From patchwork Tue Jun 6 21:42:45 2023 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Patchwork-Submitter: Maxim Mikityanskiy X-Patchwork-Id: 13269765 X-Patchwork-Delegate: bpf@iogearbox.net Received: from lindbergh.monkeyblade.net (lindbergh.monkeyblade.net [23.128.96.19]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by smtp.subspace.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id BA62B2DBBD; Tue, 6 Jun 2023 21:43:09 +0000 (UTC) Received: from mail-pg1-x52c.google.com (mail-pg1-x52c.google.com [IPv6:2607:f8b0:4864:20::52c]) by lindbergh.monkeyblade.net (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 1501E1702; Tue, 6 Jun 2023 14:43:08 -0700 (PDT) Received: by mail-pg1-x52c.google.com with SMTP id 41be03b00d2f7-5428f63c73aso3376559a12.1; Tue, 06 Jun 2023 14:43:08 -0700 (PDT) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=gmail.com; s=20221208; t=1686087787; x=1688679787; h=content-transfer-encoding:mime-version:references:in-reply-to :message-id:date:subject:cc:to:from:from:to:cc:subject:date :message-id:reply-to; bh=bVp3sxGYYmvDAXqCieOLHVX04weYGZl76ejiM9qiOig=; b=fqET+JlDRntgb32iyH8TFVlq9tCg5tef16N87Ywknv/Aq2IVb8THmvh0ZaEPrvpmvb ItLXX3s1P+GOE833peHemYfag3nF1dNySynWachycA+Vlr0sYxjV9mtu8EiDuijtOTh8 hNE5KaNjDjH8Oo8F+6EFagol7T1stiiEk21nGLK6tvPSvUP6+gjSmUFESAFEORXN1GUM xmhRql0x8ksYfnZSvBfI8xBDbd8lPVUPOQbB5cvt0JVdvrKaYaM5Lh078wGd7PIZkJo8 xwcRtKCfiQxp8l4B3bgUCJXBw6iINzDwsEWHvUtMXVRR8DUkiC6MY4CtUYyJYHeOeI4t 2krQ== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20221208; t=1686087787; x=1688679787; h=content-transfer-encoding:mime-version:references:in-reply-to :message-id:date:subject:cc:to:from:x-gm-message-state:from:to:cc :subject:date:message-id:reply-to; bh=bVp3sxGYYmvDAXqCieOLHVX04weYGZl76ejiM9qiOig=; b=SsVLoVzQr04RXTQqLeaQsvxXy+n0tmPYwSWpLsOv00yYgpp2ihCR2iPevdWfhfUpcz renqdSLGd9NG4zziGqm5616EOfkRNeEOgHeLIl2uMTBWrZl9KyDoXIH+N6hU+wlAqpeD DzuE034H8Rp7YI6vUaQSzlN96qGabGAkVGBPLVCNEwBi31Jwrc//WtPZZKjwmapCRwH3 3nIJqtLGmxy9Wo+oLE+maNn7HTNPsz1rXUyhhJLWYHo0BwghNY8NNnvEIPJBS9M2rBNA 59l29fyUijOGtX63ri9UkcEHyI/TvNUxriSBwgdfrDZUE+9kT/uyaeLBwZ3RB8NEgLPY J/9g== X-Gm-Message-State: AC+VfDxMk6K7sUcLmVZkRa3Yg4AIF/4oU+HNmXzDQGC2BSduhSa13l2W /nG3OCFb5UusFVOSLgDeeTPnphtO+FK6i9yh X-Google-Smtp-Source: ACHHUZ6HTjhIseQC+YX/8i7KuQIZNvRMZxqXKIURAQEx6g1gRz8rkAFe31oux7Yb1V6BKUW61mc4yw== X-Received: by 2002:a05:6a21:9101:b0:103:73a6:5cc1 with SMTP id tn1-20020a056a21910100b0010373a65cc1mr763646pzb.4.1686087787031; Tue, 06 Jun 2023 14:43:07 -0700 (PDT) Received: from localhost ([87.118.116.103]) by smtp.gmail.com with ESMTPSA id z9-20020a170902834900b001b0142908f7sm8880294pln.291.2023.06.06.14.43.05 (version=TLS1_3 cipher=TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 bits=256/256); Tue, 06 Jun 2023 14:43:06 -0700 (PDT) From: Maxim Mikityanskiy To: bpf@vger.kernel.org Cc: netdev@vger.kernel.org, linux-kselftest@vger.kernel.org, Daniel Borkmann , John Fastabend , Alexei Starovoitov , Andrii Nakryiko , Martin KaFai Lau , Eduard Zingerman , Maxim Mikityanskiy , Song Liu , Yonghong Song , KP Singh , Stanislav Fomichev , Hao Luo , Jiri Olsa , Mykola Lysenko , Shuah Khan , "David S. Miller" , Jakub Kicinski , Jesper Dangaard Brouer Subject: [PATCH bpf v3 1/2] bpf: Fix verifier tracking scalars on spill Date: Wed, 7 Jun 2023 00:42:45 +0300 Message-Id: <20230606214246.403579-2-maxtram95@gmail.