| Message ID | 20210913200132.3396598-1-sohil.mehta@intel.com (mailing list archive) |
|---|---|
| Headers | show |
| Series | x86 User Interrupts support | expand |
On 9/13/21 1:01 PM, Sohil Mehta wrote: > User Interrupts (Uintr) is a hardware technology that enables delivering > interrupts directly to user space. Your problem in all of this is going to be convincing folks that this is a problem worth solving. I'd start this off with something attention-grabbing. Two things. Good, snazzy writing doesn't repeat words. You repeated "interrupt" twice in that first sentence. It also doesn't get my attention. Here's a more concise way of saying it, and also adding something to get the reader's attention: User Interrupts directly deliver events to user space and are 10x faster than the closest alternative.
Resending.. There were some email delivery issues. On 9/13/2021 1:27 PM, Dave Hansen wrote: > User Interrupts directly deliver events to user space and are > 10x faster than the closest alternative. Thanks Dave. This is definitely more attention-grabbing than the previous intro. I'll include this next time. One thing to note, the 10x gain is only applicable for User IPIs. For other source of User Interrupts (like kernel-to-user notifications and other external sources), we don't have the data yet. I realized the User IPI data in the cover also needs some clarification. The 10x gain is only seen when the receiver is spinning in User space - waiting for interrupts. If the receiver were to block (wait) in the kernel, the performance would drop as expected. However, User IPI (blocked) would still be 10% faster than Eventfd and 40% faster than signals. Here is the updated table: +---------------------+-------------------------+ | IPC type | Relative Latency | | |(normalized to User IPI) | +---------------------+-------------------------+ | User IPI | 1.0 | | User IPI (blocked) | 8.9 | | Signal | 14.8 | | Eventfd | 9.7 | | Pipe | 16.3 | | Domain | 17.3 | +---------------------+-------------------------+ --Sohil
On Tue, Sep 14, 2021 at 07:03:36PM +0000, Mehta, Sohil wrote: > Resending.. There were some email delivery issues. > > On 9/13/2021 1:27 PM, Dave Hansen wrote: > > User Interrupts directly deliver events to user space and are > > 10x faster than the closest alternative. > > Thanks Dave. This is definitely more attention-grabbing than the > previous intro. I'll include this next time. > > One thing to note, the 10x gain is only applicable for User IPIs. > For other source of User Interrupts (like kernel-to-user > notifications and other external sources), we don't have the data > yet. > > I realized the User IPI data in the cover also needs some > clarification. The 10x gain is only seen when the receiver is > spinning in User space - waiting for interrupts. > > If the receiver were to block (wait) in the kernel, the performance > would drop as expected. However, User IPI (blocked) would still be > 10% faster than Eventfd and 40% faster than signals. > > Here is the updated table: > +---------------------+-------------------------+ > | IPC type | Relative Latency | > | |(normalized to User IPI) | > +---------------------+-------------------------+ > | User IPI | 1.0 | > | User IPI (blocked) | 8.9 | > | Signal | 14.8 | > | Eventfd | 9.7 | > | Pipe | 16.3 | > | Domain | 17.3 | > +---------------------+-------------------------+ Relative is just that, "relative". If the real values are extremely tiny, then relative is just "this goes a tiny tiny bit faster than what you have today in eventfd", right? So how about "absolute"? What are we talking here? And this is really only for the "one userspace task waking up another userspace task" policies. What real workload can actually use this? thanks, greg k-h
On Thu, Sep 23, 2021 at 02:19:05PM +0200, Greg KH wrote: > On Tue, Sep 14, 2021 at 07:03:36PM +0000, Mehta, Sohil wrote: > > Resending.. There were some email delivery issues. > > > > On 9/13/2021 1:27 PM, Dave Hansen wrote: > > > User Interrupts directly deliver events to user space and are > > > 10x faster than the closest alternative. > > > > Thanks Dave. This is definitely more attention-grabbing than the > > previous intro. I'll include this next time. > > > > One thing to note, the 10x gain is only applicable for User IPIs. > > For other source of User Interrupts (like kernel-to-user > > notifications and other external sources), we don't have the data > > yet. > > > > I realized the User IPI data in the cover also needs some > > clarification. The 10x gain is only seen when the receiver is > > spinning in User space - waiting for interrupts. > > > > If the receiver were to block (wait) in the kernel, the performance > > would drop as expected. However, User IPI (blocked) would still be > > 10% faster than Eventfd and 40% faster than signals. > > > > Here is the updated table: > > +---------------------+-------------------------+ > > | IPC type | Relative Latency | > > | |(normalized to User IPI) | > > +---------------------+-------------------------+ > > | User IPI | 1.0 | > > | User IPI (blocked) | 8.9 | > > | Signal | 14.8 | > > | Eventfd | 9.7 | > > | Pipe | 16.3 | > > | Domain | 17.3 | > > +---------------------+-------------------------+ > > Relative is just that, "relative". If the real values are extremely > tiny, then relative is just "this goes a tiny tiny bit faster than what > you have today in eventfd", right? > > So how about "absolute"? What are we talking here? > > And this is really only for the "one userspace task waking up another > userspace task" policies. What real workload can actually use this? Also, you forgot to list Binder in the above IPC type. And you forgot to mention that this is tied to one specific CPU type only. Are syscalls allowed to be created that would only work on obscure cpus like this one? thanks, greg k-h
On 9/13/21 2:01 PM, Sohil Mehta wrote: > - Discuss potential use cases. > We are starting to look at actual usages and libraries (like libevent[2] and > liburing[3]) that can take advantage of this technology. Unfortunately, we > don't have much to share on this right now. We need some help from the > community to identify usages that can benefit from this. We would like to make > sure the proposed APIs work for the eventual consumers. One use case for liburing/io_uring would be to use it instead of eventfd for notifications. I know some folks do use eventfd right now, though it's not that common. But if we had support for something like this, then you could use it to know when to reap events rather than sleep in the kernel. Or at least to be notified when new events have been posted to the cq ring.
On 9/23/21 7:09 AM, Greg KH wrote: > And you forgot to mention that this is tied to one specific CPU type > only. Are syscalls allowed to be created that would only work on > obscure cpus like this one? Well, you have to start somewhere. For example, when memory protection keys went in, we added three syscalls: > 329 common pkey_mprotect sys_pkey_mprotect > 330 common pkey_alloc sys_pkey_alloc > 331 common pkey_free sys_pkey_free At the point that I started posting these, you couldn't even buy a system with this feature. For a while, there was only one Intel Xeon generation that had support. But, if you build it, they will come. Today, there is powerpc support and our friends at AMD added support to their processors. In addition, protection keys are found across Intel's entire CPU line: from big Xeons, down to the little Atoms you find in Chromebooks. I encourage everyone submitting new hardware features to include information about where their feature will show up to end users *and* to say how widely it will be available. I'd actually prefer if maintainers rejected patches that didn't have this information.
On Thu, Sep 23, 2021 at 07:46:43AM -0700, Dave Hansen wrote: > I encourage everyone submitting new hardware features to include > information about where their feature will show up to end users *and* to > say how widely it will be available. I'd actually prefer if maintainers > rejected patches that didn't have this information. Make sense. So, what are the answers to these questions for this new CPU feature? thanks, greg k-h
On 9/23/2021 5:19 AM, Greg KH wrote: > On Tue, Sep 14, 2021 at 07:03:36PM +0000, Mehta, Sohil wrote: > > Here is the updated table: > +---------------------+-------------------------+ > | IPC type | Relative Latency | > | |(normalized to User IPI) | > +---------------------+-------------------------+ > | User IPI | 1.0 | > | User IPI (blocked) | 8.9 | > | Signal | 14.8 | > | Eventfd | 9.7 | > | Pipe | 16.3 | > | Domain | 17.3 | > +---------------------+-------------------------+ > Relative is just that, "relative". If the real values are extremely > tiny, then relative is just "this goes a tiny tiny bit faster than what > you have today in eventfd", right? > > So how about "absolute"? What are we talking here? Thanks Greg for reviewing the patches. The reason I have not included absolute numbers is that on a pre-production platform it could be misleading. The data here is more of an approximation with the final performance expected to trend in this direction. I have used the term "relative" only to signify that this is comparing User IPI with others. Let's say, if eventfd took 9.7 usec on a system then User IPI (running) would take 1 usec. So it would still be a 9x improvement. But, I agree with your point. This is only a micro-benchmark performance comparison. The overall gain in a real workload would depend on how it uses IPC. +---------------------+------------------------------+ | IPC type | Example Latency | | | (micro seconds) | +---------------------+------------------------------+ | User IPI (running) | 1.0 usec | | User IPI (blocked) | 8.9 usec | | Signal | 14.8 usec | | Eventfd | 9.7 usec | | Pipe | 16.3 usec | | Domain | 17.3 usec | +---------------------+------------------------------+ > And this is really only for the "one userspace task waking up another > userspace task" policies. What real workload can actually use this? A User IPI sender could be registered to send IPIs to multiple targets. But, there is no broadcast mechanism, so it can only target one receiver everytime it executes the SENDUIPI instruction. Thanks, Sohil > thanks, > > greg k-h
On 9/23/2021 7:09 AM, Greg KH wrote: > Also, you forgot to list Binder in the above IPC type. > Thanks for pointing that out. In the LPC discussion today there was also a suggestion to compare this with Futex wake. I'll include a comparison with Binder and Futex next time. I used this IPC benchmark this time but it doesn't include Binder and Futex. https://github.com/goldsborough/ipc-bench Would you know if there is anything out there that is more comprehensive for benchmarking IPC? Thanks, Sohil
On 9/23/2021 5:19 AM, Greg KH wrote: > What real workload can actually use this? > I missed replying to this. User mode runtimes is one the usages that we think would benefit from User IPIs. Also as Jens mentioned in another thread, this could help kernel to user notifications in io_uring (using User Interrupts instead of eventfd for signaling). Libevent is another abstraction that we are evaluating. Thanks, Sohil
On Mon, Sep 13, 2021, at 1:01 PM, Sohil Mehta wrote: > User Interrupts Introduction > ============================ > > User Interrupts (Uintr) is a hardware technology that enables delivering > interrupts directly to user space. > > Today, virtually all communication across privilege boundaries happens by going > through the kernel. These include signals, pipes, remote procedure calls and > hardware interrupt based notifications. User interrupts provide the foundation > for more efficient (low latency and low CPU utilization) versions of these > common operations by avoiding transitions through the kernel. > ... I spent some time reviewing the docs (ISE) and contemplating how this all fits together, and I have a high level question: Can someone give an example of a realistic workload that would benefit from SENDUIPI and precisely how it would use SENDUIPI? Or an example of a realistic workload that would benefit from hypothetical device-initiated user interrupts and how it would use them? I'm having trouble imagining something that wouldn't work as well or better by simply polling, at least on DMA-coherent architectures like x86. (I can imagine some benefit to a hypothetical improved SENDUIPI with idential user semantics but that supported a proper interaction with the scheduler and blocking syscalls. But that's not what's documented in the ISE...) --Andy
On Mon, Sep 13, 2021 at 01:01:19PM -0700, Sohil Mehta wrote: > User Interrupts Introduction > ============================ > > User Interrupts (Uintr) is a hardware technology that enables delivering > interrupts directly to user space. > > Today, virtually all communication across privilege boundaries happens by going > through the kernel. These include signals, pipes, remote procedure calls and > hardware interrupt based notifications. User interrupts provide the foundation > for more efficient (low latency and low CPU utilization) versions of these > common operations by avoiding transitions through the kernel. > > In the User Interrupts hardware architecture, a receiver is always expected to > be a user space task. However, a user interrupt can be sent by another user > space task, kernel or an external source (like a device). > > In addition to the general infrastructure to receive user interrupts, this > series introduces a single source: interrupts from another user task. These > are referred to as User IPIs. > > The first implementation of User IPIs will be in the Intel processor code-named > Sapphire Rapids. Refer Chapter 11 of the Intel Architecture instruction set > extensions for details of the hardware architecture [1]. > > Series-reviewed-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com> > > Main goals of this RFC > ====================== > - Introduce this upcoming technology to the community. > This cover letter includes a hardware architecture summary along with the > software architecture and kernel design choices. This post is a bit long as a > result. Hopefully, it helps answer more questions than it creates :) I am also > planning to talk about User Interrupts next week at the LPC Kernel summit. > > - Discuss potential use cases. > We are starting to look at actual usages and libraries (like libevent[2] and > liburing[3]) that can take advantage of this technology. Unfortunately, we > don't have much to share on this right now. We need some help from the > community to identify usages that can benefit from this. We would like to make > sure the proposed APIs work for the eventual consumers. > > - Get early feedback on the software architecture. > We are hoping to get some feedback on the direction of overall software > architecture - starting with User IPI, extending it for kernel-to-user > interrupt notifications and external interrupts in the future. > > - Discuss some of the main architecture opens. > There is lot of work that still needs to happen to enable this technology. We > are looking for some input on future patches that would be of interest. Here > are some of the big opens that we are looking to resolve. > * Should Uintr interrupt all blocking system calls like sleep(), read(), > poll(), etc? If so, should we implement an SA_RESTART type of mechanism > similar to signals? - Refer Blocking for interrupts section below. > > * Should the User Interrupt Target table (UITT) be shared between threads of a > multi-threaded application or maybe even across processes? - Refer Sharing > the UITT section below. > > Why care about this? - Micro benchmark performance > ================================================== > There is a ~9x or higher performance improvement using User IPI over other IPC > mechanisms for event signaling. > > Below is the average normalized latency for a 1M ping-pong IPC notifications > with message size=1. > > +------------+-------------------------+ > | IPC type | Relative Latency | > | |(normalized to User IPI) | > +------------+-------------------------+ > | User IPI | 1.0 | > | Signal | 14.8 | > | Eventfd | 9.7 | Is this the bi-directional eventfd benchmark? https://github.com/intel/uintr-ipc-bench/blob/linux-rfc-v1/source/eventfd/eventfd-bi.c Two things stand out: 1. The server and client threads are racing on the same eventfd. Eventfds aren't bi-directional! The eventfd_wait() function has code to write the value back, which is a waste of CPU cycles and hinders progress. I've never seen eventfd used this way in real applications. Can you use two separate eventfds? 2. The fd is in blocking mode and the task may be descheduled, so we're measuring eventfd read/write latency plus scheduler/context-switch latency. A fairer comparison against user interrupts would be to busy wait on a non-blocking fd so the scheduler/context-switch latency is mostly avoided. After all, the uintrfd-bi.c benchmark does this in uintrfd_wait(): // Keep spinning until the interrupt is received while (!uintr_received[token]);
