255.255.255.0) +for broadcast, though they call it "obsolete" for this purpose. Since +Linux 5.14, it is treated as an ordinary unicast address. +.PP +Internet standards have also traditionally reserved various addresses +for particular uses, though Linux no longer treats some of these +specially. Addresses in the ranges 0.0.0.1 through 0.255.255.255 and +240.0.0.0 through 255.255.255.254 (0/8 and 240/4) are reserved globally. +Since Linux 5.3 and Linux 2.6.245, respectively, the 0/8 and 240/4 +addresses are treated as ordinary unicast addresses. Systems that follow +the traditional behaviors may not interoperate with these historically +reserved addresses. +.PP +All addresses from 127.0.0.1 through 127.255.255.254 +are treated as loopback addresses akin to the standardized +local loopback address 127.0.0.1, while addresses in 224.0.0.0 through +239.255.255.255 (224/4) are dedicated to multicast use. .SS Socket options IP supports some protocol-specific socket options that can be set with .BR setsockopt (2)