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.40.1 In-Reply-To: <20230606214246.403579-1-maxtram95@gmail.com> References: <20230606214246.403579-1-maxtram95@gmail.com> Precedence: bulk X-Mailing-List: bpf@vger.kernel.org List-Id: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: MIME-Version: 1.0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=2.8 required=5.0 tests=BAYES_00,DKIM_SIGNED, DKIM_VALID,DKIM_VALID_AU,DKIM_VALID_EF,FREEMAIL_ENVFROM_END_DIGIT, FREEMAIL_FROM,RCVD_IN_BL_SPAMCOP_NET,RCVD_IN_DNSWL_NONE, RCVD_IN_SBL_CSS,SPF_HELO_NONE,SPF_PASS,T_SCC_BODY_TEXT_LINE autolearn=no autolearn_force=no version=3.4.6 X-Spam-Level: ** X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.6 (2021-04-09) on lindbergh.monkeyblade.net X-Patchwork-Delegate: bpf@iogearbox.net From: Maxim Mikityanskiy The following scenario describes a verifier bypass in privileged mode (CAP_BPF or CAP_SYS_ADMIN): 1. Prepare a 32-bit rogue number. 2. Put the rogue number into the upper half of a 64-bit register, and roll a random (unknown to the verifier) bit in the lower half. The rest of the bits should be zero (although variations are possible). 3. Assign an ID to the register by MOVing it to another arbitrary register. 4. Perform a 32-bit spill of the register, then perform a 32-bit fill to another register. Due to a bug in the verifier, the ID will be preserved, although the new register will contain only the lower 32 bits, i.e. all zeros except one random bit. At this point there are two registers with different values but the same ID, which means the integrity of the verifier state has been corrupted. Next steps show the actual bypass: 5. Compare the new 32-bit register with 0. In the branch where it's equal to 0, the verifier will believe that the original 64-bit register is also 0, because it has the same ID, but its actual value still contains the rogue number in the upper half. Some optimizations of the verifier prevent the actual bypass, so extra care is needed: the comparison must be between two registers, and both branches must be reachable (this is why one random bit is needed). Both branches are still suitable for the bypass. 6. Right shift the original register by 32 bits to pop the rogue number. 7. Use the rogue number as an offset with any pointer. The verifier will believe that the offset is 0, while in reality it's the given number. The fix is similar to the 32-bit BPF_MOV handling in check_alu_op for SCALAR_VALUE. If the spill is narrowing the actual register value, don't keep the ID, make sure it's reset to 0. Fixes: 354e8f1970f8 ("bpf: Support <8-byte scalar spill and refill") Signed-off-by: Maxim Mikityanskiy Acked-by: Yonghong Song --- kernel/bpf/verifier.c | 7 +++++++ 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+) diff --git a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c index 5871aa78d01a..7be23eced561 100644 --- a/kernel/bpf/verifier.c +++ b/kernel/bpf/verifier.c @@ -3856,6 +3856,8 @@ static int check_stack_write_fixed_off(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, mark_stack_slot_scratched(env, spi); if (reg && !