On Tue, Sep 28, 2021 at 09:31:34PM -0700, Andy Lutomirski wrote: > On Mon, Sep 13, 2021, at 1:01 PM, Sohil Mehta wrote: > > User Interrupts Introduction > > ============================ > > > > User Interrupts (Uintr) is a hardware technology that enables delivering > > interrupts directly to user space. > > > > Today, virtually all communication across privilege boundaries happens by going > > through the kernel. These include signals, pipes, remote procedure calls and > > hardware interrupt based notifications. User interrupts provide the foundation > > for more efficient (low latency and low CPU utilization) versions of these > > common operations by avoiding transitions through the kernel. > > > > ... > > I spent some time reviewing the docs (ISE) and contemplating how this all fits together, and I have a high level question: > > Can someone give an example of a realistic workload that would benefit from SENDUIPI and precisely how it would use SENDUIPI? Or an example of a realistic workload that would benefit from hypothetical device-initiated user interrupts and how it would use them? I'm having trouble imagining something that wouldn't work as well or better by simply polling, at least on DMA-coherent architectures like x86. I was wondering the same thing. One thing came to mind: An application that wants to be *interrupted* from what it's doing rather than waiting until the next polling point. For example, applications that are CPU-intensive and have green threads. I can't name a real application like this though :P. Stefan
On 9/30/2021 9:30 AM, Stefan Hajnoczi wrote: > On Tue, Sep 28, 2021 at 09:31:34PM -0700, Andy Lutomirski wrote: >> >> I spent some time reviewing the docs (ISE) and contemplating how this all fits together, and I have a high level question: >> >> Can someone give an example of a realistic workload that would benefit from SENDUIPI and precisely how it would use SENDUIPI? Or an example of a realistic workload that would benefit from hypothetical device-initiated user interrupts and how it would use them? I'm having trouble imagining something that wouldn't work as well or better by simply polling, at least on DMA-coherent architectures like x86. > I was wondering the same thing. One thing came to mind: > > An application that wants to be *interrupted* from what it's doing > rather than waiting until the next polling point. For example, > applications that are CPU-intensive and have green threads. I can't name > a real application like this though :P. Thank you Stefan and Andy for giving this some thought. We are consolidating the information internally on where and how exactly we expect to see benefits with real workloads for the various sources of User Interrupts. It will take a few days to get back on this one. > (I can imagine some benefit to a hypothetical improved SENDUIPI with idential user semantics but that supported a proper interaction with the scheduler and blocking syscalls. But that's not what's documented in the ISE...) Andy, can you please provide some more context/details on this? Is this regarding the blocking syscalls discussion (in patch 11) or something else? Thanks, Sohil
On Thu, Sep 30, 2021, at 10:24 AM, Sohil Mehta wrote: > On 9/30/2021 9:30 AM, Stefan Hajnoczi wrote: >> On Tue, Sep 28, 2021 at 09:31:34PM -0700, Andy Lutomirski wrote: >>> >>> I spent some time reviewing the docs (ISE) and contemplating how this all fits together, and I have a high level question: >>> >>> Can someone give an example of a realistic workload that would benefit from SENDUIPI and precisely how it would use SENDUIPI? Or an example of a realistic workload that would benefit from hypothetical device-initiated user interrupts and how it would use them? I'm having trouble imagining something that wouldn't work as well or better by simply polling, at least on DMA-coherent architectures like x86. >> I was wondering the same thing. One thing came to mind: >> >> An application that wants to be *interrupted* from what it's doing >> rather than waiting until the next polling point. For example, >> applications that are CPU-intensive and have green threads. I can't name >> a real application like this though :P. > > Thank you Stefan and Andy for giving this some thought. > > We are consolidating the information internally on where and how exactly > we expect to see benefits with real workloads for the various sources of > User Interrupts. It will take a few days to get back on this one. Thanks! > > >> (I can imagine some benefit to a hypothetical improved SENDUIPI with idential user semantics but that supported a proper interaction with the scheduler and blocking syscalls. But that's not what's documented in the ISE...) > > Andy, can you please provide some more context/details on this? Is this > regarding the blocking syscalls discussion (in patch 11) or something else? > Yes, and I'll follow up there. I hereby upgrade my opinion of SENDUIPI wakeups to "probably doable but maybe not in a nice way."
On 9/30/2021 9:26 AM, Stefan Hajnoczi wrote: > On Mon, Sep 13, 2021 at 01:01:19PM -0700, Sohil Mehta wrote: >> +------------+-------------------------+ >> | IPC type | Relative Latency | >> | |(normalized to User IPI) | >> +------------+-------------------------+ >> | User IPI | 1.0 | >> | Signal | 14.8 | >> | Eventfd | 9.7 | > Is this the bi-directional eventfd benchmark? > https://github.com/intel/uintr-ipc-bench/blob/linux-rfc-v1/source/eventfd/eventfd-bi.c Yes. I have left it unmodified from the original source. But, I should have looked at it more closely. > Two things stand out: > > 1. The server and client threads are racing on the same eventfd. > Eventfds aren't bi-directional! The eventfd_wait() function has code > to write the value back, which is a waste of CPU cycles and hinders > progress. I've never seen eventfd used this way in real applications. > Can you use two separate eventfds? Sure. I can do that. > 2. The fd is in blocking mode and the task may be descheduled, so we're > measuring eventfd read/write latency plus scheduler/context-switch > latency. A fairer comparison against user interrupts would be to busy > wait on a non-blocking fd so the scheduler/context-switch latency is > mostly avoided. After all, the uintrfd-bi.c benchmark does this in > uintrfd_wait(): > > // Keep spinning until the interrupt is received > while (!uintr_received[token]); That makes sense. I'll give this a try and send out the updated results. Thanks, Sohil
Hi! > Instructions > ------------ > senduipi <index> - send a user IPI to a target task based on the UITT index. > > clui - Mask user interrupts by clearing UIF (User Interrupt Flag). > > stui - Unmask user interrupts by setting UIF. > > testui - Test current value of UIF. > > uiret - return from a user interrupt handler. Are other CPU vendors allowed to implement compatible instructions? If not, we should probably have VDSO entries so kernel can abstract differences between CPUs. > Untrusted processes > ------------------- > The current implementation expects only trusted and cooperating processes to > communicate using user interrupts. Coordination is expected between processes > for a connection teardown. In situations where coordination doesn't happen > (say, due to abrupt process exit), the kernel would end up keeping shared > resources (like UPID) allocated to avoid faults. Keeping resources allocated after process exit is a no-no. Best regards, Pavel
On Thu, Sep 30, 2021 at 10:24:24AM -0700, Sohil Mehta wrote: > > On 9/30/2021 9:30 AM, Stefan Hajnoczi wrote: > > On Tue, Sep 28, 2021 at 09:31:34PM -0700, Andy Lutomirski wrote: > > > > > > I spent some time reviewing the docs (ISE) and contemplating how this all fits together, and I have a high level question: > > > > > > Can someone give an example of a realistic workload that would benefit from SENDUIPI and precisely how it would use SENDUIPI? Or an example of a realistic workload that would benefit from hypothetical device-initiated user interrupts and how it would use them? I'm having trouble imagining something that wouldn't work as well or better by simply polling, at least on DMA-coherent architectures like x86. > > I was wondering the same thing. One thing came to mind: > > > > An application that wants to be *interrupted* from what it's doing > > rather than waiting until the next polling point. For example, > > applications that are CPU-intensive and have green threads. I can't name > > a real application like this though :P. > > Thank you Stefan and Andy for giving this some thought. > > We are consolidating the information internally on where and how exactly we > expect to see benefits with real workloads for the various sources of User > Interrupts. It will take a few days to get back on this one. One possible use case came to mind in QEMU's TCG just-in-time compiler: QEMU's TCG threads execute translated code. There are events that require interrupting these threads. Today a check is performed at the start of every translated block. Most of the time the check is false and it's a waste of CPU. User interrupts can eliminate the need for checks by interrupting TCG threads when events occur. I don't know whether this will improve performance or how feasible it is to implement, but I've added people who might have ideas. (For a summary of user interrupts, see https://lwn.net/SubscriberLink/871113/60652640e11fc5df/.) Stefan
On 10/1/21 12:35 PM, Stefan Hajnoczi wrote: > QEMU's TCG threads execute translated code. There are events that > require interrupting these threads. Today a check is performed at the > start of every translated block. Most of the time the check is false and > it's a waste of CPU. > > User interrupts can eliminate the need for checks by interrupting TCG > threads when events occur. We used to use interrupts, and stopped because we need to wait until the guest is in a stable state. The guest is always in a stable state at the beginning of each TB. See 378df4b2375. r~
> On Sep 13, 2021, at 1:01 PM, Sohil Mehta <sohil.mehta@intel.com> wrote: > > User Interrupts Introduction > ============================ > > User Interrupts (Uintr) is a hardware technology that enables delivering > interrupts directly to user space. > > Today, virtually all communication across privilege boundaries happens by going > through the kernel. These include signals, pipes, remote procedure calls and > hardware interrupt based notifications. User interrupts provide the foundation > for more efficient (low latency and low CPU utilization) versions of these > common operations by avoiding transitions through the kernel. > > In the User Interrupts hardware architecture, a receiver is always expected to > be a user space task. However, a user interrupt can be sent by another user > space task, kernel or an external source (like a device). > > In addition to the general infrastructure to receive user interrupts, this > series introduces a single source: interrupts from another user task. These > are referred to as User IPIs. > > The first implementation of User IPIs will be in the Intel processor code-named > Sapphire Rapids. Refer Chapter 11 of the Intel Architecture instruction set > extensions for details of the hardware architecture [1]. > > Series-reviewed-by: Tony Luck <tony.luck@intel.com> > > Main goals of this RFC > ====================== > - Introduce this upcoming technology to the community. > This cover letter includes a hardware architecture summary along with the > software architecture and kernel design choices. This post is a bit long as a > result. Hopefully, it helps answer more questions than it creates :) I am also > planning to talk about User Interrupts next week at the LPC Kernel summit. > > - Discuss potential use cases. > We are starting to look at actual usages and libraries (like libevent[2] and > liburing[3]) that can take advantage of this technology. Unfortunately, we > don't have much to share on this right now. We need some help from the > community to identify usages that can benefit from this. We would like to make > sure the proposed APIs work for the eventual consumers. > Here are some use cases received from our Databases(Oracle) group. They envision considerable benefits with use of user interrupts in following areas. 1) User mode scheduler Oracle DB implements user threads(green threads), with cooperative task switching. User interrupts would enable preempting tasks that are long running. SENDUIPI would be useful in preempting tasks. 2) Get attention of threads/processes dedicated to cores. 3) Latency sensitive execution To perform a task in the interrupt context of running threads. 4) User mode I/O completion Some threads can be waiting on memory using ‘umwait' for RDMA to complete. Consequently dispatch completion of RDMA event to another thread using user interrupts for processing. On those lines, DB will implement services like following using user interrupts. 1) General RPC, for example a. Service requests to a small number of worker process/threads. To request processing data in memory locally on a numa node by service threads running on that node. b. Abort current operation to yield or release resources to a higher priority threads. 2) User mode scheduling - force run the holder of resources. 3) User mode scheduling - log writer is a critical piece of execution for database updates. So we could post to a thread asking it to run log writer thread(user thread) immediately. This is useful in user mode scheduling with use of PMEM, where the log writer no longer has to perform I/O. The log is written sequentially in PMEM. 4) Debugging: User interrupt SENDUIPI would be used to force a running DB process to dump out debug information. > - Get early feedback on the software architecture. > We are hoping to get some feedback on the direction of overall software > architecture - starting with User IPI, extending it for kernel-to-user > interrupt notifications and external interrupts in the future. > > - Discuss some of the main architecture opens. > There is lot of work that still needs to happen to enable this technology. We > are looking for some input on future patches that would be of interest. Here > are some of the big opens that we are looking to resolve. > * Should Uintr interrupt all blocking system calls like sleep(), read(), > poll(), etc? If so, should we implement an SA_RESTART type of mechanism > similar to signals? - Refer Blocking for interrupts section below. > > * Should the User Interrupt Target table (UITT) be shared between threads of a > multi-threaded application or maybe even across processes? - Refer Sharing > the UITT section below. > > Why care about this? - Micro benchmark performance > ================================================== > There is a ~9x or higher performance improvement using User IPI over other IPC > mechanisms for event signaling. > > Below is the average normalized latency for a 1M ping-pong IPC notifications > with message size=1. > > +------------+-------------------------+ > | IPC type | Relative Latency | > | |(normalized to User IPI) | > +------------+-------------------------+ > | User IPI | 1.0 | > | Signal | 14.8 | > | Eventfd | 9.7 | > | Pipe | 16.3 | > | Domain | 17.3 | > +------------+-------------------------+ > > Results have been estimated based on tests on internal hardware with Linux > v5.14 + User IPI patches. > > Original benchmark: https://github.com/goldsborough/ipc-bench > Updated benchmark: https://github.com/intel/uintr-ipc-bench/tree/linux-rfc-v1 > > *Performance varies by use, configuration and other factors. > > How it works underneath? - Hardware Summary > =========================================== > User Interrupts is a posted interrupt delivery mechanism. The interrupts are > first posted to a memory location and then delivered to the receiver when they > are running with CPL=3. > > Kernel managed architectural data structures > -------------------------------------------- > UPID: User Posted Interrupt Descriptor - Holds receiver interrupt vector > information and notification state (like an ongoing notification, suppressed > notifications). > > UITT: User Interrupt Target Table - Stores UPID pointer and vector information > for interrupt routing on the sender side. Referred by the senduipi instruction. > > The interrupt state of each task is referenced via MSRs which are saved and > restored by the kernel during context switch. > > Instructions > ------------ > senduipi <index> - send a user IPI to a target task based on the UITT index. > > clui - Mask user interrupts by clearing UIF (User Interrupt Flag). > > stui - Unmask user interrupts by setting UIF. > > testui - Test current value of UIF. > > uiret - return from a user interrupt handler. > > User IPI > -------- > When a User IPI sender executes 'senduipi <index>', the hardware refers the > UITT table entry pointed by the index and posts the interrupt vector (63-0) > into the receiver's UPID. > > If the receiver is running (CPL=3), the sender cpu would send a physical IPI to > the receiver's cpu. On the receiver side this IPI is detected as a User > Interrupt. The User Interrupt handler for the receiver is invoked and the > vector number (63-0) is pushed onto the stack. > > Upon execution of 'uiret' in the interrupt handler, the control is transferred > back to instruction that was interrupted. > > Refer Chapter 11 of the Intel Architecture instruction set extensions [1] for > more details. > > Application interface - Software Architecture > ============================================= > User Interrupts (Uintr) is an opt-in feature (unlike signals). Applications > wanting to use Uintr are expected to register themselves with the kernel using > the Uintr related system calls. A Uintr receiver is always a userspace task. A > Uintr sender can be another userspace task, kernel or a device. > > 1) A receiver can register/unregister an interrupt handler using the Uintr > receiver related syscalls. > uintr_register_handler(handler, flags) > uintr_unregister_handler(flags) > > 2) A syscall also allows a receiver to register a vector and create a user > interrupt file descriptor - uintr_fd. > uintr_fd = uintr_create_fd(vector, flags) > > Uintr can be useful in some of the usages where eventfd or signals are used for > frequent userspace event notifications. The semantics of uintr_fd are somewhat > similar to an eventfd() or the write end of a pipe. > > 3) Any sender with access to uintr_fd can use it to deliver events (in this > case - interrupts) to a receiver. A sender task can manage its connection with > the receiver using the sender related syscalls based on uintr_fd. > uipi_index = uintr_register_sender(uintr_fd, flags) > > Using an FD abstraction provides a secure mechanism to connect with a receiver. > The FD sharing and isolation mechanisms put in place by the kernel would extend > to Uintr as well. > > 4a) After the initial setup, a sender task can use the SENDUIPI instruction > along with the uipi_index to generate user IPIs without any kernel > intervention. > SENDUIPI <uipi_index> > > If the receiver is running (CPL=3), then the user interrupt is delivered > directly without a kernel transition. If the receiver isn't running the > interrupt is delivered when the receiver gets context switched back. If the > receiver is blocked in the kernel, the user interrupt is delivered to the > kernel which then unblocks the intended receiver to deliver the interrupt. > > 4b) If the sender is the kernel or a device, the uintr_fd can be passed onto > the related kernel entity to allow them to setup a connection and then generate > a user interrupt for event delivery. <The exact details of this API are still > being worked upon.> > > For details of the user interface and associated system calls refer the Uintr > man-pages draft: > https://github.com/intel/uintr-linux-kernel/tree/rfc-v1/tools/uintr/manpages. > We have also included the same content as patch 1 of this series to make it > easier to review. > > Refer the Uintr compiler programming guide [4] for details on Uintr integration > with GCC and Binutils. > > Kernel design choices > ===================== > Here are some of the reasons and trade-offs for the current design of the APIs. > > System call interface > --------------------- > Why a system call interface?: The 2 options we considered are using a char > device at /dev or use system calls (current approach). A syscall approach > avoids exposing a core cpu feature through a driver model. Also, we want to > have a user interrupt FD per vector and share a single common interrupt handler > among all vectors. This seems easier for the kernel and userspace to accomplish > using a syscall based approach. > > Data sharing using user interrupts: Uintr doesn't include a mechanism to > share/transmit data. The expectation is applications use existing data sharing > mechanisms to share data and use Uintr only for signaling. > > An FD for each vector: A uintr_fd is assigned to each vector to allow fine > grained priority and event management by the receiver. The alternative we > considered was to allocate an FD to the interrupt handler and having that > shared with the sender. However, that approach relies on the sender selecting > the vector and moves the vector priority management to the sender. Also, if > multiple senders want to send unique user interrupts they would need to > coordinate the vector selection amongst them. > > Extending the APIs: Currently, the system calls are only extendable using the > flags argument. We can add a variable size struct to some of the syscalls if > needed. > > Extending existing mechanisms > ----------------------------- > Uintr can be beneficial in some of the usages where eventfd() or signals are > used. Since Uintr is hardware-dependent, thread-specific and bypasses the > kernel in the fast path, it makes extending existing mechanisms harder. > > Main issues with extending signals: > Signal handlers are defined significantly differently than a User interrupt > handler. An application needs to save/restore registers in a user interrupt > handler and call uiret to return from it. Also, signals can be process directed > (or thread directed) but user interrupts are always thread directed. > > Comparison of signals with User Interrupts: > +=====================+===========================+===========================+ > | | Signals | User Interrupts | > +=====================+===========================+===========================+ > | Stacks | Has alt stacks | Uses application stack | > | | | (alternate stack option | > | | | not yet enabled) | > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > | Registers state | Kernel manages incl. | App responsible (Use GCC | > | | FPU/XSTATE area | 'interrupt' attribute for | > | | | general purpose registers)| > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > | Blocking/Masking | sigprocmask(2)/sa_mask | CLUI instruction (No per | > | | | vector masking) | > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > | Direction | Uni-directional | Uni-directional | > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > | Post event | kill(), signal(), | SENDUIPI <index> - index | > | | sigqueue(), etc. | derived from uintr_fd | > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > | Target | Process-directed or | Thread-directed | > | | thread-directed | | > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > | Fork/inheritance | Empty signal set | Nothing is inherited | > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > | Execv | Pending signals preserved | Nothing is inherited | > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > | Order of delivery | Undetermined | High to low vector numbers| > | for multiple signals| | | > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > | Handler re-entry | All signals except the | No interrupts can cause | > | | one being handled | handler re-entry. | > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > | Delivery feedback | 0 or -1 based on whether | No feedback on whether the| > | | the signal was sent | interrupt was sent or | > | | | received. | > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > > Main issues with extending eventfd(): > eventfd() has a counter value that is core to the API. User interrupts can't > have an associated counter since the signaling happens at the user level and > the hardware doesn't have a memory counter mechanism. Also, eventfd can be used > for bi-directional signaling where as uintr_fd is uni-directional. > > Comparison of eventfd with uintr_fd: > +====================+======================+==============================+ > | | Eventfd | uintr_fd (User Interrupt FD) | > +====================+======================+==============================+ > | Object | Counter - uint64 | Receiver vector information | > +--------------------+----------------------+------------------------------+ > | Post event | write() to eventfd | SENDUIPI <index> - index | > | | | derived from uintr_fd | > +--------------------+----------------------+------------------------------+ > | Receive event | read() on eventfd | Implicit - Handler is | > | | | invoked with associated | > | | | vector. | > +--------------------+----------------------+------------------------------+ > | Direction | Bi-directional | Uni-directional | > +--------------------+----------------------+------------------------------+ > | Data transmitted | Counter - uint64 | None | > +--------------------+----------------------+------------------------------+ > | Waiting for events | Poll() family of | No per vector wait. | > | | syscalls | uintr_wait() allows waiting | > | | | for all user interrupts | > +--------------------+----------------------+------------------------------+ > > Security Model > ============== > User Interrupts is designed as an opt-in feature (unlike signals). The security > model for user interrupts is intended to be similar to eventfd(). The general > idea is that any sender with access to uintr_fd would be able to generate the > associated interrupt vector for the receiver task that created the fd. > > Untrusted processes > ------------------- > The current implementation expects only trusted and cooperating processes to > communicate using user interrupts. Coordination is expected between processes > for a connection teardown. In situations where coordination doesn't happen > (say, due to abrupt process exit), the kernel would end up keeping shared > resources (like UPID) allocated to avoid faults. > > Currently, a sender can easily cause a denial of service for the receiver by > generating a storm of user interrupts. A user interrupt handler is invoked with > interrupts disabled, but upon execution of uiret, interrupts get enabled again > by the hardware. This can lead to the handler being invoked again before normal > execution can resume. There isn't a hardware mechanism to mask specific > interrupt vectors. > > To enable untrusted processes to communicate, we need to add a per-vector > masking option through another syscall (or maybe IOCTL). However, this can add > some complexity to the kernel code. A vector can only be masked by modifying > the UITT entries at the source. We need to be careful about races while > removing and restoring the UPID from the UITT. > > Resource limits > --------------- > The maximum number of receiver-sender connections would be limited by the > maximum number of open file descriptors and the size of the UITT. > > The UITT size is chosen as 4kB fixed size arbitrarily right now. We plan to > make it dynamic and configurable in size. RLIMIT_MEMLOCK or ENOMEM should be > triggered when the size limits have been hit. > > Main Opens > ========== > > Blocking for interrupts > ----------------------- > User interrupts are delivered to applications immediately if they are running > in userspace. If a receiver task has blocked in the kernel using the placeholder > uintr_wait() syscall, the task would be woken up to deliver the user interrupt. > However, if the task is blocked due to any other blocking calls like read(), > sleep(), etc; the interrupt will only get delivered when the application gets > scheduled again. We need to consider if applications need to receive User > Interrupts as soon as they are posted (similar to signals) when they are > blocked due to some other reason. Adding this capability would likely make the > kernel implementation more complex. > > Interrupting system calls using User Interrupts would also mean we need to > consider an SA_RESTART type of mechanism. We also need to evaluate if some of > the signal handler related semantics in the kernel can be reused for User > Interrupts. The DB use case requires a thread blocked in the kernel in a system call to be interrupted immediately by the user interrupt. Need same behavior as signals with respect to interrupting system calls. Aim is to use user interrupts as one mechanism, for fast IPC and to signal target thread blocked in the kernel in a system call. i.e replace use of signals with user interrupts. > > Sharing the User Interrupt Target Table (UITT) > ---------------------------------------------- > The current implementation assigns a unique UITT to each task. This assumes > that User interrupts are used for point-to-point communication between 2 tasks. > Also, this keeps the kernel implementation relatively simple. > > However, there are of benefits to sharing the UITT between threads of a > multi-threaded application. One, they would see a consistent view of the UITT. > i.e. SENDUIPI <index> would mean the same on all threads of the application. > Also, each thread doesn't have to register itself using the common uintr_fd. > This would simplify the userspace setup and make efficient use of kernel > memory. The potential downside is that the kernel implementation to allocate, > modify, expand and free the UITT would be more complex. > > A similar argument can be made for a set of processes that do a lot of IPC > amongst them. They would prefer to have a shared UITT that lets them target any > process from any process. With the current file descriptor based approach, the > connection setup can be time consuming and somewhat cumbersome. We need to > evaluate if this can be made simpler as