(off % BPF_REG_SIZE) && register_is_bounded(reg) && !register_is_null(reg) && env->bpf_capable) { + bool reg_value_fits; + if (dst_reg != BPF_REG_FP) { /* The backtracking logic can only recognize explicit * stack slot address like [fp - 8]. Other spill of @@ -3867,7 +3869,12 @@ static int check_stack_write_fixed_off(struct bpf_verifier_env *env, if (err) return err; } + + reg_value_fits = fls64(reg->umax_value) <= BITS_PER_BYTE * size; save_register_state(state, spi, reg, size); + /* Break the relation on a narrowing spill. */ + if (!reg_value_fits) + state->stack[spi].spilled_ptr.id = 0; } else if (!reg && !(off % BPF_REG_SIZE) && is_bpf_st_mem(insn) && insn->imm != 0 && env->bpf_capable) { struct bpf_reg_state fake_reg = {}; From patchwork Tue Jun 6 21:42:46 2023 Content-Type: text/plain; charset="utf-8" MIME-Version: 1.0 Content-Transfer-Encoding: 7bit X-Patchwork-Submitter: Maxim Mikityanskiy X-Patchwork-Id: 13269766 X-Patchwork-Delegate: bpf@iogearbox.net Received: from lindbergh.monkeyblade.net (lindbergh.monkeyblade.net [23.128.96.19]) (using TLSv1.2 with cipher ECDHE-RSA-AES256-GCM-SHA384 (256/256 bits)) (No client certificate requested) by smtp.subspace.kernel.org (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 24F222D247; Tue, 6 Jun 2023 21:43:16 +0000 (UTC) Received: from mail-pl1-x635.google.com (mail-pl1-x635.google.com [IPv6:2607:f8b0:4864:20::635]) by lindbergh.monkeyblade.net (Postfix) with ESMTPS id 5D362A7; Tue, 6 Jun 2023 14:43:14 -0700 (PDT) Received: by mail-pl1-x635.google.com with SMTP id d9443c01a7336-1b02497f4cfso35047515ad.3; Tue, 06 Jun 2023 14:43:14 -0700 (PDT) DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=gmail.com; s=20221208; t=1686087793; x=1688679793; h=content-transfer-encoding:mime-version:references:in-reply-to :message-id:date:subject:cc:to:from:from:to:cc:subject:date :message-id:reply-to; bh=5MMO0TnXSE1/BWLsLd/D7WLh4FdYRdFBDc2FwYF+MRQ=; b=rpKiA35NXaeO1qzzL5PjF8bHM7B0RDMIht6YKgnVk81RTEBzg0f8I0ZvGr2PFcwoEg mFZwErjy3FUOulh1g3yF41/oBcxvzQGBI7YpmjekiGcn+OyY9guACdnWtudETnwCPRQC 93NdZUypLXakAiSKLrsm+uFu5RpucpuKKrEi+Yk2JNsUBUe8SF9jtcndTGovHYO/3C13 VLjJqEl3kbEzDwTCLNcFsx5Z0j6QUv32CFQryKaKdF7b06Hc2SxuEmgI4HBFEW+m+plC QC2DeSSYyppf3mkPitVZNLQvw4COmNZu6SVKKjmd6GRvrHztPAHnWkuYu5B8dFn3zKG3 f4BQ== X-Google-DKIM-Signature: v=1; a=rsa-sha256; c=relaxed/relaxed; d=1e100.net; s=20221208; t=1686087793; x=1688679793; h=content-transfer-encoding:mime-version:references:in-reply-to :message-id:date:subject:cc:to:from:x-gm-message-state:from:to:cc :subject:date:message-id:reply-to; bh=5MMO0TnXSE1/BWLsLd/D7WLh4FdYRdFBDc2FwYF+MRQ=; b=XUwG7V2dbkS0URgvlQT3Sht+mIl6ChduiRM6eW25KEDWnlSdyTT632plH6xDr/gvcK Ta4nVcgHdsBYXjbT8EBJNpJyL8Bm4d8y0w+JKYY3A+nP640ddQXTKk8BQ8uIQK5t5KtL i3n23y3+Xu6YFGIBv0lmx2fKC2/iaXXAoMGm0XAeEhMW/Km+hP7IwSMy489zLLUj0IeO lQzvROghOCa0L0JAaNEw6vdd/dyiTWjNni6z7cN5sxldLNYJdNL9kQcLe6ji/JgYHk3p mYH0iKANb8H5URSeaacfHJaiwqkbaIq8GDA4F33qAZGpYvGkrV5pAY2n37zUXOVbhDxJ f7Wg== X-Gm-Message-State: AC+VfDzdvj3lbvjWRQlu6XVkEeCgJXWxQGWrYhh/BcHxs0GgUEHqA7P1 yEjE/4Fx+CkDXJUHyKjVENA1nx7IKKE3nQ+G X-Google-Smtp-Source: ACHHUZ75JvnKyNPowykam0LclpYCBpD+nMETJsUw9f6LPFTg0aqDGCwMBXCpEhEdQ0vny5b5P7nV5g== X-Received: by 2002:a17:903:41cf:b0:1b1:76c2:296a with SMTP id u15-20020a17090341cf00b001b176c2296amr2071193ple.60.1686087793333; Tue, 06 Jun 2023 14:43:13 -0700 (PDT) Received: from localhost ([87.118.116.103]) by smtp.gmail.com with ESMTPSA id 12-20020a170902c24c00b001aafdf8063dsm8965254plg.157.2023.06.06.14.43.11 (version=TLS1_3 cipher=TLS_AES_256_GCM_SHA384 bits=256/256); Tue, 06 Jun 2023 14:43:12 -0700 (PDT) From: Maxim Mikityanskiy To: bpf@vger.kernel.org Cc: netdev@vger.kernel.org, linux-kselftest@vger.kernel.org, Daniel Borkmann , John Fastabend , Alexei Starovoitov , Andrii Nakryiko , Martin KaFai Lau , Eduard Zingerman , Maxim Mikityanskiy , Song Liu , Yonghong Song , KP Singh , Stanislav Fomichev , Hao Luo , Jiri Olsa , Mykola Lysenko , Shuah Khan , "David S. Miller" , Jakub Kicinski , Jesper Dangaard Brouer Subject: [PATCH bpf v3 2/2] selftests/bpf: Add test cases to assert proper ID tracking on spill Date: Wed, 7 Jun 2023 00:42:46 +0300 Message-Id: <20230606214246.403579-3-maxtram95@gmail.com> X-Mailer: git-send-email 2.40.1 In-Reply-To: <20230606214246.403579-1-maxtram95@gmail.com> References: <20230606214246.403579-1-maxtram95@gmail.com> Precedence: bulk X-Mailing-List: bpf@vger.kernel.org List-Id: List-Subscribe: List-Unsubscribe: MIME-Version: 1.0 X-Spam-Status: No, score=2.8 required=5.0 tests=BAYES_00,DKIM_SIGNED, DKIM_VALID,DKIM_VALID_AU,DKIM_VALID_EF,FREEMAIL_ENVFROM_END_DIGIT, FREEMAIL_FROM,RCVD_IN_BL_SPAMCOP_NET,RCVD_IN_DNSWL_NONE, RCVD_IN_SBL_CSS,SPF_HELO_NONE,SPF_PASS,T_SCC_BODY_TEXT_LINE autolearn=no autolearn_force=no version=3.4.6 X-Spam-Level: ** X-Spam-Checker-Version: SpamAssassin 3.4.6 (2021-04-09) on lindbergh.monkeyblade.net X-Patchwork-Delegate: bpf@iogearbox.net From: Maxim Mikityanskiy The previous commit fixed a verifier bypass by ensuring that ID is not preserved on narrowing spills. Add the test cases to check the problematic patterns. Signed-off-by: Maxim Mikityanskiy Acked-by: Yonghong Song --- .../selftests/bpf/progs/verifier_spill_fill.c | 198 ++++++++++++++++++ 1 file changed, 198 insertions(+) diff --git a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/verifier_spill_fill.c b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/verifier_spill_fill.c index 136e5530b72c..999677acc8ae 100644 --- a/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/verifier_spill_fill.c +++ b/tools/testing/selftests/bpf/progs/verifier_spill_fill.c @@ -371,4 +371,202 @@ __naked void and_then_at_fp_8(void) " ::: __clobber_all); } +SEC("xdp") +__description("32-bit spill of 64-bit reg should clear ID") +__failure __msg("math between ctx pointer and 4294967295 is not allowed") +__naked void spill_32bit_of_64bit_fail(void) +{ + asm volatile (" \ + r6 = r1; \ + /* Roll one bit to force the verifier to track both branches. */\ + call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32]; \ + r0 &= 0x8; \ + /* Put a large number into r1. */ \ + r1 = 0xffffffff; \ + r1 <<= 32; \ + r1 += r0; \ + /* Assign an ID to r1. */ \ + r2 = r1; \ + /* 32-bit spill r1 to stack - should clear the ID! */\ + *(u32*)(r10 - 8) = r1; \ + /* 32-bit fill r2 from stack. */ \ + r2 = *(u32*)(r10 - 8); \ + /* Compare r2 with another register to trigger find_equal_scalars.