well. > Following enhancements with respect to sharing UITT table will be beneficial. Oracle DB creates large number of multithreaded processes. A thread in a process may need to communicate(using user interrupts) with another thread in any other process. Current proposal of receiver sending an FD per vector to each of the sender will be an overhead. Also every sender process/thread allocating a sender table for storing same receiver UPIDs will be duplication resulting in wasted memory. In addition to the current FD based registration approach, having a way for a group of DB processes to share a sender(UITT) table and allowing each of the receiver threads to directly register itself in the shared UITT table, will be efficient. For this the receiver need not create an fd. The receiver’s UPID index in UITT got from the registration will be shared with all senders via shared memory(IPC). DB maintains a process table of all the DB processes/threads in the shared memory. The receiver can register itself in the shared UITT table and store its UPID index in the process table. Sender will lookup target process from the process table to get the UITT index and send the user interrupt. > Kernel page table isolation (KPTI) > ---------------------------------- > SENDUIPI is a special ring-3 instruction that makes a supervisor mode memory > access to the UPID and UITT memory. The current patches need KPTI to be > disabled for User IPIs to work. To make User IPI work with KPTI, we need to > allocate these structures from a special memory region that has supervisor > access but it is mapped into userspace. The plan is to implement a mechanism > similar to LDT. > > Processors that support user interrupts are not affected by Meltdown so the > auto mode of KPTI will default to off. Users who want to force enable KPTI will > need to wait for a later version of this patch series to use user interrupts. > Please let us know if you want the development of these patches to be > prioritized (or deprioritized). > > FAQs > ==== > Q: What happens if a process is "surprised" by a user interrupt? > A: For tasks that haven't registered with the kernel and requested for user > interrupts aren't expected or able to receive to user interrupts. > > Q: Do user interrupts affect kernel scheduling? > A: No. If a task is blocked waiting for user interrupts, when the kernel > receives a notification on behalf of that task we only put it back on the > runqueue. Delivery of a user interrupt in no way changes the scheduling > priorities of a task. > > Q: Does the sender get to know if the interrupt was delivered? > A: No. User interrupts only provides a posted interrupt delivery mechanism. If > applications need to rely on whether the interrupt was delivered they should > consider a userspace mechanism for feedback (like a shared memory counter or a > user interrupt back to the sender). > > Q: Why is there no feedback on interrupt delivery? > A: Being a posted interrupt delivery mechanism, the interrupt delivery > happens in 2 steps: > 1) The interrupt information is stored in a memory location (UPID). > 2) The physical interrupt is delivered to the interrupt receiver. > > The 2nd step could happen immediately, after an extended period, or it might > never happen based on the state of the receiver after step 1. (The receiver > could have disabled interrupts, have been context switched out or it might have > crashed during that time.) This makes it very hard for the hardware to reliably > provide feedback upon execution of SENDUIPI. > > Q: Can user interrupts be nested? > A: Yes. Using STUI instruction in the interrupt handler would allow new user > interrupts to be delivered. However, there no TPR(thread priority register) > like mechanism to allow only higher priority interrupts. Any user interrupt can > be taken when nesting is enabled. > > Q: Can a task receive all pending user interrupts in one go? > A: No. The hardware allows only one vector to be processed at a time. If a task > is interested in knowing all the interrupts that are pending then we could add > a syscall that provides the pending interrupts information. > > Q: Do the processes need to be pinned to a cpu? > A: No. User interrupts will be routed correctly to whichever cpu the receiver > is running on. The kernel updates the cpu information in the UPID during > context switch. > > Q: Why are UPID and UITT allocated by the kernel? > A: If allocated by user space, applications could misuse the UPID and UITT to > write to unauthorized memory and generate interrupts on any cpu. The UPID and > UITT are allocated by the kernel and accessed by the hardware with supervisor > privilege. > > Patch structure for this series > =============================== > - Man-pages and Kernel documentation (patch 1,2) > - Hardware enumeration (patch 3, 4) > - User IPI kernel vector reservation (patch 5) > - Syscall interface for interrupt receiver, sender and vector > management(uintr_fd) (patch 6-12) > - Basic selftests (patch 13) > > Along with the patches in this RFC, there are additional tests and samples that > are available at: > https://github.com/intel/uintr-linux-kernel/tree/rfc-v1 > > Links > ===== > [1]: https://software.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/download/intel-architecture-instruction-set-extensions-programming-reference.html > [2]: https://libevent.org/ > [3]: https://github.com/axboe/liburing > [4]: https://github.com/intel/uintr-compiler-guide/blob/uintr-gcc-11.1/UINTR-compiler-guide.pdf > > Sohil Mehta (13): > x86/uintr/man-page: Include man pages draft for reference > Documentation/x86: Add documentation for User Interrupts > x86/cpu: Enumerate User Interrupts support > x86/fpu/xstate: Enumerate User Interrupts supervisor state > x86/irq: Reserve a user IPI notification vector > x86/uintr: Introduce uintr receiver syscalls > x86/process/64: Add uintr task context switch support > x86/process/64: Clean up uintr task fork and exit paths > x86/uintr: Introduce vector registration and uintr_fd syscall > x86/uintr: Introduce user IPI sender syscalls > x86/uintr: Introduce uintr_wait() syscall > x86/uintr: Wire up the user interrupt syscalls > selftests/x86: Add basic tests for User IPI > > .../admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt | 2 + > Documentation/x86/index.rst | 1 + > Documentation/x86/user-interrupts.rst | 107 +++ > arch/x86/Kconfig | 12 + > arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_32.tbl | 6 + > arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl | 6 + > arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h | 1 + > arch/x86/include/asm/disabled-features.h | 8 +- > arch/x86/include/asm/entry-common.h | 4 + > arch/x86/include/asm/fpu/types.h | 20 +- > arch/x86/include/asm/fpu/xstate.h | 3 +- > arch/x86/include/asm/hardirq.h | 4 + > arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h | 5 + > arch/x86/include/asm/irq_vectors.h | 6 +- > arch/x86/include/asm/msr-index.h | 8 + > arch/x86/include/asm/processor.h | 8 + > arch/x86/include/asm/uintr.h | 76 ++ > arch/x86/include/uapi/asm/processor-flags.h | 2 + > arch/x86/kernel/Makefile | 1 + > arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c | 61 ++ > arch/x86/kernel/cpu/cpuid-deps.c | 1 + > arch/x86/kernel/fpu/core.c | 17 + > arch/x86/kernel/fpu/xstate.c | 20 +- > arch/x86/kernel/idt.c | 4 + > arch/x86/kernel/irq.c | 51 + > arch/x86/kernel/process.c | 10 + > arch/x86/kernel/process_64.c | 4 + > arch/x86/kernel/uintr_core.c | 880 ++++++++++++++++++ > arch/x86/kernel/uintr_fd.c | 300 ++++++ > include/linux/syscalls.h | 8 + > include/uapi/asm-generic/unistd.h | 15 +- > kernel/sys_ni.c | 8 + > scripts/checksyscalls.sh | 6 + > tools/testing/selftests/x86/Makefile | 10 + > tools/testing/selftests/x86/uintr.c | 147 +++ > tools/uintr/manpages/0_overview.txt | 265 ++++++ > tools/uintr/manpages/1_register_receiver.txt | 122 +++ > .../uintr/manpages/2_unregister_receiver.txt | 62 ++ > tools/uintr/manpages/3_create_fd.txt | 104 +++ > tools/uintr/manpages/4_register_sender.txt | 121 +++ > tools/uintr/manpages/5_unregister_sender.txt | 79 ++ > tools/uintr/manpages/6_wait.txt | 59 ++ > 42 files changed, 2626 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) > create mode 100644 Documentation/x86/user-interrupts.rst > create mode 100644 arch/x86/include/asm/uintr.h > create mode 100644 arch/x86/kernel/uintr_core.c > create mode 100644 arch/x86/kernel/uintr_fd.c > create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/x86/uintr.c > create mode 100644 tools/uintr/manpages/0_overview.txt > create mode 100644 tools/uintr/manpages/1_register_receiver.txt > create mode 100644 tools/uintr/manpages/2_unregister_receiver.txt > create mode 100644 tools/uintr/manpages/3_create_fd.txt > create mode 100644 tools/uintr/manpages/4_register_sender.txt > create mode 100644 tools/uintr/manpages/5_unregister_sender.txt > create mode 100644 tools/uintr/manpages/6_wait.txt > > > base-commit: 6880fa6c56601bb8ed59df6c30fd390cc5f6dd8f > -- > 2.33.0 > >
On 11/15/2021 7:49 PM, Prakash Sangappa wrote: > > Here are some use cases received from our Databases(Oracle) group. Thank you Prakash for providing the potential use cases. This would really help with the design and validation of the UINTR APIs. > > Aim is to use user interrupts as one mechanism, for fast IPC and to signal > target thread blocked in the kernel in a system call. > i.e replace use of signals with user interrupts. > Mimicking this signal behavior would likely add some complexity to the implementation. Since there is interest, we'll work on prototyping this to evaluate tradeoffs and present them here. > Following enhancements with respect to sharing UITT table will be beneficial. > > Oracle DB creates large number of multithreaded processes. A thread in a > process may need to communicate(using user interrupts) with another > thread in any other process. Current proposal of receiver sending an FD > per vector to each of the sender will be an overhead. Also every sender > process/thread allocating a sender table for storing same receiver UPIDs > will be duplication resulting in wasted memory. > > In addition to the current FD based registration approach, having a way > for a group of DB processes to share a sender(UITT) table and allowing > each of the receiver threads to directly register itself in the shared UITT > table, will be efficient. For this the receiver need not create an fd. The > receiver’s UPID index in UITT got from the registration will be shared > with all senders via shared memory(IPC). > Sharing the UITT between tasks of the same process would be relatively easier compared to the sharing the UITT across processes. We would need a scalable mechanism to authenticate the sharing of this kernel resource across the process boundary. I am working on a proposal for this. I'll send it out once I have something concrete. > DB maintains a process table of all the DB processes/threads in the shared > memory. The receiver can register itself in the shared UITT table and store > its UPID index in the process table. Sender will lookup target process from > the process table to get the UITT index and send the user interrupt. > Thanks, Sohil
On 10/1/2021 1:19 AM, Pavel Machek wrote: > Hi! > Thank you for reviewing the patches! >> Instructions >> ------------ >> senduipi <index> - send a user IPI to a target task based on the UITT index. >> >> clui - Mask user interrupts by clearing UIF (User Interrupt Flag). >> >> stui - Unmask user interrupts by setting UIF. >> >> testui - Test current value of UIF. >> >> uiret - return from a user interrupt handler. > > Are other CPU vendors allowed to implement compatible instructions? > > If not, we should probably have VDSO entries so kernel can abstract > differences between CPUs. > Yes, we are evaluating VDSO support for this. >> Untrusted processes >> ------------------- >> The current implementation expects only trusted and cooperating processes to >> communicate using user interrupts. Coordination is expected between processes >> for a connection teardown. In situations where coordination doesn't happen >> (say, due to abrupt process exit), the kernel would end up keeping shared >> resources (like UPID) allocated to avoid faults. > > Keeping resources allocated after process exit is a no-no. > I meant the resource is still tracked via the shared file descriptor, so it will eventually get freed when the FD release happens. I am planning to include better documentation on lifetime rules of these shared resources next time. Thanks, Sohil
On 9/13/21 4:01 PM, Sohil Mehta wrote: > User Interrupts Introduction > ============================ > > User Interrupts (Uintr) is a hardware technology that enables delivering > interrupts directly to user space. > > Today, virtually all communication across privilege boundaries happens by going > through the kernel. These include signals, pipes, remote procedure calls and > hardware interrupt based notifications. User interrupts provide the foundation > for more efficient (low latency and low CPU utilization) versions of these > common operations by avoiding transitions through the kernel. > > In the User Interrupts hardware architecture, a receiver is always expected to > be a user space task. However, a user interrupt can be sent by another user > space task, kernel or an external source (like a device). > > In addition to the general infrastructure to receive user interrupts, this > series introduces a single source: interrupts from another user task. These > are referred to as User IPIs. > > The first implementation of User IPIs will be in the Intel processor code-named > Sapphire Rapids. Refer Chapter 11 of the Intel Architecture instruction set > extensions for details of the hardware architecture [1]. > > Series-reviewed-by: Tony Luck<tony.luck@intel.com> > > Main goals of this RFC > ====================== > - Introduce this upcoming technology to the community. > This cover letter includes a hardware architecture summary along with the > software architecture and kernel design choices. This post is a bit long as a > result. Hopefully, it helps answer more questions than it creates :) I am also > planning to talk about User Interrupts next week at the LPC Kernel summit. > > - Discuss potential use cases. > We are starting to look at actual usages and libraries (like libevent[2] and > liburing[3]) that can take advantage of this technology. Unfortunately, we > don't have much to share on this right now. We need some help from the > community to identify usages that can benefit from this. We would like to make > sure the proposed APIs work for the eventual consumers. > > - Get early feedback on the software architecture. > We are hoping to get some feedback on the direction of overall software > architecture - starting with User IPI, extending it for kernel-to-user > interrupt notifications and external interrupts in the future. > > - Discuss some of the main architecture opens. > There is lot of work that still needs to happen to enable this technology. We > are looking for some input on future patches that would be of interest. Here > are some of the big opens that we are looking to resolve. > * Should Uintr interrupt all blocking system calls like sleep(), read(), > poll(), etc? If so, should we implement an SA_RESTART type of mechanism > similar to signals? - Refer Blocking for interrupts section below. > > * Should the User Interrupt Target table (UITT) be shared between threads of a > multi-threaded application or maybe even across processes? - Refer Sharing > the UITT section below. > > Why care about this? - Micro benchmark performance > ================================================== > There is a ~9x or higher performance improvement using User IPI over other IPC > mechanisms