\ + * Having one random bit is important here, otherwise the verifier cuts\ + * the corners. If the ID was mistakenly preserved on spill, this would\ + * cause the verifier to think that r1 is also equal to zero in one of\ + * the branches, and equal to eight on the other branch.\ + */ \ + r3 = 0; \ + if r2 != r3 goto l0_%=; \ +l0_%=: r1 >>= 32; \ + /* At this point, if the verifier thinks that r1 is 0, an out-of-bounds\ + * read will happen, because it actually contains 0xffffffff.\ + */ \ + r6 += r1; \ + r0 = *(u32*)(r6 + 0); \ + exit; \ +" : + : __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32) + : __clobber_all); +} + +SEC("xdp") +__description("16-bit spill of 64-bit reg should clear ID") +__failure __msg("math between ctx pointer and 4294967295 is not allowed") +__naked void spill_16bit_of_64bit_fail(void) +{ + asm volatile (" \ + r6 = r1; \ + /* Roll one bit to force the verifier to track both branches. */\ + call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32]; \ + r0 &= 0x8; \ + /* Put a large number into r1. */ \ + r1 = 0xffffffff; \ + r1 <<= 32; \ + r1 += r0; \ + /* Assign an ID to r1. */ \ + r2 = r1; \ + /* 16-bit spill r1 to stack - should clear the ID! */\ + *(u16*)(r10 - 8) = r1; \ + /* 16-bit fill r2 from stack. */ \ + r2 = *(u16*)(r10 - 8); \ + /* Compare r2 with another register to trigger find_equal_scalars.\ + * Having one random bit is important here, otherwise the verifier cuts\ + * the corners. If the ID was mistakenly preserved on spill, this would\ + * cause the verifier to think that r1 is also equal to zero in one of\ + * the branches, and equal to eight on the other branch.\ + */ \ + r3 = 0; \ + if r2 != r3 goto l0_%=; \ +l0_%=: r1 >>= 32; \ + /* At this point, if the verifier thinks that r1 is 0, an out-of-bounds\ + * read will happen, because it actually contains 0xffffffff.\ + */ \ + r6 += r1; \ + r0 = *(u32*)(r6 + 0); \ + exit; \ +" : + : __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32) + : __clobber_all); +} + +SEC("xdp") +__description("8-bit spill of 64-bit reg should clear ID") +__failure __msg("math between ctx pointer and 4294967295 is not allowed") +__naked void spill_8bit_of_64bit_fail(void) +{ + asm volatile (" \ + r6 = r1; \ + /* Roll one bit to force the verifier to track both branches. */\ + call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32]; \ + r0 &= 0x8; \ + /* Put a large number into r1. */ \ + r1 = 0xffffffff; \ + r1 <<= 32; \ + r1 += r0; \ + /* Assign an ID to r1. */ \ + r2 = r1; \ + /* 8-bit spill r1 to stack - should clear the ID! */\ + *(u8*)(r10 - 8) = r1; \ + /* 8-bit fill r2 from stack. */ \ + r2 = *(u8*)(r10 - 8); \ + /* Compare r2 with another register to trigger find_equal_scalars.\ + * Having one random bit is important here, otherwise the verifier cuts\ + * the corners. If the ID was mistakenly preserved on spill, this would\ + * cause the verifier to think that r1 is also equal to zero in one of\ + * the branches, and equal to eight on the other branch.