for event signaling. > > Below is the average normalized latency for a 1M ping-pong IPC notifications > with message size=1. > > +------------+-------------------------+ > | IPC type | Relative Latency | > | |(normalized to User IPI) | > +------------+-------------------------+ > | User IPI | 1.0 | > | Signal | 14.8 | > | Eventfd | 9.7 | > | Pipe | 16.3 | > | Domain | 17.3 | > +------------+-------------------------+ > > Results have been estimated based on tests on internal hardware with Linux > v5.14 + User IPI patches. > > Original benchmark:https://github.com/goldsborough/ipc-bench > Updated benchmark:https://github.com/intel/uintr-ipc-bench/tree/linux-rfc-v1 > > *Performance varies by use, configuration and other factors. > > How it works underneath? - Hardware Summary > =========================================== > User Interrupts is a posted interrupt delivery mechanism. The interrupts are > first posted to a memory location and then delivered to the receiver when they > are running with CPL=3. > > Kernel managed architectural data structures > -------------------------------------------- > UPID: User Posted Interrupt Descriptor - Holds receiver interrupt vector > information and notification state (like an ongoing notification, suppressed > notifications). > > UITT: User Interrupt Target Table - Stores UPID pointer and vector information > for interrupt routing on the sender side. Referred by the senduipi instruction. > > The interrupt state of each task is referenced via MSRs which are saved and > restored by the kernel during context switch. > > Instructions > ------------ > senduipi <index> - send a user IPI to a target task based on the UITT index. > > clui - Mask user interrupts by clearing UIF (User Interrupt Flag). > > stui - Unmask user interrupts by setting UIF. > > testui - Test current value of UIF. > > uiret - return from a user interrupt handler. > > User IPI > -------- > When a User IPI sender executes 'senduipi <index>', the hardware refers the > UITT table entry pointed by the index and posts the interrupt vector (63-0) > into the receiver's UPID. > > If the receiver is running (CPL=3), the sender cpu would send a physical IPI to > the receiver's cpu. On the receiver side this IPI is detected as a User > Interrupt. The User Interrupt handler for the receiver is invoked and the > vector number (63-0) is pushed onto the stack. > > Upon execution of 'uiret' in the interrupt handler, the control is transferred > back to instruction that was interrupted. > > Refer Chapter 11 of the Intel Architecture instruction set extensions [1] for > more details. > > Application interface - Software Architecture > ============================================= > User Interrupts (Uintr) is an opt-in feature (unlike signals). Applications > wanting to use Uintr are expected to register themselves with the kernel using > the Uintr related system calls. A Uintr receiver is always a userspace task. A > Uintr sender can be another userspace task, kernel or a device. > > 1) A receiver can register/unregister an interrupt handler using the Uintr > receiver related syscalls. > uintr_register_handler(handler, flags) > uintr_unregister_handler(flags) > > 2) A syscall also allows a receiver to register a vector and create a user > interrupt file descriptor - uintr_fd. > uintr_fd = uintr_create_fd(vector, flags) > > Uintr can be useful in some of the usages where eventfd or signals are used for > frequent userspace event notifications. The semantics of uintr_fd are somewhat > similar to an eventfd() or the write end of a pipe. > > 3) Any sender with access to uintr_fd can use it to deliver events (in this > case - interrupts) to a receiver. A sender task can manage its connection with > the receiver using the sender related syscalls based on uintr_fd. > uipi_index = uintr_register_sender(uintr_fd, flags) > > Using an FD abstraction provides a secure mechanism to connect with a receiver. > The FD sharing and isolation mechanisms put in place by the kernel would extend > to Uintr as well. > > 4a) After the initial setup, a sender task can use the SENDUIPI instruction > along with the uipi_index to generate user IPIs without any kernel > intervention. > SENDUIPI <uipi_index> > > If the receiver is running (CPL=3), then the user interrupt is delivered > directly without a kernel transition. If the receiver isn't running the > interrupt is delivered when the receiver gets context switched back. If the > receiver is blocked in the kernel, the user interrupt is delivered to the > kernel which then unblocks the intended receiver to deliver the interrupt. > > 4b) If the sender is the kernel or a device, the uintr_fd can be passed onto > the related kernel entity to allow them to setup a connection and then generate > a user interrupt for event delivery. <The exact details of this API are still > being worked upon.> > > For details of the user interface and associated system calls refer the Uintr > man-pages draft: > https://github.com/intel/uintr-linux-kernel/tree/rfc-v1/tools/uintr/manpages. > We have also included the same content as patch 1 of this series to make it > easier to review. > > Refer the Uintr compiler programming guide [4] for details on Uintr integration > with GCC and Binutils. > > Kernel design choices > ===================== > Here are some of the reasons and trade-offs for the current design of the APIs. > > System call interface > --------------------- > Why a system call interface?: The 2 options we considered are using a char > device at /dev or use system calls (current approach). A syscall approach > avoids exposing a core cpu feature through a driver model. Also, we want to > have a user interrupt FD per vector and share a single common interrupt handler > among all vectors. This seems easier for the kernel and userspace to accomplish > using a syscall based approach. > > Data sharing using user interrupts: Uintr doesn't include a mechanism to > share/transmit data. The expectation is applications use existing data sharing > mechanisms to share data and use Uintr only for signaling. > > An FD for each vector: A uintr_fd is assigned to each vector to allow fine > grained priority and event management by the receiver. The alternative we > considered was to allocate an FD to the interrupt handler and having that > shared with the sender. However, that approach relies on the sender selecting > the vector and moves the vector priority management to the sender. Also, if > multiple senders want to send unique user interrupts they would need to > coordinate the vector selection amongst them. > > Extending the APIs: Currently, the system calls are only extendable using the > flags argument. We can add a variable size struct to some of the syscalls if > needed. > > Extending existing mechanisms > ----------------------------- > Uintr can be beneficial in some of the usages where eventfd() or signals are > used. Since Uintr is hardware-dependent, thread-specific and bypasses the > kernel in the fast path, it makes extending existing mechanisms harder. > > Main issues with extending signals: > Signal handlers are defined significantly differently than a User interrupt > handler. An application needs to save/restore registers in a user interrupt > handler and call uiret to return from it. Also, signals can be process directed > (or thread directed) but user interrupts are always thread directed. > > Comparison of signals with User Interrupts: > +=====================+===========================+===========================+ > | | Signals | User Interrupts | > +=====================+===========================+===========================+ > | Stacks | Has alt stacks | Uses application stack | > | | | (alternate stack option | > | | | not yet enabled) | > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > | Registers state | Kernel manages incl. | App responsible (Use GCC | > | | FPU/XSTATE area | 'interrupt' attribute for | > | | | general purpose registers)| > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > | Blocking/Masking | sigprocmask(2)/sa_mask | CLUI instruction (No per | > | | | vector masking) | > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > | Direction | Uni-directional | Uni-directional | > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > | Post event | kill(), signal(), | SENDUIPI <index> - index | > | | sigqueue(), etc. | derived from uintr_fd | > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > | Target | Process-directed or | Thread-directed | > | | thread-directed | | > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > | Fork/inheritance | Empty signal set | Nothing is inherited | > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > | Execv | Pending signals preserved | Nothing is inherited | > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > | Order of delivery | Undetermined | High to low vector numbers| > | for multiple signals| | | > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > | Handler re-entry | All signals except the | No interrupts can cause | > | | one being handled | handler re-entry. | > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > | Delivery feedback | 0 or -1 based on whether | No feedback on whether the| > | | the signal was sent | interrupt was sent or | > | | | received. | > +---------------------+---------------------------+---------------------------+ > > Main issues with extending eventfd(): > eventfd() has a counter value that is core to the API. User interrupts can't > have an associated counter since the signaling happens at the user level and > the hardware doesn't have a memory counter mechanism. Also, eventfd can be used > for bi-directional signaling where as uintr_fd is uni-directional. > > Comparison of eventfd with uintr_fd: > +====================+======================+==============================+ > | | Eventfd | uintr_fd (User Interrupt FD) | > +====================+======================+==============================+ > | Object | Counter - uint64 | Receiver vector information | > +--------------------+----------------------+------------------------------+ > | Post event | write() to eventfd | SENDUIPI <index> - index | > | | | derived from uintr_fd | > +--------------------+----------------------+------------------------------+ > | Receive event | read() on eventfd | Implicit - Handler is | > | | | invoked with associated | > | | | vector. | > +--------------------+----------------------+------------------------------+ > | Direction | Bi-directional | Uni-directional | > +--------------------+----------------------+------------------------------+ > | Data transmitted | Counter - uint64 | None | > +--------------------+----------------------+------------------------------+ > | Waiting for events | Poll() family of | No per vector wait. | > | | syscalls | uintr_wait() allows waiting | > | | | for all user interrupts | > +--------------------+----------------------+------------------------------+ > > Security Model > ============== > User Interrupts is designed as an opt-in feature (unlike signals). The security > model for user interrupts is intended to be similar to eventfd(). The general > idea is that any sender with access to uintr_fd would be able to generate the > associated interrupt vector for the receiver task that created the fd. > > Untrusted processes > ------------------- > The current implementation expects only trusted and cooperating processes to > communicate using user interrupts. Coordination is expected between processes > for a connection teardown. In situations where coordination doesn't happen > (say, due to abrupt process exit), the kernel would end up keeping shared > resources (like UPID) allocated to avoid faults. > > Currently, a sender can easily cause a denial of service for the receiver by > generating a storm of user interrupts. A user interrupt handler is invoked with > interrupts disabled, but upon execution of uiret, interrupts get enabled again > by the hardware. This can lead to the handler being invoked again before normal > execution can resume. There isn't a hardware mechanism to mask specific > interrupt vectors. > > To enable untrusted processes to communicate, we need to add a per-vector > masking option through another syscall (or maybe IOCTL). However, this can add > some complexity to the kernel code. A vector can only be masked by modifying > the UITT entries at the source. We need to be careful about races while > removing and restoring the UPID from the UITT. > > Resource limits > --------------- > The maximum number of receiver-sender connections would be limited by the > maximum number of open file descriptors and the size of the UITT. > > The UITT size is chosen as 4kB fixed size arbitrarily right now. We plan to > make it dynamic and configurable in size. RLIMIT_MEMLOCK or ENOMEM should be > triggered when the size limits have been hit. > > Main Opens > ========== > > Blocking for interrupts > ----------------------- > User interrupts are delivered to applications immediately if they are running > in userspace. If a receiver task has blocked in the kernel using the placeholder > uintr_wait() syscall, the task would be woken up to deliver the user interrupt. > However, if the task is blocked due to any other blocking calls like read(), > sleep(), etc; the interrupt will only get delivered when the application gets > scheduled again. We need to consider if applications need to receive User > Interrupts as soon as they are posted (similar to signals) when they are > blocked due to some other reason. Adding this capability would likely make the > kernel implementation more complex. > > Interrupting system calls using User Interrupts would also mean we need to > consider an SA_RESTART type of mechanism. We also need to evaluate if some of > the signal handler related semantics in the kernel can be reused for User > Interrupts. > > Sharing the User Interrupt Target Table (UITT) > ---------------------------------------------- > The current implementation assigns a unique UITT to each task. This assumes > that User interrupts are used for point-to-point communication between 2 tasks. > Also, this keeps the kernel implementation relatively simple. > > However, there are of benefits to sharing the UITT between threads of a > multi-threaded application. One, they would see a consistent view of the UITT. > i.e. SENDUIPI <index> would mean the same on all threads of the application. > Also, each thread doesn't have to register itself using the common uintr_fd. > This would simplify the userspace setup and make efficient use of kernel > memory. The potential downside is that the kernel implementation to allocate, > modify, expand and free the UITT would be more complex. > > A similar argument can be made for a set of processes that do a lot of IPC > amongst them. They would prefer to have a shared UITT that lets them target any > process from any process. With the current file descriptor based approach, the > connection setup can be time consuming and somewhat cumbersome. We need to > evaluate if this can be made simpler as well. > > Kernel page table isolation (KPTI) > ---------------------------------- > SENDUIPI is a special ring-3 instruction that makes a supervisor mode memory > access to the UPID and UITT memory. The current patches need KPTI to be > disabled for User IPIs to work. To make User IPI work with KPTI, we need to > allocate these structures from a special memory region that has supervisor > access but it is mapped into userspace. The plan is to implement a mechanism > similar to LDT. > > Processors that support user interrupts are not affected by Meltdown so the > auto mode of KPTI will default to off. Users who want to force enable KPTI will > need to wait for a later version of this patch series to use user interrupts. > Please let us know if you want the development of these patches to be > prioritized (or deprioritized). > > FAQs > ==== > Q: What happens if a process is "surprised" by a user interrupt? > A: For tasks that haven't registered with the kernel and requested for user > interrupts aren't expected or able to receive to user interrupts. > > Q: Do user interrupts affect kernel scheduling? > A: No. If a task is blocked waiting for user interrupts, when the kernel > receives a notification on behalf of that task we only put it back on the > runqueue. Delivery of a user interrupt in no way changes the scheduling > priorities of a task. > > Q: Does the sender get to know if the interrupt was delivered? > A: No. User interrupts only provides a posted interrupt delivery mechanism. If > applications need to rely on whether the interrupt was delivered they should > consider a userspace mechanism for feedback (like a shared memory counter or a > user interrupt back to the sender). > > Q: Why is there no feedback on interrupt delivery? > A: Being a posted interrupt delivery mechanism, the interrupt delivery > happens in 2 steps: > 1) The interrupt information is stored in a memory location (UPID). > 2) The physical interrupt is delivered to the interrupt receiver. > > The 2nd step could happen immediately, after an extended period, or it might > never happen based on the state of the receiver after step 1. (The receiver > could have disabled interrupts, have been context switched out or it might have > crashed during that time.) This makes it very hard for the hardware to reliably > provide feedback upon execution of SENDUIPI. > > Q: Can user interrupts be nested? > A: Yes. Using STUI instruction in the interrupt handler would allow new user > interrupts to be delivered. However, there no TPR(thread priority register) > like mechanism to allow only higher priority interrupts. Any user interrupt can > be taken when nesting is enabled. > > Q: Can a task receive all pending user interrupts in one go? > A: No. The hardware allows only one vector to be processed at a time. If a task > is interested in knowing all the interrupts that are pending then we could add > a syscall that provides the pending interrupts information. > > Q: Do the processes need to be pinned to a cpu? > A: No. User interrupts will be routed correctly to whichever cpu the receiver > is running on. The kernel updates the cpu information in the UPID during > context switch. > > Q: Why are UPID and UITT allocated by the kernel? > A: If allocated by user space, applications could misuse the UPID and UITT to > write to unauthorized memory and generate interrupts on any cpu. The UPID and > UITT are allocated by the kernel and accessed by the hardware with supervisor > privilege. > > Patch structure for this series > =============================== > - Man-pages and Kernel documentation (patch 1,2) > - Hardware enumeration (patch 3, 4) > - User IPI kernel vector reservation (patch 5) > - Syscall interface for interrupt receiver, sender and vector > management(uintr_fd) (patch 6-12) > - Basic selftests (patch 13) > > Along with the patches in this RFC, there are additional tests and samples that > are available at: > https://github.com/intel/uintr-linux-kernel/tree/rfc-v1 > > Links > ===== > [1]:https://software.intel.com/content/www/us/en/develop/download/intel-architecture-instruction-set-extensions-programming-reference.html > [2]:https://libevent.org/ > [3]:https://github.com/axboe/liburing > [4]:https://github.com/intel/uintr-compiler-guide/blob/uintr-gcc-11.1/UINTR-compiler-guide.pdf > > Sohil Mehta (13): > x86/uintr/man-page: Include man pages draft for reference > Documentation/x86: Add documentation for User Interrupts > x86/cpu: Enumerate User Interrupts support > x86/fpu/xstate: Enumerate User Interrupts supervisor state > x86/irq: Reserve a user IPI notification vector > x86/uintr: Introduce uintr receiver syscalls > x86/process/64: Add uintr task context switch support > x86/process/64: Clean up uintr task fork and exit paths > x86/uintr: Introduce vector registration and uintr_fd syscall > x86/uintr: Introduce user IPI sender syscalls > x86/uintr: Introduce uintr_wait() syscall > x86/uintr: Wire up the user interrupt syscalls > selftests/x86: Add basic tests for User IPI > > .../admin-guide/kernel-parameters.txt | 2 + > Documentation/x86/index.rst | 1 + > Documentation/x86/user-interrupts.rst | 107 +++ > arch/x86/Kconfig | 12 + > arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_32.tbl | 6 + > arch/x86/entry/syscalls/syscall_64.tbl | 6 + > arch/x86/include/asm/cpufeatures.h | 1 + > arch/x86/include/asm/disabled-features.h | 8 +- > arch/x86/include/asm/entry-common.h | 4 + > arch/x86/include/asm/fpu/types.h | 20 +- > arch/x86/include/asm/fpu/xstate.h | 3 +- > arch/x86/include/asm/hardirq.h | 4 + > arch/x86/include/asm/idtentry.h | 5 + > arch/x86/include/asm/irq_vectors.h | 6 +- > arch/x86/include/asm/msr-index.h | 8 + > arch/x86/include/asm/processor.h | 8 + > arch/x86/include/asm/uintr.h | 76 ++ > arch/x86/include/uapi/asm/processor-flags.h | 2 + > arch/x86/kernel/Makefile | 1 + > arch/x86/kernel/cpu/common.c | 61 ++ > arch/x86/kernel/cpu/cpuid-deps.c | 1 + > arch/x86/kernel/fpu/core.c | 17 + > arch/x86/kernel/fpu/xstate.c | 20 +- > arch/x86/kernel/idt.c | 4 + > arch/x86/kernel/irq.c | 51 + > arch/x86/kernel/process.c | 10 + > arch/x86/kernel/process_64.c | 4 + > arch/x86/kernel/uintr_core.c | 880 ++++++++++++++++++ > arch/x86/kernel/uintr_fd.c | 300 ++++++ > include/linux/syscalls.h | 8 + > include/uapi/asm-generic/unistd.h | 15 +- > kernel/sys_ni.c | 8 + > scripts/checksyscalls.sh | 6 + > tools/testing/selftests/x86/Makefile | 10 + > tools/testing/selftests/x86/uintr.c | 147 +++ > tools/uintr/manpages/0_overview.txt | 265 ++++++ > tools/uintr/manpages/1_register_receiver.txt | 122 +++ > .../uintr/manpages/2_unregister_receiver.txt | 62 ++ > tools/uintr/manpages/3_create_fd.txt | 104 +++ > tools/uintr/manpages/4_register_sender.txt | 121 +++ > tools/uintr/manpages/5_unregister_sender.txt | 79 ++ > tools/uintr/manpages/6_wait.txt | 59 ++ > 42 files changed, 2626 insertions(+), 8 deletions(-) > create mode 100644 Documentation/x86/user-interrupts.rst > create mode 100644 arch/x86/include/asm/uintr.h > create mode 100644 arch/x86/kernel/uintr_core.c > create mode 100644 arch/x86/kernel/uintr_fd.c > create mode 100644 tools/testing/selftests/x86/uintr.c > create mode 100644 tools/uintr/manpages/0_overview.txt > create mode 100644 tools/uintr/manpages/1_register_receiver.txt > create mode 100644 tools/uintr/manpages/2_unregister_receiver.txt > create mode 100644 tools/uintr/manpages/3_create_fd.txt > create mode 100644 tools/uintr/manpages/4_register_sender.txt > create mode 100644 tools/uintr/manpages/5_unregister_sender.txt > create mode 100644 tools/uintr/manpages/6_wait.txt > > > base-commit: 6880fa6c56601bb8ed59df6c30fd390cc5f6dd8f Hi All, My apologies if this email was sent twice. I was not sure if my previous email followed the proper reply instruction. I resent this email using the first reply method (Saving the mbox file, importing it into my mail client, and using reply-to-all from there). The following is our understanding of the proposed User Interrupt. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- We have been exploring how user-level interrupts (UIs) can be used to improve performance and programmability in several different areas: e.g., parallel programming, memory management, I/O, and floating-point libraries. Before we venture into the discussion here, we want to make sure we understand the proposed model. We describe our understanding below in four sections: 1. Current target use cases 2. Preparing for future use cases 3. Basic Understanding 4. Multi-threaded parallel programming example If people on this thread could either confirm or point out our misunderstandings, we would appreciate it. # Current Use Cases The Current RFC is focused on sending an interrupt from one user-space thread (UST) to another user-space thread (UST2UST). These threads could be in different processes, as long as the sender has access to the receiver's User Interrupt File Descriptor (uifd). Based on our understanding, UIs are currently targeted as a low overhead alternative for the current IPC mechanisms. # Preparing for future use cases Based on the RFC, we are aware that allowing a device and the kernel to send a UI is still in development. Both these cases would support imprecise interrupts. We can see a clear use case for the Device to user-space thread (D2UST) UI, for example, supporting a fast way for a GPU to inform a thread that it has finished executing a particular kernel. If someone could point out an example for Kernel to user-space thread (K2UST) UI, we would appreciate it. In our work, we have also been exploring precise UIs from the currently running thread. We call these CPU to UST (CPU2UST) UIs. For example, a SIGSEGV generated by writing to a read-only page, a SIGFPE generated by dividing a number by zero. - QUESTION: Is there is a rough draft/plan that we can refer to that describes the current thinking on these three cases. - QUESTION: Are there use cases for K2UST, or is K2UST the same as CPU2UST? # Basic Understanding First, we would like to make sure that our understanding of the terminology and the data structures is correct. - User Interrupt Vector (UIV): The identity of the user interrupt. - User Interrupt Target Table (UITT): This allows the sender to locate the "address" of the receiver through the uifd. - ui_frame: Argument passed to the UI handler. It contains a stack pointer, saved flags, and an instruction pointer. - Sender: The thread that issues the `_senduipi`. - Receiver: The thread that receives the UI from the sender. Below outlines our understanding of the current API for UIs. - Each thread that can receive UIs has exactly one handler registered with `uintr_register_handler` (a syscall). - Each thread that registers a handler calls `uintr_create_fd` for every user-level interrupt vector (UIV) that they expect to receive. - The only information delivered to the handler is the UIV. - There are 64 UIVs that can be used per thread. - A thread that wants to send a UI must register the receiver's uifd with `uintr_register_sender` (a syscall). This returns an index the sender uses to locate the receiver. - `_senduipi(index)` sends a user interrupt to a particular destination. The sender's UITT and index determine the destination. - A thread uses `_stui` (and `_clui`) to enable (and disable) the reception of UIs. - As for now, there is no mechanism to mask a particular UIV. - A UI is delivered to the receiver immediately only if it is currently running. - If a thread executes the `uintr_wait()`, it will be scheduled only after receiving a UI. There is no guarantee on the delay between the processor receiving the UI and when the thread is scheduled. - If a thread is the target of a UI and another thread is running, or the target thread is blocked in the kernel, then the target thread will handle the UI when it is next scheduled. - Ordinary interrupts (interrupt delivered with CPL=0) have a higher priority over user interrupts. - UI handler only saves general-purpose registers (e.g., do not save floating-point registers). - User Interrupts with higher UIV are given a higher priority than those with smaller UIV. ## Private UITT The Current RFC focuses on a private UITT where each thread has its own UITT. Thus, different threads executing `_senduipi(index1)` with the same `index1` may cause different receiver threads to be interrupted. In many cases, the receiver of an interrupt needs to know which thread sent the interrupt. If we understand the proposal correctly, there are only 64 user-level interrupt vectors (UIVs), and the UIV is the only information transmitted to the receiver. The UIV itself allows the receiver to distinguish different senders through careful management of the receiver's UIV. - QUESTION: Given the code below where the same UIV is registered twice: ```c uintr_fd1 = uintr_create_fd(vector1, flags) uintr_fd2 = uintr_create_fd(vector1, flags) ``` Would `uintr_fd1` be the same as `uintr_fd2`, or would it be registered with a different index in the UITT table? - QUESTION: If it is registered in a different index, would the receiver be able to distinguish the sender if `uintr_fd1` and `uintr_fd2` are used from two different threads? - QUESTION: What is the intended future use of the `flags` argument? ## Shared UITT In the case of the shared UITT model, all the threads share the same UITT and thus, if two different threads execute `_senduipi(index)` with the same index, they would both cause an interrupt in the same destination/receiver. - QUESTION: Since both threads use the same entry (same destination/receiver), does this mean that the receiver will not be able to distinguish the sender of the interrupt? # Multi-threaded parallel programming example One of the uses for UIs that we have been exploring is combining the message-passing and shared memory models for parallel programming. In our approach, message-passing is used for synchronization and shared memory for data sharing. The message passing part of the programming pattern is based loosely on Active Messages (See ISCA92), where a particular thread can turn off/on interrupts to ignore incoming messages so they can execute critical sections without having to notify any other threads in the system. - QUESTION: Is there any data on the performance impact of `_stui` and `_clui`? ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Thank you. Best regards, Chrisma