\ + */ \ + r3 = 0; \ + if r2 != r3 goto l0_%=; \ +l0_%=: r1 >>= 32; \ + /* At this point, if the verifier thinks that r1 is 0, an out-of-bounds\ + * read will happen, because it actually contains 0xffffffff.\ + */ \ + r6 += r1; \ + r0 = *(u32*)(r6 + 0); \ + exit; \ +" : + : __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32) + : __clobber_all); +} + +SEC("xdp") +__description("16-bit spill of 32-bit reg should clear ID") +__failure __msg("dereference of modified ctx ptr R6 off=65535 disallowed") +__naked void spill_16bit_of_32bit_fail(void) +{ + asm volatile (" \ + r6 = r1; \ + /* Roll one bit to force the verifier to track both branches. */\ + call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32]; \ + r0 &= 0x8; \ + /* Put a large number into r1. */ \ + w1 = 0xffff0000; \ + r1 += r0; \ + /* Assign an ID to r1. */ \ + r2 = r1; \ + /* 16-bit spill r1 to stack - should clear the ID! */\ + *(u16*)(r10 - 8) = r1; \ + /* 16-bit fill r2 from stack. */ \ + r2 = *(u16*)(r10 - 8); \ + /* Compare r2 with another register to trigger find_equal_scalars.\ + * Having one random bit is important here, otherwise the verifier cuts\ + * the corners. If the ID was mistakenly preserved on spill, this would\ + * cause the verifier to think that r1 is also equal to zero in one of\ + * the branches, and equal to eight on the other branch.\ + */ \ + r3 = 0; \ + if r2 != r3 goto l0_%=; \ +l0_%=: r1 >>= 16; \ + /* At this point, if the verifier thinks that r1 is 0, an out-of-bounds\ + * read will happen, because it actually contains 0xffff.\ + */ \ + r6 += r1; \ + r0 = *(u32*)(r6 + 0); \ + exit; \ +" : + : __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32) + : __clobber_all); +} + +SEC("xdp") +__description("8-bit spill of 32-bit reg should clear ID") +__failure __msg("dereference of modified ctx ptr R6 off=65535 disallowed") +__naked void spill_8bit_of_32bit_fail(void) +{ + asm volatile (" \ + r6 = r1; \ + /* Roll one bit to force the verifier to track both branches. */\ + call %[bpf_get_prandom_u32]; \ + r0 &= 0x8; \ + /* Put a large number into r1. */ \ + w1 = 0xffff0000; \ + r1 += r0; \ + /* Assign an ID to r1. */ \ + r2 = r1; \ + /* 8-bit spill r1 to stack - should clear the ID! */\ + *(u8*)(r10 - 8) = r1; \ + /* 8-bit fill r2 from stack. */ \ + r2 = *(u8*)(r10 - 8); \ + /* Compare r2 with another register to trigger find_equal_scalars.\ + * Having one random bit is important here, otherwise the verifier cuts\ + * the corners. If the ID was mistakenly preserved on spill, this would\ + * cause the verifier to think that r1 is also equal to zero in one of\ + * the branches, and equal to eight on the other branch.\ + */ \ + r3 = 0; \ + if r2 != r3 goto l0_%=; \ +l0_%=: r1 >>= 16; \ + /* At this point, if the verifier thinks that r1 is 0, an out-of-bounds\ + * read will happen, because it actually contains 0xffff.\ + */ \ + r6 += r1; \ + r0 = *(u32*)(r6 + 0); \ + exit; \ +" : + : __imm(bpf_get_prandom_u32) + : __clobber_all); +} + char _license[] SEC("license") = "GPL";