Hi Chrisma, On 12/22/2021 8:17 AM, Chrisma Pakha wrote: > > The following is our understanding of the proposed User Interrupt. > Thank you for giving this some thought. > > We have been exploring how user-level interrupts (UIs) can be used to > improve performance and programmability in several different areas: > e.g., parallel programming, memory management, I/O, and floating-point > libraries. Can you please share more details on this? It would really help improve the API design. > > # Current Use Cases > > The Current RFC is focused on sending an interrupt from one user-space > thread (UST) to another user-space thread (UST2UST). These threads > could be in different processes, as long as the sender has access to > the receiver's User Interrupt File Descriptor (uifd). Based on our > understanding, UIs are currently targeted as a low overhead > alternative for the current IPC mechanisms. > That's correct. > # Preparing for future use cases > > If someone could point out an example for Kernel to > user-space thread (K2UST) UI, we would appreciate it. > The idea here is improve the kernel-to-user event notification latency. Theoretically, this can be useful when the kernel sees event completion on one cpu but it want to signal (notify) a thread actively running on some other CPU. The receiver thread can save some cycles by avoiding ring transitions to receive the event. IO_URING is one of the examples for kernel-to-user event notifications. We are evaluating whether providing a UINTR based completion mechanism can have benefit over eventfd based completions. The benefits in practice are yet to be measured and proven. > In our work, we have also been exploring precise UIs from the > currently running thread. We call these CPU to UST (CPU2UST) UIs. > For example, a SIGSEGV generated by writing to a read-only page, a > SIGFPE generated by dividing a number by zero. > It is definitely possible in future to delivery CPU events as User Interrupts. The hardware architecture for this is still being worked on internally. Though our focus isn't on exceptions being delivered as User Interrupts. Do you have details on what type of benefit is expected? > - QUESTION: Is there is a rough draft/plan that we can refer to that > describes the > current thinking on these three cases. > > - QUESTION: Are there use cases for K2UST, or is K2UST the same as CPU2UST? > No, K2UST isn't the same as CPU2UST. We would expect limited benefits from K2UST but on the other hand CPU2UST can provide significant speedup since it avoids the kernel completely. Unfortunately, due to the large scope of the feature, the hardware architecture development is happening in stages. I don't have detailed plans for each of the sources of User Interrupts. Here is our rough plan: 1. Provide a common infrastructure to receive User Interrupts. This is independent of the source of the interrupt. The intention here is to keep the software APIs generic and extendable so that future sources can be added without causing much disturbance to the older APIs. 2. Introduce various sources of User Interrupts in stages: UST2UST - This RFC. Available in the upcoming Sapphire Rapids processor. K2UST - Also available in upcoming Sapphire Rapids. Working towards proving the value before sending something out. D2UST - Future processor. Hardware architecture being worked on internally. Not much to share right now. CPU2UST - Future processor. Hardware architecture being worked on internally. Not much to share right now. > # Basic Understanding > The overall description you have mentioned below looks good to me. I have added some minor comments for clarification. Also, the abbreviations that you have used are somewhat different from the ones I have used in the patches. > First, we would like to make sure that our understanding of the > terminology and the data structures is correct. > > - User Interrupt Vector (UIV): The identity of the user interrupt. > - User Interrupt Target Table (UITT): > This allows the sender to locate the "address" of the receiver > through the uifd. The UITT refers to the 'UPID' address which is different from the uifd that you mention below. > Below outlines our understanding of the current API for UIs. > All of the statements below seem accurate. However, some of the restrictions below are due to hardware design and some are mainly due to the software implementation. The software design and APIs might change significantly as this patch series evolves. Please feel free to provide input wherever you think the APIs can be improved. > - Each thread that can receive UIs has exactly one handler > registered with `uintr_register_handler` (a syscall). > - Each thread that registers a handler calls `uintr_create_fd` for > every user-level interrupt vector (UIV) that they expect to receive. > - The only information delivered to the handler is the UIV. > - There are 64 UIVs that can be used per thread. Though only one generic handler is registered with the hardware, an application can choose to implement 64 unique sub-handlers in user space based on each unique UIV. > - A thread that wants to send a UI must register the receiver's uifd > with `uintr_register_sender` (a syscall). > This returns an index the sender uses to locate the receiver. > - `_senduipi(index)` sends a user interrupt to a particular destination. > The sender's UITT and index determine the destination. > - A thread uses `_stui` (and `_clui`) to enable (and disable) the > reception of UIs. > - As for now, there is no mechanism to mask a particular UIV. > - A UI is delivered to the receiver immediately only if it is currently > running. > - If a thread executes the `uintr_wait()`, it will be scheduled only > after receiving a UI. > There is no guarantee on the delay between the processor receiving > the UI and when the thread is scheduled. > - If a thread is the target of a UI and another thread is running, or > the target thread is blocked in the kernel, > then the target thread will handle the UI when it is next scheduled. > - Ordinary interrupts (interrupt delivered with CPL=0) have a higher > priority over user interrupts. > - UI handler only saves general-purpose registers (e.g., do not save > floating-point registers). The saving and restoring of the registers is done by gcc when the muintr flag along with the 'interrupt' attribute is used. Applications can choose to save floating point registers as part of the interrupt handler as well. To make it easier for applications we are working on implementing a thin library that can help with some of this common functionality like saving floating point registers or redirecting to 64 sub-handlers. > - User Interrupts with higher UIV are given a higher priority than those > with smaller UIV. > > ## Private UITT > > The Current RFC focuses on a private UITT where each thread has its own > UITT. Thus, different threads executing `_senduipi(index1)` with the > same `index1` may cause different receiver threads to be interrupted. > That's right. > In many cases, the receiver of an interrupt needs to know which thread > sent the interrupt. If we understand the proposal correctly, there are > only 64 user-level interrupt vectors (UIVs), and the UIV is the only > information transmitted to the receiver. The UIV itself allows the > receiver to distinguish different senders through careful management > of the receiver's UIV. > That's correct. User Interrupts mainly provide a door bell mechanism with the actual data expected to be shared through some existing mechanism. If multiple senders want to share the same interrupt vector then they would have to rely on some sort of shared memory (or similar) mechanism to relay the relevant information to the receiver. This would likely come with some latency cost. > - QUESTION: Given the code below where the same UIV is registered twice: > ```c > uintr_fd1 = uintr_create_fd(vector1, flags) > uintr_fd2 = uintr_create_fd(vector1, flags) > ``` > Would `uintr_fd1` be the same as `uintr_fd2`, or would it be registered > with a different index in the UITT table? In the current design, if the same thread tries to register the same vector again the second uintr_create_fd() would fail with a EBUSY error code. > > - QUESTION: If it is registered in a different index, would the > receiver be able to distinguish the sender if `uintr_fd1` and > `uintr_fd2` are used from two different threads? > > - QUESTION: What is the intended future use of the `flags` argument? > In the uintr_create_fd() call, flags would be used to provide options such as O_CLOEXEC. In general, I added flags argument to all the system calls to keep them extendable when new boolean options need to be added. > ## Shared UITT > > In the case of the shared UITT model, all the threads share the same > UITT and thus, if two different threads execute `_senduipi(index)` > with the same index, they would both cause an interrupt in the > same destination/receiver. > > - QUESTION: Since both threads use the same entry (same > destination/receiver), does this mean that the receiver will not be > able to distinguish the sender of the interrupt? > Yes. However this is true even in case of a private UITT. This isn't because the senders used the same UITT index rather it is the result of the senders generating the same UIVs. For example, even if a receiver created 2 FDs with 2 unique vectors. uintr_fd1 = uintr_create_fd(vector1, flags) uintr_fd2 = uintr_create_fd(vector2, flags) In case of the a private UITT, both sender threads can register themselves with uintr_fd1. They might get different uitt indexes returned to them. But when they generate a User interrupt using their respective index, the end result would be the same. The receiver will see the same vector1 being generated. There is no way for the receiver to distinguish the sender without some additional information being shared somewhere. > # Multi-threaded parallel programming example > > One of the uses for UIs that we have been exploring is combining the > message-passing and shared memory models for parallel programming. In > our approach, message-passing is used for synchronization and shared > memory for data sharing. The message passing part of the programming > pattern is based loosely on Active Messages (See ISCA92), where a > particular thread can turn off/on interrupts to ignore incoming > messages so they can execute critical sections without having to > notify any other threads in the system. > This look like a good fit for the User IPI (UST2UST) implementation in this RFC. Have you had a chance to evaluate the current API design for this usage? Also, is any of the above work publicly available? > - QUESTION: Is there any data on the performance impact of `_stui` and > `_clui`? > _stui and _clui are expected to have very minimal overhead since they only modify a local flag. I'll try to measure this next time I am doing some performance measurement. Thanks, Sohil
Hi Sohil, Thank you for your reply and the clarification. >> >> We have been exploring how user-level interrupts (UIs) can be used to >> improve performance and programmability in several different areas: >> e.g., parallel programming, memory management, I/O, and floating-point >> libraries. > > Can you please share more details on this? It would really help > improve the API design. > Of course! Below we describe a few use cases for both user-level interrupts (UIs) and user-level exceptions (UEs). We realize that the current proposal is targeted towards UIs, but we also describe some UEs use cases because we believe handling exceptions without going through the kernel may provide even more of a benefit than UIs. We hope these use cases can influence the direction of the API so that it can be made forward compatible for future hardware revisions. To be clear, we distinguish between interrupts (generated from an external source, such as another core or Device) that are most likely imprecise and asynchronous and exceptions (generated by the currently executing program) that need to be precise and synchronous. # UST2UST A UI is a mechanism to allow two or more threads to communicate with one another asynchronously without requiring the intervention of the kernel or a change in privilege. We believe that having UIs can help integrate the shared memory model and message passing model for multicore processors. This integration makes it easier to build parallel programs, allowing developers to take advantage of both models. The shared memory model provides an easy way to share data between threads, while the message passing model can be used for synchronization between threads. In the following section, we will describe two use cases for UIs. - We show how UIs can be used to improve parallel program performance by reducing the overhead of exposing parallelism. - We show how UIs can be used to build efficient active messages. Both of the use cases we present below require the receiver of a UI to know which thread issued it. At the end of the email we describe how we would implement this using the current API and suggest an alternative, and possibly more streamlined approach. ## Lazy Work Stealing One of the hurdles in writing parallel programs is ensuring that the cost of parallelizing the code does not become a bottleneck in program performance. Some of these overheads come from unnecessarily exposing too much parallelism, even if all cores are busy. One mechanism to reduce this overhead is to lazily expose parallelism only when it is needed. This can be done through stack unwinding (similar to how Exception Handling works). Whenever a thread (thief) asks for work from another thread (victim), the victim will perform stack unwinding, creating the work for the thief. This approach to lazy thread creation requires some mechanism for the thief to ask for work. We have implemented a prototype compiler and runtime for this mechanism. Our runtime requires a mechanism for the thief to signal the victim when it needs work. We implement this signaling through polls because the current IPI mechanism is too expensive to use. However, requiring the victim to poll can introduce excessive polling overhead and/or introduce significant latency between the request and the response. The compiler tries to keep the overhead of polling low (<5%) while still ensuring that the latency between a work-stealing request and its response is as low as possible. Currently, we essentially only poll for work requests in the function prologue, keeping the overhead to about 2% of execution time on average. This works well for almost all applications. However, in some applications, this can add 100 of microseconds of latency to the response of a work-stealing request. One reason we use polling today, instead of the victim just taking work, is that there are points in the program where work-stealing is not allowed. So, in addition to having an inexpensive mechanism to request work, we need an inexpensive method to disallow the requests. IOW, the compiler only inserts polls at points where it is safe to do so. With the UI mechanism in the proposed API, we could signal a work-stealing request with a UST2UST UI and disallow such requests by disabling interrupts. One nice advantage of the current proposal is that disabling interrupts is a *local* operation, making it very inexpensive and not causing any interference with the rest of the threads. In other words, an important benefit of the proposed UI mechanism is that we can ensure atomicity (with respect to work stealing) without having to do any global communication. ## Implementing Active Message Active messages can efficiently support the message passing parallel programming model. With the proposed API, the UI could signal that an AM is being delivered while shared memory data structures could be used for the payload. As described in the above use case, this would allow receiving threads to provide atomicity by disabling interrupts without any global communication. Clearly, having a shared address space makes data access and management easier for parallel programming. On the other hand, controlling access to that data can often be cleaner to implement in message passing models. Dogan et al. have shown promising improvements by using explicit messaging hardware to accelerate Machine Learning and Graphs workloads (see [DHAKWETAL17,DAKK19]). Explicit messaging is used as a synchronization mechanism and has better scalability than shared memory-based synchronization. The current proposal would support this model integration with significantly lower overheads and lower latencies compared to what are available on today's machines. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ # D2UST Applications that frequently interact with external devices can benefit from UIs. To achieve high performance, conventional IO approaches through the kernel are not appealing as it incurs high overhead. It requires context switching and data transfer from kernel-space to user-space, possibly polluting the cache and TLB. One improvement to bypass the kernel is by pinning pages to specific physical addresses, where these pages act as a buffer between user-space and device. However, since the device cannot directly interrupt the UST, the UST needs to poll to check if the data from the device is available. However, having the UST poll can easily erase any potential performance improvements offered by bypassing the kernel in the first place. Allowing a device to interrupt a UST under the proposed API will eliminate the need to poll and support atomicity as required which could significantly improve application performance. This would be particularly useful when an application uses a GPU as an accelerator for parallel computation and CPU for serial computation (see [WBSACETAL08]). An example would be K-means. Finding which clusters each point belongs to is computed in the GPU (in parallel), while computing the mean is computed in the CPU (in serial). As this process is iterative, there are multiple computation transitions between the CPU and GPU. Without UIs, the only real option is to poll for GPU task completion, complicating control flow if there is also other work for the CPU thread to do. With UIs, keeping the GPU busy can be handled by the UI handler. The result would be cleaner code and better load balancing. To make this work, the D2UST interrupt will have to ensure that the process that started the task on the GPU is the same one that is currently running. When a different process is running, the interrupt will have to be saved by the kernel so it can be delivered to the UST when is is next scheduled. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ # CPU2UST Providing a low cost user-level exception mechanism could fundamentally change the approach to implementing many algorithms. Examples range across many common tasks, e.g., checking for valid pointers, preprocessing floating-point data, garbage collection, etc. Today, due to the high cost of exception handling, programmers go to great lengths to ensure that exceptions do not happen. Unfortunately, this leads to more code and often less performance. Below we describe different scenarios where UEs could potentially reduce programming effort and/or improve performance. ## API for CPU2UST For the examples, below we propose a small modification to the proposed API to support exceptions. We propose that a handler be registered for a particular fault to distinguish the exception type. Potentially, the `flags` argument could hold the `signum`, or a bit in the `flags` argument could indicate that a third parameter was being included with the `signum`. We suggest including `signum` in the current API for future use. ``` int uintr_register_handler(u64 handler_address, unsigned int flags, int signum); ``` Since each handler is registered for a particular exception, the handler itself would only have one argument, a pointer to the `__uintr_frame`. In some cases, the handler might need the `error_code` information (e.g., for a page-fault), which could be obtained using a new function, `unsigned long long __get_ue_errorcode(void)`. ``` __attribute__ ((interrupt)) void handlerFunction (struct __uintr_frame *ui_frame) { // Get error code if needed // unsigned long long error_code = __get_ue_errorcode(); ... } ``` We envision four ways for the user handler to manipulate the thread's state. Here we assume that a UE is handled by the thread that causes the exception. 1. Continuing the faulting thread of control. 2. Suspending a faulting thread or continuing another thread in the same process. 3. Deferring processing of the fault back to the kernel. 4. Or, finally, terminating the thread of control. In case 1, where the faulting thread is continued, the handler can simply use the uiret (It could potentially modify the return address on the stack to change where execution continues). For case 2, we do not have a proposed API yet, but potentially some set of functions that extend pthreads might be appropriate. For case 3, the handler would use a trap to signal that the kernel should continue processing the exception. The compiler would have to restore registers appropriately before the trap is executed. ## Binary rewriting Binary rewriting is a valuable technique for debugging, optimizing, repairing, emulating, and hardening (tightening security) a program [WMUW19]. One implementation of binary rewriting is to replace the probed instructions (instrumentation points) with a redirect instruction (either jump or trap) to the patch instructions. Most developers use jump instructions instead of traps due to their lower cost. However, because instructions have variable encoding lengths, inserting jump instructions requires care, e.g., "instruction punning" [CSDN17] with a combination of padding and eviction [DGR20]. On the other hand, the trap instruction is only a single byte, allowing it to replace any patched instruction. If the trap can be made inexpensive, this would potentially allow a simpler approach to binary rewriting without control flow recovery. ## Binary Emulation for forward/backward compatibility Some processor families have an all encompassing ISA of which only a subset is implemented in hardware for some instances of the family. Applications built for the processor family either have to be recompiled for each instance or software emulation must handle the unimplemented instructions. If there is a UE for the illegal instruction fault, this can potentially be made inexpensive enough to avoid recompilation. Furthermore, it could be a way to handle legacy code and allow future generations to avoid the older crufty instructions that are no longer commonly used. ## Floating-Point Performance Today, floating-point algorithms often preprocess the data in order to avoid underflow (or overflow) exceptions. If UEs were low enough cost, it is possible that these time consuming data preparation steps could be removed and only run if an exception was generated. A simple example is the calculation of the Root Mean Square (RMS) of a vector [HFT94,H96]. The common approach to calculating a vector's RMS is to scan the input vector and then potentially scale it to avoid underflow/overflow. For many applications, the common case is that the data does not require rescaling. In those cases, one could calculate the RMS on the unscaled data and only scale it if a UE was generated. ## Memory: garbage collection and watch points User-level Page Fault exceptions (ULPF) is one essential component for improving the performance of a wide variety of applications. For example, in [AL20], we describe a solution that shows how ULPFs when combined with a mechanism that allows the user a limited ability to change a page's permissions without kernel intervention, can be used to implement an unlimited number of efficient software watchpoints. Our experiments were performed using GEM5, where we made changes to the MMU and TLB. However, Intel's Memory Protection Keys for User (MPK) [MPK17] combined with UE could also potentially do the trick. Another example of an application that could benefit from ULPF is Concurrent Garbage Collection. Concurrent Garbage collection allows both the program (aka mutator) threads and the collector to run in parallel. To implement concurrent GC, a read barrier or write barrier is often needed (these are GC terms and should not be confused with hardware memory barriers). These barriers ensure that the GC invariants are maintained before a read or write operations. The write barrier prevents the GC from reclaiming a live object that was recently accessed by the mutator (in the case of a concurrent mark-sweep) [BDS91]. The read barrier prevents the mutator from reading stale objects (in the case of concurrent mark-compact) [AL91]. Both read and write barriers can be implemented using ULPF. The programmer can use the permission bit in the user-level page tables to cheaply turn on/off memory protection (e.g., inside the handler). Belay et al. [BBMTMETAL12] has shown how to implement Boehm GC[BDS91] (a mostly parallel mark-sweep GC used in the Mono project [Mono18] and Objective-C [Objc15]) on their platform, Dune. Dune is a platform that allows user-space direct access to exceptions and privileged hardware features. The results show both speedup and slowdown, where the slowdown is attributed to their platform's inherent overhead. On the other hand, Click et al. [CTW05] and Tene et al. [TIW11] have built a custom system to build a Pauseless GC. This custom system allows fast page fault handling. The mechanism described in [AL20] could be extended to implement a similar approach. # References - [AL91] Appel, Andrew W. and Li, Kai, Virtual Memory Primitives for User Programs (1991) - [AL20] Li, Qingyang, User Level Page Faults (2020), http://reports-archive.adm.cs.cmu.edu/anon/2020/CMU-CS-20-124.pdf - [BBMTMETAL12] Belay, Adam and Bittau, Andrea and Mashtizadeh, Ali and Terei, David and Mazi\`{e}res, David and Kozyrakis, Christos, Dune: Safe User-Level Access to Privileged CPU Features (2012) - [BDS91] Boehm, Hans-J. and Demers, Alan J. and Shenker, Scott, Mostly Parallel Garbage Collection (1991) - [CSDN17] Chamith, Buddhika and Svensson, Bo Joel and Dalessandro, Luke and Newton, Ryan R., Instruction Punning: Lightweight Instrumentation for X86-64 (2017) - [CTW05] Click, Cliff and Tene, Gil and Wolf, Michael, The Pauseless GC Algorithm (2005) - [DAKK19] Dogan, Halit and Ahmad, Masab and Kahne, Brian and Khan, Omer, Accelerating Synchronization Using Moving Compute to Data Model at 1,000-core Multicore Scale (2019) - [DHAKWETAL17] Dogan, Halit and Hijaz, Farrukh and Ahmad, Masab and Kahne, Brian and Wilson, Peter and Khan, Omer, Accelerating Graph and Machine Learning Workloads Using a Shared Memory Multicore Architecture with Auxiliary Support for in-Hardware Explicit Messaging (2017) - [DGR20] Duck, Gregory J. and Gao, Xiang and Roychoudhury, Abhik, Binary Rewriting without Control Flow Recovery (2020) - [ECGS92] von Eicken, Thorsten and Culler, David E. and Goldstein, Seth Copen and Schauser, Klaus Erik, Active Messages: A Mechanism for Integrated Communication and Computation (1992) - [H96] Hauser, John R., Handling Floating-Point Exceptions in Numeric Programs (1996) - [HFT94] Hull, T. E. and Fairgrieve, Thomas F. and Tang, Ping-Tak Peter, Implementing Complex Elementary Functions Using Exception Handling (1994) - [Mono18] https://www.mono-project.com/docs/advanced/runtime/ (2018) - [MPK17] https://www.kernel.org/doc/Documentation/x86/protection-keys.txt (2017) - [Objc15] https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.8.5/gcc/Garbage-Collection.html (2015) - [TIW11] Tene, Gil and Iyengar, Balaji and Wolf, Michael, C4: The Continuously Concurrent Compacting Collector (2011) - [WBSACETAL08] Wong, Henry and Bracy, Anne and Schuchman, Ethan and Aamodt, Tor M. and Collins, Jamison D. and Wang, Perry H. and Chinya, Gautham and Groen, Ankur Khandelwal and Jiang, Hong and Wang, Hong , Pangaea: A tightly-coupled IA32 heterogeneous chip multiprocessor (2008) - [WMUW19] Wenzl, Matthias and Merzdovnik, Georg and Ullrich, Johanna and Weippl, Edgar, From Hack to Elaborate Technique—A Survey on Binary Rewriting (2019) >> # Preparing for future use cases >> If someone could point out an example for Kernel to >> user-space thread (K2UST) UI, we would appreciate it. >> > > The idea here is improve the kernel-to-user event notification > latency. Theoretically, this can be useful when the kernel sees event > completion on one cpu but it want to signal (notify) a thread actively > running on some other CPU. The receiver thread can save some cycles by > avoiding ring transitions to receive the event. > > IO_URING is one of the examples for kernel-to-user event > notifications. We are evaluating whether providing a UINTR based > completion mechanism can have benefit over eventfd based completions. > The benefits in practice are yet to be measured and proven. > Thank you for the clarification. - QUESTION: If the processor has D2UST capability, would this allow the device to directly send the interrupt to the target process (the process that initiates the I/O through io_uring) instead of the kernel? >> In our work, we have also been exploring precise UIs from the >> currently running thread. We call these CPU to UST (CPU2UST) UIs. >> For example, a SIGSEGV generated by writing to a read-only page, a >> SIGFPE generated by dividing a number by zero. >> > > It is definitely possible in future to delivery CPU events as User > Interrupts. The hardware architecture for this is still being worked > on internally. > > Though our focus isn't on exceptions being delivered as User > Interrupts. Do you have details on what type of benefit is expected? > Described in the use-cases we mentioned above. >> - QUESTION: Is there is a rough draft/plan that we can refer to that >> describes the >> current thinking on these three cases. >> >> - QUESTION: Are there use cases for K2UST, or is K2UST the same as >> CPU2UST? >> > > No, K2UST isn't the same as CPU2UST. We would expect limited benefits > from K2UST but on the other hand CPU2UST can provide significant > speedup since it avoids the kernel completely. > > Unfortunately, due to the large scope of the feature, the hardware > architecture development is happening in stages. I don't have detailed > plans for each of the sources of User Interrupts. > > Here is our rough plan: > > 1. Provide a common infrastructure to receive User Interrupts. This is > independent of the source of the interrupt. The intention here is to > keep the software APIs generic and extendable so that future sources > can be added without causing much disturbance to the older APIs. > > 2. Introduce various sources of User Interrupts in stages: > > UST2UST - This RFC. Available in the upcoming Sapphire Rapids processor. > > K2UST - Also available in upcoming Sapphire Rapids. Working towards > proving the value before sending something out. > > D2UST - Future processor. Hardware architecture being worked on > internally. Not much to share right now. > > CPU2UST - Future processor. Hardware architecture being worked on > internally. Not much to share right now. Thank you for the update, really appreciate it. > > The saving and restoring of the registers is done by gcc when the > muintr flag along with the 'interrupt' attribute is used. Applications > can choose to save floating point registers as part of the interrupt > handler as well. > > To make it easier for applications we are working on implementing a > thin library that can help with some of this common functionality like > saving floating point registers or redirecting to 64 sub-handlers. - QUESTION: Would this thin library also provide a mechanism to share data between sender and receiver through shared memory (similar to implementing Active message)? - QUESTION: Is there a plan in the future to allow data to be transmitted along with the interrupt? >> # Multi-threaded parallel programming example >> >> One of the uses for UIs that we have been exploring is combining the >> message-passing and shared memory models for parallel programming. In >> our approach, message-passing is used for synchronization and shared >> memory for data sharing. The message passing part of the programming >> pattern is based loosely on Active Messages (See ISCA92), where a >> particular thread can turn off/on interrupts to ignore incoming >> messages so they can execute critical sections without having to >> notify any other threads in the system. >> > > This look like a good fit for the User IPI (UST2UST) implementation in > this RFC. Have you had a chance to evaluate the current API design for > this usage? Our approach requires point-to-point communication to implement the UST2UST use cases described above. From my understanding, the current API requires (n-1)*n descriptors to enable point-to-point communication (assuming a private UITT). Here, each receiver assigns a vector to the UI file descriptor (uifd) and shares it with the appropriate sender. This way, the receivers know the sender based on the vector. Have other approaches to handling the case where the receiver needs to know the sender's identity been explored? In particular, approaches that do not require n^2 descriptors be created? In the context of the RFC, one possibility we have thought about would be where the sender assigns a vector to uifd (maybe based on its cpuid) and shares this information to all receivers. This would possibly only require n descriptors. > Also, is any of the above work publicly available? Not yet. We are still working on it and hope to update you on it. Best regards, Chrisma and Seth